identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
3F6887AD8B3CFFE1FF1FFBCE617E48DE.text	3F6887AD8B3CFFE1FF1FFBCE617E48DE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Arulenus Stal 1877	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Arulenus Stål, 1877</p>
            <p> Type species:  Arulenus validispinus Stål, 1877 by subsequent monotypy. </p>
            <p> The genus  Arulenus was erected by Stål in 1877 for  A. validispinus and  A. punctatus (now  Hirrius punctatus ), both described in the same paper, together with the genus. Bolívar (1887) erected the genus  Hirrius for  H. punctatus (Stål, 1877) and has left only  A. validispinus within  Arulenus . In the  Orthoptera Species File (Eades et al. 2015),  A. validispinus is noted to be the type species of the genus  Arulenus by the original monotypy, which is not correct. The species is the type species of the genus by subsequent monotypy, after the separation of the genus  Hirrius from  Arulenus . Thus, the genus became monotypic since Bolívar (1887) and now we add one more species to the genus. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis of the genus. The genus can be easily distinguished from similar genera by the following characters: a single paranotal lobe present, tegmina and alae absent, lateral paranotal lobes turned outwards, pronotum surface smooth, slightly wrinkled, high spines present on pronotal discus.</p>
            <p> Comparative notes. The genus is similar to following genera: of Discotettiginae  Discotettix Costa, 1864 ,  Hirrius punctatus group and  Hirrius montanus group. It can be separated from  Discotettix by the shape of paranota, absence of wings, pronotum that is not wrinkled and not tuberculated, and smooth femora surface. From  Discotettix shelfordi , it can be distinguished by the absence of wings, morphology of paranota, the presence of strong spines on pronotal discus, and smooth femora. From  Hirrius punctatus group (  H. punctatus ,  H. scrobiculatus ,  H. mindanaensis ), it can be separated by the presence of strong pronotal spines. From  Hirrius montanus group (  H. montanus ,  H. sarasinorum ,  Hirrius sp.) it can be separated by the absence of wings, non-granulated body and femora, and the presence of concave internal lateral carina of pronotum. Among non-Discotettiginae genera, the genus is morphologically similar to  Tondanotettix Willemse, 1928 (OSF currently places this in  Cladonotinae , but is likely a member of  Scelimeninae ), from which it can be separated primarily in the presence of widened antennal segments, narrower interscapular area, and the presence of strong spines on pronotal discus. </p>
            <p> Genera with appearance similar to  Arulenus: Malagassy and Oriental fauna. One cannot overlook the obvious similarity of pronotal morphology of  A. miae sp. nov. and specimens from Malagassy genera  Eurybiades ,  Notocerus and  Holocerus , as well as Borneo genus  Hexocera . This is a very good example of convergent evolution of a few evolutionary independent genera. In  Arulenus (  A. validispinus Stål and  A. miae sp. nov. ) pronotal spines are only excrescence of the interhumeral carinae (situated between carina medialis and carina lateralis), while in  Notocerus and  Holocerus these acuminate processes are actually elevations of humeral carinae. These genera are in fact members of separate subfamilies—  Arulenus of hitherto valid Discotettiginae,  Notocerus and  Holocerus of  Metrodorinae ,  Hexocera of  Scelimeninae . It has been pointed, however, that  Metrodorinae may not be a monophyletic group (Pavón-Gonzalo et al. 2012) and this subfamily is in need of a comprehensive revision. The monotypic genus  Hexocera from Borneo, is related to  Scelimena and other  Scelimeninae genera with the widened basitarsal segment of the hind legs. All these genera developed similar morphological traits, probably as an adaptation to deter predators. Two genera with similar general appearance to  Arulenus are shown on Figure 2. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3F6887AD8B3CFFE1FF1FFBCE617E48DE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Skejo, Josip;Caballero, Joy Honezza S.	Skejo, Josip, Caballero, Joy Honezza S. (2016): A hidden pygmy devil from the Philippines: Arulenus miae sp. nov. — a new species serendipitously discovered in an amateur Facebook post (Tetrigidae: Discotettiginae). Zootaxa 4067 (3): 383-393, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4067.3.7
3F6887AD8B3DFFE6FF1FF9BE67E24B8A.text	3F6887AD8B3DFFE6FF1FF9BE67E24B8A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Arulenus validispinus Stal 1877	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Species  Arulenus validispinus Stål 1877</p>
            <p>(Figure 3)</p>
            <p> Arulenus validispinus: Stål 1877 , Hancock 1907, Kirby 1910, Blackith 1992, Yin et al. 1996, Otte 1997 </p>
            <p>Material examined. (1 known specimen): Holotype: (1/1) 1♀ Ins. Philipp. Collector: Semper, det. C. Stål, inventory number NRM-ORTH 0 0 112902 (Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet Stockholm).</p>
            <p>Type locality. The Philippines, most probably Mindanao Isl.</p>
            <p>Distribution. The Philippines, most probably Mindanao Isl.</p>
            <p>References. Stål 1877</p>
            <p> This species is known only from the holotype female. The exact locality where the species was collected is unknown. However, from the examples of other species in Semper's collection, we believe that this female holotype was collected on Mindanao, as well. Since  A. miae sp. nov. shows slight sexual dimorphism, we assume that it is the case with this species as well, and males, that are not known yet, probably bear smaller spines and are smaller in size than females. </p>
            <p> Diagnosis of the species. The species is very similar to  A. miae sp. nov. and can be distinguished by the set of the following characters: (i) prozona of pronotum granulose, very wrinkly (slightly granulate, more or less smooth in  A. miae sp. nov. ), (ii) metazona of pronotum from 2.7/10 to 4.5/10 of pronotum length bearing the first pair of spines higher than the second (more than 2x) and the third (6.4x), from 5.1/10 to 6.5/10 of the length bearing the second pair of spines high 3.4x as third pair, while the third pair is situated from 7/10 to 8.3/10 of the pronotal length and are wart-like projections, (iii) hind femora more robust (length/ maximal width ratio 2.5), and with dorsal margin undulate and tuberculate. </p>
            <p>Measurements. Body length (from fastigium to the end of ovipositor) = 10.65 mm; pronotum length = 8.91 mm; pronotum lobe width = 4.82 mm; pronotum height = 3.94 mm; fore femur length = 2.37 mm; fore femur width = 0.64 mm; mid femur length = 2.29 mm; mid femur width = 0.67 mm; hind femur length = 5.39 mm; hind femur width = 2.25 mm; vertex width = 1.20 mm; compound eye width = 0.43 mm.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3F6887AD8B3DFFE6FF1FF9BE67E24B8A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Skejo, Josip;Caballero, Joy Honezza S.	Skejo, Josip, Caballero, Joy Honezza S. (2016): A hidden pygmy devil from the Philippines: Arulenus miae sp. nov. — a new species serendipitously discovered in an amateur Facebook post (Tetrigidae: Discotettiginae). Zootaxa 4067 (3): 383-393, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4067.3.7
3F6887AD8B3BFFEAFF1FFF6266AB4E74.text	3F6887AD8B3BFFEAFF1FFF6266AB4E74.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Arulenus miae Skejo & Caballero	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Species  Arulenus miae Skejo &amp; Caballero sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figures 1, 4, distribution figure 5, habitat figure 6)</p>
            <p>Material examined. (18 specimens): Holotypus: (1/18) 1♂ the Phillipines: Mindanao Isl.: Bukidnon Province X.2010. collector unknown det. J. Skejo, inventory number RMNH.INS 968003 (NCB-RMNH); Paratypus: (2/ 18) 1♂ the Phillipines: Mindanao Isl.: Bukidnon Province X.2010. collector unknown det. J. Skejo, inventory number RMNH.INS 968004 (NCB-RMNH); Additional material: (3–4/18) 2♂♂ the Phillipines: Mindanao Isl.: Bukidnon Province X.2010. collector unknown det. J. Skejo (available at lescoleopteres.com); (5/18) 1♀ (from Flickr) the Philippines: Bukidnon Province: rainforest area 800m asl [N8.252889, E125.038083] 24.IX.2013., photo: L. Garbielsen, det. J. Skejo; (6/18) 1♂ + (7–8/18) 2♀♀ E slopes of Kalatungan Mts. 1400–1600m asl [N7.94618653, E124.91472244] found on eBay det. J. Skejo, (9–11/18) 3♂♂+ (12–13/18) 2♀♀ Davao: Datu Sulumay Marilog district: Mt. Malambo 1 293m asl [N7.485417, E125.256583] 14.XI.2015. obs. &amp; det. J.H.S. Caballero; (14–16/18) 3♂♂+ (17/18) 1♀ Davao: Datu Sulumay Marilog district: Mt. Malambo 1 250m asl [N7.485419, E125.256573] 14.XI.2015. obs. A. Mohagan, det. J. Skejo &amp; J. H. S. Caballero; (18/18) 1♀ Bukidnon: Rainforest (without accurate locality) X.2013. leg. N. Layron, det. J. Skejo. All the georeferenced (localities with coordinates, altogether 4 of them [3 on the map] are shown in Figure 5., on the map).</p>
            <p>Type locality. Philippines: Mindanao Isl.: Bukidnon Province</p>
            <p>Type series depository. Holotype and paratype deposited in NCB-RMNH.</p>
            <p> Species diagnosis. The species is similar to  A. validispinus from which it can be separated by the following characters: (i) prozona slightly granulate, more or less smooth, (ii) metazona from 2.5/10 to 4/10 of pronotum length bearing one pair of spines, from 4/10 up to the end smooth and without tubercles, (iii) hind femora more slender (length/width ratio ~2.8–3:1) and with dorsal margin continuous and smooth. </p>
            <p>Species description (characters for both males and females are presented, if there are any difference between the sexes, the difference is indicated)</p>
            <p>General characters. Moderately large species (body size about 13 mm). Body smooth, finely granulated with very small and smooth tubercles. Apterous species. Coloration species-characteristic. General body color black. Antennae black. Head black to dark brown. The compound eyes in all the examined specimens yellow. Pronotum—black, dark brown in prozona, apices of the dorsal spines red. Internal lateral carina red. Fore and mid femora black, as well as fore and mid tibiae. Hind femora black to dark brown, with two tubercles on the distal transverse ridges yellowish. A tubercle on the dorsal carina of the hind femora yellow.</p>
            <p>Head. Head in the level of pronotum. Fastigium of vertex in slightly indrawn from the level of compound eyes when looked from above, slightly convex when looked from front. Anterior margin of the fastigium of vertex narrow. Fossullae present, deep. Median carina of vertex present in the distant fourth of vertex length looked from the anterior pronotum margin, weak. Lateral carinae of the vertex absent or very weak and unnoticeable. Supraocular lobes absent. Vertex 2.2 times as wide as a compound eye. Median ocellus situated far below the compound eyes, between facial carinae on the place where they end. Lateral ocelli situated in the middle between the compound eyes. Frontal costa in lateral view not visible. Frontal costa bifurcation between the compound eyes, slightly above lateral ocelli. Scutellum narrow, facial carinae almost parallel, slightly divergent. Antennal grooves and scape considerably wider than scutellum, flagellum as wide as scutellum. Maxillary palpi flattened, black. Eyes in dorsal view ovoid, in lateral view round, in front view elliptic. The compound eyes not touching, but very close to the anterior margin of pronotum, occipital area very narrow. Antennal grooves situated parallel with the lower margins of the compound eyes. Antennae with 13 segments, 1st scape, 2nd pedicel, 3rd first flagellar segment, articles 4th to 8th cylindrical and filiform, 9th subapical segment slightly widened, foliaceous, half as wide as 10th, 10th subapical segment strongly widened and foliaceous, apical segments (11th–13th) reduced, filiform.</p>
            <p>Pronotum. Pronotum flat (except two spines). Covering almost the entire abdomen, not covering abdominal apex and not surpassing hind femora. Anterior margin of the pronotum truncated. Median carina continuous, slightly elevated from the anterior margin to the apex. Mesozona of pronotum smooth. Protonal carinae present and slightly elevated. Extralateral carinae weak and unrecognizable. Interhumeral carinae strongly projected, forming two high spines. Spines are positioned on a very elevated part of pronotal discus and is only part where pronotum is not flat, but tuberculo-elevated and spined Humeroapical carinae forming with external lateral carinae obtuse, rounded angle. Interscapular area narrow, running to the half of the hind femora length. Lateral area quite wide. Internal lateral carinae incurved near the pronotum apex. Pronotal apex bilobate, with small concavity. A single paranotal lateral lobe present, directed downwards, slightly outwards near the apices, apex bilobate with small concavity.</p>
            <p>Legs. Dorsal margin of fore femora compressed, sometime slightly undulate, ventral margin with stronger undulation, having one tooth distally. Dorsal margin of mid femora undulate, ventral undulate with a tooth in the middle paler than rest of femora. Dorsal external carina of fore and mid femora almost absent, visible only as slight elevation in mid femora, very week, ventral external absent in fore femora, visible as strong and elevated carina in mid femora. Dorsal margin of hind femora continuous, bearing small tubercle on half of its length. Fore and mid tibiae widened, rectangular in cross section. Distal tarsal segments of fore and mid legs considerably longer than proximal ones. Hind femora slender (2.8 times as long as wide). External median area with six transverse ridges, distal two ridges elevated more than others and pale colored. Genicular teeth smaller than antigenicular, but both teeth large and sharp. Hind tibiae black. First and third tarsal segments equal in length. Pulvili angular, but not acute spinose.</p>
            <p> Female abdominal apex same as in  A. validispinus . Male subgenital plate long and conical, black. Male cerci long as half of the subgenital plate, yellowish colored, slender and conical. </p>
            <p>Etymology. The specific epithet is genitive case of the first Latin declension (a declension) derived from the name Mia, after M. Jurić, JS’s good friend—a student of the fashion and textile design at the Faculty of textile technology (Zagreb, Croatia).</p>
            <p>Measurements. Males (N=7). Body length (from fastigium to the end of pronotum) = 8.95–11.98 mm; pronotum length = 9.55–10.89 mm; pronotum lobe width = 4.78–5.34 mm; pronotum height = 4.13–4.93 mm; fore femur length = 3.21–3.44 mm; fore femur width = 0.52–0.73 mm; mid femur length = 3.01–3.34 mm; mid femur width = 0.69–0.76 mm; hind femur length = 6.59–7.09 mm; hind femur width = 2.33–2.63 mm; vertex width = 1.21–1.29 mm; compound eye width = 0.49–0.57 mm. Females (N=5). Body length (from fastigium to the end of pronotum) = 9.81–12.33 mm; pronotum length = 9.88–12.01 mm; pronotum lobe width = 4.91–5.98 mm; pronotum height = 4.46–5.31 mm; fore femur length = 3.34–3.80 mm; fore femur width = 0.60–0.81 mm; mid femur length = 3.12–3.55 mm; mid femur width = 0.72–0.81 mm; hind femur length = 6.99–7.34 mm; hind femur width = 2.50–2.78 mm; vertex width = 1.24–1.36 mm; compound eye width = 0.52–0.63 mm.</p>
            <p> Variability. Variability of  A. miae Skejo &amp; Caballero sp. nov. can be noted on three characters—1) pronotal length that varies from extremely short in some females, leaving last four abdominal sternites visible, to really long in some males, even a little bit extending over abdomen, 2) coloration that can vary from completely black (rarely) to black with only some pronotal carinae being red or orange or black with brightly colored carinae and pronotal spines (which are in fact just interhumeral carinae), 3) size of tubercles that are forming interhumeral spines, from very small to very large and 4) size and direction of interhumeral spines, usually being longer and directed dorsolaterad in females, while narrower and directed more dorsad in males. </p>
            <p>Distribution. Known only from central Mindanao island’s mountainous rainforest area (700–1500 m asl), from regions Bukidnon and Davao.</p>
            <p> Ecology and habitat. Here we describe the habitat of  A. miae Skejo &amp; Caballero sp. nov. in Mt. Malambo (Davao) (Figure 6 A—mountain and 6B—habitat) and in surrounding of the Dila river (Bukidnon). Since those two localities are rather similar, we will generalize species habitat and ecology. Although little is known about other localities where the species was found, according to consulted maps, there are a lot of suitable rainforest mountainous habitats all along Bukidnon and Davao districts. </p>
            <p> The species inhabits high elevation (700–1500m asl) tropical montane rainforests. The species is active both in rainy and in dry season. It is however, important to mention, that in Bukidnon and Davao, discrepancies in rainy and dry season are not as great as in e.g. N Luzon, Carga region of Mindanao, so it is reasonable to assume that the species is probably active throughout the year, despite our records which originated from mid September to late November (also early December). The temperature in areas where the species occurs ranges mostly from 22°C to 28°C. The area is dominated by trees and dense vegetation of grasses, ferns and shrubs. Vegetation type of such a forest is tropical montane rainforest, that is rich in ground vegetation (ferns, grasses, bushes, shrubs, low trees) and canopy epiphytes (mosses, ferns, lichens, orchids). In such a forest, no plant species predominates, but  Ficus sp.,  Musa sapientum, Discksonia sp. and  Medinilia magnifica are all present in similar relative abundance. The forest is very rich in mosses and lichens, as well as in detritus, which the species feeds on. It can climb shrubs and lower trees in search for mosses. With its cryptic coloration, it is well camouflaged to surrounding rotting leaf-litter, detritus and bark and is usually difficult to observe. Humid tropical rainforest is a suitable habitat for not only this but also some other  Tetrigidae , for example  Hirrius punctatus (Stål, 1877) ,  Hymenotes sp.,  Discotettix scabridus (Stål, 1877) , Mazzaredia sp. and  Cleostratus sp. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3F6887AD8B3BFFEAFF1FFF6266AB4E74	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Skejo, Josip;Caballero, Joy Honezza S.	Skejo, Josip, Caballero, Joy Honezza S. (2016): A hidden pygmy devil from the Philippines: Arulenus miae sp. nov. — a new species serendipitously discovered in an amateur Facebook post (Tetrigidae: Discotettiginae). Zootaxa 4067 (3): 383-393, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4067.3.7
