identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
454B8E3FFF87D416FF42FEF8FA84FC89.text	454B8E3FFF87D416FF42FEF8FA84FC89.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Annulariinae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Annulariinae Henderson &amp; Bartsch, 1920 </p>
            <p> Type genus:  Annularia Schumacher, 1817</p>
            <p>Description. Shells to ca. 30 mm in length, helicoid to high-spired, often with reflected lip at maturity. Spire typically decollate. Many taxa wholly or partially solute (last portion of final whorl detached from previous whorl). Shell sculpture usually present, rarely produced into short spines or serrations. Spiral sculpture usually as cords or threads, axial sculpture as cords or lamellae. In some Cuban and Bahamian taxa breathing devices are developed, varying from simple punctures to elaborate internal and external siphons. Operculum present, varying from paucispiral to multispiral. Operculum often with outer calcareous deposit that may take the form of erect spiral lamellae, overlapping plates, or pin-wheel-like extensions.</p>
            <p>Animals with bifid snout and foot longitudinally bisected into lobes. Locomotion ditaxic between lobes of foot. Taenioglossate radula with rachidian, a single pair of laterals, and two pairs of marginals. The rachidian and lateral teeth usually unicuspid, very rarely multicuspid. Inner marginal multicuspid. Outer marginal pectinate.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/454B8E3FFF87D416FF42FEF8FA84FC89	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Watters, G. Thomas	Watters, G. Thomas (2016): Review of the Hispaniolan Parachondria (Chondropomorus) complex (Gastropoda: Littorinoidea: Annulariidae). Zootaxa 4127 (2): 245-275, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4127.2.2
454B8E3FFF87D416FF42FC86FB62FB33.text	454B8E3FFF87D416FF42FC86FB62FB33.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parachondria Dall 1905	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Parachondria Dall, 1905</p>
            <p> Type species by original designation  Turbo fascia Wood, 1815 </p>
            <p>Description. Shell medium sized for family (generally 10–15 mm length), spire half the total length or more. Peristome single or double. Axial and often spiral sculptures present as numerous threads; when both are present they form fenestrate surface. Tufts present as single nodes or small groups of fused nodes. Paucispiral corneous operculum, fine granular calcareous deposit may be present. Radula with multicuspid inner marginal; cusps generally decrease in size laterally.</p>
            <p> Etymology. G. next to, near to cartilage [operculum]; near  Chondropoma . Masculine. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/454B8E3FFF87D416FF42FC86FB62FB33	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Watters, G. Thomas	Watters, G. Thomas (2016): Review of the Hispaniolan Parachondria (Chondropomorus) complex (Gastropoda: Littorinoidea: Annulariidae). Zootaxa 4127 (2): 245-275, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4127.2.2
454B8E3FFF87D417FF42F9BCFC10FB93.text	454B8E3FFF87D417FF42F9BCFC10FB93.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parachondria (Chondropomorus) anatolensis	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Parachondria (Chondropomorus) anatolensis new species</p>
            <p>Figures 1 A–H, 5 A</p>
            <p>Type material. UF 216728, holotype, 14.6 mm; UF 216728, paratype 1, 14.4 mm; UF 216728, paratype 2, 14.4 mm; UF 216 728, paratype 3, 12.3 mm; UF 216728, paratype 4, 11.8 mm.</p>
            <p>Type locality. 100 m, 16 km S of Higüey, La Altagracia Province, Dominican Republic.</p>
            <p>Distribution and habitat. This is the eastern-most species of the complex, occurring on low limestone knolls.</p>
            <p>Material examined (12 specimens). Dominican Republic. UF 216728(7), 100 m, 16 km S of Higüey, La Altagracia Province; UF 33417(4), 17.9 km NW of Punta Cana, La Altagracia Province; UF 216624(1), 1 km NE of El Macao, La Altagracia Province.</p>
            <p>Description. Shell solid, opaque, high-spired, elongate conic. Maximum adult size: 14.6 mm, decollate.</p>
            <p>Minimum adult size: 10.2 mm, decollate. Adult shell decollated. Protoconch of 1.5 pale tan, smooth whorls with dark brown suture. Teleoconch of 5 whorls. Axial sculpture of final whorl of numerous (ca. 110–130) fine, widely spaced threads. Growth stoppage lines present. Spiral sculpture of final whorl of ca. 36–40 fine threads, obsolete below suture and on base. Every 5th or 6th spiral thread on periphery of whorl slightly enlarged into weak carinations. Intersections of sculpture forming elongated beads and fenestrations. Umbilicus smooth within but bounded by single well-developed cord. Suture indented but not channeled. 2–6 axial threads, rarely fused, form groups of cusps that begin at growth stoppage mark and then fade away. Aperture oval, lip double. Inner lip may be fused to outer lip and be nearly obsolete. Outer lip widely expanded, except narrower facing umbilicus, slightly recurved abaperturally; widely adnate with body whorl. Posterior auricle lacking but slightly fimbriated auricle at 8 o’clock position. Color pattern complex but with consistent features. Base color off-white or tan. Smudged, dark brown and white axial dots that mark leading edge of growth stoppage areas; bands continue as brown bands on both sides of outer lip, tending to few narrow, weak spiral bands near umbilicus; umbilicus without bands. A brown band below the suture is interrupted by groups of white cusps. Spiral carinations may have white beads. Operculum not seen.</p>
            <p>Variation in specimens. The few specimens seen differ primarily in the degree of coloration; a few are conspicuously darker.</p>
            <p> Comparison with other species. This small species is most similar to  P. silvaticus and  P. hispaniolae . Those species differ in their coarser sculpture: 70–80 axial threads in  P. silvaticus and ca. 90 threads in  P. hispaniolae vs. 110–130 threads in  P. anatolensis ; 14–16 spiral threads in  P. silvaticus and 25 threads in  P. hispaniolae vs. 36–40 threads in  P. anatolensis . The group of white sutural elements contrasting with and interrupting a dark spiral band is diagnostic. </p>
            <p>Remarks. Bartsch (1946) had no records for most of the eastern Dominican Republic. This is the first species of the complex identified from this area. Given the widespread nature of this group as a whole the presence of this species here is not unexpected.</p>
            <p>Etymology. G. anatole, sunrise, east + suffix – ensis, from; from the east.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/454B8E3FFF87D417FF42F9BCFC10FB93	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Watters, G. Thomas	Watters, G. Thomas (2016): Review of the Hispaniolan Parachondria (Chondropomorus) complex (Gastropoda: Littorinoidea: Annulariidae). Zootaxa 4127 (2): 245-275, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4127.2.2
454B8E3FFF86D411FF42FB86FBF1FEE4.text	454B8E3FFF86D411FF42FB86FBF1FEE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parachondria (Chondropomorus) arcisensis	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Parachondria (Chondropomorus) arcisensis new species</p>
            <p>Figures 1 I–O, 5 A</p>
            <p>Type material. UF 216749, holotype, 13.0 mm; UF 216749, paratype 1, 12.7 mm; UF 33176, paratype 2, 12.0 mm.</p>
            <p>Type locality. 750 m, Citadelle Laferrière, Départment du Nord, Haiti.</p>
            <p> Chresonymy.  Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) petitianum hispaniolae “ Clench &amp; Aguayo, 1937 ” Bartsch, 1946: 18, 20, pl. 2, fig. 1 [misidentification]. </p>
            <p>Distribution and habitat. The northern face of the Massif du Nord at ca. 700–900 m, from Milot almost to Plaisance, but there are very few records of this rare species. It has been recorded from limestone outcrops in scrub thickets.</p>
            <p>Material examined (6 specimens). Haiti. UF 216749(4), 750 m, Citadelle Laferrière, Départment du Nord; UF 33176(1), 840 m, 7 km WNW of Marmelade, Départment de l’Artibonite; UF 216452(1), “ Haiti.”</p>
            <p>Description. Shell thin but solid, opaque, high-spired, elongate conic. Maximum adult size: 15.1 mm, decollate. Minimum adult size: 10.3 mm, decollate. Adult shell usually decollated, protoconch of 1.5 minute, smooth white whorls, demarcation between protoconch and teleoconch not well-defined. Teleoconch of 5.5 whorls. Axial sculpture of final whorl of numerous (ca. 90) very fine threads. Spiral sculpture of final whorl ca. 25 irregular, narrow threads, some occasionally larger than others rendering shell profile slightly carinate. Intersections of axial and spiral sculpture are minutely beaded with microscopically fenestrate appearance. Umbilicus bounded by 2–3 cords. Suture not channeled. Tufts composed of single, only slightly enlarged axial threads. Aperture oval, lip double. Inner lip erect from outer lip. Outer lip widely expanded, except much narrower facing umbilicus, adnate with previous whorl. Wide posterior auricle present. Color pattern complex and variable. Base color white or tan. Smudged tan axial zig-zags or dots that continue as brown bands on both sides of outer lip and inner lip. Tufts white. Operculum lacking in all specimens examined.</p>
            <p>Variation in specimens. In the few specimens seen the color pattern varies from well-developed to nearly absent.</p>
            <p> I–O.  Parachondria (Chondropomorus) arcisensis new species . I, J. UF 216749, holotype, 13.0 mm. K. UF 216749, paratype 1, 12.7 mm. L. UF 216452, 14.3 mm. M. UF 33176, paratype 2, 12.0 mm. N. UF 33176, paratype 2, detail of spire. O. UF 216749, holotype, detail of suture. </p>
            <p> P–W.  Parachondria (Chondropomorus) caricae (Pfeiffer, 1858) . P.  Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) caricae sosuense Bartsch, 1946 : NMNH 336770, holotype, 13.3 mm. Q.  Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) caricae navarretense Bartsch, 1946 : NMNH 471990, holotype, 12.2 mm. R, S. GTW 7072 c, 12.7 mm. T. OSUM 22087, 10.6 mm. U. OSUM 22087, 10.4 mm. V. OSUM 22087, detail of spire. W. OSUM 22087, detail of suture. </p>
            <p> X–AE.  Parachondria (Chondropomorus) coroni (Bartsch, 1946) . X,Y. NMNH 493320, holotype, 15.0 mm. Z, AA. UF 33282, 16.8 mm. AB. UF 33282, 16.3 mm. AC. UF 32051, 16.0 mm. AD. UF 33282, detail of spire. AE. UF 33282, detail of suture. AF–AI.  Parachondria (Chondropomorus) dessalinesi (Bartsch, 1946) . AF,AG. NMNH 471984, holotype, 14.0 mm. AH. NMNH 471984, holotype, detail of spire. AI. NMNH 471984, holotype, detail of suture. </p>
            <p> Comparison with other species. This species differs from the occasionally sympatric  P. hispaniolae in having coarser sculpture that tends towards carinate spiral cords; it does not have the polished, plastic appearance of  P. hispaniolae . Also see under  P. anatolensis and  P. silvaticus . </p>
            <p> Remarks. Bartsch (1946) identified this species as  Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) petitianum hispaniolae Clench &amp; Aguayo, 1937 , but comparison with the types of that species clearly shows it is not the same taxon. Etymology. L. arcis, fortress, citadel + - ensis, from the Citadelle Laferrière. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/454B8E3FFF86D411FF42FB86FBF1FEE4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Watters, G. Thomas	Watters, G. Thomas (2016): Review of the Hispaniolan Parachondria (Chondropomorus) complex (Gastropoda: Littorinoidea: Annulariidae). Zootaxa 4127 (2): 245-275, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4127.2.2
454B8E3FFF80D412FF42FE6DFE6FFAB1.text	454B8E3FFF80D412FF42FE6DFE6FFAB1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parachondria (Chondropomorus) caricae (Pfeiffer 1858) Pfeiffer 1858	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Parachondria (Chondropomorus) caricae (Pfeiffer, 1858)</p>
            <p>Figures 1 P–W, 5 A</p>
            <p> Type material.  Chondropoma caricae Pfeiffer, 1858 : not located.  Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) caricae navarretense Bartsch, 1946 : NMNH 471990 (2 specimens in lot, holotype listed as 12.2 mm long specimen).  Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) caricae sosuense Bartsch, 1946 : NMNH 336770, holotype. </p>
            <p> Type locality.  Chondropoma caricae Pfeiffer, 1858 : “ Prope Santiago insulae Haiti.”  Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) caricae navarretense Bartsch, 1946 : “Above Navarrete Station on the railroad running from Puerto Plata to Santiago, Dominican Republic.” See Distribution below.  Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) caricae sosuense Bartsch, 1946 : “At Sosúa, 17 miles east of Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic.” </p>
            <p> Type figured.  Chondropoma caricae Pfeiffer, 1858 : unfigured.  Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) caricae navarretense Bartsch, 1946 : Bartsch, 1946: pl. 3, fig. 5. C hondropoma  (Chondropomorus) caricae sosuense Bartsch, 1946 : Bartsch, 1946: pl. 3, fig. 4. </p>
            <p> Chresonymy.  Chondropoma caricae Pfeiffer in Hjalmarson &amp; Pfeiffer, 1858: 142 ; Bland, 1861: 355; Pfeiffer, 1865: 156–157; Pfeiffer, 1876: 196; Kobelt, 1880: 277; Crosse, 1891: 174; Watters, 2006: 192–193. </p>
            <p> Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) caricae Pfeiffer, 1858 . Henderson &amp; Bartsch, 1920: 61; Clench &amp; Aguayo, 1937: 65. </p>
            <p> Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) caricae caricae Pfeiffer, 1858 . Bartsch, 1946: 20 –22, pl. 3, fig. 2. </p>
            <p> Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) caricae navarretense Bartsch, 1946: 21 –22, pl. 3, fig. 5; Ruhoff, 1973: 102; Watters, 2006: 193. </p>
            <p> Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) caricae sosuense Bartsch, 1946: 20 –21, pl. 3, fig. 4; Ruhoff, 1973: 128; Watters, 2006: 193. </p>
            <p> Parachondria (Parachondria) caricae caricae (Pfeiffer, 1858) . Watters, 2006: 46, 192–193. </p>
            <p> Parachondria (Parachondria) caricae navarretensis (Bartsch, 1946) . Watters, 2006: 46, 193. </p>
            <p> Parachondria (Parachondria) caricae sosuensis (Bartsch, 1946) . Watters, 2006: 46, 193. </p>
            <p>Distribution and habitat. Authors have identified the habitat of this species as living on papaya trees (Pfeiffer in Hjalmarson &amp; Pfeiffer, 1858; 1865; Crosse, 1891). Pfeiffer (in Hjalmarson &amp; Pfeiffer, 1958: 142) specifically reported specimens “under fallen leaves on the roots of Carica papaya, usually in pairs” (translated here from German). However, papayas are not native to Hispaniola and other records place this species on limestone outcrops in evergreen forests. There are very few records of this species and its actual range is unknown. It is currently known only from the vicinity of Santiago de Los Caballeros in Santiago Province and from Puerto Plata and Sosúa in Puerto Plata Province.</p>
            <p> Bartsch’s type locality description of  C. c. navarretense is somewhat misleading. He implied that Navarrete Station was on the railroad between Puerto Plata and Santiago. Navarrete is now called Bisonó and is located on the railroad that runs from Puerto Plata through Santiago to Bisonó some 25 km further west. It is located in the Cibao Valley between the Cordillera Central and the Cordillera Septentrional. </p>
            <p>Material examined (17 specimens). Dominican Republic. OSUM 22087(2), Tacagera [not located], Santiago Province; UF 216562(15), 3 km W of Puerto Plata, Puerto Plata Province.</p>
            <p>Redescription. Shell solid, opaque, high-spired, elongate conic. Maximum adult size: 16.1 mm, decollate. Minimum adult size: 9.9 mm, decollate. Adult shell decollated. Protoconch of 1.5 pale tan, smooth whorls. Teleoconch of 4.25–5.25 whorls. Axial sculpture of final whorl of numerous (ca. 100–120) very fine, narrowly spaced, weak threads of varying width. Growth stoppage lines usually present. Spiral sculpture of final whorl outside of umbilicus of ca. 20–30 irregularly sized, weak threads, widely spaced near suture, narrowly spaced elsewhere. Intersections of sculpture form very weak, axially elongated beads. Overall sculpture appearing as weak, irregular fenestrations or scallops. Umbilicus smooth within or with few very indistinct threads. Suture indented but not channeled. 1–3 threads are narrowly expanded at suture into sharp denticles or cusps; these are irregularly spaced. Aperture oval, lip double. Inner lip slightly exserted, thickened. Outer lip thickened, narrowly expanded, except narrower facing umbilicus, slightly recurved abaperturally. Adnate or narrowly detached from body whorl within same population. Weak posterior auricle broad and low. Color pattern pale and not well-defined. Base color off-white or tan. Smudged, pale tan and white axial zig-zags or dots that mark leading edge of growth stoppage areas; bands continue as brown bands on both sides of outer lip, tending to few narrow, weak spiral bands near umbilicus; umbilicus without bands. Beads and sutural denticles white. Operculum paucispiral with granular deposit.</p>
            <p> Variation in specimens. The few specimens seen differ primarily in having the outer lip either adnate or narrowly detached from the previous whorl. Specimens with a solute outer lip were named  C. c. sosuense Bartsch, 1946 , but this feature occurs along with adnate outer lipped individuals in a single population. Bartsch (1946) also named  C. c. navarretense for specimens having fine sculpture but this is also a variable characteristic. </p>
            <p> Comparison with other species. This small, pale species is most similar to P. s i l v at i c u s. That species differs in its much coarser sculpture: 70–80 axial threads in  P. silvaticus vs. 100–120 threads in  P. caricae ; 14–16 spiral threads in  P. silvaticus vs. 20–30 threads in  P. caricae . </p>
            <p> Remarks. Although the description appeared in Hjalmarson &amp; Pfeiffer (1858) the species was listed as “  Chondropoma Caricae Pfr. ” and Pfeiffer is considered the sole author of the taxon. The species was not figured by Pfeiffer and the type has not been located. Bartsch (1946) identified his specimens based on the locality and the brief description given by Pfeiffer. This is reasonable as this is one of the few members of the complex recorded near Santiago and the description adequately matches Bartsch’s specimens. </p>
            <p> Original descriptions.  Chondropoma caricae Pfeiffer, 1858 . Pfeiffer in Hjalmarson &amp; Pfeiffer (1858: 142) (translated here from Latin): “Shell slightly perforate, oblong-turret, solid, spiral raised lines and longitudinally subequally granular-decussated, pale brown, red spots and white variegated streaks; spire regularly narrowed, truncate; suture irregularly and widely crenulated; remaining 5 whorls convex, last not solute; aperture vertical, subangulate-oval; peristome double: inner slightly prominent, outer produced on top, right side shortly expanded, left obsolete.—Operculum flat, cartilaginous.” </p>
            <p> Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) caricae navarretense Bartsch, 1946 : See Bartsch (1946: 21–22). </p>
            <p> Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) caricae sosuense Bartsch, 1946 : See Bartsch (1946: 20–21). </p>
            <p> Etymology.  Chondropoma caricae Pfeiffer, 1858 : L. carica, fig or papaya [“ Ad radicae  Caricae Papayae,” fide Pfeiffer, 1865: 156–157].  Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) caricae navarretense Bartsch, 1946 : Navarrete Station, Dominican Republic.  Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) caricae sosuense Bartsch, 1946 : Sosúa, Dominican Republic. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/454B8E3FFF80D412FF42FE6DFE6FFAB1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Watters, G. Thomas	Watters, G. Thomas (2016): Review of the Hispaniolan Parachondria (Chondropomorus) complex (Gastropoda: Littorinoidea: Annulariidae). Zootaxa 4127 (2): 245-275, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4127.2.2
454B8E3FFF83D413FF42FA5EFE2DFC6C.text	454B8E3FFF83D413FF42FA5EFE2DFC6C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parachondria (Chondropomorus) coroni (Bartsch 1946) Bartsch 1946	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Parachondria (Chondropomorus) coroni (Bartsch, 1946)</p>
            <p>Figures 1 X–AE, 5 A</p>
            <p>Type material. NMNH 493320, holotype.</p>
            <p>Type locality. “San Marc, Haiti.”</p>
            <p>Type figured. Bartsch, 1946: pl. 3, fig. 7.</p>
            <p> Chresonymy.  Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) coroni Bartsch, 1946: 17 –18, pl. 3, fig. 7; Ruhoff, 1973: 57; Watters, 2006: 217. </p>
            <p> Parachondria (Parachondria) coroni (Bartsch, 1946) . Watters, 2006: 46, 217. </p>
            <p>Distribution and habitat. This species occurs from the south-western face of the Chaîne des Matheux at ca. 300–500 m into the southern foothills of the Chaîne du Trou d'Eau facing the Plain du Cul-de-Sac between the lakes Azuei and Trou Caiman. Specimens examined here from the region of Petit-Goâve seem to be this species as well. If so, then this species ranges west to the north coast of the Tiburon Peninsula. This would be the only record of this group from the Tiburon Peninsula. But as with all Haitian species covered here, the actual ranges may be significantly greater than recorded. Haitian records are few, usually from only a handful of often visited sites (e.g., Citadelle Laferrière), or are simply listed as “ Haiti ” without further refinement.</p>
            <p>Material examined (27 specimens). Haiti. UF 33282(6), 9 km E of Petit-Goâve, Départment de l’Ouest; UF 32051(16), 520 m, 25 km SSW of Mirebalais, Départment de l’Ouest; UF 32869(5), 280 m, 9 km NE of Dufailly, Départment de l’Ouest [not found].</p>
            <p>Redescription. Shell thin but opaque, high-spired, elongate conic. Maximum adult size: 19.2 mm, nondecollate. Minimum adult size: 12.9 mm, non-decollate. Adult shell often not decollated. Protoconch of 1.5 minute, smooth whorls, pale tan with dark brown band at suture, demarcation between protoconch and teleoconch not welldefined. Teleoconch of 5.5 whorls. Axial sculpture of final whorl of numerous (ca. 80–100) irregular, narrow threads and wider, low cords. Shell with regularly spaced growth stoppage marks, axial threads preceding marks often microscopic and densely packed. Spiral sculpture of final whorl of ca. 30 low, indistinct cords, obsolete below suture and on base. Overall sculpture not distinct giving surface a smudged but weakly fenestrate appearance. Umbilicus bounded by one or two distinct cords, smooth within. Suture not channeled. Blunt tufts composed of 1–3 slightly enlarged axial threads, separated by 1–3 non-enlarged axial elements. Aperture oval, lip double, rarely single. Inner lip exserted or fused to outer lip and nearly obsolete. Outer lip narrowly expanded, narrower facing umbilicus, narrowly separated from previous whorl. Low, wide, slightly concave posterior auricle present. Color pattern complex and variable. Base color white or tan. Smudged tan axial zig-zags overlain with widely spaced darker dots that continue as brown bands on both sides of outer and inner lips. At least one continuous or interrupted brown band bounding umbilicus. Widely spaced dark patches at suture. Tufts white. Operculum lacking in all specimens examined.</p>
            <p>Variation in specimens. The sculpture varies in strength in the few specimens seen. The strength of the inner lip varies from well-developed to nearly obsolete.</p>
            <p> Comparison with other species. This is a large, pale species. It resembles a high-spired  P. daedalus but that species has much finer sculpture (170–200 axial threads in  P. daedalus vs. 80–100 in P. c o ro ni; 30–40 spiral threads in  P. daedalus vs. ca. 30 in P. co ro ni). </p>
            <p>Original descriptions. See Bartsch (1946: 17–18).</p>
            <p>Etymology. Unknown.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/454B8E3FFF83D413FF42FA5EFE2DFC6C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Watters, G. Thomas	Watters, G. Thomas (2016): Review of the Hispaniolan Parachondria (Chondropomorus) complex (Gastropoda: Littorinoidea: Annulariidae). Zootaxa 4127 (2): 245-275, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4127.2.2
454B8E3FFF82D41CFF42FBE5FF12FEC1.text	454B8E3FFF82D41CFF42FBE5FF12FEC1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parachondria (Chondropomorus) dessalinesi (Bartsch 1946) Bartsch 1946	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Parachondria (Chondropomorus) dessalinesi (Bartsch, 1946)</p>
            <p>Figures 1 AF–AI, 5 A</p>
            <p>Type material. NMNH 471984, holotype.</p>
            <p>Type locality. “The hills at Thomazeau in the Cul-de-Sac.”</p>
            <p>Type figured. Bartsch, 1946: pl. 2, fig. 3.</p>
            <p> Chresonymy.  Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) petitianum dessalinesi Bartsch, 1946: 18 –20, pl. 2, fig. 3; Ruhoff, 1973: 61; Watters, 2006: 499–400. </p>
            <p> Parachondria (Parachondria) petitianus dessalinesi (Bartsch, 1946) . Watters, 2006: 46, 399–400. </p>
            <p>Distribution and habitat. This species is only known from the type locality, “the hills at Thomazeau.” This is the southern slope of the Chaîne des Matheux/Chaîne du Trou d’Eau between Trou Caiman and Lake Azuei.</p>
            <p>Material examined (34 specimens). Haiti. NMNH 471984(1), NMNH 471985(33), both from the type locality.</p>
            <p>Redescription. Shell thin but opaque, high-spired, elongate conic. Maximum adult size: 16.2 mm, decollate. Minimum adult size: 14.9 mm, decollate. Adult shell decollated. Protoconch unknown. Teleoconch of 5–5.5 whorls. Axial sculpture of final whorl of numerous (ca. 80) narrow threads. Spiral sculpture of final whorl of ca. 30 low, indistinct cords, most developed as beaded sculpture at intersections with axial threads, which tend to alternate in strength. Overall sculpture rough and weakly fenestrate. Umbilicus bounded by a single cord, smooth within. Suture indented but not channeled. Blunt tufts composed of 1–2 enlarged axial threads, separated by 1–3 nonenlarged axial elements, irregularly spaced. Aperture oval, lip double, rarely single. Inner lip fused to outer lip and nearly obsolete. Outer lip expanded, much narrower facing umbilicus, barely adnate with previous whorl. Posterior auricle absent or barely expanded. Color pattern complex and variable. Base color white or tan. Smudged pale, widely spaced tan axial zig-zags vaguely arranged into spiral bands that continue on both sides of outer and inner lips. Tufts and beads white. Operculum lacking in all specimens examined.</p>
            <p>Variation in specimens. The sculpture varies in strength in the few specimens seen but specimens are otherwise quite uniform in characteristics.</p>
            <p> Comparison with other species. This is a small, pale species. It closely resembles  C. arcisensis from northern Haiti. That species has somewhat coarser sculpture where the spiral cords tend to form weak carinations. Original descriptions. See Bartsch (1946: 18–20). </p>
            <p>Etymology. Probably Jean-Jacques Dessalines (1758–1806), leader of the Haitian Revolution and the Emperor of Haiti.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/454B8E3FFF82D41CFF42FBE5FF12FEC1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Watters, G. Thomas	Watters, G. Thomas (2016): Review of the Hispaniolan Parachondria (Chondropomorus) complex (Gastropoda: Littorinoidea: Annulariidae). Zootaxa 4127 (2): 245-275, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4127.2.2
454B8E3FFF8DD41DFF42FE4EFCEAFC49.text	454B8E3FFF8DD41DFF42FE4EFCEAFC49.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parachondria (Chondropomorus) gnotus (Pilsbry 1935) Pilsbry 1935	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Parachondria (Chondropomorus) gnotus (Pilsbry, 1935)</p>
            <p>Figures 2 A–H, 5 A</p>
            <p> Type material.  Chondropoma soror Pilsbry, 1933 : ANSP 44344a, holotype; ANSP 374552(9), paratypes [  Chondropoma gnote Pilsbry, 1935 , is a replacement name].  Chondropoma gnote kriegeri Bartsch, 1946 : NMNH 471997, holotype. </p>
            <p> Type locality.  Chondropoma soror Pilsbry, 1933 : “San Lorenzo, on the south side of Samana Bay, Santo Domingo.”  Chondropoma gnote kriegeri Bartsch, 1946 : “archeological village site of the Irawak Indians at the mouth of the San Juan River, which is on the north side of the Samana Peninsula in the Dominican Republic.” </p>
            <p> Type figured.  Chondropoma soror Pilsbry, 1933 : Pilsbry, 1933, pl. 6, fig. 15, not fig. 14 as stated. The caption to this plate was corrected in Clench &amp; Aguayo (1937): figure “14” is 15; “15–19” is 14, 16–19.  Chondropoma gnote kriegeri Bartsch, 1946 : Bartsch, 1946, pl. 2, fig. 8. </p>
            <p> Cresonymy.  Chondropoma soror Pilsbry, 1933: 124 , pl. 6, fig. 15 [non  Chondropoma soror Pilsbry, 1930 ]; Clench &amp; Aguayo, 1937: 65; Bartsch, 1946: 17 [in synonymy of  Chondropoma gnote Pilsbry, 1935 ]; Watters, 2006: 274, 489. </p>
            <p> Chondropoma gnote Pilsbry, 1935: 144 [new name for  Chondropoma soror Pilsbry, 1933 , non Pilsbry, 1930]; Baker, 1964: 170. </p>
            <p> Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) gnote gnote Pilsbry, 1935 . Clench &amp; Aguayo, 1937: 65; Bartsch, 1946: 15, 17, pl. 2, fig. 9; Watters, 2006: 273 –274. </p>
            <p> Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) gnote kriegeri Bartsch, 1946: 16 , pl. 2, fig. 8; Ruhoff, 1973: 87; Watters, 2006: 274. </p>
            <p> Parachondria (Parachondria) gnote gnote (Pilsbry, 1935) . Watters, 2006: 46, 273–274. </p>
            <p> Parachondria (Parachondria) gnote kriegeri (Bartsch, 1946) . Watters, 2006: 46, 274. </p>
            <p>Distribution and habitat. Originally reported from the south shore of Samaná Bay, this species also occurs inland at least 20 km south. It may live on the Samaná Peninsula in general including the north coast. Under rocks and ledges and around chimneys in mesic, forested karst landscape in the Los Haitises Limestone and on the Samaná Peninsula; portions cleared for pastures.</p>
            <p>Material examined (48 specimens). Dominican Republic. UF 216392(6), UF 216622(3), 230 m, 7 km NNW of Hato Major del Rey, Hato Major Province; UF 216623(20), 180 m, 6 km NNW of Hato Major del Rey, Hato Major Province; UF 216404(13), 12 km W of Sabana de la Mar, Hato Major Province; UF 216637(6), 50 m, 1 km E of Sánchez, Samaná Province.</p>
            <p>Redescription. Shell solid, opaque, high-spired, elongate conic. Maximum adult size: 16.7 mm, decollate. Minimum adult size: 13.5 mm, decollate. Adult shell usually decollated, protoconch of 1.5 minute, smooth whorls, white or tan, demarcation between protoconch and teleoconch well-defined. Teleoconch of 6 whorls but typically only 5 remain in decollated shells. Axial sculpture of final whorl of numerous (ca. 120) very fine, narrowly spaced, flattened threads. Shell with regularly spaced growth stoppage marks, axial threads preceding marks often microscopic and densely packed. Spiral sculpture of final whorl outside of umbilicus of 20–30 irregularly sized threads perhaps twice as wide as axial threads. Overall sculpture not distinct giving surface a smudged but microscopically fenestrate appearance. Umbilicus bounded by one or rarely two distinct cords, smooth within. Suture not channeled. Tufts composed of 1–3 only slightly enlarged axial threads that occur just preceding each growth mark. Aperture teardrop-shaped, lip double, rarely single. Inner lip weak, barely exserted, fused to outer lip. Outer lip evenly expanded, except much narrower facing the umbilicus, slightly recurved abaperturally; adnate with previous whorl. Posterior auricle rarely present. Smaller, somewhat undulating auricle rarely present at 8 o’clock position. Color pattern complex and variable. Base color white or tan. Smudged tan axial zig-zags or dots that continue as brown bands on both sides of outer and inner lips. At least one continuous brown band bounding umbilicus. Tufts white. “Operculum thin, corneous, paucispiral” fide Bartsch (1946: 15); lacking in all specimens examined here.</p>
            <p>Variation in specimens. Specimens differ in the degree of coloration, but are otherwise quite consistent in terms of sculpture and overall shell form. The range in adult sizes is not as great as that seen in similar species.</p>
            <p> Comparison with other species. This species is similar to other high-spired taxa such as  P. petitianus ,  P. trachydermus , and  P. silvaticus from which it differs in having smoother sculpture and much less developed tufts. </p>
            <p> Remarks. Pilsbry (1935) renamed his 1933  C. soror as  C. gnote , having already used the  C. soror combination in 1930 for a different species. Bartsch (1946) divided  C. gnote into four subspecies, two associated with the Samaná Peninsula area, and two in northwestern Haiti nearly 300 km away. These two groups are here considered two separate species:  P. hispaniolae Clench &amp; Aguayo, 1937 ) from Haiti, and  P. gnotus (Pilsbry, 1935) from the Samaná Peninsula area.  Chondropoma gnote kriegeri was differentiated from  C. gnote s.s. by its more pronounced tufts and paler coloration–differences that exist within individual populations. </p>
            <p> Original description.  Chondropoma soror Pilsbry, 1933 . Pilsbry (1933: 124): “Shell similar to  C. petitianum (Pfr.) , but the sculpture is much weaker; subsutural dentition obsolete, though weak traces of nodes may be seen on the spire.” </p>
            <p> Original description.  Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) gnote kriegeri Bartsch, 1946 . Bartsch (1946: 16): “It is a pale race beautifully regularly spotted by interrupted spiral bands of brown, which are few in number and distantly spaced axially. The spots here all tend far more toward an axial arrangement than in  Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) gnote gnote . Here, too, the tufting at the summit is much more pronounced.” </p>
            <p> Etymology.  Chondropoma soror Pilsbry, 1933 : L.  soror , sister.  Chondropoma gnote Pilsbry, 1935 : L.  gnotus , recognized [perhaps because he did not recognize his own earlier name “  soror ”].  Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) gnote kriegeri Bartsch, 1946 : Herbert William Krieger (1889–1970), Curator, Division of Ethnology, US National Museum, collector of the types. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/454B8E3FFF8DD41DFF42FE4EFCEAFC49	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Watters, G. Thomas	Watters, G. Thomas (2016): Review of the Hispaniolan Parachondria (Chondropomorus) complex (Gastropoda: Littorinoidea: Annulariidae). Zootaxa 4127 (2): 245-275, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4127.2.2
454B8E3FFF8CD41FFF42FBCBFA9CFE09.text	454B8E3FFF8CD41FFF42FBCBFA9CFE09.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parachondria (Chondropomorus) heatheraikenae	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Parachondria (Chondropomorus) heatheraikenae new species</p>
            <p>Figures 2 I–O, 6 A</p>
            <p>Type material. OSUM 40166, holotype, 13.6 mm; UF 687683, paratype 1, 14.3 mm; UF 78 423, paratype 2, 12.3 mm; BMSM 8236, paratype 3, 11.8 mm.</p>
            <p>Type locality. 1290 m elevation, abandoned quarry near end of road between Cabo Rojo and Las Mercedes, Pedernales Province, Dominican Republic. 18.1214 N, - 71.5699 W.</p>
            <p>Distribution and habitat. Known only from the type locality on the southern slope of the Sierra de Baoruco. Found under piles of fossil coralline rubble.</p>
            <p>Material examined (36 specimens). Dominican Republic. Aiken coll.(31); GTW 16156a(1). All from type locality.</p>
            <p>Description. Shell small, solid, opaque, high-spired conic. Maximum adult size: 14.3 mm, non-decollate. Minimum adult size: 11.7 mm, decollate. Adult shell typically decollated, protoconch of 1.5 prominent, smooth whorls, white with dark brown suture at apex and brown band at periphery, demarcation between protoconch and teleoconch not well-defined. Teleoconch of 6 whorls, but only 5 typically retained in decollate specimens. Axial sculpture of final whorl of numerous (70–90) very fine, rounded threads separated by spaces greater than width of threads; threads mostly of uniform size. Shell with regularly spaced growth stoppage marks. Spiral sculpture of final whorl outside of umbilicus of 30–35 rounded threads, same width as axial threads, becoming much finer and more closely set on base. Intersections of axial and spiral sculpture form minutely but distinctly fenestrated surface with plastic appearance. Umbilicus very narrow, bounded by single, weak cord. Suture narrow, largely obscured by sutural tufts. Tufts composed of 1–3 prominent, regularly disposed, fused axial threads that extend onto previous whorl. Aperture oval, lip double. Inner lip tightly adherent to outer lip. Outer lip very narrowly expanded, slightly narrower facing umbilicus, adnate with previous whorl. Posterior edge with wide angle forming weak auricle. Outer lip nearly covers umbilicus. Color pattern complex and variable. Base color white or buff. 4–6 very narrow, spiral brown bands between suture and base, often axially aligned on growth marks as dashes or dots, anterior-most band most prominent and nearly continuous. 1–4 much narrower brown bands continue on base to umbilicus. Umbilicus without markings. Both sides of outer lip with dark brown markings, most prominent anteriorly. Interior of peristome orangish to dark brown. Tufts white. Operculum corneous, paucispiral, lacking calcification.</p>
            <p> I–G.  Parachondria (Chondropomorus) heatheraikenae new species . I, J. OSUM 40166, holotype, 13.6 mm. K. UF 687683, paratype 1, 14.3 mm. L. UF 78423, paratype 2, 12.3 mm. M. BMSM 8236, paratype 3, 11.8 mm. N. OSUM 40166, holotype, detail of spire. O. OSUM 40166, holotype, detail of suture. </p>
            <p> P–V.  Parachondria (Chondropomorus) petitianus (Pfeiffer, 1850) . P.  Cyclostoma petitianum Pfeiffer, 1850 , NHMUK 42/10, probable syntype, 13 mm. Q, R. UF 23215, 15.2 mm. S, T. UF 216420, 14.5 mm. U. UF 216420, detail of spire. V. UF 216420, detail of suture. </p>
            <p> W–AB.  Parachondria (Chondropomorus) silvaticus new species . W, X. UF 216479, holotype, 12.1 mm. Y, Z. UF 216479, paratype 1, 10.0 mm. AA. UF 216479, holotype, detail of spire. AB. UF 216479, holotype, detail of suture. AC–AI.  Parachondria (Chondropomorus) trachydermus (Pilsbry, 1933) . AC.  Chondropoma trachyderma Pilsbry, 1933 : ANSP 7872a, holotype, 12 mm. AD.  Chondropoma petitianum dominicum Bartsch, 1946 : NMNH 493309, holotype, 12.0 mm. AE, AF. GTW 7072d, 13.7 mm. E. GTW 7072d, 11.9 mm. AG. OSUM 6755, 14.9 mm. AH. GTW 7072d, detail of spire. AI. GTW 7072d, detail of suture. </p>
            <p>Variation in specimens. Specimens vary in base coloration from white to dark brown but all have the narrow interrupted brown bands.</p>
            <p> Comparison with other species. This species is most similar to  P. trachydermus . It differs from that species in the color pattern: axial zig-zag markings in  P. trachydermus , spiral interrupted bands in  P. heatheraikenae . The tufts in  P. trachydermus consist of a single (rarely 2) moderately expanded axial thread; in  P. heatheraikenae they are more pronounced and consist of 1–3 fused threads. It differs from  P. coroni from Haiti in the same ways. Etymology. Named after Heather Aiken, mother of Simon Aiken (UK); Simon Aiken donated the material. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/454B8E3FFF8CD41FFF42FBCBFA9CFE09	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Watters, G. Thomas	Watters, G. Thomas (2016): Review of the Hispaniolan Parachondria (Chondropomorus) complex (Gastropoda: Littorinoidea: Annulariidae). Zootaxa 4127 (2): 245-275, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4127.2.2
454B8E3FFF8ED418FF42FE06FDE5FC49.text	454B8E3FFF8ED418FF42FE06FDE5FC49.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parachondria (Chondropomorus) petitianus (Pfeiffer 1850) Pfeiffer 1850	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Parachondria (Chondropomorus) petitianus (Pfeiffer, 1850)</p>
            <p>Figures 2 P–V, 5 A</p>
            <p>Type material. NHMUK 42/10(3), syntypes. Label reads " Type set - probable type in tube (13mm), photo - photo sent to Bartsch 1938."</p>
            <p>Type locality. “ in insula Haiti.” Restricted here to 13 km NE of Pizarrette, San Cristóbal Province, Dominican Republic.</p>
            <p>Type figured. Pfeiffer, 1854, pl. 37, figs. 23 and 24 are probably the figured type.</p>
            <p> Cresonymy.  Cyclostoma petitianum Pfeiffer, 1850: 78 –79; Pfeiffer, 1854: 277–278, pl. 37, figs. 23, 24; Watters, 2006: 399. </p>
            <p> Chondropoma petitianum (Pfeiffer, 1850) . Pfeiffer, 1851: 173; Pfeiffer, 1852a: 291; Pfeiffer, 1852b: 45; Adams &amp; Adams, 1858: 295; Hjalmarson &amp; Pfeiffer, 1858: 142; Bland, 1861: 355; Reeve, 1863: pl. 5, fig. 34; Pfeiffer, 1865: 155; Pfeiffer, 1876: 196; Kobelt, 1880: 277; Weinland, 1880: 346; Crosse, 1891: 174. </p>
            <p> Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) petitiana (Pfeiffer, 1850) . Henderson &amp; Bartsch, 1920: 61; Clench &amp; Aguayo, 1937: 65 –66. </p>
            <p> Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) petitianum (Pfeiffer, 1850) . Pilsbry, 1933: 123 –124. </p>
            <p> Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) petitianum petitianum (Pfeiffer, 1850) . Bartsch, 1946: 18, 20, pl. 2, fig. 2. </p>
            <p> Parachondria (Parachondria) petitianus petitianus (Pfeiffer, 1850) . Watters, 2006: 46. </p>
            <p> Chondropomorus  petitianus petitianus (Pfeiffer, 1850) . Watters, 2006: 399. </p>
            <p>Distribution and habitat. Generally below 300 m on the southeastern edge of the Paralta Belt, a series of Eocene–Oligocene sedimentary sequences of the southeastern Cordillera Central. UF 216729 and UF 216729 refer to two localities in San Cristóbal Province that have not been located. However, two localities of the same name occur in Monte Plata Province. If the province name is actually Monte Plata then this species continues along the eastern edge of the Cordillera Central to the Cordillera Oriental but additional collections are needed to establish this extension. Found under leaf litter and talus, on limestone ridges in mesic, canopied canyons, forests, and in scrub thickets.</p>
            <p>Material examined (32 specimens). Dominican Republic. UF 23219(2), 70 m, 13 km NE of Pizarrette, San Cristóbal Province; UF 216420(1), UF 216727(6), 110 m, 13 km NNW of Pizarrette, Peravia Province; UF 216724(1), 310 m, 3 km N of El Recodo, Peravia Province; UF 216563(1), UF 216564(3), 310 m, 3 km N of El Recodo, Peravia Province; UF 216729(1), 185 m, 10 km SW of Trinidad, Monte Plata Province; UF 216733(2), 220 m, 13 km NW of Sabana Grande de Boya, Monte Plata Province; UF 216747(4), 3 km E of El Majagual, San Cristóbal Province; UF 216740(11), 4 km E of El Majagual, San Cristóbal Province; UF 216748(1), 5 km E of El Majagual, San Cristóbal Province; UF 216746(1), 1 km W of El Majagual, San Cristóbal Province.</p>
            <p>Redescription. Shell small for genus, solid, opaque, high-spired, elongate conic. Maximum adult size: 15.2 mm, decollate. Minimum adult size: 10.9 mm, decollate. Adult shell decollated, protoconch lost in examples seen; Bartsch (1946) gave 2+ whorls for protoconch. Teleoconch with 5 remaining whorls in decollated shells. Axial sculpture of final whorl of numerous (ca. 180) minute, very fine threads separated by same width as threads. Shell with regularly spaced growth stoppage marks, axial threads preceding marks often microscopic and densely packed. Spiral sculpture of final whorl outside of umbilicus obsolete, visible only as weak, axially elongated beads where they cross axial threads. Overall sculpture nearly microscopic, white axial beads give frosted appearance. Umbilicus bounded by 4–6 very weak cords, smooth within. Suture very narrow, not channeled. Tufts composed of 1–3 only slightly enlarged axial threads that are strongest just preceding each growth mark. Aperture oval, lip double. Inner lip weakly expanded, not exserted, fused to outer lip. Outer lip evenly expanded, narrower facing umbilicus, adnate to barely solute with previous whorl. Weak posterior auricle present. Color pattern complex and variable. Base color tan. Growth marks with axially aligned brown or tan zig-zags, spots, or diagonal marks. At least one more or less continuous brown band bounding umbilicus. Tufts and sculpture white. “Operculum paucispiral with the nucleus half-way between subcentral and marginal” fide Bartsch (1946: 18); lacking in all specimens examined here.</p>
            <p>Variation in specimens. Specimens are remarkably uniform in all characteristics.</p>
            <p> Comparison with other species. From the other high-spired species it has much finer sculpture than either  P. trachydermus or  P. silvaticus . From  P. gnotus it differs in having better developed sutural tufts and in having even finer sculpture (ca. 120 axial threads in  P. gnotus vs. ca. 180 axial threads in  P. petitianus ). </p>
            <p> Remarks. Bartsch (1946) divided this species into five widely scattered subspecies:  Chondropoma p. costatum Weinland, 1880 , from Samaná Bay;  C. p. dominicum Bartsch, 1946 , from Puerto Plata (both =  P. trachydermus Pilsbry, 1933 ),  C. p. dessalinesi Bartsch, 1946 , from Thomazeau, Haiti, “  C. p. hispaniolae Clench &amp; Aguayo, 1937 ” (non Clench &amp; Aguayo, 1937 =  P. arcisensis ), from Milot, Haiti; and the nominate subspecies  C. p. petitianum (Pfeiffer, 1850) from “ in insula Haiti.” Based on their shell morphology, their isolation, and the narrow ranges of similar species, I believe these are distinct species. </p>
            <p>Original description. Pfeiffer (1850: 78–79) (translated here from Latin). “Shell scarcely subperforate, oblong-turrited, truncate, spiral elevated lines about equally distant and crowded plications cross over that sculpture, a little shining, white, brown marbling and broken bands; suture separate and irregularly crenulated; 5– 5½ slightly convex whorls, slowly becoming larger, the last not solute; aperture subvertical, oval; peristome double, inner one short, outer one broadly expanded, brown-spotted, top subauriculate, cut off from previous whorl, left margin narrow.—Operculum membraneous, brown, paucispiral.”</p>
            <p>Etymology. Sauveur Abel Aubert Petit de la Saussaye (1792–1870), French conchologist, editor of the Journal de Conchyliologie (1850–1853).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/454B8E3FFF8ED418FF42FE06FDE5FC49	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Watters, G. Thomas	Watters, G. Thomas (2016): Review of the Hispaniolan Parachondria (Chondropomorus) complex (Gastropoda: Littorinoidea: Annulariidae). Zootaxa 4127 (2): 245-275, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4127.2.2
454B8E3FFF89D419FF42FBCBFD63FF54.text	454B8E3FFF89D419FF42FBCBFD63FF54.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parachondria (Chondropomorus) silvaticus	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Parachondria (Chondropomorus) silvaticus new species</p>
            <p>Figures 2 W–AB, 5 B</p>
            <p>Type material. UF 216479, holotype, 12.1 mm; UF 216479, paratype, 10.0 mm.</p>
            <p>Type locality. 680 m elevation, NE slope of Loma La Vigía, 15 km SW of Piedra Blanca, Monseñor Nouel Province, Dominican Republic.</p>
            <p>Distribution and habitat. Known only from the type locality on sedimentary rocks of the Late Cretaceous Duarte Formation on the northeastern slopes of the Cordillera Central, in a deep ravine in mesic forest. A single record for 680 m elevation.</p>
            <p>Material examined (2 specimens). Dominican Republic. UF 216479(2), 680 m, NE slope of Loma La Vigía, 15 km SW of Piedra Blanca, Monseñor Nouel Province.</p>
            <p>Description. Shell small for genus, solid, high-spired, elongate conic. Maximum adult size: 12.1 mm, decollate. Minimum adult size: 10.0 mm, decollate. Adult shell decollated, protoconch unknown. Teleoconch of 4.75 whorls. Axial sculpture of final whorl of relatively few (70–80) thin, widely spaced threads. Spiral sculpture of final whorl outside of umbilicus of 14–16 cords; one below suture, 3–4 strong additional cords between suture and periphery, remainder on anterior half of whorl, but weaker. Cords are strong enough to render outline slightly carinate. Intersections of axial and spiral sculpture form coarse fenestrations. Umbilicus bounded by single strong cord, smooth within. Suture narrow, deep. Tufts composed of 1–2 slightly enlarged threads in irregularly spaced groups. Aperture teardrop-shaped, lip double. Inner lip erect but barely exserted. Outer lip evenly expanded, but narrower facing umbilicus, slightly recurved abaperturally. Adnate with previous whorl. Posterior auricle lacking or weakly developed. A more prominent undulating auricle present at 8 o’clock position. Color pattern complex and variable. Base color tan with ca. 7 interrupted bands of brown, square or “X”-shaped markings, becoming more continuous towards umbilicus. Inner lip and both sides of outer lip with dark brown markings. Tufts white. Operculum corneous, paucispiral, lacking calcification.</p>
            <p>Variation in specimens. Only two specimens seen.</p>
            <p> Comparison with other species. This is one of the smallest species within the Hispaniolan Chondropomorus. Although it has among the fewest axial and spiral threads, the sculpture is not well-developed and does not appear as coarse as the similar  P. trachydermus . </p>
            <p> Remarks. This species appears to be geographically isolated from all other congeners. Etymology. L.  silvaticus , of the woods. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/454B8E3FFF89D419FF42FBCBFD63FF54	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Watters, G. Thomas	Watters, G. Thomas (2016): Review of the Hispaniolan Parachondria (Chondropomorus) complex (Gastropoda: Littorinoidea: Annulariidae). Zootaxa 4127 (2): 245-275, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4127.2.2
454B8E3FFF88D41AFF42FEFDFBCCF89F.text	454B8E3FFF88D41AFF42FEFDFBCCF89F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parachondria (Chondropomorus) trachydermus (Pilsbry 1933) Pilsbry 1933	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Parachondria (Chondropomorus) trachydermus (Pilsbry, 1933)</p>
            <p>Figures 2 AC–AI, 5 B</p>
            <p> Type material.  Chondropoma petitianum var. costata Weinland, 1880 : not located. Weinland stated “Legit Newcomb. Communic. el. Bland.”  Chondropoma trachyderma Pilsbry, 1933 : ANSP 7872a, holotype; ANSP 373754(1), paratype.  Chondropoma petitianum dominicum Bartsch, 1946 : NMNH 493309, holotype. </p>
            <p> Type locality.  Chondropoma petitianum var. costata Weinland, 1880 : “St. Domingo.”  Chondropoma trachyderma Pilsbry, 1933 : “Santo Domingo.”  Chondropoma petitianum dominicum Bartsch, 1946 : “Puerto Plata.” </p>
            <p> Figured type.  Chondropoma petitianum var. costata Weinland, 1880 : unfigured.  Chondropoma trachyderma Pilsbry, 1933 : Pilsbry, 1933: pl. 6, fig. 10.  Chondropoma petitianum dominicum Bartsch, 1946 : Bartsch, 1946, pl. 2, fig. 6. </p>
            <p> Cresonymy.?  Chondropoma petitianum var. costata Weinland, 1880: 346 ; Watters, 2006: 399. </p>
            <p> Chondropoma trachyderma Pilsbry, 1933: 123 , pl. 6, fig. 10; Bartsch, 1946: 19 [in synonymy of  Chondropoma petitianum var. costata Weinland, 1880 ]; Baker, 1964: 170; Watters, 2006: 518 [in synonymy of  Chondropoma petitianum var. costata Weinland, 1880 ]. </p>
            <p> Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) trachyderma Pilsbry, 1933 . Clench &amp; Aguayo, 1937: 66. </p>
            <p> Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) petitianum dominicum Bartsch, 1946: 18 –19, pl. 2, fig. 6; Ruhoff, 1973: 63; Watters, 2006: 46. </p>
            <p> ?  Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) petitianum costatum Weinland, 1880 . Bartsch, 1946: 19, pl. 2, fig. 4. </p>
            <p> Parachondria (Parachondria) petitianus dominicus (Bartsch, 1946) . Watters, 2006: 46, 400. </p>
            <p> ?  Parachondria (Parachondria) petitianus costatus (Weinland, 1880) . Watters, 2006: 46, 399. </p>
            <p>Distribution and habitat. Known from the coast, the northern slopes, and the associated plain of the Cordillera Septentrional from Puerto Plata east to the Samaná Peninsula and off the coastal plain into the mountains to ca. 900 m at El Puerto and Pico Isabel del Torres. Found under limestone rubble, on mogotes, and on limestone cliffs in karst areas of humid, mesic forests and ravines; these are evergreen forests in the higher altitudes. One record of arboreal habitat. Portions of the range have been cleared for coffee, cocoa groves, and pastures but other areas are in protected regions (e.g., Parque Nacional Isabel del Torres). Occasionally common.</p>
            <p> Material examined (385 specimens). Dominican Republic. UF 216738(3), 50 m, 9 km WNW of Puerto Plata, Puerto Plata Province; UF 216708(15), 470 m, 4 km W of El Cupey, Puerto Plata Province; UF 119143(21), Puerto Plata, Puerto Plata Province; GTW 7072e(3), 610 m, 8 km S of Puerto Plata, Puerto Plata Province; GTW 7072d(13), 760–900 m, La Has, El Puerto, Puerto Plata Province; UF 216713(10), 790 m, Pico Isabel del Torres, Puerto Plata Province; UF 216736(7), Loma Blanca, 3 km N of Madre Vieja, Puerto Plata Province; UF 216735(7), 700 m, Loma del Puerto, Lajas de Yaroa, Santiago Province; UF 216743(12), 800 m, Loma El Indio Vieja, 7 km SSW of Yásica Abajo, Santiago Province; UF 216741(9), Loma Diego de Ocampo, Santiago Province; UF 216714(9), 50 m, 6 km SE of Sosúa, Puerto Plata Province; UF 45878(1), 7 km E of Sosúa, Puerto Plata Province; UF 216719(2), 135 m, 7 km SSE of Sosúa, Puerto Plata Province; UF 216723(1), 135 m, 3 km NW of Balneario de  Catalina, Loma Catalina , Puerto Plata Province; UF 216716(1), 260 m, Loma Catalina, 11 km SSE of Sosúa, Puerto Plata Province; UF 216722(2), 600 m, Lajas de Yaroa, Santiago Province; UF 216732(19), 30 m, 3 km NE of Jamaó al Norte, Espaillat Province; GTW 7072a(2), Río San Juan, Espaillat Province; GTW 7072f(5), 30 m W of RD 5, Río San Juan, Espaillat Province; UF 216730(1), 30 m, 7 km WSW of Río San Juan, María Trinidad Sánchez Province; UF 216715(1), 1 km NE of Río San Juan, María Trinidad Sánchez Province; UF 216737(1), 8 km ENE of Río San Juan, María Trinidad Sánchez Province; UF 216712(3), UF 216725(14), 30 m, 3 km NW of “Cabral” [possible error for Cabrera?], María Trinidad Sánchez Province; UF 216709(3), 20 m, 10 km WNW of “Cabral” [possible error for Cabrera?], María Trinidad Sánchez Province; OSUM 6755(72), Caño Azul Colorado, María Trinidad Sánchez Province; UF 21671(6), 18 km SE of Río San Juan, María Trinidad Sánchez Province; UF 216632(34), 30 m, 0.5 km NNE of Cayo Clara, María Trinidad Sánchez Province; UF 216745(3), 1 km NW of Arenoso, Duarte Province; UF 216734(17), 2.9 km NE of Sánchez, Samaná Province; UF 216636(4), 250 m, 5 km ENE of Sánchez, Samaná Province; UF 216633(4), 5 km E of Sánchez, Samaná Province; UF 216635(1), 330 m, 10 km SW of Las Terrenas, Samaná Province; UF 216634(4), 9 km E of Las Terrenas, Samaná Province; UF 216638(8), sea level, 10 km E of Las Terrenas, Samaná Province; UF 216726(7), 270 m, 40 km NE of Sánchez, Samaná Province; UF 216742(1), 4 km E of Samaná, Samaná Province. </p>
            <p>Redescription. Shell solid, opaque, high-spired, elongate conic. Maximum adult size: 17.2 mm, decollate. Minimum adult size: 11.3 mm, decollate. Adult shell decollated, protoconch of 1.5 minute, smooth, rounded, tan whorls. Teleoconch with 5–5.25 remaining whorls in decollated shells. Axial sculpture of final whorl of numerous (ca. 80–90) fine to coarse threads separated by more than their width. Shell with regularly spaced growth stoppage marks, axial threads preceding marks often much smaller and more densely packed. Spiral sculpture of final whorl outside of umbilicus 20–25 threads of various thickness. Overall sculpture clearly fenestrate. Umbilicus bounded by 2–4 weak cords, smooth within. Suture very narrow, not channeled. Tufts composed of 1 (less commonly 2) enlarged axial thread aligned with each growth mark. Aperture oval, lip double. Inner lip weakly expanded, exserted. Outer lip evenly expanded, narrower facing umbilicus; adnate with previous whorl. Lamellate, posterior auricle weak. Color pattern complex and variable. Base color tan, dark brown, or olive. Growth marks with axially aligned faint tan zig-zag marks, absent on darker specimens. 2–3 more or less continuous brown bands bounding umbilicus. Tufts and sculpture white. Inner lip and adapertural face of outer lip orange, yellow, or cream. Both lips with prominent dark bands on both faces. Inner rim of aperture often lined with orangish or dark brown. Operculum corneous, paucispiral, lacking calcareous granules.</p>
            <p>Variation in specimens. Specimens vary in sculpture strength with those from eastern populations having the coarsest surface. Individuals vary considerably in adult size within a population.</p>
            <p> Comparison with other species. The sculpture is coarser than that found in the similar high-spired  P. gnotus and  P. petitianus (only ca. 80–90 axial threads in  P. trachydermus ,&gt;120 axial threads in those two species). This species resembles  P. silvaticus , which has less distinct sculpture and fewer axial and spiral threads. It is perhaps most similar to the Haitian P. a rci s e ns i s, differing primarily in its slightly coarser, less polished sculpture. Nevertheless the two are very similar in most characteristics but are separated by ca. 130 km and occur on different mountain ranges. </p>
            <p> Remarks. Populations in the eastern part of the range from María Trinidad Sánchez Province into the Samaná Peninsula have coarser sculpture than do western populations. These coarsely sculptured specimens were the basis of  C. trachyderma whereas the smoother western specimens were the basis for  C. dominicum . They form part of a continuum and represent extremes of a single species. </p>
            <p> Weinland’s and Pilsbry’s descriptions of their taxa only mentioned Santo Domingo as the type locality, a term that could refer to either the city or the entire island. Bartsch, without comment (1946, followed uncritically by Watters, 2006), synonymized Pilsbry’s species with that of Weinland and identified specimens from the Samaná Bay area as this taxon. Weinland’s species has never been figured and the type has not been located. The entire description consisted only of “ Costis spiralibus validioribus.” This is certainly insufficient to accurately identify Weinland’s species and  Chondropoma petitianum var. costata Weinland, 1880 , is here regarded as a nomen dubium pending the discovery of the type (s). </p>
            <p> Original descriptions.  Chondropoma petitianum var. costata Weinland, 1880 : see Remarks above. </p>
            <p> Chondropoma trachyderma Pilsbry, 1933 : see Pilsbry (1933: 123). </p>
            <p> Chondropoma petitianum dominicum Bartsch, 1946 : Bartsch (1946: 19). “This race, which comes from the region of Puerto Plata, Dominican Republic, and the coast line east to Sosúa, is distinguished from the other members of the closely spaced, axially ribbed forms by having the umbilicus comparatively broad.” </p>
            <p> Etymology.  Chondropoma petitianum var. costata Weinland, 1880 : L. costatus, ribbed.  Chondropoma trachyderma Pilsbry, 1933 : Gr. trachys, rough + Gr. derma, skin.  Chondropoma petitianum dominicum Bartsch, 1946 : Dominican Republic. </p>
            <p>High-spired taxa (spire ca 1.5 times length of aperture or less), flaring double lip</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/454B8E3FFF88D41AFF42FEFDFBCCF89F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Watters, G. Thomas	Watters, G. Thomas (2016): Review of the Hispaniolan Parachondria (Chondropomorus) complex (Gastropoda: Littorinoidea: Annulariidae). Zootaxa 4127 (2): 245-275, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4127.2.2
454B8E3FFF8BD41BFF42F897FD4BFA41.text	454B8E3FFF8BD41BFF42F897FD4BFA41.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parachondria (Chondropomorus) daedalus	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Parachondria (Chondropomorus) daedalus new species</p>
            <p>Figures 3 A–G, 5 B</p>
            <p>Type material. UF 216481, holotype, 15.6 mm; UF 216481, paratype 1, 13.0 mm; UF 216481, paratype 2, 16.4 mm; UF 216 481, paratype 3, 15.9 mm; UF 216481, paratype 4, 15.4 mm.</p>
            <p>Type locality. 440 m elevation, Peralta, Azua Province, Dominican Republic.</p>
            <p>Distribution and habitat. Upland southeastern slopes of the Cordillera Central and Sierra Martín García. Under leaf litter and talus in mesic scrub and forests; portions cleared for coffee groves. Locally common.</p>
            <p>Material examined (112 specimens examined). Dominican Republic. GTW 7072b(1), 300 m, Barrera, Azua Province; UF 216481(5), 440 m, Peralta, Azua Province; UF 23177(5), 1 km S of Peralta, Azua Province; UF 216615(59), 560 m, 1 km SE of Peralta, Azua Province; UF 216620(18), 170 m, 1 km E of El Tablazo, San Cristóbal Province; UF 216618(24), 220 m, 13 km NW of Sabana Grande de Boyá, San Cristóbal Province [not found].</p>
            <p>Description. Shell thin, almost translucent, conic. Maximum adult size: 17.6 mm, decollate. Minimum adult size: 13.0 mm, decollate. Adult shell usually not decollated, protoconch of 1.5 minute, smooth whorls, white with dark brown suture at apex, occasionally with faint tan, central band, demarcation between protoconch and teleoconch not well-defined. Teleoconch of 5 whorls. Axial sculpture of final whorl of numerous (170–200) very fine, narrowly spaced, flattened threads. Shell with regularly spaced growth stoppage marks, axial threads preceding marks microscopic and densely packed. Spiral sculpture of final whorl outside of umbilicus of 30–40 fine threads, nearly same width as axial threads. Intersections of axial and spiral sculpture minutely beaded. Umbilicus with ca. 15 weak spiral cords distributed across entire surface. Suture narrow, deep. Tufts composed of 1–3 slightly enlarged, irregularly spaced, almost blade-like axial threads. Aperture teardrop-shaped, lip double, rarely single. Inner lip erect, barely to prominently exserted and often fused to outer lip. Outer lip expanded, narrower facing umbilicus, slightly recurved abaperturally. Narrowly solute with previous whorl. Prominent posterior auricle, often hook-shaped. Smaller, somewhat undulating auricle also present at 8 o’clock position. Color pattern complex and variable. Base color white with tan spots between tufts, occasional dark band below tufts, and 6–9 narrow, spiral bands usually broken into spots, some specimens with irregular tan markings as well. Inner lip and both sides of outer lip with dark brown markings. Tufts white. Operculum corneous, paucispiral, lacking calcification.</p>
            <p>Variation in specimens. Shells vary in the degree of coloration but most are quite pale overall. The Barrera specimen is much darker. Other characteristics are rather constant.</p>
            <p> Comparison with other species. This species is similar in coloration to  P. salleanus and  P. isabellinus . All three species are allopatric and are distributed along the southern ranges of the island.  Parachondria salleanus has a single, scarcely reflected lip; both  P. daedalus and  P. isabellinus have a widely expanded, double lip.  Parachondria daedalus differs from  P. isabellinus is having much finer sculpture (140–150 axial threads in  P. isabellinus , 170–200 axial threads in  P. daedalus ).  Parachondria daedalus is more rotund and has a lower spire than  P. isabellinus . </p>
            <p> Remarks. One specimen contains the remains of a web within the umbilicus (fig. 3 D). It is very similar to a web found in  Abbottella nitens Watters, 2013 , from the eastern Dominican Republic that contained a pseudoscorpion (Watters, 2013). This suggests that the pseudoscorpion may have been living within the umbilicus in a commensal association with the snail. </p>
            <p>Etymology. Gr. daidalos, dappled, spotted.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/454B8E3FFF8BD41BFF42F897FD4BFA41	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Watters, G. Thomas	Watters, G. Thomas (2016): Review of the Hispaniolan Parachondria (Chondropomorus) complex (Gastropoda: Littorinoidea: Annulariidae). Zootaxa 4127 (2): 245-275, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4127.2.2
454B8E3FFF8AD406FF42F9D3FBB5FDBC.text	454B8E3FFF8AD406FF42F9D3FBB5FDBC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parachondria (Chondropomorus) hispaniolae (Clench & Aguayo 1937) Clench & Aguayo 1937	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Parachondria (Chondropomorus) hispaniolae (Clench &amp; Aguayo, 1937)</p>
            <p>Figures 3 H–O, 5 B</p>
            <p> Type material.  Chondropoma hispaniolae Clench &amp; Aguayo, 1937 : MCZ 28410, holotype; MCZ 92402(3), paratypes.  Chondropoma gnote enneryense Bartsch, 1946 : NMNH 471994, holotype.  Chondropoma gnote tuobi Bartsch, 1946 : NMNH 471991, holotype. </p>
            <p> Type locality.  Chondropoma hispaniolae Clench &amp; Aguayo, 1937 : “ Milot, Haití.”  Chondropoma gnote enneryense Bartsch, 1946 : “Summit of mountains near Ennery, Haiti.”  Chondropoma gnote tuobi Bartsch, 1946 : “Region of Sans Souci, Haiti.” </p>
            <p> Type figured.  Chondropoma hispaniolae Clench &amp; Aguayo, 1937 : pl. 7, figs. 1, 2.  Chondropoma gnote enneryense Bartsch, 1946 : Bartsch, 1946: pl. 2, fig. 7.  Chondropoma gnote tuobi Bartsch, 1946 : Bartsch, 1946: pl. 2, fig. 5. </p>
            <p> Chresonymy.  Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) hispaniolae Clench &amp; Aguayo, 1937: 64 –66, pl. 7, figs. 1, 2; Watters, 2006: 293–294. </p>
            <p> H–O.  Parachondria (Chondropomorus) hispaniolae (Clench &amp; Aguayo, 1937) . H.  Chondropoma hispaniolae Clench &amp; Aguayo, 1937 : MCZ 28410, holotype, 13.3 mm, photo Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University ©President and Fellows of Harvard College. I.  Chondropoma gnote tuobi Bartsch, 1946 : NMNH 471991, holotype; 15.3 mm. J.  Chondropoma gnote enneryense Bartsch, 1946 : NMNH 471994, holotype., 14.0 mm. K, L. UF 218062, 15.2 mm. M. UF 218061, 13.8 mm. N. UF 218061, detail of spire. O. UF 218062, detail of suture. </p>
            <p> P–W.  Parachondria (Chondropomorus) samanicolus (Bartsch, 1946) . P. Incertipoma samanicolum Bartsch, 1946: NMNH 369105, holotype, 21.0 mm. Q, R. UF 216516, 18.6 mm. S. UF 216516, 15.6. T. UF 216500, 17.6 mm. U. UF 216418, 18.1 mm. V. UF 216516, detail of spire. W. UF 216516, detail of suture. </p>
            <p> X–AD.  Parachondria (Chondropomorus) isabellinus new species . X, Y. UF 216474, holotype, 14.6 mm. Z. UF 216474, paratype 1, 18.5 mm. AA. UF 216474, paratype 3, 17.7 mm. AB. UF 216488, 19.8 mm. AC. UF 216474, holotype, detail of spire. AD. UF 216474, holotype, detail of suture. </p>
            <p> AE–AK.  Parachondria (Chondropomorus) muchai new species . AE, AF. UF 216486, holotype, 15.0 mm. AG. UF 216486, paratype 1, 14.4 mm. AH. UF 216486, paratype 2, 11.0 mm. AI. UF 216486, paratype 3, 12.2 mm (subadult). AJ. UF 216486, holotype, detail of spire. AK. UF 216486, holotype, detail of suture. </p>
            <p> Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) gnote enneryense Bartsch, 1946: 15 –16, pl. 2, fig. 7; Ruhoff, 1973: 65; Watters, 2006: 274. </p>
            <p> Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) gnote tuobi Bartsch, 1946: 16 , pl. 2, fig. 5; Ruhoff, 1973: 136; Watters, 2006: 274. </p>
            <p> Parachondria (Parachondria) gnote enneryensis (Bartsch, 1946) . Watters, 2006: 46. </p>
            <p> Parachondria (Parachondria) gnote tuobi (Bartsch, 1946) . Watters, 2006: 46. </p>
            <p> Parachondria (Parachondria) petitianus hispaniolae (Clench &amp; Aguayo, 1937) . Watters, 2006: 46, 293–294. </p>
            <p> Chondropomorus  gnote enneryensis (Bartsch, 1946) . Watters, 2006: 274. </p>
            <p> Chondropomorus  gnote tuobi (Bartsch, 1946) . Watters, 2006: 274. </p>
            <p> non  Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) petitianum hispaniolae “ Clench &amp; Aguayo, 1937 ” Bartsch, 1946: 18, 20, pl. 2, fig. 1 [=  P. arcisensis ]. </p>
            <p>Material examined (66 specimens). Haiti. UF 216453(1); “ Haiti;” UF 216448(1), UF 216450(20), UF 216869(10), UF 218061(12), 750 m, Citadelle Laferrière, 6 km SSW of Milot, Départment du Nord; UF 218062(12), 910 m, Chaîne de Belance, 15 km SSW of Plaisance, Départment du Nord; UF 33149(10), 210 m, 7 km WNW of Ennery, Départment de l’Artibonite.</p>
            <p> Distribution and habitat. This species is found on the upland slopes of the Massif du Nord from ca. 200–900 m in the region of Milot and Ennery. Bartsch (1946) reported  C. g. tuobi from the type locality of Sans-Souci and “ 39.8 miles south of Cap Haïtien.” The latter seems unlikely. Bartsch (1946: 16) stated that the species “comes from the region of Sans Souci” but the second site is&gt; 48 km south of Sans-Souci on a different mountain range. </p>
            <p>Sans-Souci refers to the palace built by King Henri Christophe in the early 1800s; it is located near Milot, Départment du Nord. This was apparently a popular collecting site for malacologists in Haiti.</p>
            <p>Clench &amp; Aguayo (1937) included Furcy. The only Furcy known to me is south of Port-au-Prince&gt; 130 km from Milot. This locality is either erroneous or based on a different species. I have not seen these specimens.</p>
            <p> The species has been found on limestone rocks and rubble in scrub thickets. This species occupies nearly the same range as  C. arcisensis . </p>
            <p>Redescription. Shell thin, opaque, high-spired, elongate conic. Maximum adult size: 17.3 mm, decollate. Minimum adult size: 11.3 mm, decollate. Adult shell usually decollated. Protoconch of 1.5 minute, smooth whorls, pale tan or brown with dark brown band at suture, demarcation between protoconch and teleoconch not welldefined. Teleoconch of 4.5–5 whorls. Axial sculpture of final whorl of numerous (ca. 110) flattened, low cords separated by an equal space, obsolete below suture. Shell with irregularly spaced, weakly developed growth stoppage marks. Spiral sculpture of final whorl of ca. 30–35 low, indistinct cords, obsolete below suture and on base. Overall sculpture weakly fenestrate, polished, with plastic appearance. Umbilicus bounded by one distinct cord, smooth within. Suture not channeled. Blunt tufts composed of 1–3 slightly enlarged axial threads, separated by 1–3 non-enlarged axial elements, very irregularly spaced. Aperture oval, lip double, but inner lip may be fused to outer lip except for posterior border, nearly obsolete. Outer lip widely expanded, much narrower facing umbilicus; widely adnate with previous whorl. Low, wide, slightly concave auricles posteriorly and at 8 o’clock position. Color pattern complex and variable. Base color yellowish or tan. Well-defined, widely separated groups of dark spots arranged both axially and spirally, which continue as brown bands on both sides of outer and inner lips. Some specimens with diffuse brown patches and polished white regions as well. At least one continuous or interrupted brown band bounding umbilicus. Tufts white. Operculum paucispiral with heavy calcareous deposit forming pseudolamella, although this is fragile and often worn away.</p>
            <p>Variation in specimens. Specimens differ in the degree of coloration, from being rather pale to having extensive dark patches.</p>
            <p> Comparison with other species. The polished surface, generally bright colors, and large size differentiate this from its congeners. The pseudolamellate operculum is unique in the complex.  Parachondria coroni to the south differs as well in its solute outer lip.  Parachondria olssoni to the east has a single, unexpanded lip. </p>
            <p> Remarks. Bartsch’s (1946: pl. 2, fig. 1) figure of  C. hispaniolae Clench &amp; Aguayo, 1937 , is a misidentification for that species; Bartsch’s taxon is here described as  P. arcisensis . Examination of Clench &amp; Aguayo’s type (fig. 3 H) clearly identifies that species as both  C. g. enneryensis and  C. g. tuobi and is an earlier name. </p>
            <p> Bartsch (1946) differentiated  C. g. enneryensis from  C. g. tuobi on the basis of the degree of coloration. Examination of additional material reveals that these differences are variable within and between populations. </p>
            <p>The pseudolamellate operculum seen in this species is unexpected. This is a feature associated with the Barahona-Tiburon annulariid taxa, which are believed to be only distantly related to the group covered here (Skomrock, 2014). This appears to be a case of convergent evolution in the operculum of this family. In this complex it has only been found in this species.</p>
            <p> Original descriptions.  Chondropoma hispaniolae Clench &amp; Aguayo, 1937 : see Clench &amp; Aguayo (1937: 64– 66).  Chondropoma gnote enneryense Bartsch, 1946 : see Bartsch (1946: 16–17).  Chondropoma gnote tuobi Bartsch, 1946 : see Bartsch (1946: 16). </p>
            <p> Etymology.  Chondropoma hispaniolae Clench &amp; Aguayo, 1937 : Hispaniola.  Chondropoma gnote enneryense Bartsch, 1946 : Ennery, Haiti.  Chondropoma gnote tuobi Bartsch, 1946 : Bartsch did not explain his specific epithet but his orthography of tuobi would suggest a masculine name although no such person is known to me. Rather, it is probable that it comes from the word “tuob” meaning “gold” in the extinct Ciguayo language. The Ciguayo were an aboriginal people of the region in Hispaniola. Some specimens have a golden hue. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/454B8E3FFF8AD406FF42F9D3FBB5FDBC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Watters, G. Thomas	Watters, G. Thomas (2016): Review of the Hispaniolan Parachondria (Chondropomorus) complex (Gastropoda: Littorinoidea: Annulariidae). Zootaxa 4127 (2): 245-275, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4127.2.2
454B8E3FFF97D407FF42FD55FA6AF838.text	454B8E3FFF97D407FF42FD55FA6AF838.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parachondria (Chondropomorus) samanicolus (Bartsch 1946) Bartsch 1946	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Parachondria (Chondropomorus) samanicolus (Bartsch, 1946)</p>
            <p>Figures 3 P–W, 6 A</p>
            <p> Type material.  Chondropoma hemiotum Pfeiffer, 1852a : not located. Pfeiffer, 1852a, refered to “Coll. Nr. 211.” Incertipoma samanicolum Bartsch, 1946: NMNH 369105, holotype. </p>
            <p> Type locality.  Chondropoma hemiotum Pfeiffer, 1852a : “ Habitat in insula Haiti.” Bartsch (1946) commented that Pfeiffer’s type was collected at Yaque but it is not clear how he knew this; Pfeiffer only gave “ Haiti ” as the type locality. Yaque could refer to several different widely separated places in the Dominican Republic and it is not clear to which Yaque Bartsch was referring. Incertipoma samanicolum Bartsch, 1946: “Boca del Infierno, Dominican Republic.” Bartsch (1946) recorded numerous taxa from this location. Based on other evidence in his paper this is not the town of that name in central Hato Major Province but a sea-side cave on Samaná Bay in that province near San Lorenzo Bay. </p>
            <p> Figured type.  Chondropoma hemiotum Pfeiffer, 1852a : Pfeiffer, 1854b: pl. 48, figs. 3, 4. Incertipoma samanicolum Bartsch, 1946: Bartsch, 1946, pl. 31, fig. 4. </p>
            <p> Cresonymy.?  Chondropoma hemiotum Pfeiffer, 1852a: 288 ; Adams &amp; Adams, 1856: 295; Bland, 1861: 355; Reeve, 1863: pl. 3, fig. 18; Pfeiffer, 1865: 152; Pfeiffer, 1876: 194; Kobelt, 1880: 277; Crosse, 1891: 173; Watters, 2006: 290. </p>
            <p> ?  Cyclostoma hemioto [sic] Pfeiffer, 1852. Shuttleworth, 1854: 92. </p>
            <p> ?  Cyclostoma (Chondropoma) hemiotum (Pfeiffer, 1852). Pfeiffer, 1854d: 143. </p>
            <p> ?  Cyclostoma hemiotum (Pfeiffer, 1852) . Pfeiffer, 1854b: pl. 48, figs. 3, 4; Pfeiffer, 1854c: 370 –371; Pfeiffer, 1859: 75. </p>
            <p>Incertipoma samanicolum Bartsch, 1946: 178–179. pl. 31, fig. 4; Ruhoff, 1973: 123; Watters, 2006: 460.</p>
            <p> Diplopoma (Troschelvindex) ? samanicolum (Bartsch, 1946). Watters, 2006: 36, 460. </p>
            <p> ?  Parachondria (Parachondria) hemiotus (Pfeiffer, 1852b). Watters, 2006: 46, 290. </p>
            <p> non  Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) hemiotum (Pfeiffer, 1852). Henderson &amp; Bartsch, 1920: 61; Bartsch, 1946: 10 –11, pl. 1, fig. 1 [both =  C. pilsbryi Bartsch, 1946 ]. </p>
            <p>Distribution and habitat. Eastern end of the Cordillera Septentrional and the northern Cordillera Oriental in the Río Yuna valley and its tributaries, also east to the southern coast of Samaná Bay; in at least Duarte, Hato Major, and Monte Plata provinces. Under cobble and debris in karst areas of mesic forest on limestone knolls and ledges; some localities cut over for coffee groves. Mostly in the Los Haitises Limestone. A portion of the range is in the Reserva Científica Loma Quita Espuela. Locally common.</p>
            <p>Material examined (185 specimens). Dominican Republic. UF 216744(3), 900 m, Loma Quita Espuela, Duarte Province; UF 216418(35), 200 m, 1 km W of Majagual, Monte Plata Province; UF 216478(12), 150 m, 2 km N Majagual, Monte Plata Province; UF 216516(27), 150 m, 5 km N of Majagual, Duarte Province; UF 216407(10), 5 km N of Majagual, Duarte Province; UF 216393(3), 105 m, 7 km N of Majagual, Duarte Province; UF 216515(19), 75 m, 9 km N of Majagual, Duarte Province; UF 216500(16), 20 m, 1 km NW of Arenoso, Duarte Province; UF 216616(49), 9.3 km ENE of Cervicos, Duarte Province; UF 216626(10), 60 m, Batero, Sánchez Ramirez Province; UF 216625(1), 8 km W of Sabana de la Mar, Samaná Province.</p>
            <p>Redescription. Shell thin, almost translucent, elongate conic. Maximum adult size: 21.0 mm, decollate. Minimum adult size: 14.2 mm, decollate. Adult shell usually decollated, protoconch of 1.5 minute, smooth whorls, white or tan, demarcation between protoconch and teleoconch not well-defined. Teleoconch of 5 whorls. Axial sculpture of final whorl of numerous (170–200) very fine, narrowly spaced, flattened threads. Shell with regularly spaced growth stoppage marks, axial threads preceding marks microscopic and densely packed. Spiral sculpture of final whorl outside of umbilicus apparent only as minute pustules on axial threads; often lacking entirely on anterior third of whorl. Surface may have frosted appearance. Umbilicus bounded by two weak cords, smooth within. Suture narrow, bounded by small, regularly spaced tufts composed of 1–3 enlarged axial threads. Aperture teardrop-shaped, lip double, rarely single. Inner lip erect but barely exserted. Outer lip expanded, narrower facing umbilicus, slightly recurved abaperturally, adnate with previous whorl or less commonly narrowly solute. Prominent posterior auricle. Smaller, somewhat undulating auricle also present at 8 o’clock position. Color pattern complex and variable. Base color white, tan, pinkish, reddish. Dark marks or band (rarely) below suture; often with brown dots, chevrons, or scribbles on center of whorl; anterior half with broken brown bands or dots; dark brown axial markings at preceding edge of growth marks. Inner lip and both sides of outer lip with dark brown markings. Tufts white. Operculum corneous, paucispiral, lacking calcification.</p>
            <p>Variation in specimens. Specimens vary in the degree of coloration. All specimens seen have a row of brown marks below the suture; these vary from small dots to more extensive comma-shaped markings. Adult shells vary greatly in size.</p>
            <p> Comparison with other species. This northern species differs from the others reviewed here in having regularly and densely spaced sutural tufts that give a beaded appearance to the suture. It is usually a darkly colored shell but pale specimens superficially resemble  P. daedalus and  P. isabellinus , which occur on the southern coast. </p>
            <p> Remarks. Bartsch’s description and figure of his “  Chondropoma hemiotum ” do not match Pfeiffer’s description or figures. Among other characteristics, Bartsch’s specimen differs from that of Pfeiffer’s in having a solute outer lip and finer sutural cusps. Bartsch’s shell, from an unknown location, is a specimen of  P. pilsbryi . </p>
            <p> Of the species covered here, Pfeiffer’s species most closely resembles  P. samanicolus . As such Pfeiffer’s name would predate Bartsch’s by 94 years. However, Pfeiffer’s description and figures are sufficiently vague that the possibility exists that they may still constitute two different species, with Pfeiffer’s perhaps awaiting rediscovery. Until Pfeiffer’s type is located, or a more likely candidate is uncovered, I have continued the use of Bartsch’s name and regard Pfeiffer’s name as a nomen dubium. </p>
            <p> Bartsch (1946) described this species under his “genus” Incertipoma, which he used for species he could not assign to any genus. As pointed out by Watters (2006), Bartsch’s statement (1946: 171) that “the name is used in lieu of a generic name,” clearly indicates that he did not treat the name as valid when proposed. Neither was it a conditional name. Therefore, it did not fulfill the criteria of availability (ICZN Art. 11.5). Although many of the species in this “genus” existed without a valid generic name until Watters (2006) reassigned them, they were nevertheless available species names (ICZN Art. 11.9.3.2). Bartsch had first created this type of “pseudogeneric term” in his review of the  Poteriidae and  Megalomastomatidae (Torre et al., 1942) , assigning his problem taxa to Incerticyclas. </p>
            <p> Bartsch (1946) did not state why he was reluctant to place this species in an existing genus, but in other places he hesitated due to the lack of an operculum. Watters (2006) placed this species in  Diplopoma , with question, also not having seen an operculum. Material presented here, with opercula, allow this species to be properly assigned to  Parachondria . </p>
            <p> Original descriptions.  Chondropoma hemiotum Pfeiffer, 1852a : Pfeiffer (1852a: 288) (translated here from Latin): “Shell perforate, oblong-turret, a little thin, obsolete raised spiral lines, and longitudinally very dense (10– 12 together in bundles) smoothly clathrate, not shining, brownish-white, mostly with red interrupted lines and colored with one wide red band below the middle; spire subtruncate; suture with dense denticles; remaining 5–7 whorls a little convex, last shortly solute in front, dorsum carinate; aperture subvertical, ovale; peristome subduplicate: inner continuous, a little expanded, outer with middle left margin descending, briefly attached, middle right margin terminating in slightly undulating auricle.—Operculum normal.” </p>
            <p>Incertipoma samanicolum Bartsch, 1946: see Bartsch (1946: 178–179).</p>
            <p> Etymology.  Chondropoma hemiotum Pfeiffer, 1852a : unclear, perhaps a version of hemiotis, half-eared, in reference to the auriculate outer lip. Incertipoma samanicolum Bartsch, 1946: dwelling on the Samaná Peninsula. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/454B8E3FFF97D407FF42FD55FA6AF838	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Watters, G. Thomas	Watters, G. Thomas (2016): Review of the Hispaniolan Parachondria (Chondropomorus) complex (Gastropoda: Littorinoidea: Annulariidae). Zootaxa 4127 (2): 245-275, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4127.2.2
454B8E3FFF91D400FF42FF04FB60F987.text	454B8E3FFF91D400FF42FF04FB60F987.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parachondria (Chondropomorus) isabellinus	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Parachondria (Chondropomorus) isabellinus new species</p>
            <p>Figures 3 X–AD, 5 B</p>
            <p>Type material. UF 216474, holotype, 14.6 mm; UF 216474, paratype 1, 18.5 mm; UF 216474, paratype 2, 17.6 mm; UF 216 474, paratype 3, 17.7 mm; UF 216474, paratype 4, 17.5 mm.</p>
            <p>Type locality. 620 m elevation, 2 km NW of Los Pinos, Independencia Province, Dominican Republic.</p>
            <p>Distribution and habitat. Upland slopes of mountain ranges facing Lago Enriquillo: Sierra Neiba to the north and Sierra de Baoruco to the south. Under talus, boulders, and leaf litter in karst, mesic terrain and sub-mesic open forests. Some of the range is now in coffee groves.</p>
            <p>Material examined (101 specimens). Dominican Republic. UF 216526(2), 150 m, 6 km NW of Postrer Río, Independencia Province; UF 216475(9), 1090 m, 10 km NNW of Los Pinos, Independencia Province; UF 216483(1), 700 m, 4 km N of Los Pinos, Independencia Province; UF 216488(11), 600 m, 3 km W of Los Pinos, Independencia Province; UF 216474(8), 620 m, 2 km NW of Los Pinos, Independencia Province; UF 216621(46), 300 m, 9 km NE of La Descubierta, Independencia Province; UF 216617(24), 250 m, 6 km NE of La Descubierta, Independencia Province.</p>
            <p>Description. Shell thin but opaque, high-spired conic. Maximum size: 19.8 mm, non-decollate. Minimum size: 13.9 mm, non-decollate. Adult shell usually not decollated, protoconch of 1.5 minute, smooth whorls, white or tan with dark brown suture at apex, demarcation between protoconch and teleoconch not well-defined. Teleoconch of 5–5.25 whorls. Axial sculpture of final whorl of numerous (140–150) very fine, flattened threads separated by spaces equal to or less than width of threads. Shell with regularly spaced growth stoppage marks, axial threads preceding marks microscopic and densely packed. Spiral sculpture of final whorl outside of umbilicus of 25–30 fine threads, of same width as axial threads. Intersections of axial and spiral sculpture form minutely fenestrated surface but polished aspect of sculpture lends a plastic look to shell. Spiral sculpture continues into umbilicus with ca. 15 threads or weak spiral cords, inside smooth. Suture narrow, channeled, deep. Tufts composed of 1–3 numerous, regularly spaced, slightly enlarged axial threads. Aperture oval, lip single. Inner lip absent. Outer lip expanded, much narrower facing umbilicus, solute from previous whorl. Posterior edge with narrow auricle; anteriorly somewhat auriculate as well. Color ranges from nearly unicolored to having pale complex pattern. Base color white, gray, or tan. Pale axial zig-zags or minute spots on growth marks, may have pale band bordering umbilicus. Some specimens have broad, brown band deep within umbilicus. Early teleoconch whorls may be dark brown or purplish. Sculpture including tufts white, polished. Operculum corneous, paucispiral, lacking calcification.</p>
            <p>Variation in specimens. Shells vary in the degree of coloration but all are generally quite pale. The presence of a brown band in the umbilicus varies as well; this feature seems to occur only in the overall darker specimens. Other characteristics are rather constant.</p>
            <p> Comparison with other species. See under  P. daedalus . </p>
            <p>Etymology. Isabelline, pale grey-yellow, pale cream-brown. “Isabella” is the name for a color. The derivation of name is unclear but with several intriguing possibilities that the reader may investigate.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/454B8E3FFF91D400FF42FF04FB60F987	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Watters, G. Thomas	Watters, G. Thomas (2016): Review of the Hispaniolan Parachondria (Chondropomorus) complex (Gastropoda: Littorinoidea: Annulariidae). Zootaxa 4127 (2): 245-275, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4127.2.2
454B8E3FFF91D401FF42F983FEEAFBFC.text	454B8E3FFF91D401FF42F983FEEAFBFC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parachondria (Chondropomorus) muchai	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Parachondria (Chondropomorus) muchai new species</p>
            <p>Figures 3 AE–AK, 5 A</p>
            <p>Type material. UF 216486, holotype, 15.0 mm; UF 216486, paratype 1, 14.4 mm; UF 216486, paratype 2, 11.0 mm; UF 216 486, paratype 3, 12.2 mm (subadult).</p>
            <p>Type locality. 840 m elevation, 12 km S of Elías Piña, Elías Piña Province, Dominican Republic.</p>
            <p>Distribution and habitat. Known only from the northern face of the Sierra Neiba at ca. 500– 900 m. Karst area of mesic forest, under rocks. Portions of the range have been burnt for charcoal.</p>
            <p>Material examined (30 specimens). Dominican Republic. UF 216486(7), 840 m, 12 km S of Elías Piña, Elías Piña Province; UF 216871(2), UF 216872(6), 900 m, 11 km S of Elías Piña, Elías Piña Province; UF 216718(6), 700 m, 6 km N of El Cercado, San Juan Province; UF 216667(5), 710 m, 4 km E of Vallejuelo, San Juan Province; UF 216717(1), 800 m, 6 km S of Vallejuelo, San Juan Province; UF 467469(1), El Capá, San Juan Province; UF 216668(2), 450 m, 1 km SSW of Cardón, San Juan Province.</p>
            <p>Description. Shell thin but opaque, high-spired conic. Maximum size: 15.0 mm, non-decollate. Minimum size: 11.0 mm, non-decollate. Adult shell usually not decollated, protoconch of 1.5 minute, smooth whorls, white with dark brown suture at apex, demarcation between protoconch and teleoconch not well-defined. Teleoconch of 5–5.25 whorls. Axial sculpture of final whorl of numerous (120–130) very fine, flattened threads separated by spaces equal to or less than width of threads. Shell with regularly spaced growth stoppage marks, axial threads preceding marks microscopic and densely packed. Spiral sculpture of final whorl outside of umbilicus of 20–25 fine threads, same width as axial threads. There are irregular patches where axial and spiral sculpture are nearly fused together; these patches are always white. Intersections of axial and spiral sculpture form minutely fenestrated surface. Spiral sculpture continues into umbilicus with ca. 15 threads, inner-most forming weak spiral cords, inside smooth. Suture narrow, deep. Tufts composed of 1 (rarely 2) slightly enlarged axial threads, approximately every other axial thread forming tuft. Aperture oval, lip single. Inner lip absent. Outer lip very narrowly expanded, slightly narrower facing umbilicus, solute with previous whorl. Posterior edge with wide angle forming minute auricle. Color pattern complex and variable. Base color white, gray, or tan with white marbled patches. Brown zigzag or irregular blotches below suture followed by ca. 4 spiral rows of axially aligned brown spots. Two additional broken bands bound umbilicus, with single complete brown band deep within umbilicus. Both sides of outer lip with dark brown markings. Interior of aperture tan or pale yellowish. Tufts white. Operculum corneous, paucispiral, lacking calcification.</p>
            <p>Variation in specimens. Although specimens vary in the height of the spire, the color pattern of distinct brown spots on a white vertical band is consistent.</p>
            <p> Comparison with other species. See under  P. stigmosus . </p>
            <p> Remarks. This species is geographically isolated from the remainder of the genus. Whereas the related  P. salleanus and  P. stigmosus occur along the southern coast between Santo Domingo and Barahona,  P. muchai is secluded on a range within the San Juan Valley some 90 km from the coast. </p>
            <p>Etymology. Alfons Maria Mucha (1860–1939), Czech Art Nouveau painter, famous for his elaborate and intricate patterns derived from natural forms (as exemplified by this species). Pronounced approximately “mooksa.”</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/454B8E3FFF91D401FF42F983FEEAFBFC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Watters, G. Thomas	Watters, G. Thomas (2016): Review of the Hispaniolan Parachondria (Chondropomorus) complex (Gastropoda: Littorinoidea: Annulariidae). Zootaxa 4127 (2): 245-275, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4127.2.2
454B8E3FFF90D402FF42FB15FB7EFDBC.text	454B8E3FFF90D402FF42FB15FB7EFDBC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parachondria (Chondropomorus) olssoni (Pilsbry 1933) Pilsbry 1933	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Parachondria (Chondropomorus) olssoni (Pilsbry, 1933)</p>
            <p>Figures 4 A–H, 5 B</p>
            <p>Type material. ANSP 160978 a, holotype (as lectotype in Richardson et al., 1991); ANSP 160868 (4), paratypes; ANSP 373757(3), paratypes (all as paralectotypes in Richardson et al., 1991), ANSP 160978 (1), paratype; AMNH 95461(5), paratypes.</p>
            <p>Type locality. “ Cerro Monte Cristi, Santo Domingo.”</p>
            <p>Type figured. Pilsbry, 1933: pl. 6, figs. 1–4.</p>
            <p> Chresonymy.  Chondropoma olssoni Pilsbry, 1933: 125 , pl. 6, figs. 1–4; Baker, 1964: 170; Watters, 2006: 385. </p>
            <p> Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) olssoni Pilsbry, 1933 . Bartsch, 1946: 12, pl. 1, fig. 4. </p>
            <p> Parachondria (Parachondria) olssoni (Pilsbry, 1933) . Watters, 2006: 46, 385. </p>
            <p>Distribution and habitat. This species appears to be endemic to the isolated Sierra Monte Cristi and the surrounding area including the famous El Morro formation. Specimens have been found under tall grass and on wooded slopes. Locally common.</p>
            <p>Material examined (116 specimens). Dominican Republic. GTW 6834a(1), UF 119140(8), El Morro, Monte Cristi Province; UF 119140(8), UF 119141(7), UF 158943(7), Monte Cristi, Monte Cristi Province; UF 216699(48), Sierra Monte Cristi, 3 km NE of Monte Cristi, Monte Cristi Province; UF 216700(4), UF 216702(9), UF 216703(1), Sierra Monte Cristi, 5 km NE of Monte Cristi, Monte Cristi Province; UF 119142(31), hill 4 km S of Monte Cristi, Monte Cristi Province.</p>
            <p>Redescription. Shell thin, opaque, high-spired, elongate conic. Maximum adult size: 14.6 mm, decollate. Minimum adult size: 9.8 mm, decollate. Adult shell usually decollated, protoconch of 1.5 minute, white or tan, smooth whorls, demarcation between protoconch and teleoconch not well-defined. Teleoconch of 4.5 whorls remaining in decollated shells. Axial sculpture of final whorl of numerous (ca. 110), equally spaced threads separated by intervals equal to their width. Spiral sculpture of final whorl ca. 40 equally spaced threads separated by intervals equal to their width. Overall sculpture finely fenestrate. Umbilicus bounded by one low cord, smooth within. Suture deeply channeled, where every other axial thread forms elongate denticle. Aperture teardrop-shaped, lip single, not expanded. Lip clearly detached from previous whorl for almost ½ turn. Posterior angle forms sharp crest but auricle lacking. Color pattern consistent. Base color white, gray, or tan with 5–8 broken, spiral brown bands, often aligned as axial spots. Umbilicus and tufts white. Operculum paucispiral with thin granular deposit.</p>
            <p>Variation in specimens. This is a very consistent species, varying primarily in the degree to which the spiral bands are continuous or broken.</p>
            <p> Comparison with other species. This species is most similar to the adjacent  P. pilsbryi , but differs in the more prominent sutural elements and channeled suture. The banded color pattern of  P. olssoni is rarely seen in  P. pilsbryi . Etymology. Axel Adolph Olsson (1890–1977), American paleontologist, conchologist. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/454B8E3FFF90D402FF42FB15FB7EFDBC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Watters, G. Thomas	Watters, G. Thomas (2016): Review of the Hispaniolan Parachondria (Chondropomorus) complex (Gastropoda: Littorinoidea: Annulariidae). Zootaxa 4127 (2): 245-275, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4127.2.2
454B8E3FFF93D403FF42FD55FD85FB69.text	454B8E3FFF93D403FF42FD55FD85FB69.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parachondria (Chondropomorus) pilsbryi (Bartsch 1946) Bartsch 1946	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Parachondria (Chondropomorus) pilsbryi (Bartsch, 1946)</p>
            <p>Figures 4 I–W, 6 A</p>
            <p> Type material.  Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) pilsbryi pilsbryi Bartsch, 1946 : NMNH 515241, holotype.  Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) pilsbryi nonuni Bartsch, 1946 : NMNH 515243, holotype. </p>
            <p> Type locality.  Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) pilsbryi pilsbryi Bartsch, 1946 : “ Guayubin Rio Yaque del Norte, Monte Cristi Province, Dominican Republic.”  Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) pilsbryi nonuni Bartsch, 1946 : “ Navarrete Station on the railway between Puerto Plata and Santiago, Santiago Province, Dominican Republic.” Navarrete is now called Bisonó and is located on the railroad that runs from Puerto Plata through Santiago to Bisonó some 25 km further west. </p>
            <p> Type figured.  Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) pilsbryi pilsbryi Bartsch, 1946 : Bartsch, 1946: pl. 1, fig. 6.  Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) pilsbryi nonuni Bartsch, 1946 : Bartsch, 1946: pl. 1, fig. 7. </p>
            <p> Chresonymy.  Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) hemiotum “(Pfeiffer, 1852) ” Henderson &amp; Bartsch, 1920: 61; Bartsch, 1946: 10–11, pl. 1, fig. 1 [non Pfeiffer, 1852]. </p>
            <p> Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) pilsbryi pilsbryi Bartsch, 1946: 13 –14, pl. 1, fig. 6; Ruhoff, 1973: 114; Watters, 2006: 408. </p>
            <p> Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) pilsbryi nonuni Bartsch, 1946: 14 , pl. 1, fig. 7; Ruhoff, 1973: 104; Watters, 2006: 408 –409. </p>
            <p> Parachondria (Parachondria) pilsbryi pilsbryi (Bartsch, 1946) . Watters, 2006: 46, 408. </p>
            <p> Parachondria (Parachondria) pilsbryi nonuni (Bartsch, 1946) . Watters, 2006: 46, 408–409. </p>
            <p>Distribution and habitat. This species occurs in the western half of the Cibao Valley between the Cordillera Central and the Cordillera Septentrional on low limestone ridges and foothills bounding the Río Yaque del Norte valley. It continues around the western end of the Cordillera Septentrional along the coast east to Puerto Plata. These coastal areas include isolated low hills having populations that may prove to be distinct. In leaf litter and around limestone blocks in submesic scrub. Locally abundant.</p>
            <p>Material examined (578 specimens). Dominican Republic. UF 216472(3), 5 km S of Los Quemados, Santiago Rodriguez Province; UF 216759(88), 50 m, 1 km S of Guayabin, Monte Cristi Province; UF 216764(27), 190 m, 1 km ESE of Guayabin, Monte Cristi Province; UF 216750(138), 230 m, 2 km N of Sabana Cruz, Monte Cristi Province; UF 216765(8), 9 km S of Sabana Cruz, Monte Cristi Province; UF 216763(27), 190 m, 11 km W of Agua de la Palma, Monte Cristi Province; UF 216758(125), 270 m, 7 km E of San Ignacio de Sabaneta, Santiago Rodriquez Province; UF 216762(16), 220 m, 17 km E of San Ignacio de Sabaneta, Santiago Rodriquez Province; UF 216755(47), Las Lagunas, Espaillat Province. UF 216756(19), 60 m, 6 km WNW of Luperón, Puerto Plata Province; UF 216757(23), 30 m, 4 km NW of Luperón, Puerto Plata Province; UF 158947(14), Copey, Monte Cristi Province; UF 230908 (2), road to Punta Rucia, Monte Cristi Province; UF 18949(2), UF 158952(28), UF 184442(11), Puerto Plata, Puerto Plata Province.</p>
            <p>Redescription. Shell thin, usually opaque but some nearly translucent, high-spired, elongate conic. Maximum adult size: 18.1 mm, decollate. Minimum adult size: 10.7 mm, decollate. Adult shell usually decollated, protoconch of 1.5 minute, white or tan, smooth whorls, demarcation between protoconch and teleoconch not well-defined.</p>
            <p>Teleoconch of 4–4.5 whorls remaining in decollated shells. Axial sculpture of final whorl of numerous (ca. 80– 120), microscopic, narrowly spaced threads; these may be nearly obsolete and apparent only as tiny beads on spiral sculpture. Shell usually with regularly spaced growth stoppage marks, with 5–10 axial threads in each group. Spiral sculpture of final whorl ca. 30–50 very fine threads, nearly obsolete on base. Overall sculpture not distinct, very polished, microscopically pitted rather than fenestrate. Umbilicus bounded by one low cord, smooth within. Suture not channeled. Tufts composed of 1–3 axial threads forming irregularly spaced, nearly obsolete, minute beads. Aperture teardrop-shaped, lip single, not expanded. Lip clearly detached from previous whorl for ¼ turn. Posterior angle forms sharp crest but auricle lacking. Color pattern complex and very variable. Base color white, tan, yellowish, or dark brown. Axial color patterns at leading edge of growth lines composed of dark dots, zig-zag lines, or combinations of light and dark patches. There is always some indication of more or less continuous dark band on base. Tufts white. Operculum paucispiral with thin granular deposit.</p>
            <p>Variation in specimens. The variation in color patterns within a single population exceeds that of any other species in the complex, from nearly uniformly dark brown to uniformly white. The strength of the axial sculpture is always weak but may be nearly absent in some specimens. Specimens from Cabo Isabela are more polished than specimens from other populations. That population occupies a very restricted range between Luperón and La Isabela on a series of low, isolated hills formed from Pliocene/Pleistocene reefs on the north shore. Phylogenetic work may reveal these to be a distinct taxon.</p>
            <p> Comparison with other species. The combination of a highly polished surface and nearly obsolete axial sculpture is unique in this group. It is most similar to  P. olssoni , which differs in having more prominent sutural cusps, a deeply channeled suture, and in having prominent, interrupted, brown spiral bands; the latter characteristic is rare in  P. pilsbryi . </p>
            <p> Remarks. This is the species referred to by Bartsch (1946) as  Chondropoma hemiotum Pfeiffer, 1852 . His species does not match the description or figures of Pfeiffer’s species, which may represent an earlier name for  P. samanicolus (Bartsch, 1946) (see under  P. samanicolus ). </p>
            <p> The subspecies  C. pilsbryi nonuni was described by Bartsch (1946) for specimens having better developed sutural elements and a more cylindrical shape, but these are minor differences that vary within populations. </p>
            <p> Original description.  Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) pilsbryi pilsbryi Bartsch, 1946 : see Bartsch, 1946: 13–14.  Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) pilsbryi nonuni Bartsch, 1946 : see Bartsch, 1946: 14. </p>
            <p> Etymology.  Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) pilsbryi pilsbryi Bartsch, 1946 : Henry Augustus Pilsbry (1862– 1957), American conchologist, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.  Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) pilsbryi nonuni Bartsch, 1946 : unknown. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/454B8E3FFF93D403FF42FD55FD85FB69	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Watters, G. Thomas	Watters, G. Thomas (2016): Review of the Hispaniolan Parachondria (Chondropomorus) complex (Gastropoda: Littorinoidea: Annulariidae). Zootaxa 4127 (2): 245-275, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4127.2.2
454B8E3FFF92D40EFF42FAE6FB44FB44.text	454B8E3FFF92D40EFF42FAE6FB44FB44.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parachondria salleanus (Pfeiffer 1850) Pfeiffer 1850	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Parachondria salleanus (Pfeiffer, 1850)</p>
            <p>Figures 4 X–AF, 6 A</p>
            <p> Type material.  Cyclostoma salleanum Pfeiffer, 1850 : NHMUK, possible syntypes, three unnumbered specimens originally glued to a board, two loose (1 broken), from Cuming collection, bear Pfeiffer's handwriting "St. Domingo.” None match illustration in Pfeiffer (1854).  Cyclostoma litturatum Pfeiffer, 1850 : ZMB 65625, possible syntype.  Chondropoma salleanum cookei Bartsch, 1946 : NMNH 491999, holotype. </p>
            <p> Type locality.  Cyclostoma salleanum Pfeiffer, 1850 : Pfeiffer (1850) did not give a specific type locality. Bartsch (1946: 8) stated “Pfeiffer’s specimens were collected at Tablaso near Santo Domingo City” but it is not clear how he knew this; the label to the possible syntypes only states Santo Domingo. There is an Arroyo El Tablaso near Hacienda Estrella in Monte Plata Province, ca. 25 km north of the center of Santo Domingo, but it is not known if this is the same as Bartsch’s locality. It lies ca. 40 km away on a different part of the mountain range from my examples.  Cyclostoma litturatum Pfeiffer, 1850 : “ in insula Haiti ” [“probably… came from Azua,” fide Bartsch, 1946: 8].  Chondropoma salleanum cookei Bartsch, 1946 : “ USGS station 8597 on a limestone hill south of Hatillo, 12 miles southwest of Cotui in the Province of La Vega, Dominican Republic.” </p>
            <p> Type figured.  Cyclostoma salleanum Pfeiffer, 1850 : Pfeiffer, 1854, pl. 37, figs. 13 and 14 may be the figured type but see Type Material above.  Cyclostoma litturatum Pfeiffer, 1850 : Pfeiffer 1854, pl. 37, figs. 21 and 22 are probably the figured type.  Chondropoma salleanum cookei Bartsch, 1946 : Bartsch, 1946, pl. 1, fig. 8. </p>
            <p> Cresonymy.  Cyclostoma salleanum Pfeiffer, 1850: 78 ; Pfeiffer, 1854: 274–275, pl. 37, figs. 13, 14. </p>
            <p> I–W.  Parachondria (Chondropomorus) pilsbryi (Bartsch, 1946) . I.  Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) pilsbryi pilsbryi Bartsch, 1946 : NMNH 515241, holotype, 16.2 mm. J.  Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) pilsbryi nonuni Bartsch, 1946 : NMNH 515243, holotype, 15.7 mm. K, L. UF 216762, 13.4 mm. M. UF 216764, 15.8 mm. N. UF 216750, 14.9 mm. O. UF 216750, 11.7 mm. P. UF 216472, 12.7 mm. Q. UF 216472, 12.2 mm. R, UF 216756, 16.5 mm. S. UF 216757, 13.4 mm. T. UF 216757, 14.6 mm. U. UF 216756, 14.0. V. UF 216756, detail of spire. W. UF 216757, detail of suture. </p>
            <p> X–AF.  Parachondria (Chondropomorus) salleanus (Pfeiffer, 1850) . X.  Cyclostoma litturatum Pfeiffer, 1850 : Pfeiffer, 1854: pl. 37, fig. 21. Y.  Cyclostoma salleanum Pfeiffer, 1850 : NHMUK, probable syntype. ca. 19 mm. Z, AA. OSUM 22091, 18.3 mm. AB. UF 23218, 14.7 mm. AC. UF 216420, 19.2 mm. AD. GTW 7083a, 18.1 mm. AE. UF 23218, detail of spire. AF. UF 23218, detail of suture. </p>
            <p> AG–AM.  Parachondria (Chondropomorus) stigmosus new species . AG, AH. UF 216426, holotype, 15.0 mm. AI. UF 216426, paratype 1, 15.3 mm. AJ. UF 216426, paratype 4, 13.9 mm. AK. UF 216424, 13.7 mm. AL. UF 216426, holotype, detail of spire. AM. UF 216426, holotype, detail of suture. </p>
            <p> Cyclostoma litturatum Pfeiffer, 1850: 78 ; Pfeiffer, 1854: 276–277, pl. 37, figs. 21, 22. </p>
            <p> Chondropoma salleanum (Pfeiffer, 1850) . Pfeiffer, 1851: 172; Pfeiffer, 1852a: 44, 279–280; Pfeiffer, 1852b: 44; Pfeiffer, 1852f: 197–198; Adams &amp; Adams, 1858: 295; Pfeiffer, 1858: 137; Reeve, 1863: pl. 2, figs. 10a, b; Pfeiffer, 1865: 147; Pfeiffer, 1876: 191; Kobelt, 1880: 277; Crosse, 1891: 171. </p>
            <p> Chondropoma litturatum (Pfeiffer, 1850) . Pfeiffer, 1851: 172; Pfeiffer, 1852a: 44, 281–282; Pfeiffer, 1852b: 44; Adams &amp; Adams, 1856: 295; Hjalmarson &amp; Pfeiffer, 1858: 142; Pfeiffer, 1858: 138; Bland, 1861: 355; Pfeiffer, 1862: 94; Reeve, 1863: pl. 4, fig. 26; Pfeiffer, 1865: 147; Pfeiffer, 1876: 192; Weinland, 1876: 173; Kobelt, 1880: 277; Weinland, 1880: 345; Crosse, 1891: 171 –172, 175. </p>
            <p> Cyclostoma salleanum var. Pfeiffer, 1854: 274–275, pl. 37, figs. 17, 18. </p>
            <p> Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) salleanum (Pfeiffer, 1850) . Henderson &amp; Bartsch, 1920: 61. </p>
            <p> Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) litturatum (Pfeiffer, 1850) . Henderson &amp; Bartsch, 1920: 61; Clench &amp; Aguayo, 1937: 65; Bartsch, 1946: 9 –10, pl. 1, fig. 10. </p>
            <p> Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) salleanum salleanum (Pfeiffer, 1850) . Bartsch, 1946: 8 –9, pl. 1, fig. 9; Watters, 2006: 46, 459. </p>
            <p> Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) salleanum cookei Bartsch, 1946: 9 , pl. 1, fig. 8; Watters, 2006: 46, 459–460. </p>
            <p> Parachondria (Parachondria) litturatus (Pfeiffer, 1850) . Watters, 2006: 46, 336–337. </p>
            <p> Parachondria (Parachondria) salleanus salleanus (Pfeiffer, 1850) . Watters, 2006: 46, 459. </p>
            <p> Parachondria (Parachondria) salleanus cookei (Bartsch, 1946) . Watters, 2006: 46, 459–460. </p>
            <p>Distribution and habitat. From Azua to San Cristóbal on the southeastern edge of the Paralta Belt, a series of Eocene–Oligocene sedimentary sequences of the southeastern Cordillera Central. Under leaf litter and talus, on limestone slopes in mesic vegetation to at least 1000 m. The presence of this species in the Jardín Botánico Nacional “Dr. Rafael Ma. Moscoso” in Santo Domingo city (GTW 7083c) may be due to an anthropogenic introduction. Locally abundant.</p>
            <p>Material examined (265 specimens). Dominican Republic. UF 216420(26), 110 m, 13 km NNW of Pizarrette, Peravia Province; UF 23218(17), 70 m, 13 km NE of Pizarrette, San Cristóbal Province; UF 216518(10), 1000 m, 8 km NNE of Palmar de Ocoa, Azua Province; GTW 7083a(1), San Cristóbal, San Cristóbal Province; OSUM 22091(4), El Borbón, San Cristóbal Province; UF 216628(6), UF 216629(15), UF 216870(5), UF 216874(67), 620 m, 3 km E of El Majagual, San Cristóbal Province; UF 45879(22), 3 km ESE of El Majagual, San Cristóbal Province; UF 216873(13), 4 km E of El Majagual, San Cristóbal Province; UF 216875(59), 620 m, 1 km W of El Majagual, San Cristóbal Province; UF 23200(3), 620 m, 1 km SE of El Majagual, San Cristóbal Province; UF 216630(15), 2 km W of El Majagual, San Cristóbal Province; GTW 7083c(1), Jardín Botánico Nacional “Dr. Rafael Ma. Moscoso,” Santo Domingo, Distrito Nacional.</p>
            <p>Redescription. Shell thin but solid, opaque, elongate conic. Maximum size: 19.6 mm, decollate. Minimum size: 12.9 mm, decollate. Adult shell usually decollated, protoconch of 1.5 minute, smooth, rounded, white or dark brown whorls, may have a single dark peripheral band. Teleoconch with 5–5.25 remaining whorls in decollated shells. Axial sculpture of final whorl of numerous (ca. 150) fine threads separated by space equal to their width. Shell with regularly spaced growth stoppage marks, axial threads preceding marks often much smaller and densely packed. Spiral sculpture of final whorl outside of umbilicus ca. 35 threads of equal thickness to axial threads. Overall sculpture clearly and neatly fenestrate. There are regular patches where axial and spiral sculpture are nearly fused together; these patches are always white. Sculpture continues into umbilicus without interruption in some specimens or becomes somewhat more coarse in others. Suture very narrow, not channeled. Tufts composed of 1 (rarely 2) enlarged axial threads. Aperture oval, lip single. Inner lip absent. Outer lip very narrowly expanded, slightly narrower facing umbilicus, solute with previous whorl. Posterior corner sharply angled but without auricle. Color pattern complex and variable. Base color white or grey. Growth marks with axially aligned white bands overlain with brown zig-zag or scribbled marks. Brown patches between tufts. 2–3 more or less continuous brown bands or rows of dots bounding umbilicus. Umbilicus often paler than remainder of shell, with fewer markings. Tufts white. Lip with prominent dark bands on both faces. Operculum corneous, paucispiral, lacking calcareous granules in some specimens, but present in others.</p>
            <p>Variation in specimens. Specimens vary in the height of the spire and the degree of convexity of the whorls. Occasional adult shells may retain the protoconch.</p>
            <p> Comparison with other species. See under  P. daedalus . </p>
            <p> Remarks. Bartsch (1946) considered  Cyclostoma litturatum Pfeiffer, 1850 , and  Cyclostoma salleanum Pfeiffer, 1850 , distinct species. The two nominal taxa are sympatric. He separated them based solely on the development of the inner lip: expanded in  C. salleanum and not expanded in  C. litturatum . The degree of development of the inner lip is a highly variable characteristic even within a population. The two taxa are here considered to be variants of one species. </p>
            <p> Both  Cyclostoma litturatum Pfeiffer, 1850 , and  Cyclostoma salleanum Pfeiffer, 1850 , were described on the same page of the same paper. Both have been illustrated, and possible syntypes exist for both. As first revisor, I have chosen  Cyclostoma salleanum over  Cyclostoma litturatus based solely on page placement precedence. </p>
            <p> Bartsch (1946) described the subspecies  C. salleanum cookei from the eastern end of the range of this species and differentiated it only by its smaller size. It falls within the range of sizes within individual populations and it is not here considered distinct. </p>
            <p> As in  P. daedalus (above), a specimen contains the remains of a web within the umbilicus. </p>
            <p> Original description.  Cyclostoma salleanum Pfeiffer, 1850 . Pfeiffer (1850: 78) (translated here from Latin): “Shell subperforate, oblong-turrited, scarcely truncate, thin, crowded elevated striae regularly clathrate, not shining, brownish-white, brown spotted, uneven rows; spire conical-turrited; suture with very crowded crenulations; 6 slightly convex whorls, the last a little solute in front, below the middle are interrupted brown bands; aperture a little deflected, oval, top subangulate; peristome continuous, simple, expanded, columellar margin slightly appressed, base expanded.—Operculum membraneous, white, paucispiral.” </p>
            <p> Original description.  Cyclostoma litturatum Pfeiffer, 1850 . Pfeiffer (1850: 78) (translated here from Latin). “Shell scarcely subperforated, ovate-conic, not truncated, a little thin, impressed lines finely decussate, a little shiny, brownish-white, painted with the most elegant brown, streaked markings, base generally with a single band; spire conical-turrited, obtuse; suture irregularly crenulated; 7 slightly convex whorls, the last a little narrowed; aperture vertical, angulate-oval; peristome simple, upright, columellar margin scarcely reflexed.—Operculum membraneous, paucispiral.” </p>
            <p> Original description.  Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) salleanum cookei Bartsch, 1946 . Bartsch (1946: 9): “Its much smaller size will at once distinguish this race from  Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) salleanum salleanum .” </p>
            <p> Etymology.  Cyclostoma salleanum Pfeiffer, 1850 : Auguste Sallé (1820–1895), French entomologist working in the southern USA, Central America, and South America, collector of the types.  Cyclostoma litturatum Pfeiffer, 1850 : L. littera, [engraved, marked with] letters.  Chondropoma salleanum cookei Bartsch, 1946 : Charles Wythe Cooke (1887–1971), American paleontologist, US Geological Survey, collector of the types. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/454B8E3FFF92D40EFF42FAE6FB44FB44	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Watters, G. Thomas	Watters, G. Thomas (2016): Review of the Hispaniolan Parachondria (Chondropomorus) complex (Gastropoda: Littorinoidea: Annulariidae). Zootaxa 4127 (2): 245-275, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4127.2.2
454B8E3FFF9FD408FF42FACDFD07F862.text	454B8E3FFF9FD408FF42FACDFD07F862.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parachondria stigmosus	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Parachondria stigmosus new species</p>
            <p>Figures 4 AG–AM, 6 A</p>
            <p>Type material. UF 216426, holotype, 15.0 mm; UF 216426, paratype 1, 15.3 mm; UF 216426, paratype 2, 13.6 mm; UF 216 426, paratype 3, 11.6 mm; UF 216426, paratype 4, 13.9 mm.</p>
            <p>Type locality. 850 m elevation, 7 km NNE of Polo, Barahona Province, Dominican Republic.</p>
            <p>Distribution and habitat. Karst terrain in mountains surrounding Bahía de Neiba: the isolated Sierra Martín García of the Sierra Neiba on the northeastern side of the bay and the Sierra de Baoruco on the southwestern side. Under rocks, rubble, and in ravines, in dense mesic forest to at least 1000 m elevation. Part of its range is within the Parque Nacional Sierra Martín García; other parts are now coffee groves.</p>
            <p>Material examined (83 specimens). Dominican Republic. UF 216425(14), 560 m, W slope of Loma del Aguacate, Sierra Martín García, Barahona Province; UF 216424(13), 1000 m, W slope of Loma del Aguacate, Sierra Martín García, Barahona Province; UF 216473(1), 700 m, W slope of Loma del Aguacate, Sierra Martín García, Barahona Province; UF 216427(20), 850 m, W slope of Loma del Aguacate, Sierra Martín García, Barahona Province; UF 155901(1), 100m, 6 km S of Barahona, Barahona Province; UF 216423(7), 1000 m, 7 km NNE of Polo, Barahona Province; UF 216426(15), 850 m, 7 km NNE of Polo, Barahona Province; UF 216627(12), 910 m, 14 km S of Cabral, Barahona Peninsula.</p>
            <p>Description. Shell solid, opaque, conic. Maximum size: 15.3 mm, non-decollate. Minimum size: 11.0 mm, non-decollate. Adult shell usually not decollated, protoconch of 1.5 minute, smooth whorls, white with dark brown suture at apex, demarcation between protoconch and teleoconch not well-defined. Teleoconch of 5–5.5 whorls.</p>
            <p>Axial sculpture of final whorl of numerous (120–130) very fine, flattened threads separated by spaces equal to or less than width of threads. Shell with regularly spaced growth stoppage marks, axial threads preceding marks microscopic and densely packed. Spiral sculpture of final whorl outside of umbilicus of 30–40 fine threads, the same width as axial threads. Intersections of axial and spiral sculpture form minutely fenestrated surface. Umbilicus with ca. 3–4 weak spiral cords, inside smooth. Suture narrow, deep. Tufts composed of 1–4 enlarged, irregularly spaced, almost blade-like axial threads. Aperture oval, lip single. Inner lip absent. Outer lip very narrowly expanded, slightly narrower facing umbilicus, solute with or just touching previous whorl. Posterior edge with wide angle but lacking auricle. Color pattern complex and variable. Base color white or tan. Between suture and umbilicus are 4–5 spiral rows of small brown spots aligned axially on white background along growth marks, anterior-most series forming almost continuous band. Two additional broken bands bound umbilicus. All of these bands are rarely smudged into larger spots. Both sides of outer lip with dark brown markings. Interior of peristome tan or pale yellowish. Tufts white. Operculum corneous, paucispiral, lacking calcification.</p>
            <p> FIGURE 5. A–B. Distribution maps. All maps Google TM Earth Pro. Image Landsat. © 2016 Google. Data: SIO, NOAA, US Navy, NGA, GEBCO. A.  P. anatolensis (orange);  P. arcisensis (purple);  P. caricae (yellow);  P. coroni (red);  P. gnotus (green); P. m uc h ai (blue);  P. petitianus (white). B.  P. daedalus (white);  P. hispaniolae (green);  P. isabellinus (red);  P. silvaticus (blue);  P. trachydermus (yellow);  P. olssoni (purple). </p>
            <p> FIGURE 6. A–B. Distribution maps. All maps Google TM Earth Pro. Image Landsat. © 2016 Google. Data: SIO, NOAA, US Navy, NGA, GEBCO. A.  P. dessalinesi (green);  P. heatheraikenae (blue);  P. trachydermus (yellow);  P. samanicolus (yellow);  P. pilsbryi (purple);  P. salleanus (white);  P. stigmosus (red). B. Approximate locations of Bartsch’s (1946) locality records. </p>
            <p>Variation in specimens. This species greatly varies in the degree of coloration, from pale, sparsely spotted specimens (common) to those in which the spots coalesce into much larger blotches (rare). Nevertheless, overall the shells are consistently low-spired and solid with well-developed sutural tufts.</p>
            <p> Comparison with other species.  Parachondria muchai most closely resembles this species although the two occur on different mountain ranges.  Parachondria muchai has fewer spiral threads on the final whorl outside of the umbilicus (20–25) than does  P. stigmosus (30–40). The tufts of  P. muchai are more regularly distributed and are usually composed of a single node (rarely 2); the tufts of  P. stigmosus are irregularly placed and usually composed of 1–4 fused tufts. </p>
            <p> Remarks. The single-lipped taxa  P. stigmosus ,  P. salleanus , and  P. muchai are very similar and may form a distinct genus-level taxon apart from the remainder of the group covered here. </p>
            <p> Etymology. L.  stigmosus , spotted, full of marks. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/454B8E3FFF9FD408FF42FACDFD07F862	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Watters, G. Thomas	Watters, G. Thomas (2016): Review of the Hispaniolan Parachondria (Chondropomorus) complex (Gastropoda: Littorinoidea: Annulariidae). Zootaxa 4127 (2): 245-275, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4127.2.2
454B8E3FFF98D409FF42FD3EFE39FC07.text	454B8E3FFF98D409FF42FD3EFE39FC07.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) moronense Bartsch 1946	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Chondropoma (Chondropomorus) moronense Bartsch, 1946</p>
            <p> Described from Moron on the western-most tip of the Haitian Tiburon Peninsula, this species belongs to  Crossepoma Bartsch, 1946 , rather than to the complex described here. It is synonymous with  Crossepoma emilianum (Weinland, 1862) . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/454B8E3FFF98D409FF42FD3EFE39FC07	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Watters, G. Thomas	Watters, G. Thomas (2016): Review of the Hispaniolan Parachondria (Chondropomorus) complex (Gastropoda: Littorinoidea: Annulariidae). Zootaxa 4127 (2): 245-275, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4127.2.2
454B8E3FFF98D409FF42FF03FB05FD1B.text	454B8E3FFF98D409FF42FF03FB05FD1B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chondropoma marinum Reeve 1863	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Chondropoma marinum Reeve, 1863</p>
            <p> Reeve (1863), in his review of the genus  Chondropoma , illustrated what appeared to be a member of this complex as  Chondropoma marinum Weinland, 1862 , from the “Island of Haiti.” There were two figures, 57a and 57b, which illustrated two different species; 57a was identified as  C. marinum , 57b was not identified in the text. Reeve gave “Weinland, Malak. Blat. 1862” as the source of the name. Neither Bartsch (1946) nor Watters (2006, and here) could find this reference. Pfeiffer (1865, 1876) and Crosse (1891) referred to Reeve as the author and synonymized the species with  Cyclostoma emilianum Weinland, 1862 (=  Crossepoma emilianum (Weinland, 1862)) . The species name may have been changed from  marinum to  emilianum prior to publication, with Reeve perhaps having seen the former as a manuscript or label name. Nevertheless, Bartsch (1946) did not agree with that assessment and considered  C. marinum distinct, moving the species to his catch-all “ Incertipoma ” (see under P. s am an i c o l u s above). The illustration does not allow accurate identification and the specimen, presumably at NHMUK, cannot be found (J. Ablett, NHMUK, pers. com., 2015). The species is here regarded as a nomen dubium. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/454B8E3FFF98D409FF42FF03FB05FD1B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Watters, G. Thomas	Watters, G. Thomas (2016): Review of the Hispaniolan Parachondria (Chondropomorus) complex (Gastropoda: Littorinoidea: Annulariidae). Zootaxa 4127 (2): 245-275, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4127.2.2
454B8E3FFF98D409FF42FC14FEDCFB36.text	454B8E3FFF98D409FF42FC14FEDCFB36.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chondropoma simplex Pfeiffer 1852	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Chondropoma simplex Pfeiffer, 1852</p>
            <p> Four specimens at NHMUK, unnumbered, seen by the author in 2004, and bearing Pfeiffer’s handwriting are probable syntypes; however, these specimens could not be found in 2016 (pers. comm., J. Ablett). The specimens were collected by Sallé in “St. Domingo.” Bartsch (1946) referred several specimens at NMNH to this species. Examination of the NHMUK and NMNH shells showed them to be members of  Chondropoma and not of  Parachondria . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/454B8E3FFF98D409FF42FC14FEDCFB36	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Watters, G. Thomas	Watters, G. Thomas (2016): Review of the Hispaniolan Parachondria (Chondropomorus) complex (Gastropoda: Littorinoidea: Annulariidae). Zootaxa 4127 (2): 245-275, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4127.2.2
