taxonID	type	format	identifier	references	title	description	created	creator	contributor	publisher	audience	source	license	rightsHolder	datasetID
3E597234FFB6CB146328E0D1FD138229.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475055/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475055	Figures 13–16. Morphometric analyses of carapace and hemispermatophores. Figure 13. Horizontal bar plot of mean carapace length (mm) (character 0) of Grosphus (n = 46, 14 spp.), Teruelius (n = 70, 21 spp.), Pseudolychas (n = 8, 3 spp.), and other outgroup taxa (n = 36, 9 spp.). Data from both sexes pooled. Error bars are standard errors. Discretization thresholds at step changes in ranked length. Figure 14. Horizontal bar plot of mean concavity angle (°) (character 4) of Grosphus (n = 49, 14 spp.), Teruelius (n = 72, 19 spp.), Pseudolychas (n = 8, 3 spp.) and other outgroup taxa (n = 22, 9 spp.). Data from both sexes were pooled. Error bars indicate standard errors. Discretization threshold at step transition in rank slope. Inset: angle defined by tangent line at midpoint between anterior-most lateral eye and carapace center. Figure 15. Horizontal bar plot of mean ratio of carapace preocular L/ carapace L (character 5) of Grosphus (n = 39, 14 spp.), Teruelius (n = 71, 21 spp.), Pseudolychas (n = 8, 3 spp.) and other outgroup taxa (n = 23, 9 spp.). Data from both sexes pooled.Error bars are standard errors.Discretization threshold at a minor step transition in rank slope. Figure 16. Bivariate logarithmic scatter plot of hemispermatophore posterior lobe width/ length ratio vs. hemispermatophore capsule length/ posterior lobe length for Grosphus (n = 13, 6 spp.), Teruelius (n = 10, 9 spp.) and outgroup Pseudolychas (n = 1, 1 sp.). Color codes of symbols or bars as indicated in Fig. 16 legend: Grosphus ‘hirtus’ group (G. angulatus sp. n., G. hirtus, G. polskyi, G. voahangyae), blue; other Grosphus spp., cyan; Teruelius flavopiceus, orange; T. ankarana, magenta; T. grandidieri, red; other Teruelius spp., yellow; Pseudolychas spp., black; other outgroups, gray.	Figures 13–16. Morphometric analyses of carapace and hemispermatophores. Figure 13. Horizontal bar plot of mean carapace length (mm) (character 0) of Grosphus (n = 46, 14 spp.), Teruelius (n = 70, 21 spp.), Pseudolychas (n = 8, 3 spp.), and other outgroup taxa (n = 36, 9 spp.). Data from both sexes pooled. Error bars are standard errors. Discretization thresholds at step changes in ranked length. Figure 14. Horizontal bar plot of mean concavity angle (°) (character 4) of Grosphus (n = 49, 14 spp.), Teruelius (n = 72, 19 spp.), Pseudolychas (n = 8, 3 spp.) and other outgroup taxa (n = 22, 9 spp.). Data from both sexes were pooled. Error bars indicate standard errors. Discretization threshold at step transition in rank slope. Inset: angle defined by tangent line at midpoint between anterior-most lateral eye and carapace center. Figure 15. Horizontal bar plot of mean ratio of carapace preocular L/ carapace L (character 5) of Grosphus (n = 39, 14 spp.), Teruelius (n = 71, 21 spp.), Pseudolychas (n = 8, 3 spp.) and other outgroup taxa (n = 23, 9 spp.). Data from both sexes pooled.Error bars are standard errors.Discretization threshold at a minor step transition in rank slope. Figure 16. Bivariate logarithmic scatter plot of hemispermatophore posterior lobe width/ length ratio vs. hemispermatophore capsule length/ posterior lobe length for Grosphus (n = 13, 6 spp.), Teruelius (n = 10, 9 spp.) and outgroup Pseudolychas (n = 1, 1 sp.). Color codes of symbols or bars as indicated in Fig. 16 legend: Grosphus ‘hirtus’ group (G. angulatus sp. n., G. hirtus, G. polskyi, G. voahangyae), blue; other Grosphus spp., cyan; Teruelius flavopiceus, orange; T. ankarana, magenta; T. grandidieri, red; other Teruelius spp., yellow; Pseudolychas spp., black; other outgroups, gray.	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFB6CB146328E0D1FD138229.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475059/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475059	Figures 19–22. Morphometric analyses of regular pectine teeth. Figures 19–20. Horizontal logarithmic bar plots comparing length/ width (L/W) ratios of regular pectine teeth in males (19) and females (20) of Grosphus, Teruelius and outgroup taxa. Bars are rank ordered means, error bars are standard errors; ♂ n = 52, 30 spp.; ♀ n = 66, 31 spp. Figure 21. Bivariate logarithmic scatter plot comparing pectinal tooth L/W ratios of males (ordinate) vs. females (abscissa) (21 spp.). Gray line is diagonal. Plotted values and error bars as in Figs. 19–20. Fig. 22. Regular pectine teeth (♀) of Grosphus voahangyae (left) and Teruelius ankarafantsika (right), showing measurements of length (L) and width (W). W is equal to inter-fulcral spacing. UV fluorescence. Measurements were taken at> 3 teeth away from most proximal or most distal teeth. Color codes of symbols and bars as in Fig. 16–17 legends.	Figures 19–22. Morphometric analyses of regular pectine teeth. Figures 19–20. Horizontal logarithmic bar plots comparing length/ width (L/W) ratios of regular pectine teeth in males (19) and females (20) of Grosphus, Teruelius and outgroup taxa. Bars are rank ordered means, error bars are standard errors; ♂ n = 52, 30 spp.; ♀ n = 66, 31 spp. Figure 21. Bivariate logarithmic scatter plot comparing pectinal tooth L/W ratios of males (ordinate) vs. females (abscissa) (21 spp.). Gray line is diagonal. Plotted values and error bars as in Figs. 19–20. Fig. 22. Regular pectine teeth (♀) of Grosphus voahangyae (left) and Teruelius ankarafantsika (right), showing measurements of length (L) and width (W). W is equal to inter-fulcral spacing. UV fluorescence. Measurements were taken at> 3 teeth away from most proximal or most distal teeth. Color codes of symbols and bars as in Fig. 16–17 legends.	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFB6CB146328E0D1FD138229.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475061/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475061	Figures 23–28: Ratiometric analysis of shapes of female basal pectinal teeth (bpt). Figures 23–26. Bivariate logarithmic scatter plots of six ratiometric shape variables: roundness vs. solidity (23), circularity vs. roundness (24), maximum/ minimum caliper diameter vs. solidity (25), basal tooth width/ regular tooth width vs. perimeter attachment ratio (26). Figures 27–28. Bivariate scatter plots of first two principal components (PC2 vs. PC1) obtained from PCA of standardized logarithms of all six ratiometric variables, accounting for 85.31% and 8.43% of variance, respectively. Individual cases plotted in Fig. 27, means and standard errors for each species in Fig. 28. Profile silhouette examples are shown for analyzed species in Fig. 28. Data from 106 bpt from Grosphus (n = 31, 8 spp.), Teruelius (n = 70, 18 spp.) and Pseudolychas (n = 5, 2 spp.). Symbol colors indicated in legend of Fig. 23.	Figures 23–28: Ratiometric analysis of shapes of female basal pectinal teeth (bpt). Figures 23–26. Bivariate logarithmic scatter plots of six ratiometric shape variables: roundness vs. solidity (23), circularity vs. roundness (24), maximum/ minimum caliper diameter vs. solidity (25), basal tooth width/ regular tooth width vs. perimeter attachment ratio (26). Figures 27–28. Bivariate scatter plots of first two principal components (PC2 vs. PC1) obtained from PCA of standardized logarithms of all six ratiometric variables, accounting for 85.31% and 8.43% of variance, respectively. Individual cases plotted in Fig. 27, means and standard errors for each species in Fig. 28. Profile silhouette examples are shown for analyzed species in Fig. 28. Data from 106 bpt from Grosphus (n = 31, 8 spp.), Teruelius (n = 70, 18 spp.) and Pseudolychas (n = 5, 2 spp.). Symbol colors indicated in legend of Fig. 23.	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFB6CB146328E0D1FD138229.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475063/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475063	Figures 29–33: Elliptic Fourier analysis (EFA) of shapes of female basal pectinal teeth (bpt). Figure 29. Logarithmic plots of harmonic power (sums of squares of Fourier coefficients) vs. harmonic order for fits to bpt outlines of Grosphus (blue symbols) and Teruelius (yellow symbols). Error bars indicate ranges (minimum to maximum). Upper inset: examples of EFA fits to bpt from Grosphus (G. voahangyae) (left) and Teruelius (T. olgae) (right) by Fourier series with cumulative terms up to and including second (blue), fourth (green) and eighth (red) order harmonics. Contours of bpt oriented with perimeter attachment horizontal, start point at proximal vertex, area normalized.Figures 30–31. Bivariate scatter plots of bpt scores for first three principal components,PC2 vs. PC1 (Fig.30) and PC3 vs. PC2 (Fig.31), obtained from PCA of 32standardized Fourier coefficients from up to eighth order harmonic terms, accounting for 31.02%, 19.14% and 8.20% of variance, respectively (total variance 58.36%). Lower inset in Fig. 31: scree plot of eigenvalue vs. PC number.Figure 32. Bivariate scatter plot of means and standard errors of bpt scores of first two principal components, PC2 vs. PC1, for each species in Fig. 30.Figure 33. Trivariate scatter plot of bpt scores of first three principal components (PC1, PC2, PC3) rendered as 3D cross stereoscopic pair. Symbol colors as in legend of Fig. 30.Analyzed data set as in Figs. 23–28.	Figures 29–33: Elliptic Fourier analysis (EFA) of shapes of female basal pectinal teeth (bpt). Figure 29. Logarithmic plots of harmonic power (sums of squares of Fourier coefficients) vs. harmonic order for fits to bpt outlines of Grosphus (blue symbols) and Teruelius (yellow symbols). Error bars indicate ranges (minimum to maximum). Upper inset: examples of EFA fits to bpt from Grosphus (G. voahangyae) (left) and Teruelius (T. olgae) (right) by Fourier series with cumulative terms up to and including second (blue), fourth (green) and eighth (red) order harmonics. Contours of bpt oriented with perimeter attachment horizontal, start point at proximal vertex, area normalized.Figures 30–31. Bivariate scatter plots of bpt scores for first three principal components,PC2 vs. PC1 (Fig.30) and PC3 vs. PC2 (Fig.31), obtained from PCA of 32standardized Fourier coefficients from up to eighth order harmonic terms, accounting for 31.02%, 19.14% and 8.20% of variance, respectively (total variance 58.36%). Lower inset in Fig. 31: scree plot of eigenvalue vs. PC number.Figure 32. Bivariate scatter plot of means and standard errors of bpt scores of first two principal components, PC2 vs. PC1, for each species in Fig. 30.Figure 33. Trivariate scatter plot of bpt scores of first three principal components (PC1, PC2, PC3) rendered as 3D cross stereoscopic pair. Symbol colors as in legend of Fig. 30.Analyzed data set as in Figs. 23–28.	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFB6CB146328E0D1FD138229.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475065/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475065	Figure 34: Phenetic analysis of shapes of female basal pectinal teeth (bpt). Ultrametric tree obtained from hierarchical cluster analysis by UPGMA of the Euclidean distance matrix of z-scores of 32 Fourier coefficients. Font colors: Grosphus, blue; Teruelius flavopiceus, orange; T. ankarana, magenta; T. grandidieri, red; other Teruelius spp., dark yellow. Pectine images: Grosphus angulatus sp. n. (upper), Teruelius grandidieri (lower).	Figure 34: Phenetic analysis of shapes of female basal pectinal teeth (bpt). Ultrametric tree obtained from hierarchical cluster analysis by UPGMA of the Euclidean distance matrix of z-scores of 32 Fourier coefficients. Font colors: Grosphus, blue; Teruelius flavopiceus, orange; T. ankarana, magenta; T. grandidieri, red; other Teruelius spp., dark yellow. Pectine images: Grosphus angulatus sp. n. (upper), Teruelius grandidieri (lower).	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFB6CB146328E0D1FD138229.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475067/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475067	Figure 35: Phylogram of shapes of female basal pectinal teeth (bpt). Tree obtained from neighbor-joining cluster analysis of the Euclidean distance matrix of z-scores of 32 Fourier coefficients. Outgroup taxon: Pseudolychas ochraceus. Font colors: as in Fig. 34, with Pseudolychas black. Pectine images: Teruelius grandidieri (upper), Grosphus angulatus sp. n. (lower).	Figure 35: Phylogram of shapes of female basal pectinal teeth (bpt). Tree obtained from neighbor-joining cluster analysis of the Euclidean distance matrix of z-scores of 32 Fourier coefficients. Outgroup taxon: Pseudolychas ochraceus. Font colors: as in Fig. 34, with Pseudolychas black. Pectine images: Teruelius grandidieri (upper), Grosphus angulatus sp. n. (lower).	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFB6CB146328E0D1FD138229.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475069/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475069	Figures 36–44. Basal pectinal teeth and basal middle lamellae of female scorpions.Figures 36–38. Basal pectinal structures of female Grosphus voahangyae (36) and Teruelius ankarafantsika (37–38), showing basal pectinal tooth (bpt) and basal middle lamella (bml). Terminology of Lowe & Kovařík (2019) (37) is contrasted with that of Lourenço et al. (2020) (38): middle lamellae: m1, m2, m3, m4, ....; pectine teeth: t1, t2, t3, t 4, .... Figures 39–40. Basal pectinal structures of female Uroplectes vittatus (39) and U. planimanus (40), showing basal pectinal tooth (bpt) and basal middle lamella (bml). Figures 41–42. Basal pectinal structures of female Stahnkeus subtilimanus (41) and Serradigitus wupatkiensis (42), showing basal middle lamella (bml) and multiple modified basal pectinal teeth (t, t, t, t), one of which bears a sensorial area (s). Figures 1 2 3 4 43–44. Basal pectinal structures of a female Grosphus angulatus sp. n., showing basal middle lamella (bml), modified basal pectinal tooth (bpt = t1) regular pectinal teeth (t3, t4, etc.), and a partially modified intermediate tooth (t2) bearing a sensorial area (s). Scale bars: 500 μm (36, 44), 1 mm (37–43). UV fluorescence, excitation by 395 nm LED (380–410 nm), emission filter 475 nm long pass (Edmund Optics 64633) (36–43),	Figures 36–44. Basal pectinal teeth and basal middle lamellae of female scorpions.Figures 36–38. Basal pectinal structures of female Grosphus voahangyae (36) and Teruelius ankarafantsika (37–38), showing basal pectinal tooth (bpt) and basal middle lamella (bml). Terminology of Lowe & Kovařík (2019) (37) is contrasted with that of Lourenço et al. (2020) (38): middle lamellae: m1, m2, m3, m4, ....; pectine teeth: t1, t2, t3, t 4, .... Figures 39–40. Basal pectinal structures of female Uroplectes vittatus (39) and U. planimanus (40), showing basal pectinal tooth (bpt) and basal middle lamella (bml). Figures 41–42. Basal pectinal structures of female Stahnkeus subtilimanus (41) and Serradigitus wupatkiensis (42), showing basal middle lamella (bml) and multiple modified basal pectinal teeth (t, t, t, t), one of which bears a sensorial area (s). Figures 1 2 3 4 43–44. Basal pectinal structures of a female Grosphus angulatus sp. n., showing basal middle lamella (bml), modified basal pectinal tooth (bpt = t1) regular pectinal teeth (t3, t4, etc.), and a partially modified intermediate tooth (t2) bearing a sensorial area (s). Scale bars: 500 μm (36, 44), 1 mm (37–43). UV fluorescence, excitation by 395 nm LED (380–410 nm), emission filter 475 nm long pass (Edmund Optics 64633) (36–43),	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFB6CB146328E0D1FD138229.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475071/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475071	Figures 45–52. Tibial spurs and tarsal setation. Figures 45–46. Tibial and tarsal segments of leg III (45) and leg IV (46) of Grosphus madagascariensis in retrolateral view. Figures 47–48. Tibial and tarsal segments of leg III (47) and leg IV (48) of Teruelius limbatus in retrolateral view.Abbreviations:Tb, tibia; Bt, basitarsus (tarsomere I); Tt, telotarsus (tarsomere II); ts, tibial spur; vs, ventral setae of telotarsus. Figures 49–50. Horizontal bar plots of the mean ratio of tibial spur L/ tibia distal D for leg III (49) and leg IV (50) (characters 10 and 11, respectively) of Grosphus (n = 34, 9 spp.), Teruelius (n = 66, 21 spp.), Pseudolychas (n = 2, 2 spp.) and other outgroup taxa (n = 15, 8 spp.). Data from both sexes pooled. Error bars are standard errors. Discretization thresholds shown at step changes in ranked length. Color codes of bars as indicated in Fig. 16 legend. Figures 51–52. Ventral telotarsal setation. Figure 51. Logarithmic distribution of number of macrosetae on ventral telotarsus III (character 12) in Grosphus (cyan bars and symbols, n = 36, 8 spp.) and Teruelius (yellow bars and symbols, n = 12, 10 spp.). Macrosetal counts on abscissa plotted on logarithmic scale. Insets: UV fluorescence photomicrographs and maps of macroseta sockets (red dots) of ventral telotarsus III in Grosphus simoni (left) and Teruelius flavopiceus (right). Figure 52. Horizontal bar plot of ratios of mean blue channel intensities of dorsal vs. ventral regions-of-interest (ROI) (white boxes) in telotarsal images of Grosphus (cyan bars) and Teruelius (yellow bars). Insets: control images (*) of T. haeckeli sp. n. (a, leg III) and G. madagascariensis (c, leg III), original (upper) and resampled (lower); test images of T. sabineae (b, leg IV) and G. ambre (d, leg IV) (resampled from: Lourenço & Wilmé, 2016; Lourenço et al., 2018). Error bars: standard deviations of ROI pixels.	Figures 45–52. Tibial spurs and tarsal setation. Figures 45–46. Tibial and tarsal segments of leg III (45) and leg IV (46) of Grosphus madagascariensis in retrolateral view. Figures 47–48. Tibial and tarsal segments of leg III (47) and leg IV (48) of Teruelius limbatus in retrolateral view.Abbreviations:Tb, tibia; Bt, basitarsus (tarsomere I); Tt, telotarsus (tarsomere II); ts, tibial spur; vs, ventral setae of telotarsus. Figures 49–50. Horizontal bar plots of the mean ratio of tibial spur L/ tibia distal D for leg III (49) and leg IV (50) (characters 10 and 11, respectively) of Grosphus (n = 34, 9 spp.), Teruelius (n = 66, 21 spp.), Pseudolychas (n = 2, 2 spp.) and other outgroup taxa (n = 15, 8 spp.). Data from both sexes pooled. Error bars are standard errors. Discretization thresholds shown at step changes in ranked length. Color codes of bars as indicated in Fig. 16 legend. Figures 51–52. Ventral telotarsal setation. Figure 51. Logarithmic distribution of number of macrosetae on ventral telotarsus III (character 12) in Grosphus (cyan bars and symbols, n = 36, 8 spp.) and Teruelius (yellow bars and symbols, n = 12, 10 spp.). Macrosetal counts on abscissa plotted on logarithmic scale. Insets: UV fluorescence photomicrographs and maps of macroseta sockets (red dots) of ventral telotarsus III in Grosphus simoni (left) and Teruelius flavopiceus (right). Figure 52. Horizontal bar plot of ratios of mean blue channel intensities of dorsal vs. ventral regions-of-interest (ROI) (white boxes) in telotarsal images of Grosphus (cyan bars) and Teruelius (yellow bars). Insets: control images (*) of T. haeckeli sp. n. (a, leg III) and G. madagascariensis (c, leg III), original (upper) and resampled (lower); test images of T. sabineae (b, leg IV) and G. ambre (d, leg IV) (resampled from: Lourenço & Wilmé, 2016; Lourenço et al., 2018). Error bars: standard deviations of ROI pixels.	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFB6CB146328E0D1FD138229.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475073/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475073	Figures 53–66. Ventral views of sternites IV–VII and metasoma I. Figures 53–57. Grosphus: G. madagascariensis, ♂ (53), G. angulatus sp. n., ♀ (54), G. simoni, ♀ (55), G. voahangyae, ♀ (56), and G. hirtus, ♀ (57). Figure 58. Pseudolychas transvaalicus, ♀. Figure 59. Lychas mucronatus, ♀. Figures 60–66. Teruelius: T. ankarafantsika, ♀ (60), T. ankarana, ♂ (61), T. grandidieri, ♀ (62), T. limbatus, ♂ (63), T. flavopiceus, ♂ (64), T. mahafaliensis, ♀ (65), and T. rossii, ♂ (66).	Figures 53–66. Ventral views of sternites IV–VII and metasoma I. Figures 53–57. Grosphus: G. madagascariensis, ♂ (53), G. angulatus sp. n., ♀ (54), G. simoni, ♀ (55), G. voahangyae, ♀ (56), and G. hirtus, ♀ (57). Figure 58. Pseudolychas transvaalicus, ♀. Figure 59. Lychas mucronatus, ♀. Figures 60–66. Teruelius: T. ankarafantsika, ♀ (60), T. ankarana, ♂ (61), T. grandidieri, ♀ (62), T. limbatus, ♂ (63), T. flavopiceus, ♂ (64), T. mahafaliensis, ♀ (65), and T. rossii, ♂ (66).	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFB6CB146328E0D1FD138229.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475075/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475075	Figures 67–90. Cuticular surface microstructure of medial sternites VII and VI. Figures 67–70. Grosphus madagascariensis, ♂. Sternites VII (67, 69) and VI (68, 70). Figures 71–74. Grosphus angulatus sp. n., ♀. Sternites VII (71, 73) and VI (72, 74). Figures 75–78. Lychas mucronatus, ♀. Sternites VII (75, 77) and VI (76, 78). Figures 79–82. Teruelius limbatus, ♀. Sternites VII (79, 81) and VI (80, 82). Figures 83–86. Teruelius flavopiceus, ♀. Sternites VII (83, 85) and VI (84, 86). Figures 87–90. Teruelius ankarana, ♀. Sternites VII (87, 89) and VI (88, 90). Images acquired under reflected white light epi-illumination at lower magnification (scale bar 100 μm in Fig. 68) of sternites on intact animal (67–68, 71–72, 75–76, 79–80, 83–84, 87–88), and Nomarski trans-illumination at higher magnification (scale bar 40 μm in Fig. 70) of dissected sternites after soft tissue removal (69–70, 73–74, 77–78, 81–82, 85–86, 89–90).	Figures 67–90. Cuticular surface microstructure of medial sternites VII and VI. Figures 67–70. Grosphus madagascariensis, ♂. Sternites VII (67, 69) and VI (68, 70). Figures 71–74. Grosphus angulatus sp. n., ♀. Sternites VII (71, 73) and VI (72, 74). Figures 75–78. Lychas mucronatus, ♀. Sternites VII (75, 77) and VI (76, 78). Figures 79–82. Teruelius limbatus, ♀. Sternites VII (79, 81) and VI (80, 82). Figures 83–86. Teruelius flavopiceus, ♀. Sternites VII (83, 85) and VI (84, 86). Figures 87–90. Teruelius ankarana, ♀. Sternites VII (87, 89) and VI (88, 90). Images acquired under reflected white light epi-illumination at lower magnification (scale bar 100 μm in Fig. 68) of sternites on intact animal (67–68, 71–72, 75–76, 79–80, 83–84, 87–88), and Nomarski trans-illumination at higher magnification (scale bar 40 μm in Fig. 70) of dissected sternites after soft tissue removal (69–70, 73–74, 77–78, 81–82, 85–86, 89–90).	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFB6CB146328E0D1FD138229.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475077/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475077	Figures 91–104. Light reflection properties of sternites VII and VI. Figures 91–102. Spatial distribution of intensity at 45° reflection angles of laser beam with 45° incidence to normal on sternites VII (odd numbered figures) and VI (even numbered figures) from Grosphus madagascariensis ♂ (91–92), Grosphus angulatus sp. n. ♀ (93–94), Lychas mucronatus, ♀ (95–96), Teruelius limbatus, ♀ (97–98), Teruelius flavopiceus, ♀ (99–100), and Teruelius ankarana, ♀ (101–102). Illumination source: 650 nm laser diode (650MDLC-5-1235), 5 mW, focused to 40 μm diameter spot on medial areas of sternites. Imaging device: Canon EOS 7D Mark II digital camera with 100 mm f/2.8 macro lens focused on translucent white diffuser screen intercepting reflected beams. TIFF files generated by linear RAW conversion. Scale: largest circle in each bounding box subtends 0.1022 sr. Figure 103. Horizontal bar chart comparing mean radii of dispersion of reflected beams in Figs. 91–102. Means obtained from pixel-normalized radial density functions computed by ImageJ 1.52a Radial Profile plugin, normalized to mean radius of specular reflection off a silver front surface mirror. Inset: sternites VI and VII from T. ankarana, ♀. Figure 104. Horizontal bar chart comparing mean intensities of reflected beams shown in Figs. 91–102. Mean intensities computed for pixels within central circle subtending 0.0637 sr, expressed as percentage mean intensity of specular reflection off a silver front surface mirror.	Figures 91–104. Light reflection properties of sternites VII and VI. Figures 91–102. Spatial distribution of intensity at 45° reflection angles of laser beam with 45° incidence to normal on sternites VII (odd numbered figures) and VI (even numbered figures) from Grosphus madagascariensis ♂ (91–92), Grosphus angulatus sp. n. ♀ (93–94), Lychas mucronatus, ♀ (95–96), Teruelius limbatus, ♀ (97–98), Teruelius flavopiceus, ♀ (99–100), and Teruelius ankarana, ♀ (101–102). Illumination source: 650 nm laser diode (650MDLC-5-1235), 5 mW, focused to 40 μm diameter spot on medial areas of sternites. Imaging device: Canon EOS 7D Mark II digital camera with 100 mm f/2.8 macro lens focused on translucent white diffuser screen intercepting reflected beams. TIFF files generated by linear RAW conversion. Scale: largest circle in each bounding box subtends 0.1022 sr. Figure 103. Horizontal bar chart comparing mean radii of dispersion of reflected beams in Figs. 91–102. Means obtained from pixel-normalized radial density functions computed by ImageJ 1.52a Radial Profile plugin, normalized to mean radius of specular reflection off a silver front surface mirror. Inset: sternites VI and VII from T. ankarana, ♀. Figure 104. Horizontal bar chart comparing mean intensities of reflected beams shown in Figs. 91–102. Mean intensities computed for pixels within central circle subtending 0.0637 sr, expressed as percentage mean intensity of specular reflection off a silver front surface mirror.	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFB6CB146328E0D1FD138229.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475081/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475081	Figures 105–129. Ventral views of metasomal segment I showing variation in granulation and development of paired ventrosubmedian of carinae in Grosphus and Teruelius. Species and sex indicated in labels under each figure. White arrows identify ventromedial intercarinal surfaces between paired ventrosubmedian carinae in figures with oblique views of the segment. Reflected white light illumination: 106–107, 114, 117, 126–129; UV fluorescence: 105, 108–113, 115–116, 118–125; resampled from published images: 106, 117, 126–127 (Lourenço et al., 2009, 2018; Ref. MNHN-RS-RS1314). Material of Figs. 110–111 determined and labeled as ‘Grosphus garciai’ (FMNH 73434, FMNH 73436), currently a junior synonym of G. hirtus.	Figures 105–129. Ventral views of metasomal segment I showing variation in granulation and development of paired ventrosubmedian of carinae in Grosphus and Teruelius. Species and sex indicated in labels under each figure. White arrows identify ventromedial intercarinal surfaces between paired ventrosubmedian carinae in figures with oblique views of the segment. Reflected white light illumination: 106–107, 114, 117, 126–129; UV fluorescence: 105, 108–113, 115–116, 118–125; resampled from published images: 106, 117, 126–127 (Lourenço et al., 2009, 2018; Ref. MNHN-RS-RS1314). Material of Figs. 110–111 determined and labeled as ‘Grosphus garciai’ (FMNH 73434, FMNH 73436), currently a junior synonym of G. hirtus.	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFB6CB146328E0D1FD138229.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475085/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475085	Figures 150–164. Granulation of ventrosubmedian carinae of metasomal segment I. Figures 150–157. Optical image analysis of carinal granulation in Grosphus hirtus, ♂ (150–153) and Teruelius mahafaliensis, ♂ (154–157). Granule patterns (white on black) resolved by binary thresholding of image gray level with maximum entropy algorithm (150, 154), carinae traced as piecewise linear paths following granules or ridges (151, 155, red lines, UV fluorescence), fluctuations in gray levels (8-bit) along traced carinae associated with granulation, normalized to total carinal length (152, 156), and power spectra of fluctuations after subtraction of mean gray level and linear trends (153, 157). Images resampled to 340 pixel width (bilinear down-sample, or cubic up-sample) and smoothed by Gaussian filter, radius 2 pixels (thresholding) or 1 pixel (spectral analysis). Scale bars: 400 μm (151, 155). Figure 158. Bivariate logarithmic scatter plot of integrated power of gray level fluctuations (spatial frequency range 10–26 granules/ carina) vs. mean length of granules along carinal axis resolved by binary thresholding for Grosphus (cyan symbols, n = 30, 8 spp.) and Teruelius (yellow, orange, magenta and red symbols, n = 44, 18 spp.). T. feti represented by juvenile holotype male. ‘Granule’ length = 1 if thresholded regions merge into single carina. Figures 159–164. Ventral views of metasomal segment I showing different carinal granulation in Grosphus vs. Teruelius. G. madagascariensis, ♂ (159), G. angulatus sp. n., ♀ (160), T. flavopiceus, ♀ (161), T. ankarana, ♀ (162), T. grandidieri, ♂ (163), and T. limbatus, ♀ (164). Reflected white light images. Scale bars: 2 mm.	Figures 150–164. Granulation of ventrosubmedian carinae of metasomal segment I. Figures 150–157. Optical image analysis of carinal granulation in Grosphus hirtus, ♂ (150–153) and Teruelius mahafaliensis, ♂ (154–157). Granule patterns (white on black) resolved by binary thresholding of image gray level with maximum entropy algorithm (150, 154), carinae traced as piecewise linear paths following granules or ridges (151, 155, red lines, UV fluorescence), fluctuations in gray levels (8-bit) along traced carinae associated with granulation, normalized to total carinal length (152, 156), and power spectra of fluctuations after subtraction of mean gray level and linear trends (153, 157). Images resampled to 340 pixel width (bilinear down-sample, or cubic up-sample) and smoothed by Gaussian filter, radius 2 pixels (thresholding) or 1 pixel (spectral analysis). Scale bars: 400 μm (151, 155). Figure 158. Bivariate logarithmic scatter plot of integrated power of gray level fluctuations (spatial frequency range 10–26 granules/ carina) vs. mean length of granules along carinal axis resolved by binary thresholding for Grosphus (cyan symbols, n = 30, 8 spp.) and Teruelius (yellow, orange, magenta and red symbols, n = 44, 18 spp.). T. feti represented by juvenile holotype male. ‘Granule’ length = 1 if thresholded regions merge into single carina. Figures 159–164. Ventral views of metasomal segment I showing different carinal granulation in Grosphus vs. Teruelius. G. madagascariensis, ♂ (159), G. angulatus sp. n., ♀ (160), T. flavopiceus, ♀ (161), T. ankarana, ♀ (162), T. grandidieri, ♂ (163), and T. limbatus, ♀ (164). Reflected white light images. Scale bars: 2 mm.	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFB6CB146328E0D1FD138229.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475087/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475087	Figures 165–168. Metasoma and pedipalp characters. Figure 165. Horizontal bar plot of mean ratio R = d(Eb2, Eb3)/ d(Eb1, Eb2), of inter123 trichobothrial distances on pedipalp chela manus (character 36) for Grosphus (n = 50, 7 spp.), Teruelius (n = 61, 13 spp.), Pseudolychas (n = 6, 3 spp.) and other outgroup taxa (n = 25, 8 spp.). Error bars are standard errors. Discretization threshold at step change in ranked ratio. Figure 166. Bivariate logarithmic scatter plot of positions of pedipalp fixed finger trichobothria db vs. est for Grosphus (n = 40, 13 spp.) and Teruelius (n = 57, 21 spp.). Distances of db and est to distal terminus of fixed finger normalized to corresponding distance of manus Et (inset diagrams). Figure 167. Horizontal logarithmic bar plot of mean ratio of distances of trichobothria db and est from tip of fixed finger (character 35). Data as in Fig. 166. Error bars are standard errors. Discretization threshold at step change in ranked ratio. Color codes of symbols in Fig. 166 and bars in Figs. 165, 167–168 as in Fig. 16 legend. Figure 168. Horizontal bar plot of mean ratio of metasoma I L/W in males (character 18) of Grosphus (n = 20, 12 spp.), Teruelius (n = 28, 18 spp.), Pseudolychas (n = 5, 2 spp.) and other outgroup taxa (n = 12, 9 spp.). Error bars are standard errors. Discretization thresholds at step changes in ranked ratio.	Figures 165–168. Metasoma and pedipalp characters. Figure 165. Horizontal bar plot of mean ratio R = d(Eb2, Eb3)/ d(Eb1, Eb2), of inter123 trichobothrial distances on pedipalp chela manus (character 36) for Grosphus (n = 50, 7 spp.), Teruelius (n = 61, 13 spp.), Pseudolychas (n = 6, 3 spp.) and other outgroup taxa (n = 25, 8 spp.). Error bars are standard errors. Discretization threshold at step change in ranked ratio. Figure 166. Bivariate logarithmic scatter plot of positions of pedipalp fixed finger trichobothria db vs. est for Grosphus (n = 40, 13 spp.) and Teruelius (n = 57, 21 spp.). Distances of db and est to distal terminus of fixed finger normalized to corresponding distance of manus Et (inset diagrams). Figure 167. Horizontal logarithmic bar plot of mean ratio of distances of trichobothria db and est from tip of fixed finger (character 35). Data as in Fig. 166. Error bars are standard errors. Discretization threshold at step change in ranked ratio. Color codes of symbols in Fig. 166 and bars in Figs. 165, 167–168 as in Fig. 16 legend. Figure 168. Horizontal bar plot of mean ratio of metasoma I L/W in males (character 18) of Grosphus (n = 20, 12 spp.), Teruelius (n = 28, 18 spp.), Pseudolychas (n = 5, 2 spp.) and other outgroup taxa (n = 12, 9 spp.). Error bars are standard errors. Discretization thresholds at step changes in ranked ratio.	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFB6CB146328E0D1FD138229.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475091/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475091	Figures 173–178: Analysis of position of petite ‘trichobothrium’ d on pedipalp femur of Grosphus, Teruelius and Pseudolychas. Figures 2 173–174. Cartesian x-y coordinates for digitizing positions of d and dorsointernal carina in Grosphus madagascariensis (173) and Teruelius 2 olgae (174). Coordinates of d 2 are (d 2x, d 2y) indicated by cyan (173) or yellow (174) symbol. Positions of granules of dorsointernal carina indicated by black symbols. Granules fitted by B-spline (magenta curves) or parametric function (green curves). Ymax: asymptotic value of parametric function. Figure 175. Bivariate scatter plot of minimum distances, s, of d from parametric curve vs. d from B-spline curve (both 2 2 normalized against Y) for femora of Grosphus (n = 34, 14 spp.), Teruelius (n = 49, 20 spp.) and Pseudolychas (n = 3, 3 spp.). Gray diagonal max line: least squares regression for Grosphus and Teruelius data, R = 0.8131, P <0.0001. Symbol colors indicated in legend. Black arrows mark isolated outlier points. Figure 176. Bivariate scatter plot of means of minimum distances for species of Grosphus and Teruelius, summarizing data of Fig. 175. Error bars are standard errors. Gray diagonal line: least squares regression, R = 0.9700, P <0.0001. Figure 177. Bivariate scatter plot of normalized x-y coordinates of d 2 for data in Fig. 175. Abscissas normalized against femur length, L femur, ordinates against Y max. Figure 178. Bivariate scatter plot of means of normalized x-y coordinates for species of Grosphus and Teruelius, summarizing data of Fig. 177. Error bars are standard errors. Data extracted from images of specimens and published figures of femur in dorsal aspect showing granules and trichobothria, in which d 2 could be identified.	Figures 173–178: Analysis of position of petite ‘trichobothrium’ d on pedipalp femur of Grosphus, Teruelius and Pseudolychas. Figures 2 173–174. Cartesian x-y coordinates for digitizing positions of d and dorsointernal carina in Grosphus madagascariensis (173) and Teruelius 2 olgae (174). Coordinates of d 2 are (d 2x, d 2y) indicated by cyan (173) or yellow (174) symbol. Positions of granules of dorsointernal carina indicated by black symbols. Granules fitted by B-spline (magenta curves) or parametric function (green curves). Ymax: asymptotic value of parametric function. Figure 175. Bivariate scatter plot of minimum distances, s, of d from parametric curve vs. d from B-spline curve (both 2 2 normalized against Y) for femora of Grosphus (n = 34, 14 spp.), Teruelius (n = 49, 20 spp.) and Pseudolychas (n = 3, 3 spp.). Gray diagonal max line: least squares regression for Grosphus and Teruelius data, R = 0.8131, P <0.0001. Symbol colors indicated in legend. Black arrows mark isolated outlier points. Figure 176. Bivariate scatter plot of means of minimum distances for species of Grosphus and Teruelius, summarizing data of Fig. 175. Error bars are standard errors. Gray diagonal line: least squares regression, R = 0.9700, P <0.0001. Figure 177. Bivariate scatter plot of normalized x-y coordinates of d 2 for data in Fig. 175. Abscissas normalized against femur length, L femur, ordinates against Y max. Figure 178. Bivariate scatter plot of means of normalized x-y coordinates for species of Grosphus and Teruelius, summarizing data of Fig. 177. Error bars are standard errors. Data extracted from images of specimens and published figures of femur in dorsal aspect showing granules and trichobothria, in which d 2 could be identified.	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFB6CB146328E0D1FD138229.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475093/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475093	Figures 179–182. Morphometrics of telson lateral profiles. Figure 179. Elliptic Fourier analysis (EFA) of lateral profiles. Upper panel: EFA curve fits to profiles of Grosphus hirtus, G. mandena, Teruelius ankarafantsika and T. annulatus by Fourier series with cumulative terms up to and including second (blue), fourth (green), eighth (red) and sixteenth (orange) order harmonics. Telson profiles oriented with dorsal surface horizontal, start point at anterior limit of vesicle, peduncle truncated, area normalized. Lower panel: Histogram plots of harmonic loadings of first two principal components, PC1 and PC2, obtained from PCA of 64 standardized Fourier coefficients from up to sixteenth order harmonic terms, accounting for 30.33% and 19.54% of variance, respectively (total variance 49.87%). Bars are heat map coded by loading values, harmonics with highest positive loadings labelled (red bars). Figure 180. Bivariate scatter plot of subspace of first two principal components rotated (PC1*, PC2*) to minimize variance of Teruelius spp. (yellow symbols) along vertical axis. Data from 117 telson profiles from Grosphus (n = 35, 14 spp.), Teruelius (n = 65, 21 spp.), Pseudolychas (n = 6, 3 spp.) and other outgroup taxa (n = 11, 4 spp.), both males and females. Upper inset: scree plot of eigenvalue vs. PC number. Lower inset: legend for symbol colors: Grosphus ‘hirtus’ group (= G. angulatus sp. n., G. hirtus, G. polskyi, G. tavaratra, G. voahangyae), blue; other Grosphus spp., cyan; Teruelius flavopiceus, orange; T. ankarana, magenta; T. grandidieri, red; other Teruelius spp., yellow; Pseudolychas spp., black; other outgroup taxa, gray. Figure 181. Bivariate scatter plot of mean values of PC2* vs. PC1* for male telson profiles of Grosphus (12 spp.), Teruelius (16 spp.), Pseudolychas (3 spp.) and other outgroup taxa (4 spp.). Figure 182. Bivariate scatter plot of mean values of PC2* vs. PC1* for female telson profiles of Grosphus (7 spp.), Teruelius (15 spp.), Pseudolychas (3 spp.) and other outgroup taxa (4 spp.). Profile silhouette examples shown for analyzed species in Figs. 181–182. Error bars in Fig. 182 are standard errors. Symbol colors in Figs. 181–182 as in legend of Fig. 180.	Figures 179–182. Morphometrics of telson lateral profiles. Figure 179. Elliptic Fourier analysis (EFA) of lateral profiles. Upper panel: EFA curve fits to profiles of Grosphus hirtus, G. mandena, Teruelius ankarafantsika and T. annulatus by Fourier series with cumulative terms up to and including second (blue), fourth (green), eighth (red) and sixteenth (orange) order harmonics. Telson profiles oriented with dorsal surface horizontal, start point at anterior limit of vesicle, peduncle truncated, area normalized. Lower panel: Histogram plots of harmonic loadings of first two principal components, PC1 and PC2, obtained from PCA of 64 standardized Fourier coefficients from up to sixteenth order harmonic terms, accounting for 30.33% and 19.54% of variance, respectively (total variance 49.87%). Bars are heat map coded by loading values, harmonics with highest positive loadings labelled (red bars). Figure 180. Bivariate scatter plot of subspace of first two principal components rotated (PC1*, PC2*) to minimize variance of Teruelius spp. (yellow symbols) along vertical axis. Data from 117 telson profiles from Grosphus (n = 35, 14 spp.), Teruelius (n = 65, 21 spp.), Pseudolychas (n = 6, 3 spp.) and other outgroup taxa (n = 11, 4 spp.), both males and females. Upper inset: scree plot of eigenvalue vs. PC number. Lower inset: legend for symbol colors: Grosphus ‘hirtus’ group (= G. angulatus sp. n., G. hirtus, G. polskyi, G. tavaratra, G. voahangyae), blue; other Grosphus spp., cyan; Teruelius flavopiceus, orange; T. ankarana, magenta; T. grandidieri, red; other Teruelius spp., yellow; Pseudolychas spp., black; other outgroup taxa, gray. Figure 181. Bivariate scatter plot of mean values of PC2* vs. PC1* for male telson profiles of Grosphus (12 spp.), Teruelius (16 spp.), Pseudolychas (3 spp.) and other outgroup taxa (4 spp.). Figure 182. Bivariate scatter plot of mean values of PC2* vs. PC1* for female telson profiles of Grosphus (7 spp.), Teruelius (15 spp.), Pseudolychas (3 spp.) and other outgroup taxa (4 spp.). Profile silhouette examples shown for analyzed species in Figs. 181–182. Error bars in Fig. 182 are standard errors. Symbol colors in Figs. 181–182 as in legend of Fig. 180.	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFB6CB146328E0D1FD138229.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475097/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475097	Figure 183. Morphometrics of telson lateral profiles. Trivariate scatter plot of first three unrotated principal components (PC1, PC2, PC3) of harmonics extracted by Elliptic Fourier analysis (Fig. 179), rendered as a 3D cross stereoscopic pair. Symbol colors as in legend of Fig. 180.	Figure 183. Morphometrics of telson lateral profiles. Trivariate scatter plot of first three unrotated principal components (PC1, PC2, PC3) of harmonics extracted by Elliptic Fourier analysis (Fig. 179), rendered as a 3D cross stereoscopic pair. Symbol colors as in legend of Fig. 180.	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFB6CB146328E0D1FD138229.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475099/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475099	Figures 184–189. Variation in UV fluorescence of preserved material. Figures 184–185. Teruelius limbatus, female in dorsal (184) and ventral (185) views under uniform UV Illumination (395 nm LED array). White arrows in Fig. 185 indicate areas on right lateral metasoma IV, V and telson with strong photobleaching. Scale bar: 10 mm. Figures 186–187. Histograms showing calculated distributions of fluorescence intensity for left lateral metasoma V and telson (186), and right lateral metasoma V and telson (187). Pixel intensities calculated from JPEG images by luminance grayscale conversion and inversion of the OECF of the camera (Canon EOS 5DsR). OECF estimated by 5th-order polynomial fit to relationship between gray values of 66 linear RAW converted vs. sRGB encoded images of a uniform test target illuminated by white light LED driven by variable current source. Figure 188. Distribution of measured fluorescence intensity (photodetector current) of medial sternite VI in Grosphus (cyan bars and symbols, n = 25, 5 spp.) and Teruelius (yellow bars and symbols, n = 39, 7 spp.). Inset image: Grosphus madagascariensis (♂) (left) and Teruelius ankarana (♂) (right) under UV light. Figure 189. Raw data of Fig. 188 plotted by species. Each symbol represents a measurement from one specimen. Horizontal lines indicate ranges of variation. Numbers on the right are coefficient of variation (CV). Cyan symbols: Grosphus; yellow symbols: Teruelius; green symbols: reference data from control batches of two buthids,	Figures 184–189. Variation in UV fluorescence of preserved material. Figures 184–185. Teruelius limbatus, female in dorsal (184) and ventral (185) views under uniform UV Illumination (395 nm LED array). White arrows in Fig. 185 indicate areas on right lateral metasoma IV, V and telson with strong photobleaching. Scale bar: 10 mm. Figures 186–187. Histograms showing calculated distributions of fluorescence intensity for left lateral metasoma V and telson (186), and right lateral metasoma V and telson (187). Pixel intensities calculated from JPEG images by luminance grayscale conversion and inversion of the OECF of the camera (Canon EOS 5DsR). OECF estimated by 5th-order polynomial fit to relationship between gray values of 66 linear RAW converted vs. sRGB encoded images of a uniform test target illuminated by white light LED driven by variable current source. Figure 188. Distribution of measured fluorescence intensity (photodetector current) of medial sternite VI in Grosphus (cyan bars and symbols, n = 25, 5 spp.) and Teruelius (yellow bars and symbols, n = 39, 7 spp.). Inset image: Grosphus madagascariensis (♂) (left) and Teruelius ankarana (♂) (right) under UV light. Figure 189. Raw data of Fig. 188 plotted by species. Each symbol represents a measurement from one specimen. Horizontal lines indicate ranges of variation. Numbers on the right are coefficient of variation (CV). Cyan symbols: Grosphus; yellow symbols: Teruelius; green symbols: reference data from control batches of two buthids,	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFB6CB146328E0D1FD138229.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475103/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475103	Figures 196–199. Examples of MPTs retrieved by phylogenetic analyses of Grosphus and Teruelius, rooted by 4 different outgroup taxa: Charmus laneus (196), Karasbergia methueni (197), Lychas mucronatus (198) and Microcharmus variegatus (199). Weighting schemes and data matrices indicated above each tree (see Table 7). Numbers above nodes are jackknife by symmetric resampling supports, those below relative Bremer supports. Color coding of groups according to legend in Fig. 16.	Figures 196–199. Examples of MPTs retrieved by phylogenetic analyses of Grosphus and Teruelius, rooted by 4 different outgroup taxa: Charmus laneus (196), Karasbergia methueni (197), Lychas mucronatus (198) and Microcharmus variegatus (199). Weighting schemes and data matrices indicated above each tree (see Table 7). Numbers above nodes are jackknife by symmetric resampling supports, those below relative Bremer supports. Color coding of groups according to legend in Fig. 16.	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFB6CB146328E0D1FD138229.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475105/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475105	Figures 200–203. Examples of MPTs retrieved by phylogenetic analyses of Grosphus and Teruelius, rooted by 4 different outgroup taxa: Pseudolychas ochraceus (200), P. pegleri (201), Tityobuthus monodi (202) and Somalicharmus whitmanae (203). Weighting schemes and data matrices indicated above each tree (see Table 7). Numbers above nodes are jackknife by symmetric resampling supports, those below relative Bremer supports. Color coding of groups according to legend in Fig. 16.	Figures 200–203. Examples of MPTs retrieved by phylogenetic analyses of Grosphus and Teruelius, rooted by 4 different outgroup taxa: Pseudolychas ochraceus (200), P. pegleri (201), Tityobuthus monodi (202) and Somalicharmus whitmanae (203). Weighting schemes and data matrices indicated above each tree (see Table 7). Numbers above nodes are jackknife by symmetric resampling supports, those below relative Bremer supports. Color coding of groups according to legend in Fig. 16.	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFB6CB146328E0D1FD138229.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475107/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475107	Figures 204–205. Mapping of unambiguous synapomorphies in two example MPTs retrieved by phylogenetic analyses of Grosphus and Teruelius, rooted by 2 different outgroup taxa: Charmus laneus (204) and Pseudolychas ochraceus (205). Numbers above nodes are discrete characters (Table 1), those below are discrete character states (Table 2).	Figures 204–205. Mapping of unambiguous synapomorphies in two example MPTs retrieved by phylogenetic analyses of Grosphus and Teruelius, rooted by 2 different outgroup taxa: Charmus laneus (204) and Pseudolychas ochraceus (205). Numbers above nodes are discrete characters (Table 1), those below are discrete character states (Table 2).	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFB6CB146328E0D1FD138229.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475109/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475109	Figures 206–209. Examples of MPTs retrieved by phylogenetic analyses of Grosphus and Teruelius, with multiple outgroup taxa in topologies fixed by backbone constraints. Figures 206–207. MPTs retrieved with 11 outgroup taxa in constrained topologies determined by the buthid MPT of Fig. 276, from discrete characters (206) or discrete and continuous characters (207), analyzed under implied weights. Figures 208–209. MPTs retrieved with 7 outgroup taxa in constrained topologies determined by molecular phylogenetic analyses of buthids (Fig. 190), from discrete characters (208) or discrete and continuous characters (209), analyzed under prior (209) or implied (208) weights. Numbers above nodes are jackknife by symmetric resampling supports, those below relative Bremer supports. Color coding of groups according to legend in Fig. 16.	Figures 206–209. Examples of MPTs retrieved by phylogenetic analyses of Grosphus and Teruelius, with multiple outgroup taxa in topologies fixed by backbone constraints. Figures 206–207. MPTs retrieved with 11 outgroup taxa in constrained topologies determined by the buthid MPT of Fig. 276, from discrete characters (206) or discrete and continuous characters (207), analyzed under implied weights. Figures 208–209. MPTs retrieved with 7 outgroup taxa in constrained topologies determined by molecular phylogenetic analyses of buthids (Fig. 190), from discrete characters (208) or discrete and continuous characters (209), analyzed under prior (209) or implied (208) weights. Numbers above nodes are jackknife by symmetric resampling supports, those below relative Bremer supports. Color coding of groups according to legend in Fig. 16.	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFB6CB146328E0D1FD138229.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475134/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475134	Figure 285. Grosphus angulatus sp. n., habitus. Holotype female, dorsal view. Scale bar: 5 mm.	Figure 285. Grosphus angulatus sp. n., habitus. Holotype female, dorsal view. Scale bar: 5 mm.	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFB6CB146328E0D1FD138229.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475136/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475136	Figure 286. Grosphus angulatus sp. n., habitus. Holotype female, ventral view. Scale bar: 5 mm.	Figure 286. Grosphus angulatus sp. n., habitus. Holotype female, ventral view. Scale bar: 5 mm.	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFB6CB146328E0D1FD138229.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475138/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475138	Figures 287–288. Grosphus angulatus sp. n., holotype female. Carapace and tergites (287) and coxosternal area and sternites (288). Scale bar: 2 mm. UV fluorescence.	Figures 287–288. Grosphus angulatus sp. n., holotype female. Carapace and tergites (287) and coxosternal area and sternites (288). Scale bar: 2 mm. UV fluorescence.	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFB6CB146328E0D1FD138229.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475140/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475140	Figures 289–303. Grosphus angulatus sp. n. Figures 289–300. Left pedipalp chela (289, 292, 295, 298), patella (290, 293, 296, 299) and femur (291, 294, 297, 300) in dorsal (289–291), external (292–294), ventral (295–297) and internal (298–300) views. All are holotype female except external patella (293) from a paratype female, as the left trichobothrium esb is missing in the holotype. Scale bar: 2 mm. UV fluorescence. 1 Figures 301–303. Metasoma and telson of paratype female in ventral (301), left lateral (302) and dorsal (303) views. Scale bar: 4 mm. UV fluorescence.	Figures 289–303. Grosphus angulatus sp. n. Figures 289–300. Left pedipalp chela (289, 292, 295, 298), patella (290, 293, 296, 299) and femur (291, 294, 297, 300) in dorsal (289–291), external (292–294), ventral (295–297) and internal (298–300) views. All are holotype female except external patella (293) from a paratype female, as the left trichobothrium esb is missing in the holotype. Scale bar: 2 mm. UV fluorescence. 1 Figures 301–303. Metasoma and telson of paratype female in ventral (301), left lateral (302) and dorsal (303) views. Scale bar: 4 mm. UV fluorescence.	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFB6CB146328E0D1FD138229.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475142/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475142	Figures 304–309. Grosphus angulatus sp. n., pedipalp segments of female holotype (304–306, 308–309) and female paratype (307) with trichobothrial pattern indicated. Chela in external (304) and ventral (305) views. Patella in dorsal (306) and external (307) views. Femur in dorsal (308) and internal (309) views.	Figures 304–309. Grosphus angulatus sp. n., pedipalp segments of female holotype (304–306, 308–309) and female paratype (307) with trichobothrial pattern indicated. Chela in external (304) and ventral (305) views. Patella in dorsal (306) and external (307) views. Femur in dorsal (308) and internal (309) views.	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFB6CB146328E0D1FD138229.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475144/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475144	Figures 310–319. Grosphus angulatus sp. n. Figures 310– 313. Paratype female, right chelicera in dorsal (310–311) and ventral (312–313) views, under white light (310, 312) and UV fluorescence (311, 313). Scale bar: 1 mm. Figures 314– 317. Paratype female, right basitarsi and telotarsi in retrolateral views, legs I (314), II (315), III (316) and IV (317). Scale bar: 1 mm. Figures 318– 319. Holotype female, right chela dentition, fixed finger (318), movable finger (319). UV fluorescence. Scale bar: 1 mm.	Figures 310–319. Grosphus angulatus sp. n. Figures 310– 313. Paratype female, right chelicera in dorsal (310–311) and ventral (312–313) views, under white light (310, 312) and UV fluorescence (311, 313). Scale bar: 1 mm. Figures 314– 317. Paratype female, right basitarsi and telotarsi in retrolateral views, legs I (314), II (315), III (316) and IV (317). Scale bar: 1 mm. Figures 318– 319. Holotype female, right chela dentition, fixed finger (318), movable finger (319). UV fluorescence. Scale bar: 1 mm.	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFB6CB146328E0D1FD138229.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475147/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475147	Figures 320–327. Grosphus angulatus sp. n., variation in femalebpt. Figures 320– 324. Basal pectines showing bpt shapesof holotype(322)and four paratypes (320–321, 323– 324). White arrow (320) indicates partially modified intermediate tooth bearing a sensorial area (cf. Figs. 43–44). Figure 325. Basal pectines of female G. hirtus showing typical bpt shape.UV fluorescence (320–325).Figures 326– 327. Bivariate scatter plots of bpt scores of G. angulatus sp. n. (black circles) and G. hirtus (gray circles) for principal components PC2 vs. PC1 (326) and PC4 vs. PC3 (327) obtained from PCA of 32 Fourier coefficients from up to eighth order harmonic terms in EFA of bpt shapes of Grosphus and Teruelius (cf. Figs. 29– 33).	Figures 320–327. Grosphus angulatus sp. n., variation in femalebpt. Figures 320– 324. Basal pectines showing bpt shapesof holotype(322)and four paratypes (320–321, 323– 324). White arrow (320) indicates partially modified intermediate tooth bearing a sensorial area (cf. Figs. 43–44). Figure 325. Basal pectines of female G. hirtus showing typical bpt shape.UV fluorescence (320–325).Figures 326– 327. Bivariate scatter plots of bpt scores of G. angulatus sp. n. (black circles) and G. hirtus (gray circles) for principal components PC2 vs. PC1 (326) and PC4 vs. PC3 (327) obtained from PCA of 32 Fourier coefficients from up to eighth order harmonic terms in EFA of bpt shapes of Grosphus and Teruelius (cf. Figs. 29– 33).	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFB6CB146328E0D1FD138229.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475149/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475149	Figures 328–331. Teruelius haeckeli sp. n., habitus. Figures 328– 329. Holotype male in dorsal (328) and ventral (329) views. Figures 330–331. Paratype female in dorsal (330) and ventral (331) views. Scale bars: 10 mm.	Figures 328–331. Teruelius haeckeli sp. n., habitus. Figures 328– 329. Holotype male in dorsal (328) and ventral (329) views. Figures 330–331. Paratype female in dorsal (330) and ventral (331) views. Scale bars: 10 mm.	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFB6CB146328E0D1FD138229.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475151/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475151	Figures 332–333. Teruelius haeckeli sp. n., holotype male. Carapace and tergites (332) and pectinal area and sternites (333).	Figures 332–333. Teruelius haeckeli sp. n., holotype male. Carapace and tergites (332) and pectinal area and sternites (333).	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFB6CB146328E0D1FD138229.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475153/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475153	Figures 334–335. Teruelius haeckeli sp. n., holotype male. Carapace and tergites (334) and coxosternal area and sternites (335). UV fluorescence.	Figures 334–335. Teruelius haeckeli sp. n., holotype male. Carapace and tergites (334) and coxosternal area and sternites (335). UV fluorescence.	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFA9CB186314E648FD5C82A9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475055/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475055	Figures 13–16. Morphometric analyses of carapace and hemispermatophores. Figure 13. Horizontal bar plot of mean carapace length (mm) (character 0) of Grosphus (n = 46, 14 spp.), Teruelius (n = 70, 21 spp.), Pseudolychas (n = 8, 3 spp.), and other outgroup taxa (n = 36, 9 spp.). Data from both sexes pooled. Error bars are standard errors. Discretization thresholds at step changes in ranked length. Figure 14. Horizontal bar plot of mean concavity angle (°) (character 4) of Grosphus (n = 49, 14 spp.), Teruelius (n = 72, 19 spp.), Pseudolychas (n = 8, 3 spp.) and other outgroup taxa (n = 22, 9 spp.). Data from both sexes were pooled. Error bars indicate standard errors. Discretization threshold at step transition in rank slope. Inset: angle defined by tangent line at midpoint between anterior-most lateral eye and carapace center. Figure 15. Horizontal bar plot of mean ratio of carapace preocular L/ carapace L (character 5) of Grosphus (n = 39, 14 spp.), Teruelius (n = 71, 21 spp.), Pseudolychas (n = 8, 3 spp.) and other outgroup taxa (n = 23, 9 spp.). Data from both sexes pooled.Error bars are standard errors.Discretization threshold at a minor step transition in rank slope. Figure 16. Bivariate logarithmic scatter plot of hemispermatophore posterior lobe width/ length ratio vs. hemispermatophore capsule length/ posterior lobe length for Grosphus (n = 13, 6 spp.), Teruelius (n = 10, 9 spp.) and outgroup Pseudolychas (n = 1, 1 sp.). Color codes of symbols or bars as indicated in Fig. 16 legend: Grosphus ‘hirtus’ group (G. angulatus sp. n., G. hirtus, G. polskyi, G. voahangyae), blue; other Grosphus spp., cyan; Teruelius flavopiceus, orange; T. ankarana, magenta; T. grandidieri, red; other Teruelius spp., yellow; Pseudolychas spp., black; other outgroups, gray.	Figures 13–16. Morphometric analyses of carapace and hemispermatophores. Figure 13. Horizontal bar plot of mean carapace length (mm) (character 0) of Grosphus (n = 46, 14 spp.), Teruelius (n = 70, 21 spp.), Pseudolychas (n = 8, 3 spp.), and other outgroup taxa (n = 36, 9 spp.). Data from both sexes pooled. Error bars are standard errors. Discretization thresholds at step changes in ranked length. Figure 14. Horizontal bar plot of mean concavity angle (°) (character 4) of Grosphus (n = 49, 14 spp.), Teruelius (n = 72, 19 spp.), Pseudolychas (n = 8, 3 spp.) and other outgroup taxa (n = 22, 9 spp.). Data from both sexes were pooled. Error bars indicate standard errors. Discretization threshold at step transition in rank slope. Inset: angle defined by tangent line at midpoint between anterior-most lateral eye and carapace center. Figure 15. Horizontal bar plot of mean ratio of carapace preocular L/ carapace L (character 5) of Grosphus (n = 39, 14 spp.), Teruelius (n = 71, 21 spp.), Pseudolychas (n = 8, 3 spp.) and other outgroup taxa (n = 23, 9 spp.). Data from both sexes pooled.Error bars are standard errors.Discretization threshold at a minor step transition in rank slope. Figure 16. Bivariate logarithmic scatter plot of hemispermatophore posterior lobe width/ length ratio vs. hemispermatophore capsule length/ posterior lobe length for Grosphus (n = 13, 6 spp.), Teruelius (n = 10, 9 spp.) and outgroup Pseudolychas (n = 1, 1 sp.). Color codes of symbols or bars as indicated in Fig. 16 legend: Grosphus ‘hirtus’ group (G. angulatus sp. n., G. hirtus, G. polskyi, G. voahangyae), blue; other Grosphus spp., cyan; Teruelius flavopiceus, orange; T. ankarana, magenta; T. grandidieri, red; other Teruelius spp., yellow; Pseudolychas spp., black; other outgroups, gray.	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFA9CB186314E648FD5C82A9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475059/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475059	Figures 19–22. Morphometric analyses of regular pectine teeth. Figures 19–20. Horizontal logarithmic bar plots comparing length/ width (L/W) ratios of regular pectine teeth in males (19) and females (20) of Grosphus, Teruelius and outgroup taxa. Bars are rank ordered means, error bars are standard errors; ♂ n = 52, 30 spp.; ♀ n = 66, 31 spp. Figure 21. Bivariate logarithmic scatter plot comparing pectinal tooth L/W ratios of males (ordinate) vs. females (abscissa) (21 spp.). Gray line is diagonal. Plotted values and error bars as in Figs. 19–20. Fig. 22. Regular pectine teeth (♀) of Grosphus voahangyae (left) and Teruelius ankarafantsika (right), showing measurements of length (L) and width (W). W is equal to inter-fulcral spacing. UV fluorescence. Measurements were taken at> 3 teeth away from most proximal or most distal teeth. Color codes of symbols and bars as in Fig. 16–17 legends.	Figures 19–22. Morphometric analyses of regular pectine teeth. Figures 19–20. Horizontal logarithmic bar plots comparing length/ width (L/W) ratios of regular pectine teeth in males (19) and females (20) of Grosphus, Teruelius and outgroup taxa. Bars are rank ordered means, error bars are standard errors; ♂ n = 52, 30 spp.; ♀ n = 66, 31 spp. Figure 21. Bivariate logarithmic scatter plot comparing pectinal tooth L/W ratios of males (ordinate) vs. females (abscissa) (21 spp.). Gray line is diagonal. Plotted values and error bars as in Figs. 19–20. Fig. 22. Regular pectine teeth (♀) of Grosphus voahangyae (left) and Teruelius ankarafantsika (right), showing measurements of length (L) and width (W). W is equal to inter-fulcral spacing. UV fluorescence. Measurements were taken at> 3 teeth away from most proximal or most distal teeth. Color codes of symbols and bars as in Fig. 16–17 legends.	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFA9CB186314E648FD5C82A9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475061/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475061	Figures 23–28: Ratiometric analysis of shapes of female basal pectinal teeth (bpt). Figures 23–26. Bivariate logarithmic scatter plots of six ratiometric shape variables: roundness vs. solidity (23), circularity vs. roundness (24), maximum/ minimum caliper diameter vs. solidity (25), basal tooth width/ regular tooth width vs. perimeter attachment ratio (26). Figures 27–28. Bivariate scatter plots of first two principal components (PC2 vs. PC1) obtained from PCA of standardized logarithms of all six ratiometric variables, accounting for 85.31% and 8.43% of variance, respectively. Individual cases plotted in Fig. 27, means and standard errors for each species in Fig. 28. Profile silhouette examples are shown for analyzed species in Fig. 28. Data from 106 bpt from Grosphus (n = 31, 8 spp.), Teruelius (n = 70, 18 spp.) and Pseudolychas (n = 5, 2 spp.). Symbol colors indicated in legend of Fig. 23.	Figures 23–28: Ratiometric analysis of shapes of female basal pectinal teeth (bpt). Figures 23–26. Bivariate logarithmic scatter plots of six ratiometric shape variables: roundness vs. solidity (23), circularity vs. roundness (24), maximum/ minimum caliper diameter vs. solidity (25), basal tooth width/ regular tooth width vs. perimeter attachment ratio (26). Figures 27–28. Bivariate scatter plots of first two principal components (PC2 vs. PC1) obtained from PCA of standardized logarithms of all six ratiometric variables, accounting for 85.31% and 8.43% of variance, respectively. Individual cases plotted in Fig. 27, means and standard errors for each species in Fig. 28. Profile silhouette examples are shown for analyzed species in Fig. 28. Data from 106 bpt from Grosphus (n = 31, 8 spp.), Teruelius (n = 70, 18 spp.) and Pseudolychas (n = 5, 2 spp.). Symbol colors indicated in legend of Fig. 23.	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFA9CB186314E648FD5C82A9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475063/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475063	Figures 29–33: Elliptic Fourier analysis (EFA) of shapes of female basal pectinal teeth (bpt). Figure 29. Logarithmic plots of harmonic power (sums of squares of Fourier coefficients) vs. harmonic order for fits to bpt outlines of Grosphus (blue symbols) and Teruelius (yellow symbols). Error bars indicate ranges (minimum to maximum). Upper inset: examples of EFA fits to bpt from Grosphus (G. voahangyae) (left) and Teruelius (T. olgae) (right) by Fourier series with cumulative terms up to and including second (blue), fourth (green) and eighth (red) order harmonics. Contours of bpt oriented with perimeter attachment horizontal, start point at proximal vertex, area normalized.Figures 30–31. Bivariate scatter plots of bpt scores for first three principal components,PC2 vs. PC1 (Fig.30) and PC3 vs. PC2 (Fig.31), obtained from PCA of 32standardized Fourier coefficients from up to eighth order harmonic terms, accounting for 31.02%, 19.14% and 8.20% of variance, respectively (total variance 58.36%). Lower inset in Fig. 31: scree plot of eigenvalue vs. PC number.Figure 32. Bivariate scatter plot of means and standard errors of bpt scores of first two principal components, PC2 vs. PC1, for each species in Fig. 30.Figure 33. Trivariate scatter plot of bpt scores of first three principal components (PC1, PC2, PC3) rendered as 3D cross stereoscopic pair. Symbol colors as in legend of Fig. 30.Analyzed data set as in Figs. 23–28.	Figures 29–33: Elliptic Fourier analysis (EFA) of shapes of female basal pectinal teeth (bpt). Figure 29. Logarithmic plots of harmonic power (sums of squares of Fourier coefficients) vs. harmonic order for fits to bpt outlines of Grosphus (blue symbols) and Teruelius (yellow symbols). Error bars indicate ranges (minimum to maximum). Upper inset: examples of EFA fits to bpt from Grosphus (G. voahangyae) (left) and Teruelius (T. olgae) (right) by Fourier series with cumulative terms up to and including second (blue), fourth (green) and eighth (red) order harmonics. Contours of bpt oriented with perimeter attachment horizontal, start point at proximal vertex, area normalized.Figures 30–31. Bivariate scatter plots of bpt scores for first three principal components,PC2 vs. PC1 (Fig.30) and PC3 vs. PC2 (Fig.31), obtained from PCA of 32standardized Fourier coefficients from up to eighth order harmonic terms, accounting for 31.02%, 19.14% and 8.20% of variance, respectively (total variance 58.36%). Lower inset in Fig. 31: scree plot of eigenvalue vs. PC number.Figure 32. Bivariate scatter plot of means and standard errors of bpt scores of first two principal components, PC2 vs. PC1, for each species in Fig. 30.Figure 33. Trivariate scatter plot of bpt scores of first three principal components (PC1, PC2, PC3) rendered as 3D cross stereoscopic pair. Symbol colors as in legend of Fig. 30.Analyzed data set as in Figs. 23–28.	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFA9CB186314E648FD5C82A9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475065/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475065	Figure 34: Phenetic analysis of shapes of female basal pectinal teeth (bpt). Ultrametric tree obtained from hierarchical cluster analysis by UPGMA of the Euclidean distance matrix of z-scores of 32 Fourier coefficients. Font colors: Grosphus, blue; Teruelius flavopiceus, orange; T. ankarana, magenta; T. grandidieri, red; other Teruelius spp., dark yellow. Pectine images: Grosphus angulatus sp. n. (upper), Teruelius grandidieri (lower).	Figure 34: Phenetic analysis of shapes of female basal pectinal teeth (bpt). Ultrametric tree obtained from hierarchical cluster analysis by UPGMA of the Euclidean distance matrix of z-scores of 32 Fourier coefficients. Font colors: Grosphus, blue; Teruelius flavopiceus, orange; T. ankarana, magenta; T. grandidieri, red; other Teruelius spp., dark yellow. Pectine images: Grosphus angulatus sp. n. (upper), Teruelius grandidieri (lower).	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFA9CB186314E648FD5C82A9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475067/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475067	Figure 35: Phylogram of shapes of female basal pectinal teeth (bpt). Tree obtained from neighbor-joining cluster analysis of the Euclidean distance matrix of z-scores of 32 Fourier coefficients. Outgroup taxon: Pseudolychas ochraceus. Font colors: as in Fig. 34, with Pseudolychas black. Pectine images: Teruelius grandidieri (upper), Grosphus angulatus sp. n. (lower).	Figure 35: Phylogram of shapes of female basal pectinal teeth (bpt). Tree obtained from neighbor-joining cluster analysis of the Euclidean distance matrix of z-scores of 32 Fourier coefficients. Outgroup taxon: Pseudolychas ochraceus. Font colors: as in Fig. 34, with Pseudolychas black. Pectine images: Teruelius grandidieri (upper), Grosphus angulatus sp. n. (lower).	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFA9CB186314E648FD5C82A9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475071/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475071	Figures 45–52. Tibial spurs and tarsal setation. Figures 45–46. Tibial and tarsal segments of leg III (45) and leg IV (46) of Grosphus madagascariensis in retrolateral view. Figures 47–48. Tibial and tarsal segments of leg III (47) and leg IV (48) of Teruelius limbatus in retrolateral view.Abbreviations:Tb, tibia; Bt, basitarsus (tarsomere I); Tt, telotarsus (tarsomere II); ts, tibial spur; vs, ventral setae of telotarsus. Figures 49–50. Horizontal bar plots of the mean ratio of tibial spur L/ tibia distal D for leg III (49) and leg IV (50) (characters 10 and 11, respectively) of Grosphus (n = 34, 9 spp.), Teruelius (n = 66, 21 spp.), Pseudolychas (n = 2, 2 spp.) and other outgroup taxa (n = 15, 8 spp.). Data from both sexes pooled. Error bars are standard errors. Discretization thresholds shown at step changes in ranked length. Color codes of bars as indicated in Fig. 16 legend. Figures 51–52. Ventral telotarsal setation. Figure 51. Logarithmic distribution of number of macrosetae on ventral telotarsus III (character 12) in Grosphus (cyan bars and symbols, n = 36, 8 spp.) and Teruelius (yellow bars and symbols, n = 12, 10 spp.). Macrosetal counts on abscissa plotted on logarithmic scale. Insets: UV fluorescence photomicrographs and maps of macroseta sockets (red dots) of ventral telotarsus III in Grosphus simoni (left) and Teruelius flavopiceus (right). Figure 52. Horizontal bar plot of ratios of mean blue channel intensities of dorsal vs. ventral regions-of-interest (ROI) (white boxes) in telotarsal images of Grosphus (cyan bars) and Teruelius (yellow bars). Insets: control images (*) of T. haeckeli sp. n. (a, leg III) and G. madagascariensis (c, leg III), original (upper) and resampled (lower); test images of T. sabineae (b, leg IV) and G. ambre (d, leg IV) (resampled from: Lourenço & Wilmé, 2016; Lourenço et al., 2018). Error bars: standard deviations of ROI pixels.	Figures 45–52. Tibial spurs and tarsal setation. Figures 45–46. Tibial and tarsal segments of leg III (45) and leg IV (46) of Grosphus madagascariensis in retrolateral view. Figures 47–48. Tibial and tarsal segments of leg III (47) and leg IV (48) of Teruelius limbatus in retrolateral view.Abbreviations:Tb, tibia; Bt, basitarsus (tarsomere I); Tt, telotarsus (tarsomere II); ts, tibial spur; vs, ventral setae of telotarsus. Figures 49–50. Horizontal bar plots of the mean ratio of tibial spur L/ tibia distal D for leg III (49) and leg IV (50) (characters 10 and 11, respectively) of Grosphus (n = 34, 9 spp.), Teruelius (n = 66, 21 spp.), Pseudolychas (n = 2, 2 spp.) and other outgroup taxa (n = 15, 8 spp.). Data from both sexes pooled. Error bars are standard errors. Discretization thresholds shown at step changes in ranked length. Color codes of bars as indicated in Fig. 16 legend. Figures 51–52. Ventral telotarsal setation. Figure 51. Logarithmic distribution of number of macrosetae on ventral telotarsus III (character 12) in Grosphus (cyan bars and symbols, n = 36, 8 spp.) and Teruelius (yellow bars and symbols, n = 12, 10 spp.). Macrosetal counts on abscissa plotted on logarithmic scale. Insets: UV fluorescence photomicrographs and maps of macroseta sockets (red dots) of ventral telotarsus III in Grosphus simoni (left) and Teruelius flavopiceus (right). Figure 52. Horizontal bar plot of ratios of mean blue channel intensities of dorsal vs. ventral regions-of-interest (ROI) (white boxes) in telotarsal images of Grosphus (cyan bars) and Teruelius (yellow bars). Insets: control images (*) of T. haeckeli sp. n. (a, leg III) and G. madagascariensis (c, leg III), original (upper) and resampled (lower); test images of T. sabineae (b, leg IV) and G. ambre (d, leg IV) (resampled from: Lourenço & Wilmé, 2016; Lourenço et al., 2018). Error bars: standard deviations of ROI pixels.	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFA9CB186314E648FD5C82A9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475083/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475083	Figures 130–149. Ventral views of metasomal segment I showing variation in granulation and development of paired ventrosubmedian carinae in Teruelius. Labels and arrows as in Figs. 105–129. Reflected white light illumination: 130, 134, 137–138, 141, 146–149; UV fluorescence: 131–133, 135–136, 139–140, 142–145; resampled from published images: 130, 134, 141, 146, 148–149 (Lourenço & Wilmé, 2016; Lourenço et al., 2016; Lourenço, 2014; Lourenço & Wilmé, 2015b).	Figures 130–149. Ventral views of metasomal segment I showing variation in granulation and development of paired ventrosubmedian carinae in Teruelius. Labels and arrows as in Figs. 105–129. Reflected white light illumination: 130, 134, 137–138, 141, 146–149; UV fluorescence: 131–133, 135–136, 139–140, 142–145; resampled from published images: 130, 134, 141, 146, 148–149 (Lourenço & Wilmé, 2016; Lourenço et al., 2016; Lourenço, 2014; Lourenço & Wilmé, 2015b).	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFA9CB186314E648FD5C82A9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475087/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475087	Figures 165–168. Metasoma and pedipalp characters. Figure 165. Horizontal bar plot of mean ratio R = d(Eb2, Eb3)/ d(Eb1, Eb2), of inter123 trichobothrial distances on pedipalp chela manus (character 36) for Grosphus (n = 50, 7 spp.), Teruelius (n = 61, 13 spp.), Pseudolychas (n = 6, 3 spp.) and other outgroup taxa (n = 25, 8 spp.). Error bars are standard errors. Discretization threshold at step change in ranked ratio. Figure 166. Bivariate logarithmic scatter plot of positions of pedipalp fixed finger trichobothria db vs. est for Grosphus (n = 40, 13 spp.) and Teruelius (n = 57, 21 spp.). Distances of db and est to distal terminus of fixed finger normalized to corresponding distance of manus Et (inset diagrams). Figure 167. Horizontal logarithmic bar plot of mean ratio of distances of trichobothria db and est from tip of fixed finger (character 35). Data as in Fig. 166. Error bars are standard errors. Discretization threshold at step change in ranked ratio. Color codes of symbols in Fig. 166 and bars in Figs. 165, 167–168 as in Fig. 16 legend. Figure 168. Horizontal bar plot of mean ratio of metasoma I L/W in males (character 18) of Grosphus (n = 20, 12 spp.), Teruelius (n = 28, 18 spp.), Pseudolychas (n = 5, 2 spp.) and other outgroup taxa (n = 12, 9 spp.). Error bars are standard errors. Discretization thresholds at step changes in ranked ratio.	Figures 165–168. Metasoma and pedipalp characters. Figure 165. Horizontal bar plot of mean ratio R = d(Eb2, Eb3)/ d(Eb1, Eb2), of inter123 trichobothrial distances on pedipalp chela manus (character 36) for Grosphus (n = 50, 7 spp.), Teruelius (n = 61, 13 spp.), Pseudolychas (n = 6, 3 spp.) and other outgroup taxa (n = 25, 8 spp.). Error bars are standard errors. Discretization threshold at step change in ranked ratio. Figure 166. Bivariate logarithmic scatter plot of positions of pedipalp fixed finger trichobothria db vs. est for Grosphus (n = 40, 13 spp.) and Teruelius (n = 57, 21 spp.). Distances of db and est to distal terminus of fixed finger normalized to corresponding distance of manus Et (inset diagrams). Figure 167. Horizontal logarithmic bar plot of mean ratio of distances of trichobothria db and est from tip of fixed finger (character 35). Data as in Fig. 166. Error bars are standard errors. Discretization threshold at step change in ranked ratio. Color codes of symbols in Fig. 166 and bars in Figs. 165, 167–168 as in Fig. 16 legend. Figure 168. Horizontal bar plot of mean ratio of metasoma I L/W in males (character 18) of Grosphus (n = 20, 12 spp.), Teruelius (n = 28, 18 spp.), Pseudolychas (n = 5, 2 spp.) and other outgroup taxa (n = 12, 9 spp.). Error bars are standard errors. Discretization thresholds at step changes in ranked ratio.	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFA9CB186314E648FD5C82A9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475091/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475091	Figures 173–178: Analysis of position of petite ‘trichobothrium’ d on pedipalp femur of Grosphus, Teruelius and Pseudolychas. Figures 2 173–174. Cartesian x-y coordinates for digitizing positions of d and dorsointernal carina in Grosphus madagascariensis (173) and Teruelius 2 olgae (174). Coordinates of d 2 are (d 2x, d 2y) indicated by cyan (173) or yellow (174) symbol. Positions of granules of dorsointernal carina indicated by black symbols. Granules fitted by B-spline (magenta curves) or parametric function (green curves). Ymax: asymptotic value of parametric function. Figure 175. Bivariate scatter plot of minimum distances, s, of d from parametric curve vs. d from B-spline curve (both 2 2 normalized against Y) for femora of Grosphus (n = 34, 14 spp.), Teruelius (n = 49, 20 spp.) and Pseudolychas (n = 3, 3 spp.). Gray diagonal max line: least squares regression for Grosphus and Teruelius data, R = 0.8131, P <0.0001. Symbol colors indicated in legend. Black arrows mark isolated outlier points. Figure 176. Bivariate scatter plot of means of minimum distances for species of Grosphus and Teruelius, summarizing data of Fig. 175. Error bars are standard errors. Gray diagonal line: least squares regression, R = 0.9700, P <0.0001. Figure 177. Bivariate scatter plot of normalized x-y coordinates of d 2 for data in Fig. 175. Abscissas normalized against femur length, L femur, ordinates against Y max. Figure 178. Bivariate scatter plot of means of normalized x-y coordinates for species of Grosphus and Teruelius, summarizing data of Fig. 177. Error bars are standard errors. Data extracted from images of specimens and published figures of femur in dorsal aspect showing granules and trichobothria, in which d 2 could be identified.	Figures 173–178: Analysis of position of petite ‘trichobothrium’ d on pedipalp femur of Grosphus, Teruelius and Pseudolychas. Figures 2 173–174. Cartesian x-y coordinates for digitizing positions of d and dorsointernal carina in Grosphus madagascariensis (173) and Teruelius 2 olgae (174). Coordinates of d 2 are (d 2x, d 2y) indicated by cyan (173) or yellow (174) symbol. Positions of granules of dorsointernal carina indicated by black symbols. Granules fitted by B-spline (magenta curves) or parametric function (green curves). Ymax: asymptotic value of parametric function. Figure 175. Bivariate scatter plot of minimum distances, s, of d from parametric curve vs. d from B-spline curve (both 2 2 normalized against Y) for femora of Grosphus (n = 34, 14 spp.), Teruelius (n = 49, 20 spp.) and Pseudolychas (n = 3, 3 spp.). Gray diagonal max line: least squares regression for Grosphus and Teruelius data, R = 0.8131, P <0.0001. Symbol colors indicated in legend. Black arrows mark isolated outlier points. Figure 176. Bivariate scatter plot of means of minimum distances for species of Grosphus and Teruelius, summarizing data of Fig. 175. Error bars are standard errors. Gray diagonal line: least squares regression, R = 0.9700, P <0.0001. Figure 177. Bivariate scatter plot of normalized x-y coordinates of d 2 for data in Fig. 175. Abscissas normalized against femur length, L femur, ordinates against Y max. Figure 178. Bivariate scatter plot of means of normalized x-y coordinates for species of Grosphus and Teruelius, summarizing data of Fig. 177. Error bars are standard errors. Data extracted from images of specimens and published figures of femur in dorsal aspect showing granules and trichobothria, in which d 2 could be identified.	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFA9CB186314E648FD5C82A9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475093/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475093	Figures 179–182. Morphometrics of telson lateral profiles. Figure 179. Elliptic Fourier analysis (EFA) of lateral profiles. Upper panel: EFA curve fits to profiles of Grosphus hirtus, G. mandena, Teruelius ankarafantsika and T. annulatus by Fourier series with cumulative terms up to and including second (blue), fourth (green), eighth (red) and sixteenth (orange) order harmonics. Telson profiles oriented with dorsal surface horizontal, start point at anterior limit of vesicle, peduncle truncated, area normalized. Lower panel: Histogram plots of harmonic loadings of first two principal components, PC1 and PC2, obtained from PCA of 64 standardized Fourier coefficients from up to sixteenth order harmonic terms, accounting for 30.33% and 19.54% of variance, respectively (total variance 49.87%). Bars are heat map coded by loading values, harmonics with highest positive loadings labelled (red bars). Figure 180. Bivariate scatter plot of subspace of first two principal components rotated (PC1*, PC2*) to minimize variance of Teruelius spp. (yellow symbols) along vertical axis. Data from 117 telson profiles from Grosphus (n = 35, 14 spp.), Teruelius (n = 65, 21 spp.), Pseudolychas (n = 6, 3 spp.) and other outgroup taxa (n = 11, 4 spp.), both males and females. Upper inset: scree plot of eigenvalue vs. PC number. Lower inset: legend for symbol colors: Grosphus ‘hirtus’ group (= G. angulatus sp. n., G. hirtus, G. polskyi, G. tavaratra, G. voahangyae), blue; other Grosphus spp., cyan; Teruelius flavopiceus, orange; T. ankarana, magenta; T. grandidieri, red; other Teruelius spp., yellow; Pseudolychas spp., black; other outgroup taxa, gray. Figure 181. Bivariate scatter plot of mean values of PC2* vs. PC1* for male telson profiles of Grosphus (12 spp.), Teruelius (16 spp.), Pseudolychas (3 spp.) and other outgroup taxa (4 spp.). Figure 182. Bivariate scatter plot of mean values of PC2* vs. PC1* for female telson profiles of Grosphus (7 spp.), Teruelius (15 spp.), Pseudolychas (3 spp.) and other outgroup taxa (4 spp.). Profile silhouette examples shown for analyzed species in Figs. 181–182. Error bars in Fig. 182 are standard errors. Symbol colors in Figs. 181–182 as in legend of Fig. 180.	Figures 179–182. Morphometrics of telson lateral profiles. Figure 179. Elliptic Fourier analysis (EFA) of lateral profiles. Upper panel: EFA curve fits to profiles of Grosphus hirtus, G. mandena, Teruelius ankarafantsika and T. annulatus by Fourier series with cumulative terms up to and including second (blue), fourth (green), eighth (red) and sixteenth (orange) order harmonics. Telson profiles oriented with dorsal surface horizontal, start point at anterior limit of vesicle, peduncle truncated, area normalized. Lower panel: Histogram plots of harmonic loadings of first two principal components, PC1 and PC2, obtained from PCA of 64 standardized Fourier coefficients from up to sixteenth order harmonic terms, accounting for 30.33% and 19.54% of variance, respectively (total variance 49.87%). Bars are heat map coded by loading values, harmonics with highest positive loadings labelled (red bars). Figure 180. Bivariate scatter plot of subspace of first two principal components rotated (PC1*, PC2*) to minimize variance of Teruelius spp. (yellow symbols) along vertical axis. Data from 117 telson profiles from Grosphus (n = 35, 14 spp.), Teruelius (n = 65, 21 spp.), Pseudolychas (n = 6, 3 spp.) and other outgroup taxa (n = 11, 4 spp.), both males and females. Upper inset: scree plot of eigenvalue vs. PC number. Lower inset: legend for symbol colors: Grosphus ‘hirtus’ group (= G. angulatus sp. n., G. hirtus, G. polskyi, G. tavaratra, G. voahangyae), blue; other Grosphus spp., cyan; Teruelius flavopiceus, orange; T. ankarana, magenta; T. grandidieri, red; other Teruelius spp., yellow; Pseudolychas spp., black; other outgroup taxa, gray. Figure 181. Bivariate scatter plot of mean values of PC2* vs. PC1* for male telson profiles of Grosphus (12 spp.), Teruelius (16 spp.), Pseudolychas (3 spp.) and other outgroup taxa (4 spp.). Figure 182. Bivariate scatter plot of mean values of PC2* vs. PC1* for female telson profiles of Grosphus (7 spp.), Teruelius (15 spp.), Pseudolychas (3 spp.) and other outgroup taxa (4 spp.). Profile silhouette examples shown for analyzed species in Figs. 181–182. Error bars in Fig. 182 are standard errors. Symbol colors in Figs. 181–182 as in legend of Fig. 180.	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFA9CB186314E648FD5C82A9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475097/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475097	Figure 183. Morphometrics of telson lateral profiles. Trivariate scatter plot of first three unrotated principal components (PC1, PC2, PC3) of harmonics extracted by Elliptic Fourier analysis (Fig. 179), rendered as a 3D cross stereoscopic pair. Symbol colors as in legend of Fig. 180.	Figure 183. Morphometrics of telson lateral profiles. Trivariate scatter plot of first three unrotated principal components (PC1, PC2, PC3) of harmonics extracted by Elliptic Fourier analysis (Fig. 179), rendered as a 3D cross stereoscopic pair. Symbol colors as in legend of Fig. 180.	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFA9CB186314E648FD5C82A9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475103/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475103	Figures 196–199. Examples of MPTs retrieved by phylogenetic analyses of Grosphus and Teruelius, rooted by 4 different outgroup taxa: Charmus laneus (196), Karasbergia methueni (197), Lychas mucronatus (198) and Microcharmus variegatus (199). Weighting schemes and data matrices indicated above each tree (see Table 7). Numbers above nodes are jackknife by symmetric resampling supports, those below relative Bremer supports. Color coding of groups according to legend in Fig. 16.	Figures 196–199. Examples of MPTs retrieved by phylogenetic analyses of Grosphus and Teruelius, rooted by 4 different outgroup taxa: Charmus laneus (196), Karasbergia methueni (197), Lychas mucronatus (198) and Microcharmus variegatus (199). Weighting schemes and data matrices indicated above each tree (see Table 7). Numbers above nodes are jackknife by symmetric resampling supports, those below relative Bremer supports. Color coding of groups according to legend in Fig. 16.	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFA9CB186314E648FD5C82A9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475105/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475105	Figures 200–203. Examples of MPTs retrieved by phylogenetic analyses of Grosphus and Teruelius, rooted by 4 different outgroup taxa: Pseudolychas ochraceus (200), P. pegleri (201), Tityobuthus monodi (202) and Somalicharmus whitmanae (203). Weighting schemes and data matrices indicated above each tree (see Table 7). Numbers above nodes are jackknife by symmetric resampling supports, those below relative Bremer supports. Color coding of groups according to legend in Fig. 16.	Figures 200–203. Examples of MPTs retrieved by phylogenetic analyses of Grosphus and Teruelius, rooted by 4 different outgroup taxa: Pseudolychas ochraceus (200), P. pegleri (201), Tityobuthus monodi (202) and Somalicharmus whitmanae (203). Weighting schemes and data matrices indicated above each tree (see Table 7). Numbers above nodes are jackknife by symmetric resampling supports, those below relative Bremer supports. Color coding of groups according to legend in Fig. 16.	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFA9CB186314E648FD5C82A9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475107/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475107	Figures 204–205. Mapping of unambiguous synapomorphies in two example MPTs retrieved by phylogenetic analyses of Grosphus and Teruelius, rooted by 2 different outgroup taxa: Charmus laneus (204) and Pseudolychas ochraceus (205). Numbers above nodes are discrete characters (Table 1), those below are discrete character states (Table 2).	Figures 204–205. Mapping of unambiguous synapomorphies in two example MPTs retrieved by phylogenetic analyses of Grosphus and Teruelius, rooted by 2 different outgroup taxa: Charmus laneus (204) and Pseudolychas ochraceus (205). Numbers above nodes are discrete characters (Table 1), those below are discrete character states (Table 2).	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFA9CB186314E648FD5C82A9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475109/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475109	Figures 206–209. Examples of MPTs retrieved by phylogenetic analyses of Grosphus and Teruelius, with multiple outgroup taxa in topologies fixed by backbone constraints. Figures 206–207. MPTs retrieved with 11 outgroup taxa in constrained topologies determined by the buthid MPT of Fig. 276, from discrete characters (206) or discrete and continuous characters (207), analyzed under implied weights. Figures 208–209. MPTs retrieved with 7 outgroup taxa in constrained topologies determined by molecular phylogenetic analyses of buthids (Fig. 190), from discrete characters (208) or discrete and continuous characters (209), analyzed under prior (209) or implied (208) weights. Numbers above nodes are jackknife by symmetric resampling supports, those below relative Bremer supports. Color coding of groups according to legend in Fig. 16.	Figures 206–209. Examples of MPTs retrieved by phylogenetic analyses of Grosphus and Teruelius, with multiple outgroup taxa in topologies fixed by backbone constraints. Figures 206–207. MPTs retrieved with 11 outgroup taxa in constrained topologies determined by the buthid MPT of Fig. 276, from discrete characters (206) or discrete and continuous characters (207), analyzed under implied weights. Figures 208–209. MPTs retrieved with 7 outgroup taxa in constrained topologies determined by molecular phylogenetic analyses of buthids (Fig. 190), from discrete characters (208) or discrete and continuous characters (209), analyzed under prior (209) or implied (208) weights. Numbers above nodes are jackknife by symmetric resampling supports, those below relative Bremer supports. Color coding of groups according to legend in Fig. 16.	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFA9CB186314E648FD5C82A9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475149/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475149	Figures 328–331. Teruelius haeckeli sp. n., habitus. Figures 328– 329. Holotype male in dorsal (328) and ventral (329) views. Figures 330–331. Paratype female in dorsal (330) and ventral (331) views. Scale bars: 10 mm.	Figures 328–331. Teruelius haeckeli sp. n., habitus. Figures 328– 329. Holotype male in dorsal (328) and ventral (329) views. Figures 330–331. Paratype female in dorsal (330) and ventral (331) views. Scale bars: 10 mm.	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFA9CB186314E648FD5C82A9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475151/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475151	Figures 332–333. Teruelius haeckeli sp. n., holotype male. Carapace and tergites (332) and pectinal area and sternites (333).	Figures 332–333. Teruelius haeckeli sp. n., holotype male. Carapace and tergites (332) and pectinal area and sternites (333).	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFA9CB186314E648FD5C82A9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475153/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475153	Figures 334–335. Teruelius haeckeli sp. n., holotype male. Carapace and tergites (334) and coxosternal area and sternites (335). UV fluorescence.	Figures 334–335. Teruelius haeckeli sp. n., holotype male. Carapace and tergites (334) and coxosternal area and sternites (335). UV fluorescence.	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFA9CB186314E648FD5C82A9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475155/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475155	Figures 336–337. Teruelius haeckeli sp. n., paratype female. Carapace and tergites (336) and coxosternal area and sternites (337). UV fluorescence.	Figures 336–337. Teruelius haeckeli sp. n., paratype female. Carapace and tergites (336) and coxosternal area and sternites (337). UV fluorescence.	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFA9CB186314E648FD5C82A9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475157/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475157	Figures 338–357. Teruelius haeckeli sp. n., pedipalp.Figures 338–348. Holotype male. Right chela (338, 339, 340) and patella (341, 342, 343) in dorsal, external and ventral views, respectively. Right femur (344, 345, 346) in dorsal, ventrointernal and internal views, respectively. Dentition of right chela, movable (347) and fixed (348) fingers. Figures 349–357. Paratype female. Right chela (349, 350, 351) and patella (352, 353, 354) in dorsal, external and ventral views, respectively. Right femur (355, 356, 357) in dorsal, ventrointernal and internal views, respectively.	Figures 338–357. Teruelius haeckeli sp. n., pedipalp.Figures 338–348. Holotype male. Right chela (338, 339, 340) and patella (341, 342, 343) in dorsal, external and ventral views, respectively. Right femur (344, 345, 346) in dorsal, ventrointernal and internal views, respectively. Dentition of right chela, movable (347) and fixed (348) fingers. Figures 349–357. Paratype female. Right chela (349, 350, 351) and patella (352, 353, 354) in dorsal, external and ventral views, respectively. Right femur (355, 356, 357) in dorsal, ventrointernal and internal views, respectively.	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFA9CB186314E648FD5C82A9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475159/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475159	Figures 358–371. Teruelius haeckeli sp. n., pedipalp segments of male holotype (358–364) and female paratype (365–371) with trichobothrial pattern indicated. Chela in dorsal (358, 365), external (359, 366) and ventral (360, 367) views. Patella in dorsal (361, 368) and external (362, 369) views. Femur in dorsal (363, 370) and internal (364, 370) views.	Figures 358–371. Teruelius haeckeli sp. n., pedipalp segments of male holotype (358–364) and female paratype (365–371) with trichobothrial pattern indicated. Chela in dorsal (358, 365), external (359, 366) and ventral (360, 367) views. Patella in dorsal (361, 368) and external (362, 369) views. Femur in dorsal (363, 370) and internal (364, 370) views.	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFA9CB186314E648FD5C82A9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475161/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475161	Figures 372–379. Teruelius haeckeli sp. n., metasoma and telson. Figures 372–375. Paratype female. Metasoma and telson in right lateral (372), dorsal (373) and ventral (374) views. Telson in left lateral view (375). Figures 376–379. Holotype male. Metasoma and telson in right lateral (376), dorsal (377) and ventral (378) views. Telson in left lateral view (379). Scale bars: 10 mm (372–374), 10 mm (376–378).	Figures 372–379. Teruelius haeckeli sp. n., metasoma and telson. Figures 372–375. Paratype female. Metasoma and telson in right lateral (372), dorsal (373) and ventral (374) views. Telson in left lateral view (375). Figures 376–379. Holotype male. Metasoma and telson in right lateral (376), dorsal (377) and ventral (378) views. Telson in left lateral view (379). Scale bars: 10 mm (372–374), 10 mm (376–378).	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFA9CB186314E648FD5C82A9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475163/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475163	Figures 380–387. Teruelius haeckeli sp. n., tarsi. Left basitarsi and telotarsi, legs I (380), II (382), III (384) and IV (386) in ventral (380, 382) and retrolateral (384, 386) views. Left telotarsi, legs I (381), II (383), III (385) and IV (387) in proventral (381, 383) and retroventral (385, 387) views.	Figures 380–387. Teruelius haeckeli sp. n., tarsi. Left basitarsi and telotarsi, legs I (380), II (382), III (384) and IV (386) in ventral (380, 382) and retrolateral (384, 386) views. Left telotarsi, legs I (381), II (383), III (385) and IV (387) in proventral (381, 383) and retroventral (385, 387) views.	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFA9CB186314E648FD5C82A9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475165/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475165	Figures 388–392. Teruelius haeckeli sp. n., right hemispermatophore, paratype male. Figure 388. Capsule, part of flagellum and part of trunk, convex view. Pedicel truncated and lost during extraction. Scale bar: 1 mm. Figures 389–392. Capsule and part of flagellum, in convex compressed (389), convex (390), anterior (391) and posterior (392) views. Scale bar: 500 μm.	Figures 388–392. Teruelius haeckeli sp. n., right hemispermatophore, paratype male. Figure 388. Capsule, part of flagellum and part of trunk, convex view. Pedicel truncated and lost during extraction. Scale bar: 1 mm. Figures 389–392. Capsule and part of flagellum, in convex compressed (389), convex (390), anterior (391) and posterior (392) views. Scale bar: 500 μm.	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
3E597234FFA9CB186314E648FD5C82A9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/7475147/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7475147	Figures 320–327. Grosphus angulatus sp. n., variation in femalebpt. Figures 320– 324. Basal pectines showing bpt shapesof holotype(322)and four paratypes (320–321, 323– 324). White arrow (320) indicates partially modified intermediate tooth bearing a sensorial area (cf. Figs. 43–44). Figure 325. Basal pectines of female G. hirtus showing typical bpt shape.UV fluorescence (320–325).Figures 326– 327. Bivariate scatter plots of bpt scores of G. angulatus sp. n. (black circles) and G. hirtus (gray circles) for principal components PC2 vs. PC1 (326) and PC4 vs. PC3 (327) obtained from PCA of 32 Fourier coefficients from up to eighth order harmonic terms in EFA of bpt shapes of Grosphus and Teruelius (cf. Figs. 29– 33).	Figures 320–327. Grosphus angulatus sp. n., variation in femalebpt. Figures 320– 324. Basal pectines showing bpt shapesof holotype(322)and four paratypes (320–321, 323– 324). White arrow (320) indicates partially modified intermediate tooth bearing a sensorial area (cf. Figs. 43–44). Figure 325. Basal pectines of female G. hirtus showing typical bpt shape.UV fluorescence (320–325).Figures 326– 327. Bivariate scatter plots of bpt scores of G. angulatus sp. n. (black circles) and G. hirtus (gray circles) for principal components PC2 vs. PC1 (326) and PC4 vs. PC3 (327) obtained from PCA of 32 Fourier coefficients from up to eighth order harmonic terms in EFA of bpt shapes of Grosphus and Teruelius (cf. Figs. 29– 33).	2022-12-31	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk		Zenodo	biologists	Lowe, Graeme;KOvAřík, FRANtIšEk			
