taxonID	type	description	language	source
1E03E206C57257A49DEB8B8CA5F2FF9D.taxon	description	Figs 1 - 6, 7 - 13, 14 - 21, 22 - 26, 27 - 30	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L., Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes (2022): Eupera troglobia sp. nov.: the first troglobitic bivalve from the Americas (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Sphaeriidae). Subterranean Biology 42: 165-184, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.42.78074, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.42.78074
1E03E206C57257A49DEB8B8CA5F2FF9D.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype. MZSP 155717. Paratypes MZSP 155716, 12 specimens, MNRJ 23647, 1 specimen, USNM, 1 specimen, all from type locality.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L., Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes (2022): Eupera troglobia sp. nov.: the first troglobitic bivalve from the Americas (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Sphaeriidae). Subterranean Biology 42: 165-184, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.42.78074, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.42.78074
1E03E206C57257A49DEB8B8CA5F2FF9D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Adult size ~ 4.5 mm. Lacking pigmentation in shell and soft parts. Shell very fragile, translucent, light yellow.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L., Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes (2022): Eupera troglobia sp. nov.: the first troglobitic bivalve from the Americas (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Sphaeriidae). Subterranean Biology 42: 165-184, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.42.78074, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.42.78074
1E03E206C57257A49DEB8B8CA5F2FF9D.taxon	description	Description. Shell (Figs 1 - 18). Adult shell ~ 4.5 mm. Equivalve; height ~ 80 % of length; width ~ 60 % of length. Walls thin, fragile, translucent. Anterior edge rounded, smaller than posterior edge; ventral edge rounded in medium specimens (Figs 7 - 9) to slightly ascendent in larger specimens (Figs 1 - 4, 12); posterior edge almost straight in its middle level; dorsal edge weakly convex, almost straight. Color light yellow to light greenish yellow (Figs 1 - 6). Outer surface opaque. Sculpture of uniform concentric growth lines (Figs 1, 2, 12, 13); ~ 15 per mm; each line alternating in height along its length (Fig. 13), but mostly 4 - 5 times taller than wide; interspaces ~ 10 times wider than each line. Growth lines usually continuous from anterior up to posterior hinge region (Figs 1, 2, 12). Umbo (um) slightly prosogyrate, central, protruding ~ 10 % height beyond hinge level (Figs 1 - 4, 8 - 9), occupying ~ 20 % of dorsal edge. Hinge with small, blunt cardinal tooth (ca) in LV, ~ 1.5 times longer than tall, tip rounded (Figs 14 - 16), shallow correspondent socket in RV (Fig. 16); anterior (al) and posterior (pl) lateral teeth relatively equidistant from cardinal tooth (Figs 4 - 6, 7 - 11, 14 - 18), similar to each other, in both valves; located in anterior and posterior ends of hinge edge, in blunt angle preceding anterior ad posterior slopes; each lateral tooth ~ 4 - times longer than wide, parallel to hinge edge; anterior pair of tooth usually with anterior small beak (Figs 14 - 15: al, 17 - 18); both lateral teeth of LV slightly more ventral than lateral teeth of RV, encasing ventrally to them; both lateral teeth of RV with narrow socket lying dorsally for counterparts of LV (Figs 5, 9, 11, 18). Inner surface glossy; scar of anterior adductor muscle (aa) occupying ~ 5 % of entire inner valve surface, ~ twice taller than wide, elliptic, slightly larger than scar of posterior adductor muscle (pa) (Figs 3 - 4, 7 - 9). Pallial line continuous, simple, connecting both adductor muscle scars; relatively broad; located along ventral edge ~ 15 % of total height distant from it. Inner surface possessing minute pits, possibly of aesthetes (Figs 10 - 11: ae). Main muscle system (Figs 22, 24, 27). Anterior adductor muscle (aa) with elliptic transverse section, dorso-ventral height of slightly twice anterior-posterior width; located close to blunt angulation between dorsal and anterior shell edges. Posterior adductor muscle (pa) slightly smaller and located slightly more ventrally than anterior muscle. Pair of anterior pedal retractor muscles (ar) originated just dorsal to anterior adductor muscle in elliptic area equivalent to ~ 15 % of that of anterior adductor muscle; running towards posterior relatively narrow, along ~ 20 % of shell length, attached to adjacent visceral integument; insertion splaying in antero-dorsal foot base. No detectable protractor pedal muscle. Pair of posterior pedal retractor muscles (pr) originating similarly as anterior pedal muscle, but dorsally to posterior adductor muscle; running narrow anteriorly along ~ 50 % of shell length, as central base to local visceral mass and attached to adjacent visceral integument; insertion splaying in postero-dorsal side of pedal base. Foot (Fig. 24: ft). Cylindric, ~ 3 - times longer than wide in contracted condition; ~ half projected anteriorly beyond its base. Posterior region ventrally bulged, rounded. Anterior end bluntly tapering. Byssal furrow (bf) narrow, occupying ~ 1 / 4 of middle region of ventral foot surface. Byssus (by) as single, narrow, yellow thread. Mantle (Figs 22, 26, 27). Mantle lobe thin, translucent, thickened only in edges. Colorless. Edges of both lobes fused with each other in region of anterior adductor muscle, and in region posterior to middle level of ventral edge; fusion provided by inner fold. Mantle edge in non-fused region (Fig. 26) with narrow, flattened outer (of) and middle (mf) folds, no papilla or special structures detectable; inner fold (if) located in inner base of middle fold, with ~ half of remaining folds height, as wide as tall. Pallial musculature (pm) thin, present in base of three folds. Fusion between posterior half of mantle edges (un) simple. Incurrent siphon (Fig. 27: is) simple, cylindric, walls weakly muscular; distal edges simple, lacking papillae; length in retracted condition ~ 5 % of shell length, ~ twice longer than wide. Excurrent siphon (ex) similar to, but ~ 30 % smaller than incurrent siphon; preserved inverted in several specimens. Siphonal musculature immersed in local mantel edges, lacking detectable bundles, neither producing pallial sinus in shell. Gill suspensory membrane (su) connected by cilia in posterior end of gill, membrane-like separating completely incurrent from excurrent chambers (Fig. 27). Pallial cavity (Fig. 22). Outer demibranchs (od) with ~ 1 / 4 of shell height in its middle region; tapering gradually towards anterior, up to middle level of inner demibranch dorsal edge; tapering subtly towards posterior; lamellae very narrow, with ventral curve covering small region of inner demibranch dorsal edge (Fig. 23: od); dorsal connection with visceral mass via cilia (ci). Inner demibranchs (di) wide, area ~ double as outer demibranchs; anterior region slightly wider than half of shell height, gradually tapering towards posterior up to certain distance from posterior adductor muscle; transversely folded; descendent lamella (Fig. 23: id) simple, very narrow, free from ascendent lamella; ascendent lamella with ~ 70 % of descendent lamella length; narrow food groove (fg) in inner demibranch ventral edge; inner demibranch connections with visceral mass and its counterpart (in posterior half - Fig. 24) via cilia (ci). Inner demibranch serving as marsupium of ~ 6 - 8 young specimens (Fig. 31: yo), detailed below. Pair of palps (Figs 24, 25: pp) small (~ half of anterior adductor muscle area), located just posterior to anterior adductor muscle; outer hemipalps (op) ~ 3 - times longer than wide, 8 - 10 strong transverse folds, from edge to edge (even protruding beyond edges); tapering distally; folds ending before mouth area (mo), keeping smooth perioral area; inner hemipalp (ip) similar to outer hemipalp, but slightly smaller, usually placed close to anterior region of visceral mass. Visceral mass (Fig. 24). All visceral structures white. Stomach (st) occupying most of anterior half, disposed anterior-ventrally. Digestive diverticular (dg), lying along anterior region of stomach. Gonad and genital structures occupying anterior ~ half of posterior half of visceral mass, covering posterior surface of stomach. Reno-pericardial structures occupying posterior half of posterior half of visceral mass, up to posterior adductor muscle. Details below. Circulatory and excretory systems (Figs 24, 27). Heart occupying anterior half of reno-pericardial area. Ventricle (ve) large, as dorsal structure, totally surrounding intestine; wall thick. Anterior and posterior aortas initially running attached to adjacent intestine. Pair of auricles (au) connected to anterior region of ventricle, each one conic, running towards ventral and lateral; connecting to central region of gills. Kidneys (ki) as posterior half of reno-pericardial volume, connected anterior and dorsal surface of posterior adductor muscle; anterior region hollow, as urinary chamber; nephropore (ur) as single, small slit located in ventro-anterior surface of supra-branchial chamber; posterior region mostly filled by white, solid renal tissue. Digestive system (Fig. 24). Palps (pp) and mouth (mo) (Fig. 25) described above (pallial cavity). Esophagus (es) simple, narrow, running along ~ 20 % of shell length from posterior region of anterior adductor muscle towards posterior and dorsal, inserting in anterior surface of stomach between its middle and dorsal thirds. Stomach (st) large, dorsally rounded, ventrally tapering towards ventral and anterior up to anterior region of foot base. No clear separation between intestine and style sac (ss). Duct to digestive diverticula (dd) located in center of both gastric lateral walls. Stomach inner surface simple, lacking chambers and large folds; gastric shield thin, located in postero-dorsal region. Intestine (in) subtly running posteriorly and dorsally after style sac end, flanking dorsal surface of foot base; short zigzag only in its middle level; intestinal length slightly larger than shell length; in pericardial region crossing directly, gradually directing ventrally and posteriorly up to posterior side of posterior adductor muscle, initially immersed in pallial edge tissue; after short distance running on supra-anal chamber (Fig. 27). Anus (an) simple, sessile, located between posterior and ventral surface of posterior adductor muscle; large anal papilla in middle of anal dorsal edge (Fig. 27: an). Reproductive system (Fig. 24). Gonad white, solid, small, mostly located in lateral regions of stomach. Large hollow brood pouch as posterior 2 / 3 of genital structures, full of large embryos (em); brood pouch tapering towards ventral and posterior, opening in both sides in small orifice (ap) located in middle level of suprabranchial chamber. Central nervous system (Figs 24, 27 - 29). Pair of cerebral ganglia (ce) located in region dorsal to mouth, each one ~ 1 / 20 of anterior adductor muscle size. Each ganglion (Fig. 28: ce) elliptical, ~ twice longer than wide; cerebral commissure (cc) wide, as long as each ganglion. Pair of pedal ganglia (Fig. 29: pg) located in middle level of pedal base; both totally fused with each other, forming spheric mass; pair of statocysts (sy) very small, located in posterior side of pedal ganglia; both pedal ganglia slightly larger than one cerebral ganglion. Pair of visceral ganglia (Fig. 27: vg) located slightly anterior to posterior adductor muscle central side; each ganglion fusiform, ~ 3 times longer than wide, located very close to each other, with pedal commissure very short; each visceral ganglion slightly larger than each cerebral ganglion; posteriorly single large nerve running towards posterior, ventrally to posterior adductor muscle (nv).	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L., Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes (2022): Eupera troglobia sp. nov.: the first troglobitic bivalve from the Americas (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Sphaeriidae). Subterranean Biology 42: 165-184, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.42.78074, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.42.78074
1E03E206C57257A49DEB8B8CA5F2FF9D.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Types.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L., Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes (2022): Eupera troglobia sp. nov.: the first troglobitic bivalve from the Americas (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Sphaeriidae). Subterranean Biology 42: 165-184, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.42.78074, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.42.78074
1E03E206C57257A49DEB8B8CA5F2FF9D.taxon	description	Measurements (in mm). Holotype MZSP 155717 (Figs 1 - 6): 4.3 by 3.5; Paratypes MZSP 153866: # 7 (Figs 7 - 11): 2.3 by 1.9; # 8 (Fig. 12): 4.5 by 3.6.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L., Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes (2022): Eupera troglobia sp. nov.: the first troglobitic bivalve from the Americas (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Sphaeriidae). Subterranean Biology 42: 165-184, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.42.78074, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.42.78074
1E03E206C57257A49DEB8B8CA5F2FF9D.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the troglobitic mode of life of the animal, being an adjective in the feminine nominative singular.	en	Simone, Luiz Ricardo L., Ferreira, Rodrigo Lopes (2022): Eupera troglobia sp. nov.: the first troglobitic bivalve from the Americas (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Sphaeriidae). Subterranean Biology 42: 165-184, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.42.78074, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.42.78074
