taxonID	type	description	language	source
3C10731CFFF4AF1AFF41FB97FCFFC932.taxon	materials_examined	Type: ― ECUADOR. Pichincha: Cantón Quito DM, Parroquia Nanegal, Santa Lucia Cloud Forest Reserve. On ‘ Loop trail’, near where it joins the principal trail, ca. 2000 m, 00 ° 07 ’ 06.5 ” N, 78 ° 36 ’ 30.5 ” W, 05 June 2016 (fl, fr), A. F. Vallejo 001 (holotype: QCA 236942!, isotype MO!). Burmeistera pterifolia differs from other species of Burmeistera by having lanceolate leaves with brochidodromous venation and a pinnatilobate margin, and long, narrowly triangular calyx lobes. Freestanding herb to subshrub, ca. 1 m tall; stems 2.5 – 5.0 mm diam., hispidulous, pale green; latex white. Leaves alternate, distichous, chartaceous; lamina lanceolate, glabrous, apex acute, base truncate to decurrent, 55 – 126 × 14 – 33 mm, distal leaves gradually smaller than proximal leaves, adaxial leaf green with whitish color along venations and abaxial surface garnet greenish with light green venations; margin pinnatilobate; venation brochidodromous, hispidulous along the nerves at the underside, with 10 to 12 pair of secondary veins; petiole 6 – 11 mm long × 0.6 – 1.3 mm diam., hispidulous. Flowers solitary; pedicels 25 – 65 mm long × 0.5 – 1.5 mm diam., hispidulous, garnet to green, ascending at anthesis, patent in fruits, ebracteolate. Buds and flowers light green perfused with spinel pink. Hypanthium hemispherical, 5.8 – 6.1 mm long × 3.8 – 4.7 mm diam., hispidulous, with color similar to pedicels. Calyx lobes long and narrowly triangular, 13.4 – 15 × 2.2 mm, hispidulous, with fine reticulate venation, margin almost smooth, with 4 – 5 inconspicuous denticulate edges; apex acuminate to acute. Exterior of corolla light green suffused with spinel pink, this color could or not be present in the dorsal side of the flower and inside of the corolla, hispidulous, corolla base wider than hypanthium, to 6.5 mm diam., 20 mm long, corolla tube slightly curved, 13 – 15 mm long dorsally, narrowing from the base to the middle to 6.6 – 8.0 mm long; the two dorsal lobes lanceolate, falcate, 11 – 15 × 2 – 3 mm, acute at apex; the three ventral lobes distended at the base, 0.4 – 0.8 × 2 – 4 mm and narrowly triangular, acute at apex. Staminal column long, exerted to ca. 17 mm beyond dorsal lobes; filament tube 23 – 27 mm long × 1.0 – 1.3 mm diam., slightly curved, villous, light green; anther tube curved-cylindrical, 7.0 mm long × 3.0 mm diam., dorsal and ventral anthers barbate, light green suffused with purple between each anther; dorsal anthers 5.0 – 8.0 mm long; ventral anthers 3.0 – 4.6 mm long. Berries globose or ovoid, inflated with 2.0 mm thick walls, dark green when immature, light green to whitish-green when mature, 27 – 32 mm long × 24 – 27 mm diam., crowned by persistent calyx lobes; seeds elliptic, 1.0 – 1.2 mm. Etymology: — The epithet derives from the greek pterido or ptéri-s / - dos, which means fern, and folia from fýlla, which means leaves; in reference to the fern-like leaves of the species. In fact B. pterifolia can easily be confused with a fern when only leaves are observed. Distribution, habitat and ecology: — Burmeistera pterifolia is endemic to the northwestern foothills of the Andes at the Pichincha province. Until now it is only known from the type locality, the Santa Lucia Cloud Forest Reserve (Fig. 2), an area of 800 - ha managed and protected by the local community through ecotourism initiatives. It grows in cloud forest between 1870 – 2000 m, and is often highly abundant, with more than 40 plants in an area of 10 m 2. According to the Ministerio del Ambiente de Ecuador (2013) this locality lies within a much larger zone dominated by bosque siempreverde montano bajo de la cordillera occidental de los Andes (BsBn 04) and bosque siempreverde montano de la cordillera occidental de los Andes (BsMn 03). Flowers open at night and are pollinated by the Lesser Tailless Bat (Anoura caudifer) (Fig. 1 A). Phenology: — Flowers and fruits are most abundant from June to July, but fertile plants have been observed throughout the year. Conservation status: — This species was found in Santa Lucia Cloud Forest Reserve, a privately owned 800 ha area which has been a protected since 1990 s. Although the type locality is protected, there is evidence of high human disturbance related to cattle raising and agricultural activities in the surrounding areas. Currently it is impossible to assess its precise conservation status as further exploration into nearby areas is needed. Thus we propose to rank this species as Data Deficient (DD). Discussion: — Burmeistera pterifolia is easily distinguishable by its lanceolate leaves with brochidodromous venation and the exceptional pinnatilobate margin, a unique feature among the Ecuadorian species, and its long, narrowly triangular calyx lobes. It is most similar to Burmeistera truncata Zahlbruckner (1915: 531), a species from the western foothills of Pichincha province in Ecuador and Antioquia Department in Colombia, with which it shares its lanceolate leaves, long calyx lobes and inflated fruit type, but B. truncata lacks the pinnatilobate leaf margin. Three other species of Burmeistera, all endemic to departments of Colombia, also possess pinnatifid leaves: Burmeistera pteridioides McVaugh (1965: 400) from Boyaca Department, Burmeistera pinnatisecta Luteyn (1986: 474) from Cauca Department, and Burmeistera multipinnatisecta Lozano & Galeano (1986: 53) from Choco Department. All have much deeper leaf divisions which reach nearly to the midrib. The latter species is further distinguished by multipinnate (vs. unipinnate) leaves. Additional specimens examined (paratypes): — ECUADOR. Pichincha: Cantón Quito DM, Parroquia Nanegal, Santa Lucia Cloud Forest Reserve. On ‘ Loop trail’, near where it joins the principal trail, ca. 2000 m, 00 ° 07 ’ 06.5 ” N, 78 ° 36 ’ 30.5 ” W, 21 Jul 2014 (fl), N. Muchhala 522, 523 (QCA!).	en	Vallejo, Andrea F., Pérez, Álvaro J., Cevallos, Daniela, Muchhala, Nathan (2018): New species of Burmeistera (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae) from Ecuador. Phytotaxa 362 (3): 263-270, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.362.3.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.362.3.2
3C10731CFFF1AF1BFF41FE59FE84CE06.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — ECUADOR. Zamora Chinchipe: Nudo de Sabanilla, east slope ca. 5 km from pass on road Yangana-Valladolid, montane rain forest, 04 ° 30 ’ S, 79 ° 10 ’ W, 2700 m, 04 April 1985 (fl, fr), Harling G. & Andersson L. 23645 (holotype: QCA 26693!, isotype: G, MO 1290161!, NY 1185765!). Burmeistera draconis differs from other species of Burmeistera by having elliptic leaves with an irregularly toothed margin and cylindrical inflated fruits with short calyx lobes. Freestanding shrub, 1.0 – 2.5 m with multiple stems, to scandent hemi-epiphytic shrub, climbing to 2 – 5 m; stems 8.0 – 15 mm diam., hispidulous, pale green; branches 2.0 – 5.0 mm diam., hispidulous, pale green; latex white. Leaves alternate, spirally arranged, chartaceous; lamina elliptic, glabrous, apex attenuate, base decurrent, 18 – 80 × 7.0 – 25 mm, distal leaves gradually smaller than proximal leaves, leaf surfaces pale green when fresh, olive-green when dried; margin irregularly bidentate, the larger up to 6.0 mm long, with obtuse to rounded apices; venation semicraspedodromous, hispidulous on both sides, with 8 to 14 pair of secondary veins; petiole 5.0 – 20 mm long × 0.7 – 1.3 mm diam., hispidulous. Flowers solitary in upper leaf axils, light green suffused with maroon; pedicels 40 – 65 mm long × 0.6 – 2.0 mm diam., hispidulous, pale green, curved to sinuate and ascending at anthesis, declined in fruit, ebracteolate. Hypanthium cup-shaped, 7.1 – 9.5 mm long × 5.0 – 7.0 mm diam., glabrous, light green. Calyx lobes triangular, 3.0 – 5.0 × 2.0 – 3.0 mm, glabrous, patent to arcuate at anthesis, with fine reticulate venation, margin finely denticulate, with 4.0 – 5.0 teeth per side; apex acute. Corolla glabrous, 26 mm long, light green suffused with maroon externally, pale green within, corolla base slightly wider than hypanthium, corolla tube slightly curved, 15 – 20 mm long dorsally, narrowing from the base to the middle to 10 – 13 mm long; the two dorsal lobes lanceolate, falcate, 13 – 17 × 3.0 – 5.0 mm, acute at apex; the three ventral lobes narrowly triangular, falcate, 12 × 3.0 mm, acute at apex. Staminal column long-exerted, to ca. 18 mm beyond dorsal lobes; filament tube 25 – 28 mm long × 1.0 – 1.3 mm diam., slightly curved, glabrescent, pale green; anther tube curved-cylindrical, 9.0 mm long × 4.0 mm diam., dorsal and ventral anthers barbate, pale green suffused with maroon; dorsal anthers 9.0 – 11 mm long; ventral anthers 6.0 – 7.0 mm long. Berry cylindrical, inflated with 1.0 mm thick walls, light green suffused with maroon, 29 mm long × 24 mm diam., crowned by the persistent calyx lobes; seeds elliptic, 0.8 – 1.0 mm. Etymology: — The epithet is the genitive of the latin noun draco, which means dragon, in reference to the way the bidentate leaves arranged around long stems with distal flowers resemble the serpentine dragons of Chinese mythology. Distribution, habitat and ecology: — Burmeistera draconis is endemic to the montane cloud forest of Zamora Chinchipe between 2400 – 2700 m (Fig. 2). According to the Ministerio del Ambiente del Ecuador (2013) this locality is within a much larger zone dominated by bosque siempreverde montano del sur de la cordillera oriental de los Andes (BsMn 02). This species is sympatric with Burmeistera zamorensis Muchhala & Pérez (2015: 36), and associated to species such as Centropogon comosus Gleasson (1925: 13) and Freziera neillii Santamaria-Aguilar & Lagomarsino (2015: 92). It is likely that B. draconis also occurs in the adjacent Podocarpus National Park and Yacuri National Park, where similar environmental conditions and forest type are found. Flowers open at dusk and are pollinated by nectar bats (Anoura spp.). Phenology: — Flowers and fruits are found from June to November, but some individuals were observed flowering throughout the year. Conservation status: — This species was found at two localities, close to each other. One is in the Tapichalaca Reserve, a privately owned protected area of 3500 ha managed by the Jocotoco Foundation since 1998, and the other one is a collection along the road from Yangana to Valladolid. The limited collections and the need to explore other nearby areas, including the adjacent Podocarpus National Park and Yacuri National Park, prevent us to accurately assess its conservation status. Thus we proposed to rank this species as Data Deficient (DD). Discussion: — Burmeistera draconis is easily recognizable by its elliptic leaves with irregularly bidentate margins and cylindrical inflated fruits with short calyx lobes. Preliminary phylogenetic studies (Muchhala, unpublished) suggest it is closely related to a group of Burmeistera species with inflated fruits, including B. ramosa Wimmer (1932: 124), B. refracta Wimmer (1932: 124), B. glabrata (Kunth 1818: 307) Hook. f. & B. D. Jacks in Jackson (1893: 361), B. vulgaris Wimmer (1932: 123), B. oyacachensis Jeppesen (1981: 40), B. borjensis Jeppesen (1981: 29), and B. oblongifolia Wimmer (1955: 108). Based on calyx lobes and other traits, it is most similar to B. oblongifolia (both have short triangular calyx lobes, <5 mm), but it differs in the bidentate leaf margin (vs. callose-denticulate in B. oblongifolia). All other species in this group have calyx lobes> 5 mm in length. Based on leaf margin, it is most similar to B. oyacachensis, which has coarsely repand-lacerate margins. This species is endemic to the Napo province, and differs from B. draconis by its long calyx lobes (13 – 15 mm). In terms of leaf margin shape, all other species in this group have almost entire to shallowly repand-dentate margins. Additional specimens examined (paratypes): — ECUADOR. Zamora Chinchipe: Cantón Palanda, Reserva Tapichalaca, on trail starting from Casa Simpson, 04 ° 29.457 ’ S, 79 ° 07.579 ’ W, 2548 m, 13 Nov 2010 (fl), N. Muchhala 464, 465 (QCA!); en el sendero de las Tangaras, 04 ° 29 ’ 43 ” S, 79 ° 07 ’ 55 ” W, 2470 – 2600 m, 21 Jun 2014 (fl), A. J. Pérez et al. 7141 (QCA!, MO!); 04 ° 29 ’ 41.7 ” S, 79 ° 07 ’ 53 ” W, 2496 m, 05 Ago 2015 (fl, fr), A. J. Pérez et al. 9117 (COLG!, QCA!, MO!).	en	Vallejo, Andrea F., Pérez, Álvaro J., Cevallos, Daniela, Muchhala, Nathan (2018): New species of Burmeistera (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae) from Ecuador. Phytotaxa 362 (3): 263-270, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.362.3.2, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.362.3.2
