identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
69374E1398CC58E3AFF85FFCFA81C56B.text	69374E1398CC58E3AFF85FFCFA81C56B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hoplitis fertoni (Perez 1891)	<div><p>Hoplitis fertoni</p><p>Nest structure.</p><p>We collected 35 gastropod shells with nests of H. fertoni in three of the 13 localities surveyed. All of the localities were situated in dry hilly region. All shells were found on the ground surface and were not hidden. The closing plug was made of soil of light-brownish or greyish colour (Fig. 1A). In most nests (32) the closing plug was placed at the shell aperture. In the remaining three shells it was placed a few mm inside the shell. Several nests had a vestibular (empty) cell below the plug. The rest of the shell was filled with brood cells. Some nests had one or more empty intercalary cells. The brood cell walls were fully lined with soil and inter-cell partitions were double (Fig. 1D). The brood cells were arranged longitudinally along the spire of the shell cavity but some nests had two or more cells arranged transversally close to the nest aperture. Brood cell partitions were 2-5 mm thick (mean 2.6 mm) and the closing plug 3,5-8 mm thick (mean 4.9 mm) (Fig. 1D).</p><p>Shell choice.</p><p>The majority (26, 74.3%) of the nests were built in shells of Sphincterochila candidissima . Other snail species used were Eobania vermiculata (4, 11.4%), Cernuella sp. (3, 8.6%) and Otala lactea (1, 2.9%). The 35 nests collected contained 217 brood cells (mean ± SD: 6.2 ± 2.24; range: 2-10 brood cells per nest). The nests in S. candidissima shells contained 4-9 brood cells (mean 6.4, median 7), and those in E. vermiculata shells 5-10 brood cells (mean 5.8, median 6). Nests in the smaller Cernuella sp. shells contained fewer cells (range 2-3, mean 2.3, median 2).</p><p>Nest associates.</p><p>Altogether 58 (26.7%) brood cells contained dead, dry or mouldy contents. Of the remaining brood cells, 126 contained pupae or adults of H. fertoni, and 33 were parasitized (25.8% of brood cells containing live insects). The golden wasp Chrysura hybrida ( Chrysididae) was the most common parasitoid (21 cells in 14 nests). Cells parasitized by C. hybrida were recognizable by the presence of a semi-transparent brownish cocoon with a whitish spot within the thicker brownish cocoon of H. fertoni . We also found five nests parasitized by the velvet ant Stenomutilla collaris (seven cells) and one nest by Stenomutilla hotentotta (one cell) ( Mutillidae). Velvet ants pupated and became adults by late spring (late May - June). Stenomutilla cocoons were very similar to those of C. hybrida but harder and darker and did not have whitish marks. We also found three nests parasitized by the cuckoo bee Dioxys moesta ( Megachilidae) (one cell per nest). The cocoons of this species were composed of a single whitish layer sparsely covered with dark brownish faecal particles. Pupation and adult eclosion occurred more or less at the same time as in H. fertoni . Finally, we found one nest with one cell parasitized by the bee-fly Anthrax aethiops ( Bombyliidae). The structure of all nests is illustrated in Fig. 2.</p><p>Pollen contents.</p><p>We analysed pollen samples (remnants of unconsumed provisions) from six nests from two localities (S35 and S37). All pollen grains identified were Lithodora fruticosa ( Boraginaceae) (Fig. 3A). During of March 2019 we repeatedly observed Hoplitis fertoni females collecting pollen only on flowers of this species in various localities.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/69374E1398CC58E3AFF85FFCFA81C56B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Bogusch, Petr;Hlavackova, Lucie;Petr, Libor;Bosch, Jordi	Bogusch, Petr, Hlavackova, Lucie, Petr, Libor, Bosch, Jordi (2020): Nest structure, pollen utilization and parasites associated with two west-Mediterranean bees (Hymenoptera, Apiformes, Megachilidae) nesting in empty snail shells. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 76: 113-125, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.76.49579, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.76.49579
E89C7FA594115F0FA07D3C7BB88BB0E4.text	E89C7FA594115F0FA07D3C7BB88BB0E4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Osmia ferruginea Latreille 1811	<div><p>Osmia ferruginea</p><p>Nest structure.</p><p>We collected 58 shells with nests of O. ferruginea in nine of the 13 localities surveyed. Most nests (48) were collected in the localities of a dry hilly area. The remaining 10 nests were collected in the river floodplains. All nests were found exposed (not hidden) at ground level. The surface of the shells had no traces of masticated leaf matter. The closing plug was made of green masticated leaf matter (Fig. 1B). In most nests (38) it was placed at the shell aperture, but in some it was placed inside the shell. All nests had a vestibular (empty) cell below the plug. Brood cells were separated by narrow single partitions of masticated plant matter and the side walls of the brood cells were not lined (Fig. 1C). At the time nests were dissected (March 2019), each cell contained a yellow to light yellow spherical pollen provision with an egg or a young larva (Fig. 1C). The brood cells were always placed longitudinally along the spire of the shell. Brood cell partitions were around 1 mm thick and the closing plug 1.5-3 mm thick (mean 2.1 mm) (Fig. 1E).</p><p>Shell choice.</p><p>Most nests (28, 48.3%) were built in Sphincterochila candidissima shells. The remaining nests were placed in shells of Eobania vermiculata (13, 22.4%), Cernuella sp. (11, 18.9%), Theba pisana (4, 6.9%), Iberellus sp. (1, 1.7%) and Otala lactea (1, 1.7%). The 58 nests collected contained 268 brood cells (mean ± SD: 4.6 ± 2.09; range: 1-9 brood cells per nest). The nests in S. candidissima shells contained 2-9 brood cells (mean 5.6, median 5), and those in E. vermiculata shells were similar 1-9 brood cells (mean 5.5, median 6). Nests in the smaller shells of Cernuella sp. and T. pisana contained fewer cells (range 1-5, mean 2.1, median 2 and range 2-3, mean 2.5, median 2-3, respectively).</p><p>Nest associates.</p><p>Altogether 56 (20.9%) of the brood cells contained dead, dry or mouldy contents. Most of the remaining brood cells (203) contained pupae or adults of O. ferruginea, while 19 contained parasitoids (9% of brood cells containing alive insects). The main parasitoid species was Sapyga quinquepunctata ( Sapygidae; 18 cells from 11 nests, all from locality S7; 19% parasitism). All the individuals of this cleptoparasitic species reached adulthood by late summer or beginning of autumn (September). Brood cells parasitized by S. quinquepunctata were recognizable by the dark brown oval-shaped cocoon, distinct from the cubic cocoons of O. ferruginea . The bombyliid Anthrax aethiops was recorded in a single cell of one nest. The structure of all nests is illustrated on Fig. 2.</p><p>Pollen contents.</p><p>We analysed six pollen samples from nests collected at three different localities. Most pollen grains were of Cistaceae, Fabaceae ( Cytisus type), and Lamiaceae (Table 1; Fig. 3B).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E89C7FA594115F0FA07D3C7BB88BB0E4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Bogusch, Petr;Hlavackova, Lucie;Petr, Libor;Bosch, Jordi	Bogusch, Petr, Hlavackova, Lucie, Petr, Libor, Bosch, Jordi (2020): Nest structure, pollen utilization and parasites associated with two west-Mediterranean bees (Hymenoptera, Apiformes, Megachilidae) nesting in empty snail shells. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 76: 113-125, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.76.49579, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.76.49579
