identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
2D39A5F7179B5CAC844B71CFC3E482E0.text	2D39A5F7179B5CAC844B71CFC3E482E0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Abildgaardia Vahl (Vahl 1805	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 4.  Abildgaardia Vahl (Vahl 1805: 296)</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Cyperus monostachyos L. [=  Abildgaardia ovata (Burm.f.) Kral] </p>
            <p>Description of the genus.</p>
            <p>Small to medium-sized annuals or tufted perennials; short woody rhizome. Culms scapose, rounded, generally glabrescent, rarely scabrid. Leaves eligulate, sometimes reduced to a sheath, basal polystichous, sheaths distally open, loose, ribbed; blades mostly filiform, compressed or lunate to semicircular in cross section, margins strongly involute. Primary bracts short, not sheathing, inconspicuous. Inflorescence terminal, depauperate anthelate or capitate. Spikelets few or reduced to one single spikelet. Glumes many densely (spiro) distichous, deciduous, each subtending a floret. Floret bisexual, protandrous. Perianth bristles absent. Stamens 2-3. Style deeply 3-fid, base distinct, thickened, deciduous. Nutlets mostly obovoid, stipitate, rounded trigonous, rarely winged, surface often tuberculate.</p>
            <p>Distribution and ecology.</p>
            <p> Abildgaardia is widely distributed in the tropics and subtropics (POWO 2022). It grows in grasslands, woodlands, freshwater wetlands, and brackish marshes.  Abildgaardia occurs throughout Madagascar; two species are known including e.g.  Abildgaardia triflora (L.) Abeyw. (Fig. 16). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2D39A5F7179B5CAC844B71CFC3E482E0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rasaminirina, Fitiavana;Larridon, Isabel	Rasaminirina, Fitiavana, Larridon, Isabel (2023): The genera of Cyperaceae of Madagascar. Plant Ecology and Evolution 156 (3): 276-310, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.98847, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.98847
7D978FA6379759B8AFFC4137B5FF80AF.text	7D978FA6379759B8AFFC4137B5FF80AF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Actinoschoenus Benth. (Bentham 1881	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 3.  Actinoschoenus Benth. (Bentham 1881: 33)</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Actinoschoenus filiformis (Thwaites) Benth. [=  Actinoschoenus aphyllus (Vahl) Larridon] </p>
            <p>Description of the genus.</p>
            <p>Small to medium-sized, tufted, shortly rhizomatous or stoloniferous perennials. Culms scapose, smooth, tufted, more or less 4-angular, bases covered by closed leaf sheaths. Leaves ligulate if present, blade very short, almost reduced to a sheath. Primary bracts small, not very conspicuous not sheathing. Inflorescence terminal, capitate. Spikelets 2 or many. Glumes 4-7 distichous, deciduous glumes, of increasing length; rachilla internodes short, somewhat elongated between the florets. Floret(s) 1(-2), subtended by the penultimate larger glume, enclosed by the wings of the next glume, bisexual. Perianth bristles absent. Stamens 3. Style deeply 3-fid, style base distinct, thickened, deciduous. Nutlets obovoid, trigonous, more or less 3-ribbed, surface smooth to slightly tuberculate.</p>
            <p>Distribution and ecology.</p>
            <p> Actinoschoenus occurs from West-Central Tropical Africa to Zambia, Western Indian Ocean, Sri Lanka to southern China and Australia (POWO 2022). It grows in open woodland on dry sandy areas (Browning and Goetghebeur 2017), wetlands, swamps, sands and wet rocks,  water’s edge, forest, to 800 m elevation (Chermezon 1937). A single species of  Actinoschoenus , i.e.  Actinoschoenus aphyllus (Vahl) Larridon (Fig. 15), occurs throughout Madagascar. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7D978FA6379759B8AFFC4137B5FF80AF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rasaminirina, Fitiavana;Larridon, Isabel	Rasaminirina, Fitiavana, Larridon, Isabel (2023): The genera of Cyperaceae of Madagascar. Plant Ecology and Evolution 156 (3): 276-310, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.98847, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.98847
0994396973585F968445D9C596085C38.text	0994396973585F968445D9C596085C38.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bolboschoenus (Asch. 2531) Palla (Palla 1905: 2531	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Bolboschoenus (Asch.) Palla (Palla 1905: 2531)</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Bolboschoenus maritimus (L.) Palla </p>
            <p>Description of the genus.</p>
            <p>Perennials with long rhizomes often forming hard ovoid tubers at tips. Culms many-noded, sharply trigonous, thickened at base. Leaves basal and cauline, eligulate; blade often reduced in lower leaves. Involucral bracts leaf-like, patent, lowermost often suberect. Inflorescence terminal (in reduced inflorescences, bract may be erect, but clearly leaf-like), a (compound) corymb-like anthela or capitate with 1-many spikelets. Spikelets with many spirally arranged, deciduous glumes, each subtending a flower. Glumes puberulent, the apex entire to emarginate or deeply 2-fid, awned or mucronate. Floret bisexual. Perianth present, formed by 3-6 parts, shorter to longer than the nutlet, bristle-like, deciduous with fruit. Stamens 3. Style 2-3-fid; base persistent, barely thickened. Nutlets obovate, dorsiventrally lenticular or trigonous. Pericarp with the three highly differentiated layers, exocarp cells often enlarged and hollow; surface smooth, epidermal cells roughly isodiametric. Embryo fungiform with three primordial leaves.</p>
            <p>Distribution and ecology.</p>
            <p> Bolboschoenus is a cosmopolitan genus (POWO 2022). It grows in saline, brackish, or freshwater wetlands. In Madagascar,  Bolboschoenus is known from the north and west, occurring in the Diana Region of Antsiranana province, Boeny region of Mahajanga province, and Atsimo Andrefana region of Toliara province. Only a single species occurs in Madagascar, i.e.  Bolboschoenus glaucus (Lam.) S.G.Sm. (Fig. 18). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0994396973585F968445D9C596085C38	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rasaminirina, Fitiavana;Larridon, Isabel	Rasaminirina, Fitiavana, Larridon, Isabel (2023): The genera of Cyperaceae of Madagascar. Plant Ecology and Evolution 156 (3): 276-310, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.98847, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.98847
F9D090FF4B3B5ACD8BA5EFF6C156172A.text	F9D090FF4B3B5ACD8BA5EFF6C156172A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bulbostylis Kunth (Kunth 1837	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 1.  Bulbostylis Kunth (Kunth 1837: 205) nom. cons.</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Scirpus capillaris L. [=  Bulbostylis capillaris (L.) Kunth ex C.B.Clarke] </p>
            <p>Description of the genus.</p>
            <p>Small to medium-sized annuals or tufted perennials, rarely with an elongated rhizome, rarely forming a caudex; rhizome woody, variable, usually compact with swollen confluent shoot bases, occasionally elongate in uniseriate or multiseriate rows, less often of uniform thickness throughout. Culms scapose, terete, ridged and furrowed, glabrous to pilose or densely velutinous apically. Leaves eligulate (rarely ligulate), but with two lateral tufts of long white hairs at the sheath mouth, rarely reduced to a sheath. Primary bracts short, not sheathing, rarely the lowermost bract leaf-like and erect. Inflorescence terminal, rarely pseudolateral, anthelate or capitate. Spikelets few to many, or reduced to a single spikelet, often with many densely spirally arranged (rarely distichous), deciduous glumes, each subtending a floret. Florets bisexual. Perianth bristles absent. Stamens 1-3, anthers generally oblongs or linear, often acute, rarely setiferous. Style (2-)3-fid, base distinct, thickened, persistent, rarely only slightly thickened or deciduous. Nutlets obovoid to obpyriform, rounded trigonous, rarely dorsiventrally lenticular, surface with various ornamentations, rarely smooth.</p>
            <p>Distribution and ecology.</p>
            <p> Bulbostylis is widely distributed in the tropics and subtropics to Central Asia (POWO 2022). It grows in grasslands and woodlands, along roadsides and among rocks. In Madagascar,  Bulbostylis is known from the northwest, the Central Highlands, and the southwest. This genus is currently being monographed (Rasaminirina et al. unpubl. data), and ca 25 species are currently known to occur in Madagascar including e.g.  Bulbostylis itremoensis Lye ex Rasam. (Fig. 8B) and  Bulbostylis hispidula (Vahl) R.W.Haines (Fig. 14). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F9D090FF4B3B5ACD8BA5EFF6C156172A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rasaminirina, Fitiavana;Larridon, Isabel	Rasaminirina, Fitiavana, Larridon, Isabel (2023): The genera of Cyperaceae of Madagascar. Plant Ecology and Evolution 156 (3): 276-310, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.98847, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.98847
04B51F7C434C5149B81747CAB30C83E9.text	04B51F7C434C5149B81747CAB30C83E9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carex L. (Linnaeus 1753	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Carex L. (Linnaeus 1753: 972)</p>
            <p> Schoenoxiphium Nees (Nees von Esenbeck 1832: 531) </p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Carex hirta L. </p>
            <p>Description of the genus.</p>
            <p>Generally perennials, rarely annuals, caespitose or rhizomatous, sometimes forming a compact tussock. Culms central or lateral, mostly scapose, rarely with nodes, simple, smooth or scabrid. Leaves generally present, glabrous or rarely hairy, sheath often surrounding culm, ligule or sometimes contraligule present at the junction of the sheath and the blade. Primary bracts leaf-like or not, sheathing or not. Partial inflorescences spike-like, unisexual or bisexual, with few to many spirally arranged bracts (or glumes), either subtending a female spikelet or a male floret. Inflorescence terminal, rarely pseudolateral, paniculate, often partly or completely contracted, rarely corymbose or anthelate with few to numerous spikes, less frequently reduced to a single spike, cladoprophylls sometimes swollen at the base, utriculiform and subtending a female floret; inflorescence mostly bisexual, rarely unisexual or florets dioecious. Spikes male, female, or bisexual, and then mostly male florets apically, rarely basally, or intermingled; female spikelet reduced to the rachilla and a utriculiform, flower-bearing prophyll, completely enclosing the rachilla. Glumes 0 or 1. Floret unisexual; staminate flowers without scales; pistillate flowers with 1 scale with fused margins (perigynium) enclosing flower, open only at apex. Bristles absent. Stamens 1-3, filaments distinct, anthers linear. Style 2-3-fid, exserted, base not distinct, rarely thickened, persistent. Nutlets often obovoid, trigonous, or dorsiventrally compressed, sometimes remarkably malformed.</p>
            <p>Distribution and ecology.</p>
            <p> Carex is a cosmopolitan genus (POWO 2022). It grows in humid forest, wet grassland, in freshwater wetlands, on sand or rocks, usually at higher elevation.  Carex (Fig. 12B) occurs throughout Madagascar; 30 species are known. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/04B51F7C434C5149B81747CAB30C83E9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rasaminirina, Fitiavana;Larridon, Isabel	Rasaminirina, Fitiavana, Larridon, Isabel (2023): The genera of Cyperaceae of Madagascar. Plant Ecology and Evolution 156 (3): 276-310, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.98847, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.98847
8778C4F891225E4CA6E4BED9A4933328.text	8778C4F891225E4CA6E4BED9A4933328.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carpha Banks & Sol. ex R. Br. (Brown 1810	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Carpha Banks &amp; Sol. ex R.Br. (Brown 1810: 230)</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Carpha alpina R.Br. </p>
            <p>Description of the genus.</p>
            <p>Perennials, small to medium-sized (rarely tall), tufted, mat-forming; rhizomatous or rarely stoloniferous. Culms erected, trigonous to more or less cylindrical, scapose or with a few nodes. Leaves basal and cauline, eligulate. Lower primary bracts more or less leaf-like, sheathing. Inflorescence open to condensed paniculate with (sub)capitate partial; inflorescences with few to many spikelets. Spikelets with 3-6 distichous, persistent glumes of increasing length. Lower glumes empty, larger 1-2(-3) glume(s) each subtending a floret, enclosed by the wings of the next glume. Floret bisexual, sometimes upper or lower floret male. Bristles 6, ciliate to partly fimbriate or plumose, shorter than to much longer than the fruit, deciduous with the fruit. Stamens 2-3, anthers conspicuously greenish yellow. Style 3-fid, base not distinct, slightly thickened, persistent, often scabrid. Nutlets narrowly (ob)ovoid to oblong, trigonous, often with a long beak, surface smooth or finely reticulate.</p>
            <p>Distribution and ecology.</p>
            <p> Carpha occurs from Uganda to South Africa, Western Indian Ocean, South Japan, New Guinea to New Zealand and South America. It grows along streams, on marshy ground, and on rocks, from 1800 to 2500 m in elevation. In Madagascar, a single species of  Carpha , i.e.  Carpha perrieri Cherm., is known from Fianarantsoa province Matsiatra Ambony region and Toliara provinces Anosy region. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8778C4F891225E4CA6E4BED9A4933328	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rasaminirina, Fitiavana;Larridon, Isabel	Rasaminirina, Fitiavana, Larridon, Isabel (2023): The genera of Cyperaceae of Madagascar. Plant Ecology and Evolution 156 (3): 276-310, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.98847, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.98847
83CCB105A7485586AB4E537320E75BC3.text	83CCB105A7485586AB4E537320E75BC3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cladium P. Browne (Browne 1756	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Cladium P.Browne (Browne 1756: 114)</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Cladium jamaicense Crantz [=  Cladium mariscus subsp. jamaicense Kük .] </p>
            <p>Description of the genus.</p>
            <p>Robust perennials, up to several meters tall; rhizomatous, sometimes with swollen stolons. Culms with few-noded, internodes hollow. Leaves basal and cauline, V-shaped to flat, midribs and margins scabrid, eligulate. Involucral bracts leaf-like, sheathing. Inflorescence terminal or some lateral, paniculate; partial inflorescences anthelate. Spikelets numerous, short stalked or sessile. Glumes few to many, spirally arranged, persistent, increasing in length, with 2-3 upper glumes fertile. Lower floret mostly functionally male, upper florets bisexual. Perianth absent. Stamens 2-3. Style 2-3-fid, with a thickened persistent base. Nutlets ovoid, with a thick corky beak, surface smooth to wrinkled. Embryo small and poorly developed, broadly obovate in outline, with a basal, poorly developed root cap and without a leaf primordium.</p>
            <p>Distribution and ecology.</p>
            <p> Cladium is a cosmopolitan genus (POWO 2022). It grows in estuaries, freshwater wetlands, and lake margins up to 1500 m in elevation. In Madagascar, it is only known from the north where a single taxon, i.e.  Cladium mariscus subsp. jamaicense (Fig. 5), has been recorded in the Sava region of Antsiranana province. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/83CCB105A7485586AB4E537320E75BC3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rasaminirina, Fitiavana;Larridon, Isabel	Rasaminirina, Fitiavana, Larridon, Isabel (2023): The genera of Cyperaceae of Madagascar. Plant Ecology and Evolution 156 (3): 276-310, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.98847, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.98847
F9D6F96E358B58C0B077FBD7D41C1CFF.text	F9D6F96E358B58C0B077FBD7D41C1CFF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Coleochloa Gilly (Gilly 1943	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Coleochloa Gilly (Gilly 1943: 12)</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Coleochloa abyssinica (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Gilly </p>
            <p>Description of the genus.</p>
            <p>Tufted or cushion-forming perennials; rhizomes extensively branched, infrequently forming a small caudex. Culms scapose or nearly so, compressed below, sometimes subcylindrical; erect or slightly wanting, basal part of culms covered by remains of old leaf sheaths. Leaves basal only, distichous; leaf sheath open on ventral side; ligule a line of fine hairs; contraligule not developed; blade flat or inrolled, deciduous. Involucral bracts more or less leaf-like; sheaths partly closed. Inflorescence terminal, paniculate, with few to many spikelet-like spikes; spikes bisexual, with numerous lateral spikelets subtended by small, densely spirally arranged glume-like bracts. Spikelet unisexual (male) or bisexual; lateral spikelets with an irregularly shaped prophyll. Glumes distichous, persistent, the larger 1-2 each subtending a flower, enclosed by the wings of the next glume. Basal spikelets with 1-2 male florets, apical spikelets mostly with 1 male and 1 female floret, more rarely completely female. Perianth surrounding the style base by 3 small, long fimbriate hypogynous scales, deciduous with the fruit. Stamens 2-3. Style 3-fid; base not distinct, tapering, persistent. Nutlets fusiform, trigonous, long beaked, surface smooth.</p>
            <p>Distribution and ecology.</p>
            <p> Coleochloa occurs in tropical and southern Africa and Madagascar (POWO 2022). It grows on inselbergs, between 600 to 2000 m in elevation. A single species of the genus, i.e.  Coleochloa setifera (Ridl.) Gilly (Figs 3, 4A), occurs in northern and southeastern Madagascar and in the Central Highlands. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F9D6F96E358B58C0B077FBD7D41C1CFF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rasaminirina, Fitiavana;Larridon, Isabel	Rasaminirina, Fitiavana, Larridon, Isabel (2023): The genera of Cyperaceae of Madagascar. Plant Ecology and Evolution 156 (3): 276-310, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.98847, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.98847
0A502251F0ED57739090BFDF677A2606.text	0A502251F0ED57739090BFDF677A2606.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Costularia C. B. Clarke (Clarke 1898	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Costularia C.B.Clarke (Clarke 1898: 274)</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Costularia natalensis C.B.Clarke </p>
            <p>Description of the genus.</p>
            <p>Perennials, small to tall, tufted or more rarely shortly rhizomatous, caudex sometimes present. Culms scapose or with few nodes. Leaves usually basal and cauline; basal leaves with poorly defined sheaths; cauline leaves enveloping up to 1/2 internode length; spirodistichous, eligulate; blade sometimes deciduous, margins scabrid. Involucral bracts more or less leaf-like, sheathing. Inflorescence terminal, contracted paniculate. Spikelets few to numerous. Glumes several, distichous, deciduous, of increasing length, the upper (1-)2 glumes each subtending a floret, enclosed by the wings of the next glume. Lower floret functionally male rarely bisexual or absent, upper floret bisexual or functionally female rarely functionally male. Bristles 6, fimbriate to ciliate, mostly longer than the nutlet and deciduous with it. Stamens 3; anthers long linear, briefly apiculate or not. Style 3-fid; base often distinct (at anthesis), thickened, persistent, often scabrid. Nutlets ovoid or oblong, rounded trigonous, often 3-ribbed, more or less stipitate, beaked, surface smooth or rugulose.</p>
            <p>Distribution and ecology.</p>
            <p> Costularia occurs in southeastern Africa, Madagascar, the Mascarenes, and Seychelles. It grows on rocky ground in forest, grassland, or ericoid vegetation, sometimes along streams or in swamps, usually at higher elevations. In Madagascar,  Costularia is known from north to south along the mountain ridge and high elevation areas, including the Central Highlands. The genus was recently monographed (Larridon et al. 2019), and 11 species are native to Madagascar, including e.g.  Costularia itremoensis Larridon (Fig. 4B) and  Costularia pantopoda C.B.Clarke (Fig. 9). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0A502251F0ED57739090BFDF677A2606	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rasaminirina, Fitiavana;Larridon, Isabel	Rasaminirina, Fitiavana, Larridon, Isabel (2023): The genera of Cyperaceae of Madagascar. Plant Ecology and Evolution 156 (3): 276-310, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.98847, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.98847
0E8FE72942835C70AF0F92181C56F388.text	0E8FE72942835C70AF0F92181C56F388.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cyperus L. (Linnaeus 1753	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Cyperus L. (Linnaeus 1753: 44)</p>
            <p> Kyllinga Rottb. (  Rottbøll 1773: 12), nom. cons. </p>
            <p> Remirea Aubl. (Aublet 1775: 44) </p>
            <p> Mariscus Vahl (Vahl 1805: 372), nom. cons. </p>
            <p> Pycreus P.Beauv. (Palisot de Beauvois 1807 publ. 1816: 48) </p>
            <p> Lipocarpha R.Br. (Brown 1818: 459) </p>
            <p> Torulinium Desv. ex Ham. (Hamilton 1825: 15) </p>
            <p> Oxycaryum Nees (Nees von Esenbeck 1842: 90) </p>
            <p> Ascolepis Nees (Nees von Esenbeck 1855: 105) </p>
            <p> Queenslandiella Domin (Domin 1915: 415) </p>
            <p> Courtoisina Soják (  Soják 1979 publ. 1980: 193) </p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Cyperus esculentus L. </p>
            <p>Description of the genus.</p>
            <p>Small to large annuals, or tufted, rhizomatous, stoloniferous or bulbiferous perennials. Culms mostly scapose, triangular to subterete, rarely winged, compressed or septate. Leaves eligulate (more rarely ligulate), sometimes reduced to a sheath; sheaths sometimes semisucculent; blade linear or rarely oblong or pseudopetiolate. Primary bracts often large and leaf-like, not sheathing, lowermost bract rarely erect. Inflorescence of few to many spikelets, in clusters called spikes, terminal, rarely pseudolateral, anthelate to capitate, rarely spicate or reduced to a single spikelet; partial inflorescences spike-like with spicately or digitately-arranged spikelets, or densely capitate. Spikelets with few to many, 2-ranked (very rarely spirally arranged) glumes, spikelet bract and prophyll more or less glume-like, each glume subtending a floret. Glumes deciduous or persistent; rachilla internodes elongated. Floret bisexual, very rarely unisexual or even dioecious. Bristles absent, lacking a gynophore. Stamens 1-3. Style (2-)3-fid, more rarely (sub)entire; base mostly not distinct, not thickened, persistent or deciduous. Nutlets most often 3-sided, with the flat side pressed against the spikelet rachilla, often obovoid or ellipsoid, rarely dorsiventrally compressed, rarely stipitate, beaked or not, surface smooth or with various ornamentations, rarely thickened, corky.</p>
            <p>Distribution and ecology.</p>
            <p> Cyperus is a cosmopolitan genus who can be found everywhere.  Cyperus occurs throughout Madagascar; ca 145 species are known including e.g.  Cyperus pectinatus Vahl (Figs 22, 23). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0E8FE72942835C70AF0F92181C56F388	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rasaminirina, Fitiavana;Larridon, Isabel	Rasaminirina, Fitiavana, Larridon, Isabel (2023): The genera of Cyperaceae of Madagascar. Plant Ecology and Evolution 156 (3): 276-310, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.98847, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.98847
147F573109355F2DBD9DBFCFCCAAE55C.text	147F573109355F2DBD9DBFCFCCAAE55C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Diplacrum R. Br. (Brown 1810	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Diplacrum R.Br. (Brown 1810: 241)</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Diplacrum caricinum R.Br. </p>
            <p>Description of the genus.</p>
            <p>Small to medium-sized annuals or tufted, rarely stoloniferous perennials. Culms scapose or leafy, often short. Leaves eligulate; blade linear or lanceolate, alternate, simple, often reddish purple abaxially. Primary bracts leaf-like, sheathing. Inflorescence paniculate or capitate; partial inflorescences anthelate or capitately contracted. Spikelets many, lateral spikelets usually male, terminal spikelets usually female. Glumes male spikelets with few distichous, persistent glumes, each subtending a male floret; female spikelet with 2 distichous, persistent glumes, sometimes deciduous with the fruit, surrounding a pseudo-terminal female floret. Florets unisexual. Bristles absent. Stamens 1; anthers sightly oblongs. Pistil seated on a basal trilobed disc, lobes opposite the 3 main ribs; style 3-fid; base not distinct, not thickened, deciduous. Nutlets subglobose to ovoid, inconspicuously 3-ribbed, beak short, surface smooth, ribbed, or reticulate.</p>
            <p>Distribution and ecology.</p>
            <p> Diplacrum is widely distributed in the tropics and tubtropics (POWO 2022). It grows in damp soils and freshwater wetlands including rice fields, usually near sea level. A single species of  Diplacrum , i.e.  Diplacrum africanum (Benth.) C.B.Clarke (Fig. 6), is known from northwestern and east central Madagascar, and from the southeast along the mountain range. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/147F573109355F2DBD9DBFCFCCAAE55C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rasaminirina, Fitiavana;Larridon, Isabel	Rasaminirina, Fitiavana, Larridon, Isabel (2023): The genera of Cyperaceae of Madagascar. Plant Ecology and Evolution 156 (3): 276-310, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.98847, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.98847
A61E77C25EBA512C91D69DA5586E3A66.text	A61E77C25EBA512C91D69DA5586E3A66.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eleocharis R. Br. (Brown 1810	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Eleocharis R.Br. (Brown 1810: 224)</p>
            <p> Websteria S.H.Wright (Wright 1887: 135) </p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Scirpus palustris L. [=  Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roem. &amp; Schult.] </p>
            <p>Description of the genus.</p>
            <p>Very small to medium-sized tufted annuals or large rhizomatous, stoloniferous perennials; rhizome often strong, horizontal, often producing stolons. Culms scapose, 3-4 angular, ridged or terete, occasionally septate, ancipitous or bulbously thickened at base. Leaves reduced to inconspicuous basal sheaths, rarely with a short blade, eligulate. Primary bracts absent, rarely proximal scale of spikelet resembling short bract. Inflorescence solitary terminal spikelet, usually quite short and ebracteate. Spikelets with 2-many spirally arranged, rarely subdistichous, deciduous imbricate glumes, each subtending a floret. Lowermost glume often empty or with a vegetative bud, rarely flower-bearing. Floret bisexual. Bristles barbellate, (0-)3-6(-10), or reduced to a narrow rim underlying nutlet, shorter or longer than nutlet and shed with it. Stamens 1-3; anthers linear. Style 2-3-fid, upper portion deciduous, base enlarged persistent as a conical or flattened appendage on nutlet. Nutlets obovoid, lenticular or trigonous, beaked smooth or variously ornamented with pits in longitudinal rows.</p>
            <p>Distribution and ecology.</p>
            <p> Eleocharis is a cosmopolitan genus (POWO 2022). It grows in forest, wet grasslands, freshwater wetlands, along rivers, lake margins, and rice fields, and in rocky areas.  Eleocharis occurs throughout Madagascar; 12 species are known including e.g.  Eleocharis acutangula (Roxb.) Schult. (Fig. 4C) and  Eleocharis dulcis (Burm.f.) Trin. ex Hensch. (Fig. 13). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A61E77C25EBA512C91D69DA5586E3A66	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rasaminirina, Fitiavana;Larridon, Isabel	Rasaminirina, Fitiavana, Larridon, Isabel (2023): The genera of Cyperaceae of Madagascar. Plant Ecology and Evolution 156 (3): 276-310, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.98847, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.98847
CC3A3DBE6D28514ABF5D9B2F033BFC99.text	CC3A3DBE6D28514ABF5D9B2F033BFC99.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ficinia Schrad. (Schrader 1832	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 2.  Ficinia Schrad. (Schrader 1832: 143)</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Schoenus filiformis Lam. [=  Ficinia filiformis (Lam.) Schrad.] </p>
            <p>Description of the genus.</p>
            <p>Small to medium-sized tufted perennials; frequently with a short or elongated creeping rhizome, stoloniferous, or decumbent. Culms scapose, more rarely with few to many nodes or branched, rarely thickened at the base, leafy only at the base or in all their length. Leaves often conspicuously ligulate (rarely eligulate), blade sometimes with scarious margins, or leaf reduced to a sheath. Primary bracts leaf-like (rarely bright yellow) or short, not sheathing, lowermost bract sometimes erect. Inflorescence rarely pseudolateral, mostly capitate, more rarely compacted, paniculate, spicate, or spikelets scattered along a profusely branched stem. Spikelets 1-many. Glumes with few to many spirally arranged or more rarely distichous, usually long-persistent glumes, each with a floret, or a few lower glumes empty. Floret bisexual. Perianth bristles absent. Stamens 3; anthers linear, often apiculate or setiferous. Style deeply 3-fid, sometimes 2-fid, rarely almost undivided; base not distinct, not thickened, deciduous. Nutlets mostly obovoid, rounded trigonous, rarely biconvex, base mostly surrounded by a tightly enveloping cupular to 3-lobed disc (gynophore), surface usually smooth.</p>
            <p>Distribution and ecology.</p>
            <p> Ficinia is a cosmopolitan genus (POWO 2022). It grows in wet or dry mountain grasslands (Browning and Goetghebeur 2017). In Madagascar,  Ficinia is known from the Analamanga region of Antananarivo province. Only a single endemic species is known from Madagascar, i.e.  Ficinia ciliata Boeckeler. No illustration is available of this species and the type material has not been located. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CC3A3DBE6D28514ABF5D9B2F033BFC99	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rasaminirina, Fitiavana;Larridon, Isabel	Rasaminirina, Fitiavana, Larridon, Isabel (2023): The genera of Cyperaceae of Madagascar. Plant Ecology and Evolution 156 (3): 276-310, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.98847, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.98847
AB2DC59ADA5850E09A37B2DF8DDBE301.text	AB2DC59ADA5850E09A37B2DF8DDBE301.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Fimbristylis Vahl (Vahl 1805	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 5.  Fimbristylis Vahl (Vahl 1805: 285) nom. cons.</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Scirpus dichotomus L. [=  Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl] </p>
            <p>Description of the genus.</p>
            <p>Annuals tufted or perennials with rhizomes. Culms scapose or subscapose, terete or 3-4-5-angular or ancipitous, variously pubescent to glabrous. Leaves spirally or distichously arranged, or reduced to a sheath, ligulate or eligulate; blade linear, filiform, or rarely ensiform, usually dorsiventrally compressed and canaliculate, often adaxially cellular-reticulate. Primary bracts short, not sheathing. Inflorescence variable usually capitate or anthelate. Spikelets few to numerous, or reduced to a single spikelet, mostly cylindric. Glumes usually spirally arranged, rarely distichous, deciduous, each subtending a bisexual floret. Perianth bristles absent. Stamens 1-3. Style 2-3-fid, often flattened with fimbriate margins when 2-fid; base distinct, thickened, deciduous. Nutlets obovoid, trigonous or biconvex and often variously ornamented, trigonous when style 3-fid, lenticular when style 2-fid, smooth, tuberculate or longitudinally ribbed, not transversely wrinkled.</p>
            <p>Distribution and ecology.</p>
            <p> Fimbristylis is a cosmopolitan genus (POWO 2022). It grows on seasonally wet or damp sandy soils in grassland, woodland, riverbeds, and rice fields, also on rocks in shallow soil (Browning and Goetghebeur 2017).  Fimbristylis occurs throughout Madagascar; 17 species are known including e.g.  Fimbristylis dichotoma (Fig. 17). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AB2DC59ADA5850E09A37B2DF8DDBE301	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rasaminirina, Fitiavana;Larridon, Isabel	Rasaminirina, Fitiavana, Larridon, Isabel (2023): The genera of Cyperaceae of Madagascar. Plant Ecology and Evolution 156 (3): 276-310, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.98847, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.98847
21EC295E36205C7C89F2BC74904F32B4.text	21EC295E36205C7C89F2BC74904F32B4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Fuirena Rottb. (Rottboll 1773	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 
Fuirena Rottb. (
Rottboll
1773: 70)
</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Fuirena umbellata Rottb. </p>
            <p>Description of the genus.</p>
            <p>Annuals or rhizomatous perennials. Culms many-noded, rarely scapose, 3-5-sided, sometimes thickened at base. Leaves usually well developed, basal and cauline, ligule tubular, membranous, with blade often reduced in lower leaves (rarely all leaf blades reduced). Involucral bracts leaf-like, usually sheathing, lowermost bract sometimes erect. Inflorescence terminal (in reduced inflorescences, bract may be erect, but clearly leaf-like), paniculate to capitate with few to many spikelets. Glumes many, spirally arranged or rarely pentastichously arranged, deciduous, each subtending a flower, often pubescent, the apex entire and mucronate to awned. Floret bisexual. Perianth present, as long or shorter than nutlet, formed by 3 parts, or when 6 in 2 whorls, the inner parts scale-like, the outer parts bristle-like, rarely all parts reduced or absent or only 1 scale developed, deciduous with the fruit. Stamens 1-3. Style 3-fid, base persistent, barely thickened, if at all. Nutlets obovate, triquetrous to trigonous, frequently stipitate, smooth or variously ornamented. Embryo turbinate to weakly fungiform with a horizontally broadened scutellum, first leaf primordium not strongly outgrown, the second leaf primordium either absent or poorly developed.</p>
            <p>Distribution and ecology.</p>
            <p> Fuirena is a cosmopolitan genus (POWO 2022). It grows in seasonally wet grasslands, freshwater wetlands, on sand or in rocky areas.  Fuirena occurs throughout Madagascar; seven species are known including e.g.  Fuirena pubescens (Poir.) Kunth (Figs 8C, 19). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/21EC295E36205C7C89F2BC74904F32B4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rasaminirina, Fitiavana;Larridon, Isabel	Rasaminirina, Fitiavana, Larridon, Isabel (2023): The genera of Cyperaceae of Madagascar. Plant Ecology and Evolution 156 (3): 276-310, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.98847, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.98847
D21F33CEB711597F93C115391251C17A.text	D21F33CEB711597F93C115391251C17A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hypolytrum Pers. (Persoon 1805	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Hypolytrum Pers. (Persoon 1805: 70)</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Hypolytrum latifolium Rich. ex Pers. [=  Hypolytrum nemorum (Vahl) Spreng.] </p>
            <p>Description of the genus.</p>
            <p>Perennials, moderately robust to robust; rhizomatous or stoloniferous; rhizomes often woody, roots coarse. Culms trigonous or cylindrical, either laterally scapose and bearing reduced leaves at the base (cataphylls), or central with 1-several nodes and bearing well-developed leaves. Leaves eligulate, 3-ranked, sometimes pseudopetiolate; leaf sheath of basal leaves open adaxially; leaf sheath of cauline leaves tubular; blade linear to oblong-lanceolate or reduced (often in basal leaves), with 3, well developed principal veins, margin entire or many small teeth, gradually or abruptly narrowed at apex. Involucral bracts small, scale-like, or large and leaf-like, not sheathing, patent to reflexed. Inflorescence terminal, paniculate, corymbose or capitate, the ultimate branches subtending small clusters of spikes. Spicoids composed of 2(-3) floral bracts, each subtending 1 stamen (male flowers), often connate to varying degrees, the lower two followed by a bare pistil (female flower). Florets unisexual; perianth absent. Stamens 1; anthers oblong to linear, latrorsely dehiscent, without extended connective tip; filaments filiform, exceeding spicoid bract. Style 2-fid, exserted; base distinct or not, thickened or not, more or less persistent. Nutlets obovoid to ellipsoid, dorsiventrally biconvex, smooth, costate, wrinkled, tuberculate or spongious.</p>
            <p>Distribution and ecology.</p>
            <p> Hypolytrum is widely distributed in the tropics (POWO 2022). It grows in humid forests, on the edges of wetlands including mangroves, and in rocky areas near sea level. A single species of the genus, i.e.  Hypolytrum nudicaule Juss. ex Cherm. (Fig. 2), occurs in eastern and northern Madagascar. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D21F33CEB711597F93C115391251C17A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rasaminirina, Fitiavana;Larridon, Isabel	Rasaminirina, Fitiavana, Larridon, Isabel (2023): The genera of Cyperaceae of Madagascar. Plant Ecology and Evolution 156 (3): 276-310, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.98847, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.98847
E3024BE1E1FF5818A304B55EAE96B213.text	E3024BE1E1FF5818A304B55EAE96B213.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Isolepis R. Br. (Brown 1810	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 1.  Isolepis R.Br. (Brown 1810: 221)</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Scirpus setaceus L. [=  Isolepis setacea (L.) R.Br.] </p>
            <p>Description of the genus.</p>
            <p>Small to more rarely medium-sized tufted annuals or mat-forming perennials; rhizome more rarely creeping, rhizomatous or stoloniferous. Culms scapose or with few to many nodes. Leaves eligulate, of a minute lobe or elongated to form a linear blade often much reduced. Primary bracts leaf-like or short, not sheathing, lowermost bract often erect. Inflorescence often pseudolateral, capitate, rarely anthelate. Spikelets few to many or reduced to a single spikelet. Glumes with few to many usually spirally arranged (rarely distichous), mostly deciduous glumes, each subtending a floret. Floret bisexual. Perianth bristles absent. Stamens 1-3; filament ribbon-like, anther crested with minute spikes. Style deeply 2-3-fid; base not distinct, not or slightly thickened, persistent. Nutlets mostly obovoid, thick lenticular to (rounded) trigonous, often 3-ribbed, beaked, surface with various ornamentations.</p>
            <p>Distribution and ecology.</p>
            <p> Isolepis is a cosmopolitan genus (POWO 2022). It grows in temporary and permanently wet areas. In Madagascar,  Isolepis is known from the north and the Central Highlands; four species are known including e.g.  Isolepis fluitans (L.) R.Br. (Fig. 21). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E3024BE1E1FF5818A304B55EAE96B213	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rasaminirina, Fitiavana;Larridon, Isabel	Rasaminirina, Fitiavana, Larridon, Isabel (2023): The genera of Cyperaceae of Madagascar. Plant Ecology and Evolution 156 (3): 276-310, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.98847, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.98847
E223985089C855DF8CE355EF5F47CE39.text	E223985089C855DF8CE355EF5F47CE39.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lepironia Pers. (Persoon 1805	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Lepironia Pers. (Persoon 1805: 70)</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Lepironia mucronata Rich. [=  Lepironia articulata (Retz.) Domin] </p>
            <p>Description of the genus.</p>
            <p> Medium-sized to tall perennials; rhizomes woody, creeping with thick roots. Culms scapose, erect, terete, with transverse septa. Basal leaves, reduced to a sheath, open in front, the margins overlapping, eligulate. Involucral bracts 1, large, subulate, cylindric, erect, culm-like. Inflorescence a single spike, pseudolateral, with many spirally arranged imbricate glume-like bracts; basal glume-like bracts empty, most subtending spicoids. Spicoids with 2 outer strongly keeled glumes and many non-keeled glumes, most subtending 1 stamen and a solitary apparently terminal female flower; rachilla thick and spongy. Florets unisexual; perianth absent. Stamens 1; anthers linear, apiculate; filaments highly accrescent. Style deeply 2-fid, long, slender; base not distinct, slightly thickened, persistent. Nutlets obovoid, dorsiventrally compressed, plano-convex,  ± winged along the margins, beaked. </p>
            <p>Distribution and ecology.</p>
            <p> Lepironia occurs in Madagascar, and in tropical and subtropical Asia to the Western Pacific (POWO 2022). It grows in freshwater wetlands near sea level. In Madagascar, the single species of  Lepironia , i.e.  Lepironia articulata (Fig. 1), occurs along the east coast. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E223985089C855DF8CE355EF5F47CE39	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rasaminirina, Fitiavana;Larridon, Isabel	Rasaminirina, Fitiavana, Larridon, Isabel (2023): The genera of Cyperaceae of Madagascar. Plant Ecology and Evolution 156 (3): 276-310, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.98847, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.98847
F5341F7C7CEE5ACBB49F46132881D09E.text	F5341F7C7CEE5ACBB49F46132881D09E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Machaerina Vahl (Vahl 1805	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Machaerina Vahl (Vahl 1805: 238)</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Schoenus restioides Sw. [=  Machaerina restioides Vahl] </p>
            <p>Description of the genus.</p>
            <p>Medium-sized to tall creeping rhizomatous or stoloniferous perennials. Culms scapose or with few nodes, flattened, angular, compressed or (sub)terete, sometimes septate. Leaves distichous, eligulate, blade ensiform to (sub)terete, sometimes septate, rarely reduced to a sheath. Primary bracts often leaf-like, sheathing. Inflorescence sometimes more or less pseudolateral, paniculate, main axis often sinuous, partial inflorescences sometimes capitately contracted. Spikelets many. Glumes 2-10 distichous, long-persistent, of increasing length, with (1-)2-4(-5) florets subtended by the larger glumes and enclosed by the wings of the next glume. Lower 1-2 floret(s) usually bisexual, upper floret(s) usually functionally male. Bristles absent or poorly developed, or up to 6, delicate, shorter than, to as long as the fruit, deciduous with the fruit. Stamens 3; filaments sometimes conspicuously elongated after anthesis. Style 3-fid, base not distinct, thickened, persistent, sometimes scabrid. Nutlets ovoid to oblong, terete to triquetrous, more or less 3-ribbed to winged, stipitate or sessile, beaked, smooth to rugose.</p>
            <p>Distribution and ecology.</p>
            <p> Machaerina occurs in Tanzania, Western Indian Ocean to Pacific, Tropical America (POWO 2022). It grows in forest, shrubland, or grassland, along streams, in marshy areas or on rocks.  Machaerina occurs in northern, northeastern, and southeastern Madagascar; four species are known including e.g.  Machaerina flexuosa (Boeckeler) J.Kern (Fig. 10). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F5341F7C7CEE5ACBB49F46132881D09E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rasaminirina, Fitiavana;Larridon, Isabel	Rasaminirina, Fitiavana, Larridon, Isabel (2023): The genera of Cyperaceae of Madagascar. Plant Ecology and Evolution 156 (3): 276-310, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.98847, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.98847
D35EBBBEF5FA5D76B6389B2B798A4509.text	D35EBBBEF5FA5D76B6389B2B798A4509.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhynchospora Vahl (Vahl 1805	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Rhynchospora Vahl (Vahl 1805: 229) nom. cons.</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Rhynchospora alba (L.) Vahl </p>
            <p>Description of the genus.</p>
            <p> Usually small to medium-sized perennials, rarely annuals; rhizomatous or with a poorly developed root system. Culms scapose or with 1-many nodes, rounded to trigonous. Leaves radical or radical and cauline; sheaths closed, ligule minute or absent. Involucral bracts leaf-like or reduced. Inflorescence very variable, paniculate, corymbose, anthelate or capitate, rarely pseudolateral. Glumes spirally arranged (rarely distichous), of increasing length to subequal, larger (1-)2-few glume(s) subtending a floret, enclosed by the wings of the next glume. Florets bisexual, the lowest few sterile and/or upper staminate (variable with species). Perianth bristles usually 3-6, or absent. Stamens (1-2-)3, inconspicuous. Style 2-fid, with base persistent (tubercle). Nutlets usually lenticular to globose. Embryo top-shaped in frontal view, root cap developed in a (sub)basal position, and first leaf primordium developed in a lateral position (  Carex -type embryo). </p>
            <p>Distribution and ecology.</p>
            <p> Rhynchospora is a cosmopolitan genus (POWO 2022). It grows in seasonally wet to permanently flooded grassland, laterite outcrops, lake shores, stream sides, swamps, rice fields (Browning and Goetghebeur 2017).  Rhynchospora occurs throughout Madagascar; ten species are known including e.g.  Rhynchospora holoschoenoides (Rich.) Herter (Fig. 11) and  Rhynchospora angolensis Turrill (Fig. 12A). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D35EBBBEF5FA5D76B6389B2B798A4509	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rasaminirina, Fitiavana;Larridon, Isabel	Rasaminirina, Fitiavana, Larridon, Isabel (2023): The genera of Cyperaceae of Madagascar. Plant Ecology and Evolution 156 (3): 276-310, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.98847, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.98847
7136C8D774A9512CAAA39F097EE25799.text	7136C8D774A9512CAAA39F097EE25799.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Schoenoplectiella Lye (Lye 2003	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Schoenoplectiella Lye (Lye 2003: 20)</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Scirpus articulatus L. [=  Schoenoplectiella articulata (L.) Lye] </p>
            <p>Description of the genus.</p>
            <p>Annuals or perennials, tufted or with firm, short to creeping rhizomes. Culms nodeless and scapose or 1(-3)-noded above the base, trigonous, terete or rarely 7-sided. Leaves reduced to a mucronate sheath, rarely with well-developed blades, ligulate or eligulate. Involucral bracts culm-like, erect, or patent while fruiting, rarely short, rigid, and sheathing, but then appearing as a continuation of the stem. Inflorescence pseudolateral, rarely appearing terminal, a corymb-like anthela or capitate with 1-many spikelets, rarely compound-paniculate with 1-many spikelets, with a conspicuously sinuous main axis. Glumes many, spirally arranged, deciduous or persistent, each subtending a flower; scale apex entire to apiculate. Floret bisexual, rarely polygamodoecious. Perianth bristles present or absent, formed by 0-10 parts, smooth or retrorsely scabrid, bristle-like, as long as or longer than the nutlet, deciduous with the fruit. Stamens 2-3, rarely vestigial in female flowers. Style 2-3-fid, base undifferentiated, rarely distinct and somewhat thickened, persistent. Nutlets smooth or transversely rugose to distinctly ridged, obovate, trigonous to planoconvex or biconvex, dark nearing black when mature, sometimes brown.</p>
            <p>Distribution and ecology.</p>
            <p> Schoenoplectiella is a cosmopolitan genus (POWO 2022). It grows in freshwater wetlands, along stream banks, wet grasslands, and rocky areas.  Schoenoplectiella is known from all parts of Madagascar; 13 species are known including e.g.  Schoenoplectiella corymbosa (Roth ex Roem. &amp; Schult.) J.R.Starr &amp; Jim.  Mejías (Figs 8C, 20). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7136C8D774A9512CAAA39F097EE25799	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rasaminirina, Fitiavana;Larridon, Isabel	Rasaminirina, Fitiavana, Larridon, Isabel (2023): The genera of Cyperaceae of Madagascar. Plant Ecology and Evolution 156 (3): 276-310, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.98847, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.98847
CDCBFD0A53885FFA9B92526D749C7FD7.text	CDCBFD0A53885FFA9B92526D749C7FD7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Schoenoplectus (Rchb. 2023) Palla (Palla 1888	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Schoenoplectus (Rchb.) Palla (Palla 1888: 49) nom. cons.</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Schoenoplectus lacustris (L.) Palla </p>
            <p>Description of the genus.</p>
            <p>Perennials with long rhizomes sometimes ending in tubers at tips. Culms scapose, trigonous to terete, thickened at base. Leaves usually reduced to a sheath, sometimes developing a ligulate blade, but rarely well developed. Involucral bracts often large, erect, stem-like, rarely leaf-like, and patent to reflexed. Inflorescence pseudolateral, rarely clearly terminal, corymb-like anthela or capitate. Spikelet 1 or few. Glumes many, spirally arranged, deciduous, each subtending a flower; puberulent to glabrous, the margins often ciliate or laciniate distally, apex entire to emarginate or deeply 2-fid, awned or mucronate. Floret bisexual. Perianth present, formed by (5-)6 parts, smooth to retorsely scabrid, bristle-like or sometimes plumose, longer or shorter than nutlet, deciduous with fruit. Stamens 2-3. Style 2-3-fid, base not thickened, persistent. Nutlets smooth, obovate, trigonous, or dorsiventrally lenticular, yellow to dark brown when mature; fruit epidermal cells isodiametric to narrowly oblong. Embryo fungiform, scutellum turbinate to rhomboid in shape, root cap lateral, first well developed and second embryonic leaves basal.</p>
            <p>Distribution and ecology.</p>
            <p> Schoenoplectus is a cosmopolitan genus (POWO 2022). It grows in freshwater wetlands, along stream banks, wet grasslands, and rocky areas. In Madagascar, only two species of  Schoenoplectus occur including e.g.  Schoenoplectus subulatus (Vahl) Lye (Haines and Lye 1983: 54). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CDCBFD0A53885FFA9B92526D749C7FD7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rasaminirina, Fitiavana;Larridon, Isabel	Rasaminirina, Fitiavana, Larridon, Isabel (2023): The genera of Cyperaceae of Madagascar. Plant Ecology and Evolution 156 (3): 276-310, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.98847, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.98847
314B26648D7E5248868F2FBBB43264A7.text	314B26648D7E5248868F2FBBB43264A7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scleria P. J. Bergius (Bergius 1765	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Scleria P.J.Bergius (Bergius 1765: 142)</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Scleria flagellum-nigrorum P.J.Bergius </p>
            <p>Description of the genus.</p>
            <p>Habit variable, from tiny annuals with fibrous roots to perennial climbers more than 10 meters tall; stoloniferous rhizome or tubers; aerial adventitious roots at stem nodes (adaptation to flooded habitats). Culms trigonous or triquetrous, noded bearing leaves often without ligules, sometimes with a contraligule. Leaves alternate, tristichously arranged, often persistent at the base, and finely serrate at least along the distal third of the margins, rarely smooth: sometimes abruptly narrowed down or pseudopraemorse; sheaths sometimes winged, usually topped by a contraligule, opposite to the blade. Inflorescence bracts leaf-like and sheathing, setaceous, or glume-like; spikelet bract usually setaceous, rarely glume-like. Inflorescence variable, usually paniculate, but often with contracted partial inflorescences. Spikelets bearing flowers of one or both sexes, the bisexual ones with one basal female and one to few male flowers above; female spikelet similar but upper part reduced to 1-2 empty scales or wanting; male spikelet lacking basal female flower and with more male flowers. Glumes in androgynous or bisexual spikelets the lower part is female with distichously arranged glumes (a few may be empty), upper part male with few to many spirally arranged glumes. Florets always unisexual, enclosed by at least three glumes. Bristles absent. Stamens 1-3, anthers often linear, more or less apiculate. Style 3-fid; ovary surrounded at the base by a variously shaped (sometimes reduced) lobed hypogynium, which is shed with the fruit. Nutlets globose to ovoid, variously sculptured and ornamented, usually white, sometimes beaked, subtended by a cupule, frequently surrounded by a hypogynium.</p>
            <p>Distribution and ecology.</p>
            <p> Scleria is widely distributed in the tropics and subtropics up to North America (POWO 2022). It grows in seasonally damp or permanently wet habitats, woodland, forests stream sides, and grasslands (Browning and Goetghebeur 2017).  Scleria occurs throughout Madagascar. The 25 previously known species, including e.g.  Scleria bulbifera Hochst. ex A.Rich. (Fig. 7) and  Scleria distans Poir. (Fig. 8A), were recently monographed (  Díaz et al. 2019), and a new species has been recently discovered from northern Madagascar (Larridon et al. unpubl. data). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/314B26648D7E5248868F2FBBB43264A7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rasaminirina, Fitiavana;Larridon, Isabel	Rasaminirina, Fitiavana, Larridon, Isabel (2023): The genera of Cyperaceae of Madagascar. Plant Ecology and Evolution 156 (3): 276-310, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.98847, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.98847
A10B1A2D3AC3582C867FCEDBF2311811.text	A10B1A2D3AC3582C867FCEDBF2311811.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trichoschoenus J. Raynal (Raynal 1968	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> 2.  Trichoschoenus J.Raynal (Raynal 1968: 223)</p>
            <p>Type species.</p>
            <p> Trichoschoenus bosseri J.Raynal </p>
            <p>Description of the genus.</p>
            <p>Small to medium-sized tufted perennials; thick roots. Culms scapose, densely hairy, flattened, tufted. Leaves reduced to a sheath, leaf sheath of increasing length, blade sometime present as a short mucro, eligulate. Primary bracts mostly as long as or shorter than spikelet, not sheathing. Inflorescence capitate. Spikelets many. Glumes 3, distichous, deciduous, of increasing length, the second subtending a floret, enclosed by the wings of the next. Florets bisexual. Perianth bristles absent. Stamens 3. Style deeply 3-fid, base more or less distinct, thickened, persistent. Nutlets obovoid, trigonous, with a thick short beak, surface minutely reticulate.</p>
            <p>Distribution and ecology.</p>
            <p> Trichoschoenus is the only endemic genus of  Cyperaceae in Madagascar. Its only species  Trichoschoenus bosseri (see Browning and Goetghebeur 2017: 85) has only been collected near Ihosy in the Central Highlands (Raynal 1968). It grows in dry sandy soil, in open woodland (Browning and Goetghebeur 2017) between 500 to 1000 m in elevation (Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Madagascar 2023). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A10B1A2D3AC3582C867FCEDBF2311811	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rasaminirina, Fitiavana;Larridon, Isabel	Rasaminirina, Fitiavana, Larridon, Isabel (2023): The genera of Cyperaceae of Madagascar. Plant Ecology and Evolution 156 (3): 276-310, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.98847, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.98847
