identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
43224243FFFC001BB7DBFB16271BF9B0.text	43224243FFFC001BB7DBFB16271BF9B0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Centrorhynchidae Van Cleave 1916	<div><p>Family Centrorhynchidae</p> <p>A single juvenile male, Centrorhynchus sp. 1, was found in Herpetotheres cachinnans (Linneaus, 1758); Paraguay, Santa Sofia 10E, 11.10.1988 (INVE 38398). The measurements were as follows: Trunk 3 mm long, 435 at widest part, proboscis 600 long, 215 wide, neck 165 by 215, proboscis receptacle 871 by 188, the lemnisci tubular, extending posteriorly beyond the proboscis receptacle, 1220 long and the testes; anterior 82.5 by 56, posterior 89 by 19.5. The proboscis was armed with 26 rows of 24 hooks per row comprising 6 true hooks + 16 spiniform hooks.</p> <p>A single juvenile female, also a centrorhynchid, (Figs 1-4) was found in Turdus amaurochalinus Cabanis, 1850; Paraguay, S-Lorenzo N 10 E 16.10.1987 (MHNG- INV-82726). Since the anterior trunk of this specimen had 2 irregular rows of small spines although otherwise conforming to the diagnosis of the genus Centrorhynchus it could not be assigned to any known genus at this time. Measurements were: Trunk length 4.3 mm, maximum width 850; proboscis 617 long by 201 wide; neck 207 by TABLE 1. Acanthocephala: Centrorhynchidae and Plagiorhynchidae from 21 bird hosts from Paraguay, South America collected between 1982 and 1989.</p> <p>Host Host Locality Dept. Geographical Acanthocephalan</p> <p>field coordinates</p> <p>no. Py</p> <p>Ciconiformes: Ardeidae Ardea alba Linnaeus, 1758 6609 Transchaco 180 Pte Hayes -24.05 -58.37 Lueheia inscripta (Westrumb, 1821) Cuculiformes: Cuculidae Crotophaga ani Linneaus, 1758 2627 Santa Maria Itapua -26.99 -55.82 Centrorhynchus guira Lunaschi &amp; Drago, 2010 Falconiformes: Acciptridae Buteo magnirostris (Gmelin, 1788) 2169 15 Km E from Paraguari -26.39 -57.31 Centrorhynchus viarius n. sp.</p> <p>Cerrito</p> <p>6066 Puerto Militar 35 Pte Hayes -23.52 -57.78 Centrorhynchus viarius</p> <p>4079 Transchaco 110 Pte Hayes -24.52 -58.03 Centrorhynchus viarius</p> <p>4143 Pratts Gill Boqueron -22.56 -61.71 Centrorhynchus viarius Buteogallus meridionalis (Latham, 1790) 6682 Transchaco 293 Pte Hayes -23.40 -58.99 Centrorhynchus viarius</p> <p>4902 Transchaco 293 Pte Hayes -23.40 -58.99 Centrorhynchus viarius Buteogallus urubutinga (Gmelin, 1788) 6589 Transchaco 70 Pte Hayes -24.81 -57.77 Centrorhynchus viarius Geranoaetus melanoleucus (Vieillot, 1819) 6528 Aquidaban Concepcion -23.11 -57.62 Centrorhynchus geranoaeti n. sp. Parabuteo uncinatus (Temminck, 1824) 6068 Transchaco 115 Pte Hayes -24.48 -58.05 Centrorhynchus viarius Falconidae Herpetotheres cachinnans (Linnaeus, 1758) 7334 Santa Sofia 10E Concepcion -22.33 -57.07 Centrorhynchus sp. Passeriformes: Furnariidae Synallaxis sp. 7250 S-Lorenzo N 10E Central -26.78 -57.49 Lueheia inscripta Turdidae Turdus amaurochalinus Cabanis, 1850 7372 S-Lorenzo N 10E Central -26.78 -57.49 Lueheia inscripta</p> <p>7373 S-Lorenzo N 10E Central -26.78 -57.49 Lueheia inscripta</p> <p>7373 S-Lorenzo N 10E Central -26.78 -57.49 Centrorhynchidae</p> <p>Tyrannidae</p> <p>Pitangus sulphuratus (Linnaeus, 1766) 3281 Arroyo Tagatiya- Concepcion -22.76 -57.45 Centrorhynchus pitangi n. sp. Guazu 4891 Arroyo Agua-Pey Itapua -27.13 -56.28 Centrorhynchus pitangi 4895 Arroyo Agua- Pey Itapua -27.13 -57.28 Centrorhynchus pitangi</p> <p>Thamnophillidae</p> <p>Taraba major (Vieillot, 1816) 7360 S-Lorenzo N 10E Central -26.78 -57.49 Lueheia inscripta</p> <p>Strigiformes: Strigidae</p> <p>Megascops choliba (Vieillot, 1817) 2123 Arroyo Agua-Pey Itapua -27.13 -56.28 Centrorhynchus millerae n.sp.</p> <p>4886 Arroyo Agua-Pey Itapua -27.13 -57.28 Centrorhynchus millerae</p> <p>TABLE 2. Adults and cystacanths of Acanthocephala, collected from bird hosts in Paraguay, South America between 1982 and 1989, which could not be fully identified.</p> <p>Host Host field Helminth Locality Department Geographical Notes</p> <p>no. Py registration coordinates</p> <p>no. INVE</p> <p>Caprimulgiformes: Caprimulgidae</p> <p>Caprimulgus parvulus Gould, 1837 4748 38450 Rio Piribebuy Cordillera -25.08 -57.35 3 pieces of adult</p> <p>Cuculiformes: Cuculidae</p> <p>Guira guira (Gmelin, 1788) 5363 38381 Itaipu Alto Parana -25.02 -54.50 cystacanth, proboscis inverted possibly Centrorhynchus sp.</p> <p>Passeriformes: Dendrocolaptidae</p> <p>Campyloramphus trochilirostris 7417 38403 S Lorenzo N 10E Central -26.78 -54.49 cystacanth, Centrorhynchus sp.</p> <p>(Lichtenstein, 1820)</p> <p>Lepidocolaptes angustirostris 2229 38473 Est. Montiel Paraguari -26.39 -57.31 1 cystacanth, probably Centrorhynchus sp.</p> <p>(Vieillot, 1819) Potrero</p> <p>Emberizidae</p> <p>Emberizoides herbicola (Vieillot, 1817) 3487 38438 Tobati Cordillera -25.28 -57.09 1 female, no proboscis or proboscis receptacle</p> <p>Hirundinidae</p> <p>Stelgidopteryx ruficollis (Vieillot, 1817) 4273 38458 Rio Guazu, Rte 3 San Pedro -24.10 -56.45 1 female, no proboscis possibly</p> <p>Jejui Mediorhynchus sp.</p> <p>Icteridae</p> <p>Chrysomus cyanopus (Vieillot, 1819) 8274 38140 General Diaz Alto -21.13 -58.52 1 female, no proboscis or proboscis receptacle Paraguay</p> <p>Thraupidae</p> <p>Oryzoborus angolensis (Linnaeus, 1766) 6899 38396 Arroyo Tapiracuai San Pedro -24.60 -56.49 cystacanths, proboscis inverted</p> <p>Thamnophillidae</p> <p>Taraba major (Vieillot, 1816) 4082 38436 Transchaco 293 Pte Hayes -23.40 -58.99 cystacanths probably Lueheia inscripta</p> <p>Turdidae</p> <p>Turdus amaurochalinus Cabanis, 1850 4813 48453 Pedro P Pena Boqueron -22.45 -62.35 no proboscis, probably Lueheia inscripta</p> <p>Tyrannidae</p> <p>Myiarchus tyrannulus 3585 38435 Rte Montania Boqueron -21.97 -59.95 2 females, no proboscis</p> <p>(Statius Muller, 1776) Madrigon 20</p> <p>Tyrannus savana Vieillot, 1808 4200 38441 Rio Guazu, Rte 3 San Pedro -24.10 -56.45 1 female juvenile, no proboscis</p> <p>Piciformes: Dendrocolaptidae Jejui</p> <p>Melanerpes cactorum (d’Orbigny. 1840) 8813 38423 Pozo Arias Pte Hayes -23.65 -60.10 1 female no proboscis or proboscis receptacle</p> <p>Trogoniformes: Trogonidae</p> <p>Trogon curucui Linnaeus, 1766 8071 38408 Puente Zinho Concepcion -22.38 -56.91 cystacanths, proboscis inverted</p> <p>8193 38424 Arroyo Tagatija-mi Concepcion -22.69 -57.58 2 pieces of adult</p> <p>FIGS 1-4</p> <p>Centrorhynchid species. (1) Juvenile female. (2) Posterior end showing female reproductive tract. (3) Female proboscis showing armature. (4) Proboscis hooks, longitudinal row, hooks 3- 14, showing true, transitional and spiniform hooks. Scale bars: 1, 1 mm; 2, 3, 100 µm; 4, 25 µm.</p> <p>268, proboscis receptacle 1005 by 282; lemnisci tubular, longer than proboscis receptacle, 1020; reproductive tract 792 long, genital pore subterminal. The proboscis was armed with 20 or 22 rows of 14 hooks, 7 true hooks + 2 transitional hooks + 5 spiniform hooks; true and spiniform hooks with similar blade lengths, hooks 14 shortest in each row. Hook blade lengths in each longitudinal row: hooks 3, 39.6; 4, 33.0; 5, 33.0; 6, 42.9; 7, 42.9; 8, 39.6; 9, 39.6; 10, 42.9; 11, 46.2; 12, 39.6; 13, 36.3; 14, 29.7</p> <p>The proboscis armatures of these two specimens differed from each other and from any of the species presently known from South America (Petrochenko, 1958; Lunaschi &amp; Drago, 2010). The presence of spines on the anterior trunk of the female specimen does not fit the diagnosis of the genus Centrorhynchus, that is: trunk spineless, but does conform to the diagnosis in all other characters. More specimens are needed of both putative species of centrorhynchid however, before complete identifications and descriptions can be prepared.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/43224243FFFC001BB7DBFB16271BF9B0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Smales, Lesley R.	Smales, Lesley R. (2013): Acanthocephala including the descriptions of new species of Centrorhynchus (Centrorhynchidae) and the redescription of Lueheia inscripta (Westrumb, 1821) (Plagiorhynchidae) from birds from Paraguay South America. Revue suisse de Zoologie 120 (2): 175-202, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6118593
43224243FFF80018B7DBFF4B27E5FC68.text	43224243FFF80018B7DBFF4B27E5FC68.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Centrorhynchus guira Lunaschi & Drago 2010	<div><p>Centrorhynchus guira Lunaschi &amp; Drago, 2010 Figs 5-12</p> <p>MATERIAL EXAMINED: MHNG-INVE-38439; one male, pieces of a male and two females from Crotophaga ani Linnaeus, 1758, small intestine; Paraguay, Santa Maria, 28.10.1982.</p> <p>COMMENTS: The proboscis armature of the specimens from C. ani, 32 longitudinal rows of 7-8 + 3-5 + 6-7, a total of 16-19 hooks per row, was consistent with that of C. guira. The armature of C. guira was described as 32 rows of 8-9 + 4 + 6, 18-19 hooks, although study of the photomicrograph, fig. 1b suggests that there are 5 transitional hooks in some rows (Lunaschi &amp; Drago, 2010). The morphology and morphometrics of the specimens from C. ani, with the exception of the neck length, were also consistent with those of C. guira (see Table 3). The relevant photomicrograph, fig. 1a, given by Lunaschi &amp; Drago (2010), is not clear although careful scrutiny suggests the neck length is more likely to be about 205-255, a measurement consistent with that of the specimens from C. ani, than the 30-68 given in the text. Examination of the male specimens in this study suggest that the genital pore is terminal as stated in Lunaschi &amp; Drago (2010). In the photomicrograph fig. 1e (Lunaschi &amp; Drago, 2010), however, the genital pore appears subterminal. In females the posterior end of the trunk is swollen and the genital pore is subterminal. Figures 5-12 are given here for C. guira to show the trunk shape and the relative proportions and positions of the internal organs because they were not illustrated in the original description.</p> <p>The geographical range of C. guira has been extended from Argentina to Paraguay and the host range from Guira guira (Gmelin, 1788) to Cryptopgaga ani, both belonging to the cuckoo family, Cuculidae.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/43224243FFF80018B7DBFF4B27E5FC68	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Smales, Lesley R.	Smales, Lesley R. (2013): Acanthocephala including the descriptions of new species of Centrorhynchus (Centrorhynchidae) and the redescription of Lueheia inscripta (Westrumb, 1821) (Plagiorhynchidae) from birds from Paraguay South America. Revue suisse de Zoologie 120 (2): 175-202, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6118593
43224243FFF80015B7DBFC6124E7FBF3.text	43224243FFF80015B7DBFC6124E7FBF3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Centrorhynchus geranoaeti R. & Smales 2013	<div><p>Centrorhynchus geranoaeti n. sp. Figs 13-19</p> <p>MATERIAL EXAMINED: MNHG-INVE-82718; holotype, male, from the small intestine of Geranoeatus melanoleucos (Gmelin, 1788); Paraguay, Aquidaban, 12.10.1988. – MNHG-INVE- 82719; paratype (allotype), female, from the small intestine of Geranoeatus melanoleucos (Gmelin, 1788); Paraguay, Aquidaban, 12.10.1988. – MNHG-INVE-38386; paratypes, male, 1 piece male, 2 females, 1 juvenile female, all from the small intestine of Geranoeatus melanoleucos (Gmelin, 1788); Paraguay, Aquidaban, 12.10.1988.</p> <p>ETYMOLOGY: The species name is taken from the genus name of the host.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION</p> <p>General: (based on 2 males, 3 females, and 1 juvenile female) Trunk spineless, elongated; dilated anteriorly in region of testes in male, more or less cylindrical in female terminating in a digitiform process. Neck shorter than broad. Proboscis in 2 parts, slightly wider at base, with constriction anterior to insertion of proboscis receptacle, at about half way between apex and base of proboscis. Proboscis armature 30 rows 20-22 hooks, showing sexual dimorphism. Males: first 7-8 hooks in each longitudinal row with large simple roots, blades hooks 1-6/7 45-50 long, blades hooks 7/8 25 long; next 1-2 hooks with laterally extending shorter roots, blades 10-15 long; posterior 9-11 hooks spiniform, inserted on posterior part of proboscis, blades 10-20 long. Females: first 7-8 hooks with large simple roots, blades 1-7/8, 45-50 long, blades 7/8, 30 long; next 3-4 transitional hooks, blades 25 long; posterior 10-11 hooks spiniform, inserted on posterior part of proboscis, blades 10-30 long. Neck spineless, shorter than broad. Proboscis receptacle double walled. Lemnisci tubular, inserted at TABLE 3. Comparative measurements of Centrorhynchus albidus and selected other species of Centrorhynchus, reported from South America, including species from this study; data from Travassos, 1926, Petrochenko, 1958, Schmidt &amp; Neiland, 1966, Lunaschi &amp; Drago, 2010.</p> <p>C. albidus C. C. C. guira C. millerae C. pitangi C. C. viarius C. tumidulus geranoaeti giganteus polymorphus</p> <p>Argentina Paraguay</p> <p>Males young male</p> <p>Trunklengthmm 12 15 12.5 26.1- 30.9 30 13 9-11 6.5 12-18 15-24</p> <p>Proboscis length 928-1250 1005 1870 790-970 805 650 1005-1020 670-880 804-1020</p> <p>Neck length 18 235 30-68 235-360 221 268-402 268-306</p> <p>width 372 636 410-510 470-510 370 670-735 382-510</p> <p>Proboscisreceptaclelength 1160-1250 1410 1400-1600 1200 1200 1307-1360 800-1000 1105-1785 1000-1160</p> <p>Lemnisci length 1460-2500 1360 5200 1940-2340 2211 1250 2800 1200-2000 1540 1300-2300</p> <p>Anterior testis length 1000-568 502 300 1060-1200 1088 536 1105-1700 250 470-480 570</p> <p>width 278 402 250 540-630 476-595 402 476-731 200 248-425 670</p> <p>Posterior testis length 670 1110-1290 1139-1156 536 1105-1870 603-1190</p> <p>width 335 514-660 527-697 375 510-782 235-425</p> <p>Cementglandslengthmm 6.7 7.0 18.0-18.7 8.8 5.1 2.5-3.0 4.3-5.6 10.0-14.0</p> <p>Saefftigen’s pouch length 1400 1000 2710-2970 2380-3400 1300 1200 1000 918-2210 1100-2300</p> <p>Females mature</p> <p>female</p> <p>Trunklengthmm 16 21-22 37-55 38.8-50.4 50-55 25-35 16-19 9 12-35 15-37 Reproductive tract length 1206 2630 2145 900-2250 2000 972-1340</p> <p>Proboscislength 1250 1105-1240 920-1000 805 850-900 804-1020 740-1072 Proboscisreceptaclelength 1250 1530-1700 1690-1770 1700 1226-1810 1394-1615 1206-1581</p> <p>Lemnisci length 2500 1800-2710 2211 1445-1700 2200 1005-1335</p> <p>Egglength 42 49.5-56.0 56.0 53-64 46-53 49.5-56.0 56-66.5 44-50 42.5-49.5 53-56</p> <p>width 20 23-29.5 28-32 24-29 23-30 23.0-29.5 26.5-32.5 22-30 18.5-23.0 21</p> <p>FIGS 5-12</p> <p>Centrorhynchus guira Lunaschi &amp; Drago, 2010. (5) Male anterior end. (6) Male proboscis showing armature. (7) Egg. (8) Male proboscis hooks, showing part of longitudinal row of true hooks numbers 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 and 2 rows of 3 transitional hooks numbers 9, 10 11 and 9, 10, 11, 12 respectively. (9) Male posterior end. (10) Female posterior end showing bulbous shape and reproductive tract. (11) Male proboscis hooks showing longitudinal rows of 6 spiniform hooks. (12) Female proboscis, longitudinal rows of 4 and 5 transitional hooks showing manubria from differing orientations. Scale bars: 5, 9, 10, 1 mm; 6, 100 µm; 7, 8, 11, 12, 25 µm.</p> <p>base of neck, extend posteriorly beyond proboscis receptacle. Cerebral ganglion located at mid region of proboscis receptacle, posterior to neck.</p> <p>Male: (based on 2 specimens) Trunk 15 mm long, 1550 at widest part. Proboscis 1005 long, 335 wide. Neck 235 long, 635 wide at base. Proboscis receptacle 1410 long, 340 wide; lemnisci 1360 long. Testes oval, tandem, not contiguous, in anterior third of trunk; anterior testis 502 long, 402 wide; posterior testis 670 long, 335 wide. Cement glands, 3, elongated, tubular, begin immediately posterior to end of posterior testis, 6700 long; Saefftigen’s pouch 1400 long. Genital pore terminal. Entire male system occupies about 88% trunk length.</p> <p>Female: (Based on 3 specimens) Trunk 21, 22 mm long, 765, 940 wide. Proboscis 1105, 1240 long, 302, 425 wide. Neck 155, 235 long, 535, 605 wide at base. Proboscis receptacle 1530, 1700 long, 255, 325 wide. Lemnisci concealed by eggs. Reproductive tract, uterine bell to genital pore, 1206 long. Posterior end with digitiform papilla, genital pore subterminal. Eggs oval, external shell thick, ridged, 49.5- 56.0 (52.8) long, 23.0-29.5 (25.6) wide.</p> <p>COMMENTS: Centrorhynchus geranoaeti n. sp. conforms to the diagnosis of the genus given by Golvan (1956, 1960). Centrorhynchus geranoaeti differs from all other species of Centrorhynchus in that the female has typical transitional hooks with anteriorly extending manubria but the male does not. In males the anterior true hooks have large simple roots and the posterior ones short laterally extending roots. In the key to the Neotropical species of Centrorhynchus by Lunaschi &amp; Drago (2010) C. geranoaeti with 30 longitudinal rows of 22-24 hooks, the transitionals with lateral alate processes, falls closest to C. guira, with 32 rows of 18-19 hooks, also with transitionals with lateral alate processes. Centrorhynchus geranoaeti can be further differentiated from C. guira, in having fewer, smaller, transitional hooks (2-3, 10-20 long, compared with 4-5, 19-33 long) and more spiniform hooks (9-11 compared with 6-7) in each longitudinal row. Centrorhynchus geranoaeti is a smaller worm than C. guira, with a longer proboscis, lemnisci not extending posteriorly beyond the proboscis receptacle, smaller testes, shorter cement glands, Saefftigen’s pouch and female reproductive tract. The female trunk is more or less cylindrical, terminating in a digitiform process in C. geranoaeti and swollen posteriorly in C. guira. See Table 3 for comparative measurements.</p> <p>Centrorhynchus geranoaeti with a proboscis armature of 30 rows of 22-24 hooks per row is also near to C. albidus and C. polymorphus, both having 28-30 rows of hooks and nearest to C. albidus that has 20-22 hooks per row (Schmidt &amp; Neiland, 1966). Lunaschi &amp; Drago (2010) interpret the proboscis armature of C. albidus, from figure 5 of Schmidt &amp; Neiland (1966), as being up to 30 rows of 8 + 4 + 10 hooks per row. The descriptive text states “first 7 hooks in each row with well developed root, next hook with reduced root, next 13 or 14 hooks rootless” (Schmidt &amp; Neiland, 1966). A careful study of figure 5, however, shows 8 hooks with true roots, the next with a reduced root and manubrium, then 3 with manubrium only and the last 10 rootless spines. Using this latter interpretation C. geranoaeti and C. albidus further differ in the number and form of each type of hook in each row (for males 8-10 hooks with large roots + 1-2 hooks with reduced roots + 9-10 spiniform hooks, compared with 7-8 hooks</p> <p>FIGS 13-19</p> <p>Centrorhynchus geranoaeti sp. n. (13) Male. (14) Female proboscis, showing armature. (15) Egg. (16) Female proboscis hooks, longitudinal row showing true hooks 8, 9, 10 and 3 transitional hooks. (17) Female posterior end. (18) Female posterior end showing reproductive tract, trunk contracted, posterior digitiform process inverted. (19) Male proboscis hooks, showing examples of a true hook with a large simple root and true hooks with reduced roots. Scale bars: 13, 1 mm; 14, 200 µm; 15, 16, 19, 25 µm 17, 500 µm; 18, 400 µm.</p> <p>with large roots + 1 hook with reduced root and manubrium + 3 transitional hooks + 9-11 spiniform hooks). Centrorhynchus geranoaeti has smaller testes and larger eggs than C. albidus (Table 3).</p> <p>Centrorhynchus geranoaeti further differs from C. polymorphus in the number of hooks per row (22-24 compared with 17), body shape (cylindrical not claviform) and length of proboscis, proboscis receptacle, cement glands and testis size (Table 3). Dimitrova &amp; Gibson (2005) suggested that shape and size of the body and proboscis of C. polymorphus better fits the generic diagnosis of Sphaerirostris than of Centrorhynchus (see Golvan, 1956, 1960).</p> <p>Centrorhynchus simplex Meyer, 1932, from Brazil was described only from juvenile forms encysted in the body cavity of a snake. The identity of the host is uncertain although the name given in the text, Coluber olivaceus, may be Liophis poecilogyrus (Wied-Neuwied, 1825). Centrorhynchus simplex can be distinguished from C. geranoaeti by the proboscis armature of 22-24 longitudinal rows of 24 hooks (Petrochenko, 1958).</p> <p>Six species of Centrorhynchus are found in North America (Richardson &amp; Nickol, 1995). Centrorhynchus kuntzi has also been recorded from Nicaragua and C. microcephalus from Mexico, both therefore being included in the key to the Neotropical species of Centrorhynchus. Of the remaining four species, C. californicus Millzner, 1924, C. conspectus Van Cleave &amp; Pratt, 1940 and C. robustus Richardson &amp; Nickol, 1995 have been reported only from the United States of America (Richardson &amp; Nickol, 1995) and C. spinosus (Kaiser, 1893) from the United States and the Galapogos Islands (Van Cleave, 1924, 1940; Richardson &amp; Nickol, 1995). Centrorhynchus californicus, C. conspectus and C. robustus can be distinguished from C. geranoaeti by their proboscis armature, having neither 30 longitudinal rows of hooks nor 10-12 true hooks, nor any transitional hooks in either male or female in each longitudinal row. Centrorhynchus spinosus is a larger worm than C. geranoaeti (male 30-45 mm compared with 15 mm), although with 32 rows of hooks it has a similar proboscis armature. However C. spinosus has no transitional hooks in either male or female and more spiniform hooks than C. geranoaeti (14-15 compared with 9-11) per row and the hooks of C. spinosus are larger than those of C. geranoaeti (48-60 compared with 10-50).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/43224243FFF80015B7DBFC6124E7FBF3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Smales, Lesley R.	Smales, Lesley R. (2013): Acanthocephala including the descriptions of new species of Centrorhynchus (Centrorhynchidae) and the redescription of Lueheia inscripta (Westrumb, 1821) (Plagiorhynchidae) from birds from Paraguay South America. Revue suisse de Zoologie 120 (2): 175-202, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6118593
43224243FFF50010B7C4FBCB260CFED3.text	43224243FFF50010B7C4FBCB260CFED3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Centrorhynchus millerae R. & Smales 2013	<div><p>Centrorhynchus millerae sp. n. Figs 20-27</p> <p>MATERIAL EXAMINED: MNHG-INVE-82720; holotype, male, from Megascops choliba (Vieillot, 1817), small intestine: Paraguay, Arroyo Agua-Pey, 25.10.1986. – MNHG-INVE- 82721; paratype (allotype) female, from Megascops choliba (Vieillot, 1817), small intestine: Paraguay, Arroyo Agua-Pey, 25.10.1986. – MNHG-INVE-38444, paratypes 3 pieces female from Megascops choliba (Vieillot, 1817), small intestine: Paraguay, Arroyo Agua-Pey, 25.10.1986. – MNHG-INVE-38443; voucher specimens, 4 females, 6 pieces female from M. choliba, small intestine: Paraguay, Arroyo Agua-Pey, 10.10.1982.</p> <p>ETYMOLOGY: This species is named in honour of the Director of the South</p> <p>Australian Museum.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION</p> <p>General: (based on 1 male, 5 females, and 6 pieces of females) Trunk spineless, elongated; dilated anteriorly in region of testes in male, with swollen posterior end terminating in digitiform process in female. Neck shorter than broad. Proboscis in 2 parts, widest at base, with constriction at insertion of proboscis receptacle about 60% of distance from apex to proboscis base, anterior proboscis slightly expanded anterior to constriction. Proboscis armature 30-32 longitudinal rows 17-20 hooks, showing sexual FIGS 20-27</p> <p>Centrorhynchus millerae sp. n. (20) Female proboscis hooks, longitudinal row true hooks 1-6. (21) Female proboscis hooks, longitudinal row 11 spiniform hooks. (22) Egg. (23) Male. (24) Female, anterior end. (25) Female proboscis hooks, longitudinal rows 2-3 transitional hooks. (26) Male proboscis hooks, showing true hooks with simple roots and 1-2 hooks with reduced roots. (27) Female reproductive tract. Scale bars: 20, 22, 25, 26, 25 µm; 21, 12.5 µm; 23, 1 mm; 24, 27, 400 µm.</p> <p>dimorphism. Male: in each longitudinal row first 5-6 hooks with large simple roots, blades 20-50 long, blades hooks 3, 45-50, longest, blades hooks 1, 6, 20-30, shortest; next hook with reduced root, blade 18-20 long, next 10-14 hooks spiniform, blades 11-15 long. Female: in each longitudinal row first 5-6 hooks with large simple roots, blades hooks 3 longest, blades hooks 1, 6 shortest; 3-4 transitional hooks with manubria, blades 20-25 long; next 9-12 hooks spiniform, blades 10-15 long, inserted on posterior part of proboscis. Neck spineless, shorter than broad. Proboscis receptacle double walled. Lemnisci elongated, claviform, inserted at base of neck, extend posteriorly beyond proboscis receptacle. Cerebral ganglion located at mid region of proboscis receptacle, posterior to neck.</p> <p>Male: (based one specimen) Trunk 13 mm long, 1700 at widest part. Proboscis partly inverted estimated length 650, width 302. Neck 221 long, 370 wide at base. Proboscis receptacle 1200 long, 308 wide; lemnisci 1250 long. Testes oval, tandem, contiguous, in anterior third of trunk; anterior testis 536 long, 402 wide; posterior testis 536 long, 375 wide. Cement glands, 3 or 4 (number not determined), elongated, tubular, begin immediately posterior to end of posterior testis, 8800 long; Saefftigen’s pouch 1300 long. Genital pore terminal. Entire male system occupies about 80% trunk length.</p> <p>Female: (Based on 5 specimens) trunk 25-35 (29.5) mm long, 470-590 (575) wide. Proboscis 850-900 (875) long, 280-320 (299) wide. Neck 155-270 (203) long, 402-435 (420) wide at base. Proboscis receptacle 1226-1810 (1409) long, 205-340 (267) wide. Lemnisci 1445-1700 (1509) long. Reproductive tract, uterine bell to genital pore, 900-2250 (1575) long. Genital pore subterminal. Eggs oval, external shell thick, ridged, 49.5-56.0 (53.1) long, 23.0-29.5 (26.7) wide.</p> <p>COMMENTS: Centrorhynchus millerae sp. n. conforms to the diagnosis of the genus given by Golvan (1956, 1960). Centrorhynchus millerae differs from all species of Centrorhynchus, except C. geranoaeti, in that only the females have a proboscis armature with transitional hooks. Centrorhynchus millerae differs from C. geranoaeti in the number hooks per row (16-20, of which 5-7 are true hooks compared with 22-24, 8-12) and the form of the transitional hooks, with lateral alate processes on the manubria for C. millerae, without for C. geranoaeti. Centrorhynchus millerae has a shorter proboscis and longer cement glands than C. geranoaeti (Table 3). Centrorhynchus millerae occurs in the passerine, Pitangus sulfuratus, the great kiskadee and C. geranoaeti in the strigiform, Megascops cholida, the tropical screech owl.</p> <p>In the key to the Neotropical species of Centrorhynchus (Lunaschi &amp; Drago, 2010) C. millerae, clusters together with C. guira and C. kuntzi as a third species with lateral alate processes on the transitional hooks. Centrorhynchus millerae is closest to, but differs from, C. guira in the number and arrangement of hooks of the proboscis armature (30-32 rows of 16-20 hooks compared with 32 rows of 16-19 hooks). Centrorhynchus millerae further differs from C. guira in having fewer true hooks and more spiniform hooks per row (5-6 and 9-14 compared with 7-9 and 6-7). Centrorhynchus millerae is a smaller worm than C. guira and has shorter lemnisci, smaller testes, shorter cement glands and shorter female reproductive tract (Table 3).</p> <p>Centrorhynchus simplex, also from South America, and each of the species of Centrorhynchus from North America, as discussed above for C. geranoaeti, can be further distinguished from C. millerae by their proboscis armature, having differing combinations of true and spiniform hooks and no transitional hooks.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/43224243FFF50010B7C4FBCB260CFED3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Smales, Lesley R.	Smales, Lesley R. (2013): Acanthocephala including the descriptions of new species of Centrorhynchus (Centrorhynchidae) and the redescription of Lueheia inscripta (Westrumb, 1821) (Plagiorhynchidae) from birds from Paraguay South America. Revue suisse de Zoologie 120 (2): 175-202, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6118593
43224243FFF0000FB7DBFEEB2734FD55.text	43224243FFF0000FB7DBFEEB2734FD55.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Centrorhynchus pitangi R. & Smales 2013	<div><p>Centrorhynchus pitangi n. sp. Figs 28-37</p> <p>MATERIAL EXAMINED: MNHG-INVE-82722; holotype male from Pitangus sulfuratus (Linnaeus, 1776), small intestine: Paraguay, Arroyo Agua-Pey, 26.10.1986. – MNHG-INVE- 82723; paratype (allotype) female from Pitangus sulfuratus (Linnaeus, 1776), small intestine: Paraguay, Arroyo Agua-Pey, 26.10.1986. – MNHG-INVE-38406; paratypes, from Pitangus sulfuratus (Linnaeus, 1776), small intestine: Paraguay, Arroyo Agua-Pey, 26.10.1986. – MNHG- INVE-38448; voucher specimens, 1 female, from Pitangus sulfuratus (Linnaeus, 1776), small intestine: Paraguay, Arroyo Agua-Pey, 26.10.1986. – MNHG-INVE-38447; 1 juvenile, from P. sulfuratus small intestine: Paraguay, Arroyo Tagatiya- Guiazu 17.10. 1983.</p> <p>ETYMOLOGY: The species name is taken from the genus name of the host.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION</p> <p>General: (based on 2 males, pieces of 2 males, 5 females, and pieces of 5 females) Trunk spineless, elongated; more or less cylindrical in female, dilated anteriorly in region of testes in male. Neck shorter than broad. Proboscis in 2 parts, with constriction at insertion of proboscis receptacle, at about 62% of distance from apex to proboscis base, anterior proboscis slightly expanded above constriction. Proboscis armed with 28-30 longitudinal rows 18-20 hooks. Anterior 7-8 hooks with large simple roots, first 4 also with manubria, blades hooks 1, 13.2, 39.6 long, hooks 2, 46.2, 49.5 long, hooks 3, 42.9 long, hooks 4, 39.6, 42.9 long, hooks 5, 36.3-39.6 long, hooks 6, 33- 36.3 long, hooks 7, 33 long, hooks 8, 26.4, 29.7 long; next hook with reduced root and manubrium, blade 27 long; following 3 transitional hooks with manubria, blades 33-39.5 long; posterior 7-8 hooks spiniform, blades 10-30 long, inserted on posterior part of proboscis. Neck spineless, shorter than broad. Proboscis receptacle double walled. Lemnisci tubular, inserted at base of neck, extend posteriorly beyond proboscis receptacle. Cerebral ganglion located at mid region of proboscis receptacle, posterior to neck.</p> <p>Male: (based on two specimens) Trunk 9, 11 mm long, 1360 at widest part. Proboscis 1005, 1020 long, 280, 301 wide. Neck 268, 402 long, 670, 735 wide at base. Proboscis receptacle 1360, 1307 long, 201-306 wide; lemnisci 2800 long. Testes oval, tandem, contiguous, in anterior third of trunk; anterior testis 1700, 1105 long, 476, 731 wide; posterior testis 1870, 1105 long, 510, 782 wide. Cement glands, 3, elongated, tubular, begin immediately posterior to end of posterior testis, 5100 long; Saefftigen’s pouch 1200 long. Genital pore subterminal. Entire male system occupies about 85% trunk length.</p> <p>Female: (Based on 5 specimens) Trunk 16-19 (18) mm long, 1190-1615 (1465) wide. Proboscis 804-1020 (946) long, 301-368 (320) wide. Neck 335-402 (370) long, 470-670 (570) wide at base. Proboscis receptacle 1394-1615 (1495) long, 238-295 (252) wide. Lemnisci 2200 long. Reproductive tract, uterine bell to genital pore, 2000 long. Genital pore subterminal. Eggs oval, external shell thick, ridged, 56.0-66.3 (58.8) long, 26.4-32.3 (27.9) wide.</p> <p>COMMENTS: Centrorhynchus pitangi sp. n. conforms to the diagnosis of the genus given by Golvan (1956, 1960). In the key to the Neotropical species of FIGS 28-37</p> <p>Centrorhynchus pitangi sp. n. (28) Male. (29) Egg. (30) Proboscis hooks, longitudinal row 4 transitional hooks. (31) Proboscis hooks, longitudinal row true hooks 1-8, 4 with manubria. (32) Female genital tract, dissection. (33) Proboscis hooks, longitudinal rows 8 spiniform hooks. (34) Female anterior end. (35) Female posterior tip of trunk, ventral view. (36) Female posterior tip of trunk, lateral view. (37) Male posterior tip of trunk, bursa inverted, ventral view. Scale bars: 28, 32, 1 mm; 29, 30, 31, 33, 25 µm; 34, 500 µm; 35, 36, 37, 100 µm.</p> <p>Centrorhynchus by Lunaschi &amp; Drago (2010) C. pitangi falls close to C. giganteus Travassos, 1926 in the form of the true hooks, both species having true hooks with manubria as well as transitional hooks with manubria. The two species differ in proboscis armature C. pitangi having 28-30 longitudinal rows of 18-20 hooks compared with 24-26 rows of 27-28 hooks for C. giganteus. Further the blades of the true hooks of C. pitangi are shorter than those of C. giganteus (13.5-43 compared with 100-150). Travassos (1926) does not use the term transitional hooks to describe hooks with manubria but no roots, separating the hooks only into 16-17 hooks and 11 spines in each row. His plate 9, figure 22, of hook types, however, shows at least one spine in each row was a transitional type, with manubrium and without a root. Therefore in comparing numbers of hook types in this instance, transitional hooks should be counted as true hooks. Accordingly C. pitangi would have 11-12 hooks and 7-8 spines compared with 16-17 hooks and 7-8 spines for C. giganteus. Centrorhynchus pitangi can be further distinguished from C. giganteus as a smaller worm (females 16-19 compared with 37-55mm long) with a shorter proboscis (up to 1020 long, compared with 1870), shorter lemnisci (2200-2800 compared with 5200 long) and smaller testes (up to 1870 compared with 3000 long) (Travassos, 1926).</p> <p>Although not recognized by Lunschi &amp; Drago (2010) C. tumidulus, as described and figured by Travassos (1926, see p. 68 and fig. 5) also has true hooks with manubria. Centrorhynchus pitangi can be distinguished from C. tumidulus by the number of hooks of the proboscis armature (28-30 rows of 18-20 hooks compared with 26 rows of 20-21 hooks) and in having transitional hooks which C. tumidulus lacks. Further C. pitangi is a smaller worm with larger testes, longer lemnisci, shorter cement glands and larger eggs than C. tumidulus (Table 3).</p> <p>Centrorhynchus albidus and C. polymorphus are the other species from South America having a proboscis armature of up to 30 longitudinal rows of hooks (Lunaschi &amp; Drago, 2010). Centrorhynchus pitangi differs from both species in form of the true hooks. Centrorhynchus pitangi further differs from C. albidus in the total number of hooks per row (18-20 compared with 20-22 hooks) and the numbers of each type of hook, as interpreted above (7-8 true hooks, 4 with manubria + 1-2 true hooks with reduced root and manubrium + 2-3 transitional hooks + 7-8 spiniform hooks compared with 7-8 true hooks + 1 hook with reduced root and manubrium + 3 transitional hooks + 10-11 spiniform hooks) (Schmidt &amp; Neiland, 1966). Centrorhynchus pitangi has larger testes and larger eggs than C. albidus (Table 3).</p> <p>Centrorhynchus pitangi further differs from C. polymorphus in proboscis armature, the total number of hooks per row (18-20 compared with 17) and the number of each type of hook in each row (8-9 including true hooks with manubria + 2-3 + 7-8 compared with 7+3+7) (Travassos, 1926), as well as in body length and shape, cylindrical not claviform, the length of the proboscis, proboscis receptacle, cement glands and Saefftigen’s pouch and the size of the testes and eggs (Table 3).</p> <p>Centrorhynchus pitangi differs from all other species found in Paraguay, C. guira, C. geranoaeti and C. millerae in proboscis armature, both in the morphology and the numbers of true hooks and spines. Centrorhynchus guira has 32 rows of 18-19 hooks, 4 being transitional hooks with lateral alate processes and 6 spiniform hooks. Centrorhynchus geranoaeti and C. millerae have females with and males without transitional hooks in 30, 30-32 rows of 22-24 and 16-20 hooks including 9-11 and 9-14 spiniform hooks respectively.</p> <p>Centrorhynchus pitangi can be distinguished from C. opimus by the number of longitudinal rows of proboscis hooks (28-30 compared with 24) and by having true hooks 8-9 with reduced roots and manubria. Travassos (fig. 27, plate 11, 1926) shows anterior true hooks with manubria and transitional hooks but not hooks with reduced roots and manubria. Centrorhynchus pitangi has a shorter trunk (9-11 compared with 12-16 for males) longer lemnisci (2200-2800 compared with 2000) and longer cement glands (5100 compared with 2700) than C. opimus.</p> <p>Centrorhynchus simplex, found in Brazil, can be distinguished from C. pitangi by the proboscis armature. Similarly C. pitangi can be differentiated from each of the four species of Centrorhynchus found only in North America by a combination of the characters of the proboscis armature; numbers, arrangement, morphology and sizes of hooks as detailed for C. geranoaeti above.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/43224243FFF0000FB7DBFEEB2734FD55	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Smales, Lesley R.	Smales, Lesley R. (2013): Acanthocephala including the descriptions of new species of Centrorhynchus (Centrorhynchidae) and the redescription of Lueheia inscripta (Westrumb, 1821) (Plagiorhynchidae) from birds from Paraguay South America. Revue suisse de Zoologie 120 (2): 175-202, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6118593
43224243FFEF000BB7C4FD632159FD13.text	43224243FFEF000BB7C4FD632159FD13.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Centrorhynchus viarius R. & Smales 2013	<div><p>Centrorhynchus viarius n. sp. Figs 38-43</p> <p>MATERIAL EXAMINED: MHNG-INVE-82724; holotype, male, from Buteogallus meridionalis (Latham, 1790), small intestine; Paraguay, Transchaco 293, Pte Hayes; 04.11.1983. – MHNG-INVE-82725, paratype (allotype), female, from Buteogallus meridionalis (Latham, 1790), small intestine; Paraguay, Transchaco 293, Pte Hayes; 04.11.1983. – MHNG-INVE- 38393; paratypes from Buteogallus meridionalis (Latham, 1790), small intestine; Paraguay, Transchaco 293, Pte Hayes; 04.11.1983. – MHNG-INVE-38455, voucher specimens, 1 female, from Buteogallus meridionalis (Latham, 1790), small intestine; Paraguay, Transchaco 293, Pte Hayes; 05.07.1985. – MNHG-INVE-38459, 38456, 38457, 383843, juvenile males, pieces of males, 5 females, pieces of females from Buteo magnirostris (Gmelin, 1788), small intestine; Paraguay, Transchaco 95, 110, 15 km E from Cerrito, Pratts Gill, 12.10.1982, 01.08.1951995, 01. 07.1995, 07.11.1987. – MHNG-INVE-38388, 1 female from Buteogallus urubitinga (Gmelin, 1788), small intestine; Paraguay, Transchaco 70, 24.10.1988. – MNHG-INVE-38385, 1 male, 5 pieces female from Parabuteo uncinatus (Temminck, 1824), small intestine; Paraguay, Transchaco 115, 07.11.1987.</p> <p>ETYMOLOGY: The species name is taken from viari, of the roadside, and refers to the fact that all the hosts were collected from along the Transchaco.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION</p> <p>General: (based on 5 males, 3 juvenile males, 14 pieces of male, 12 females and 35 pieces of female) Trunk spineless, elongated, more or less cylindrical, dilated anteriorly in region of testes. Neck shorter than broad. Proboscis in 2 parts, with constriction at insertion of proboscis receptacle at about 50% of distance from apex to proboscis base; anterior proboscis slightly expanded above constriction. Proboscis armed with 28-30 rows 23-27 hooks, lengths of hook blades vary irregularly along each row, longest blades usually hooks 3-5, shortest blades, usually hooks 19-22. Anterior 8-9 hooks with large simple roots, blades hooks 2, 35 long, hooks 3, 32, 38 long, hooks 4, 38, 40 long, hooks 5, 20-40 long, hooks 6, 35-40 long, hooks 7, 30-40 long, hooks 8, 20-32 long, hooks 9, 25 long; next 4-5 hooks transitional, blades 18-30 long; posterior 12-13 hooks spiniform, inserted on posterior part of proboscis, longest blades last 2 hooks in row, 10-30 long. Neck spineless, shorter than broad. Proboscis receptacle double walled. Lemnisci tubular, inserted at base of neck, extend posteriorly FIGS 38-43</p> <p>Centrorhynchus viarius sp. n. (38) Male. (39) Male proboscis, showing armature. (40) Proboscis hooks, longitudinal rows of true hooks 3-7, 2-8, and transitional hooks 5, 4. (41) Female reproductive tract. (42) Proboscis hooks, longitudinal rows of spiniform hooks 13, 14. (43) Egg. Scale bars: 38, 1 mm; 39, 200 µm; 40, 42, 43 25 µm; 41, 100 µm.</p> <p>beyond proboscis receptacle. Cerebral ganglion located at mid region of proboscis receptacle, posterior to neck.</p> <p>Male: (Based on 5 specimens) Trunk 12-18 (14) mm long, 490-835 (693) wide. Proboscis 805-1020 (871) long, 268-306 (298) wide. Neck 268-340 (315) long, 382- 510 (470) wide at base. Proboscis receptacle 1105-1785 (1334) long, 181-290 (220) wide; lemnisci (single measurement) 1540 long. Testes oval, tandem, not contiguous, in anterior third of trunk; anterior testis 470-840 (727) long, 248-425 (296) wide; posterior testis 603-1190 (828) long, 235-425 (344) wide. Cement glands, 4, elongated, tubular, begin immediately posterior to end of posterior testis, 4335-5610 (4972) long; Saefftigen’s pouch 918-2210 (1309) long. Genital pore terminal. Entire male system occupies about 85-90% of trunk length.</p> <p>Female: (Based on 7 specimens) trunk 12-35 (19) mm long, 510-1020 (755) wide. Proboscis 740-1072 (871) long, 268-335 (306) wide. Neck 201-536 (358) long, 402-570 (486) wide at base. Proboscis receptacle 1206-1581 (1407) long, 227-325 (267) wide. Reproductive tract, uterine bell to genital pore, 972-1340 (1184). Genital pore subterminal. Eggs oval, external shell thick, ridged, 42.5-49.5 (46.0) long, 18.5- 23.0 (21.5) wide.</p> <p>COMMENTS: Centrorhynchus viarius sp. n. conforms to the diagnosis of the genus given by Golvan (1956, 1960). In the key to the Neotropical species of Centrorhynchus of Lunaschi &amp; Drago (2010) C. viarius falls within the group of species with a proboscis armature which has transitional hooks without lateral alate processes, namely C. albidus, C. polymorphus, C. crotophagicola and C. microcephalus. With a proboscis armature of 28-30 rows of 23-27 hooks C. viarius clusters with C. albidus and C. polymorphus each of which has up to 30 rows of hooks (Lunaschi &amp; Drago, 2010).</p> <p>In terms of number of hooks per row C. viarius is closest to C. albidus, but differs in the number and type of hooks per row (8-9+4-5+12-13 compared with 7-8+3- 4+10). The hooks of C. viarius, are smaller and more variable in size, 18- 40 for hooks with roots and 10-30 for spiniform hooks, compared with 44 for hooks on the first third of the proboscis and 35 elsewhere for C. albidus (Schmidt &amp; Neiland, 1966). None of the specimens of C. viarius examined in this study had hooks with reduced roots and manubria as figured by Schmidt &amp; Neiland (1966). Centrorhynchus viarius further differs from C. albidus in the number of cement glands (4, as determined by transverse section, for C. viarius, 3 for C. albidus) (Schmidt &amp; Neiland, 1966). Both species occur in Falconidae from Paraguay but C. viarius has been found in hawks, Buteo magnirostris, Buteogallus meridionalis, B. urubitinga and Parabuteo uncinctus while C. albidus has been reported from the plumbeous kite Ictinia plumbea (Gmelin, 1788) (see Golvan, 1956).</p> <p>Of the species of Centrorhynchus also found in Paraguay C. viarius with a proboscis armature of 28-30 longitudinal rows of hooks is closest to C. pitangi, also with 28-30 rows of hooks. Centrorhynchus viarius differs from C. pitangi in the number of hooks per row (23-27 compared with 18-20) the form of the true hooks (all without manubria compared to hooks 1-4 with manubria and large simple roots and hooks 7-8 with manubria and reduced roots) as well as the number of spiniform hooks (7-8 compared to 12-13). Centrorhynchus viarius is a longer worm than C. pitangi and has shorter lemnisci, smaller testes and smaller eggs (Table 3). Centrorhynchus viarius can be differentiated from C. guira, a larger worm, in the number of hooks per row (23-27 compared with 18-19), the form of the manubria of the transitional hooks and the number of spiniform hooks (6 compared with 12-13). Centrorhynchus viarius can be differentiated from C. opimus by the number of rows of proboscis hooks (24 compared with 28-30) and the form of the true hooks (all without manubria compared to some with manubria). Centrorhynchus viarius further differs from C. geranoeti and C. millerae in the number of hooks per row (23-27 compared with 22-24 and 16-20 respectively) and the form of the true hooks (males and females having all true hooks with large simple hooks and transitional hooks compared with males having some true hooks with reduced hooks and no transitional hooks) and from C. simplex in the number of rows and hooks per row. Comparative measurements are given in Table 3. Centrorhynchus viarius differs from C. simplex in proboscis armature (28-30 longitudinal rows of 23-27 hooks compared with 22-24 longitudinal rows of 22-24 hooks).</p> <p>Of the four species of Centrorhynchus known only from North America C. spinosus, with 30-32 longitudinal rows of 23-28 hooks, has a similar proboscis armature to that of C. viarius. Centrorhynchus spinosus, a much larger worm (females up to 60 mm long), can be differentiated from C. viarius by having 8-9 true hooks, no transitional hooks and 13-15 spiniform hooks in each row. The females of C. spinosus have two genital papillae.</p> <p>KEY TO THE NEOTROPICAL SPECIES OF CENTRORHYNCHUS; based on Lunaschi &amp; Drago (2010).</p> <p>1a Proboscis armature of 22-24 longitudinal rows of 24 hooks per row; 14 true hooks + 10 spines...................... C. simplex Meyer, 1932</p> <p>1b Proboscis armature not as above.................................. 2</p> <p>2a Proboscis armature with manubria on some true hooks................. 3</p> <p>2b Proboscis armature without manubria on true hooks................... 6</p> <p>3a Proboscis armature without transitional hooks. C. tumidulus (Rudolphi, 1819)</p> <p>3b Proboscis armature with transitional hooks.......................... 4</p> <p>4a Proboscis armature of 28-30 longitudinal rows of 18-20 hooks per row; 8-9+2+7-8........................................ C. pitangi sp. n.</p> <p>4b Proboscis armature of less than 28 longitudinal rows of hooks............ 5</p> <p>5a Proboscis armature of 24-28 longitudinal rows of 27-28 hooks per row; 16-17+1+10-11........................... C. giganteus Travassos, 1921</p> <p>5b Proboscis armature of 24 longitudinal rows of 12-13 hooks; 8-9 true + transitional hooks + 3-4 spines................ C. opimus Travassos, 1921</p> <p>6a Proboscis armature with transitional hooks in female only............... 7</p> <p>6b Proboscis armature with transitional hooks in both male and female....... 8</p> <p>7a Proboscis armature with 30-32 longitudinal rows of 16-20 hooks per row; male 6-7+9-14, female 5-6+3-4+10 transitionals with lateral processes.......................................... C. millerae sp. n.</p> <p>7b Proboscis armature with 30 longitudinal rows of 22-24 hooks per row; male 11-12+9-10, female 8-10+3-4+9-10 transitionals without lateral processes...................................... C. geranoaeti sp. n.</p> <p>8a Proboscis armature with transitional hooks with lateral processes......... 9</p> <p>8b Proboscis armature with transitional hooks without lateral processes...... 10</p> <p>9a Proboscis armature with 26-35 longitudinal rows of 22-27 hooks per row; 7-9+2+14-18................... C. kuntzi Schmidt &amp; Neiland, 1966</p> <p>9b Proboscis armature with 30-32 longitudinal rows of 18-19 hooks per row; 8-9+4+6........................ C. guira Lunaschi &amp; Drago, 2010</p> <p>10a Proboscis armature of more than 30 longitudinal rows of hooks.......... 11</p> <p>10b Proboscis armature of up to 30 longitudinal rows of hooks.............. 12</p> <p>11a Proboscis armature of 32-35 longitudinal rows of 15-17 hooks per row; 8-9+3+4-5.................. C. crotophagicola Schmidt &amp; Neiland, 1966</p> <p>11b Proboscis armature of 36-38 longitudinal rows of 17-18 rows of hooks; 9+3+5........................... C. microcephalus Bravo Hollis, 1947</p> <p>12a Proboscis armature of 28-30 longitudinal rows of 20-22 hooks; 8+4+10........................................... C. albidus Meyer, 1932</p> <p>12b Proboscis armature of 28-30 longitudinal rows of 23-27 hooks; 8-9+4- 5+12-13.......................................... C. viarius sp. n.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/43224243FFEF000BB7C4FD632159FD13	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Smales, Lesley R.	Smales, Lesley R. (2013): Acanthocephala including the descriptions of new species of Centrorhynchus (Centrorhynchidae) and the redescription of Lueheia inscripta (Westrumb, 1821) (Plagiorhynchidae) from birds from Paraguay South America. Revue suisse de Zoologie 120 (2): 175-202, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6118593
43224243FFEB0006B7C4FC8124CEFB2B.text	43224243FFEB0006B7C4FC8124CEFB2B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lueheia inscripta (Westrumb 1821)	<div><p>Lueheia inscripta (Westrumb, 1821) Figs 44 - 48</p> <p>MATERIAL EXAMINED: MHNG-INVE-38401, MNHG-INVE-38402; voucher specimens, 2 males, 5 females, 20 juveniles, from small intestine, Turdus amaurochalinus Cabanis, 1850; Paraguay, S. Lorenzo N 10 E, 16.10.1987, 16.10.1989. – MHNG-INVE-48453; voucher specimen, 1 male, from small intestine, T. amaurochalinus; Paraguay, Pedro P Pena, 8.10.1986. – MHNG-INVE-38389; voucher specimens, 2 females, from small intestine, Ardea alba Linnaeus, 1758; Paraguay, Transchaco 180, 28.10.1988. – MHNG-INVE-38436; voucher specimens, 3 juveniles, from small intestine Taraba major (Vieillot, 1816); Paraguay, Transchaco 293, 04.07.1985. – MHNG-INVE-38400; 15 immature specimens, proboscides inverted, from small intestine, T. major; Paraguay, S. Lorenzo 10 E, 16.10.1989. – MHNG-INVE-38399. 1 female, Synallaxis sp. S. Lorenzo N 10 E, 16.10.1989.</p> <p>REDESCRIPTION</p> <p>General: [Based on 3 males, 4 females, 40 immature or juvenile specimens and Travassos (1926)]. Trunk spineless, elongated, fusiform. Proboscis subglobular to semispherical; armed with 28-30 rows 9-12 hooks; largest hooks located mid proboscis, first and last 2 hooks in row 17-25 long, other hooks 40-56 long. Neck spineless, short, longer than wide in female. Proboscis receptacle double walled. Lemnisci 2, each subdivided into 3 long slender parts of varying lengths inserted at base of neck, extend posteriorly reaching beyond anterior testis. Cerebral ganglion located at mid region of proboscis receptacle.</p> <p>Male: Trunk 8-11 (9.5) mm long, 1200-1530 (1365) wide. Proboscis 380-600 (480) long, 310-430 (400) wide. Neck 348 long, 348 wide at base. Proboscis receptacle 1375-1615 (1530) long, 320-340 (330) wide; lemnisci (single measurement) longest parts 4760, shortest parts 2550. Testes oval, contiguous, in middle third of trunk; anterior testis 1000-1205 (1135) long, 400-630 (522) wide; posterior testis 1000-1200 (1075) long, 375-500 (460) wide. Cement glands, 4, (by dissection) elongated, tubular, begin immediately posterior to end of posterior testis, 1900-2550 (2385) long. Genital pore subterminal. Entire male system occupies about 65% of trunk length.</p> <p>FIGS 44-48</p> <p>Lueheia inscripta (Westrumb, 1821) (44) Male. (45) Female reproductive tract. (46) Proboscis hooks, longitudinal rows of 11 hooks. (47) Female proboscis, showing armature. (48) Egg. Scale bars: 44, 1 mm; 45, 150 µm; 46, 48, 25 µm; 47, 100 µm.</p> <p>Female: Trunk 7-15 (10.4) mm long, 1870-2200 (1990) wide. Proboscis 425-530 (477) long, 402-420 (410) wide just anterior to constriction. Hook lengths 2 longitudinal rows 25, 23; 42, 40; 50, 49; 49, 50; 45, 49; 45, 40; 40, 40; 40, 40; 50, 40; 35, 25; 30, 25. Neck 201 long, 445 wide at base. Proboscis receptacle 1570-1700 (1637) long, 300-325 (312) wide. Reproductive tract, uterine bell to genital pore, 1070- 1140 (1105). Genital pore subterminal. Eggs oval, external shell thick, with polar protrusions of the fertilization membrane, 59.5-78.0 (63.0) long, 23.0-28.0 (24.0) wide.</p> <p>COMMENTS: Although identified as early as 1821 (Westrumb) and redescribed by Travassos (1926) from specimens occurring in Turdidae from Brazil, the descriptions of L. inscripta were brief and gave only limited morphometric data, especially for females. More recently Whittaker et al. (1970b) reported L. inscripta from grackles, Quiscalis niger (Boddaert, 1783) and Acholonu (1976) reported juvenile males and females from lizards Anolis cristatellus Duméril &amp; Bibron, 1837 from Puerto Rico. Subsequently Salgado-Maldonado &amp; Caspeta-Mandujano (2010) reported on juveniles in frogs, Lepidodactylus fragilis Brochi, 1877 and a toad Bufo marinus (Linnaeus, 1758). These latter authors provided comprehensive descriptions of both male and female juveniles and demonstrated that the morphology and morphometrics of their specimens from paratenic hosts were congruent with those of adult specimens of L. inscripta from passerine birds (Table 4).</p> <p>Although L. inscripta and L. adlueheia have been considered synonyms by some authors (see for example Schmidt &amp; Neiland, 1966), they should now both accepted as valid species, on the basis of reexamination of specimens and reevaluation of characters (Van Cleave &amp; Williams, 1952; Salgado-Maldonado &amp; Caspeta- Mandujano, 2010). Both L. inscripta and L. adlueheia have similar proboscis armature (28-30 longitudinal rows of 9-12 hooks compared with 28 rows of 9-10 hooks) and hook size (largest blades 63 compared with 62 long) but they can be distinguished by a suite of other characters. Lueheia inscripta differs from L. adlueheia in having a larger proboscis, shorter cement glands, longer Saefftigen’s pouch, larger eggs and the number of branches of the lemnisci and their lengths (4-6 of varying lengths compared with 6-10 of similar lengths) (Table 4).</p> <p>Lueheia inscripta differs from the type species L. lueheia in proboscis armature (28-30 rows of 9-12 hooks compared with 20-22 rows of 8-9 hooks). Both species have 6 lemnisci but those of L. inscripta are of varying lengths while those of L. lueheia are of similar lengths. The testes of L. inscripta are larger (1000-1205 long compared with 700) and the eggs smaller (59.5-78 by 23-28 compared with 78-80 by 28-31) (Travassos 1921, 1926).</p> <p>The proboscis armature of L. cajabambensis is not described except to say that the form and number of hooks differs from those of L. lueheia and L. inscripta. Lueheia inscripta further differs from L. cajabambensis in having up to 6 lemnisci compared with only 4, smaller testes (1000-1205 compared with 1748-1992 long), shorter cement glands (1900-2550 compared with 4834) and shorter Saefftigen’s pouch (600-700 compared with 1909) (Machado-Filho &amp; Nicanor-Ibáñez, 1967).</p> <p>A new species, L. karachiensis, was described from 3 males occurring in A. b. cenchroides from Karachi, Pakistan. As described, the only character suggesting that these specimens are of the genus Lueheia is the presence of 4 lemnisci. The body shape of this species both from the description and figure appears more like Centrorhynchus than Lueheia as does the placement of testes in anterior third of the trunk and the proportions of the reproductive system. The description of the proboscis, subglobular with no measurements given, differs from the more or less cylindrical shape depicted in the figure. The roots of the proboscis hooks are neither described nor drawn (Aly Khan et al., 2005). Given that the other four species of Luehia are found in passerine birds from the Americas and this species in a raptor from the Indian subcontinent it seems most TABLE 4. Comparative information for Lueheia inscripta (Wertheim, 1821) and L. adlueheia (Werby, 1938). *This measurement may be in error.</p> <p>L. inscripta L. inscripta juveniles L. inscripta L. adlueheia</p> <p>Reference Travassos, 1926 Salgado-Maldonado this study Werby, 1938</p> <p>&amp; Caspeta-</p> <p>Mandujano, 1910</p> <p>Male</p> <p>Trunk length mm 8 2.4-3.6 8-11 3.5-9.2</p> <p>Proboscis length 520-620 420-560 380-600 385-490 width 410-430 330-380 310-430 280-385</p> <p>Neck length 190-270 348 126-210 width 270-330 348</p> <p>Proboscis receptacle length 1600 732-1108 1375-1615 749-1190 width 340 297-346 320-340</p> <p>Lemnisci, number 4-6 6 6 6-10 length 891-1336 2250-4760 840-1820</p> <p>Anterior testis length 1000 270-366 1000-1205 231-1274 width 400-500 75-200 400-630 120-177</p> <p>Posterior testis length 237-375 1000-1200 280-1267 width 62-265 375-500 154-776</p> <p>Cement glands 1900 740-1087 1900-2550 700-3430</p> <p>Saefftigen’s pouch 28-43* 600-700 200-400</p> <p>Female</p> <p>Trunk length mm 9-15 4.0-4.7 7-15 11.3-15</p> <p>Proboscis length 540-610 425-530 399-602 width 370-410 402-420 315-525</p> <p>Reproductive tract length 1900 800-1100 1070-1140</p> <p>Egg length 63-78 59.5-78 36-41 width 28 23-28 12.7-15.5</p> <p>Hosts Turdidae Anura Turdidae Turdidae</p> <p>Locality Brazil Mexico Paraguay Washington USA</p> <p>likely that L. karachiensis should be re assigned, possibly to the genus Centrorhynchus. Multiple lemnisci have been recorded as anomalies in Fillicollis sphaerocephalis (Bremser in Rudolphi, 1819) now Profillicollis sphaerocephalis, Pomphorhynchus proteus now a synonym of P. laevis (Mueller, 1776) and Plagiorhynchus formosus now a synonym of P. cylindraceus (Goeze, 1782) (see Van Cleave, 1942) and could perhaps be the case in this instance. Until the identity of this species is resolved it should be relegated to incertae sedis.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/43224243FFEB0006B7C4FC8124CEFB2B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Smales, Lesley R.	Smales, Lesley R. (2013): Acanthocephala including the descriptions of new species of Centrorhynchus (Centrorhynchidae) and the redescription of Lueheia inscripta (Westrumb, 1821) (Plagiorhynchidae) from birds from Paraguay South America. Revue suisse de Zoologie 120 (2): 175-202, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.6118593
