taxonID	type	description	language	source
3F423267FF7FD659B3DEAB5AA1474E3F.taxon	description	asperulate, grayish brown (6 F 3) and with a lighter region (5 D 3) near the base, apophysis noticeable when dry; peristome conical, truly sulcate, 0.5 cm high, concolorous with the endoperidial surface or slightly darker, seated in a depression; mature gleba yellowish brown (5 F 4). Fibrous layer hyphae thick-walled to solid, 4 – 9 µm in diam., yellowish, septum not seen; fleshy layer hyphae pseudoparenchymatous, ellipsoid to subglobose, 12 – 49 µm in diam., yellowish; endoperidial hyphae thick-walled, lumen narrow, 3 – 8 µm in diam., yellowish to brownish yellow, some of them modified at the apex into clavate structures, crystals present on the surface; capillitial hyphae thick-walled, 3 – 9 µm in diam., golden yellow to brownish yellow, septa not seen, most of them strongly incrusted with amorphous material, tapering towards the simple, rounded apex; basidiospores globose to subglobose, 5 – 6 µm in diam., brownish yellow, ornamented with up to 1 µm high, individual or confluent columns; apiculus usually conspicuous, less than 1 µm long; basidia not seen.	en	Trierveiler-Pereira, Larissa, Da Silveira, Rosa Mara B. (2012): On the Geastrum species (Geastraceae, Basidiomycota) described by Rick. Phytotaxa 61 (1): 37-46, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.61.1.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.61.1.3
3F423267FF7FD659B3DEAB5AA1474E3F.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Brazil (Rick 1906), found in a small group on soil. Additional specimens examined: — Geastrum hariotii: BRAZIL. C. G. Lloyd’s Collection cat. no. 52535 (BPI 841469, holotype); Rio de Janeiro: Hennings, C. G. Lloyd’s Collection cat. no. 52536 (BPI 841470); Paraná: Foz do Iguaçu, Parque Nacional de Foz do Iguaçu, 09 February 2011, L. Trierveiler-Pereira 169 (ICN); ibid., 10 February 2011, L. Trierveiler-Pereira 179 (ICN); Pernambuco: Moreno, RPPN Carnijó, 19 July 2008, L. Trierveiler-Pereira & al. 129 (URM 82013); São Vicente Férrer, Mata do Estado, 18 September 2008, L. Trierveiler-Pereira & J. M. Baltazar 180 (URM 82017).	en	Trierveiler-Pereira, Larissa, Da Silveira, Rosa Mara B. (2012): On the Geastrum species (Geastraceae, Basidiomycota) described by Rick. Phytotaxa 61 (1): 37-46, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.61.1.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.61.1.3
3F423267FF7FD659B3DEAB5AA1474E3F.taxon	discussion	Remarks: — Geastrum lloydianum is characterized by an arched exoperidium, a rough to asperulate and blackish endoperidium, a sulcate peristome, and prominently ornamented basidiospores. Before proposing G. lloydianum as a new species, Rick sent his vouchers to Lloyd. Lloyd (1907) noticed that Rick’s figure in the original publication (Rick 1906, pl. II, fig. 10) did not correspond to G. lloydianum. A good picture of type specimens was presented by Lloyd (1907, pl. 99, fig. 9). Lloyd did not accept the binomial G. lloydianum stating that he already knew the species and proposed the name Geastrum hariotii Lloyd [as ‘ Geaster harioti ’] based on a different type (BPI 841469). Rick also used the binomial G. hariotii in his further studies (Rick 1910, 1930) and did not mention the name G. lloydianum in his mycological synopsis (Rick 1928). Ponce de Leon (1968) considered G. hariotii synonymous with G. lloydianum, since the species are macroscopically similar. However, we have analyzed both types microscopically and we can ascertain that basidiospores are very distinct. G. lloydianum has large basidiospores (5 – 6 µm in diam.) ornamented with high columns, some of them seem to be curved when observed on light microscopy. G. hariotii has smaller basidiospores (3 – 4 µm in diam.) ornamented with short columns. Based on these observations, we consider G. hariotii a distinct species from G. lloydianum. Specimens of G. lloydianum from Venezuela (Calonge & Verde 1996), Mexico (Calonge et al. 2004) and Costa Rica (Calonge et al. 2005) were described with minutely warted, small spores. Probably these records correspond to G. hariotii. We can conclude that the macroscopic morphology of G. lloydianum is common in the tropics but probably corresponds to a complex of species.	en	Trierveiler-Pereira, Larissa, Da Silveira, Rosa Mara B. (2012): On the Geastrum species (Geastraceae, Basidiomycota) described by Rick. Phytotaxa 61 (1): 37-46, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.61.1.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.61.1.3
3F423267FF7DD65FB3DEADEFA3E8495F.taxon	description	Lectotype (designated here): — BRAZIL. J. Rick, C. G. Lloyd’s Collection cat. no. 54716 (BPI 706086!). Unexpanded basidiomata subglobose to obovoid, apex rounded or acute; 0.3 – 0.4 cm high, 0.4 – 0.7 cm in diam.; mycelial layer light yellow (4 A 4), light orange (5 A 4) to yellowish brown (5 D 5), hirsute; hairs up to 2.0 mm long, concolorous with the mycelial layer. Expanded basidiomata 0.5 – 1.1 cm high (including peristome), 0.6 – 1.5 cm in diam., occasionally with basal mycelial strands; exoperidium saccate, rays 4 – 7, recurving outside near the apex, mycelial layer light brown (5 D 4, 5 D 5), yellowish brown (5 D 6) to light yellow (4 A 4), fibrous layer pale yellow (4 A 3) to grayish yellow (4 B 4), fleshy layer light brown (5 D 4) to yellowish brown (5 D 6, 5 E 4); endoperidial body globose, sessile, 0.4 – 0.8 cm in diam., endoperidial surface smooth, papery, grayish brown (5 D 3), yellowish brown (5 E 4) to light brown (5 D 4); peristome fibrillose, brownish orange (5 C 3), pale orange (5 A 3) to orange white (5 A 2), distinctly delimited; mature gleba yellowish brown (5 F 4) to grayish brown (5 F 3). Mycelial layer hyphae slightly thick-walled, 2 – 5 µm in diam., brownish yellow, septum not seen; fibrous layer hyphae thin to slightly thick-walled, 1.5 – 5.5 µm in diam., hyaline to yellowish, septum not seen, many incrusted with amorphous material; fleshy layer hyphae pseudoparenchymatous, ellipsoid to subglobose, 19 – 45 µm in diam., brownish yellow; endoperidial hyphae slightly thick-walled, 2 – 4 µm in diam., hyaline to yellowish; capillitial hyphae slightly thick-walled, yellowish to brownish, septa not seen, 3 – 7 µm wide, incrusted or not with amorphous material, tapering towards the simple, rounded apex; basidiospores globose, 3 – 4 µm wide, brownish, finely punctate, ornamented with short, individual or confluent columns; apiculus short, usually conspicuous; basidia lecythiform to ventricose, 13 – 17 × 6 – 9 µm, hyaline, with oily content.	en	Trierveiler-Pereira, Larissa, Da Silveira, Rosa Mara B. (2012): On the Geastrum species (Geastraceae, Basidiomycota) described by Rick. Phytotaxa 61 (1): 37-46, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.61.1.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.61.1.3
3F423267FF7DD65FB3DEADEFA3E8495F.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Brazil (Lloyd 1907, 1918; Rick 1928, 1930; Baseia & Calonge 2006, as G. hirsutum), Jamaica (Coker & Couch 1928), British Guyana (Dennis, 1953), Japan (Lloyd 1925); found gregarious on decayed wood and forming a dense subiculum covering the substrate. Additional specimens examined: — BRAZIL. Pernambuco: Recife, 21 June 2003, I. G. Baseia 3450 (MA-Fungi 67886, paratype of G. hirsutum); Rio Grande do Sul: São Leopoldo, J. Rick (PACA 15970); Porto Alegre, Morro Santana, 21 June 2010, L. Trierveiler-Pereira 88 (ICN), ibid., 17 May 2011, L. Trierveiler- Pereira 226 (ICN), ibid., 31 May 2011, L. Trierveiler-Pereira 246 (ICN); Caçapava do Sul: Pedra do Segredo, 06 June 2011, L. Trierveiler-Pereira 269 (ICN); Santa Catarina: Itapoá, Reserva Volta Velha, 23 February 2011, M. Pilotto MAN 672 (FLOR 42673); Florianópolis, Morro da Lagoa, 21 April 2011, M. A. Neves et al. MAN 766 (FLOR 42674).	en	Trierveiler-Pereira, Larissa, Da Silveira, Rosa Mara B. (2012): On the Geastrum species (Geastraceae, Basidiomycota) described by Rick. Phytotaxa 61 (1): 37-46, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.61.1.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.61.1.3
3F423267FF7DD65FB3DEADEFA3E8495F.taxon	discussion	Remarks: — Geastrum trichiferum is characterized small, saccate basidiomata, a hirsute mycelial layer and a delimited, fibrillose peristome. This species was first reported by Lloyd (1907) as Geaster sp. However, Lloyd presented figures, a short description (a strigose form of Geastrum mirabile Mont.) and mentioned the name adopted by Rick for the species: ‘ Geaster trichifer’. Rick himself was not convinced that G. trichiferum was a good species (Lloyd 1918) and did not mention the species in his work on the genus Geastrum (Rick 1910). Geastrum trichiferum was later considered a variety of G. mirabile by Saccardo & Trotter (1912) but Lloyd continued using the binomial G. trichiferum (Lloyd 1918, 1925), as did Rick in his later works (Rick 1928, 1930). According to Lloyd (1918), G. trichiferum could also be separated from G. schweinitzii based on the colour of the mycelial layer, which is brownish in the first one and whitish in the latter. Ponce de Leon (1968) considered G. trichiferum a synonym of Geastrum schweinitzii (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Zeller, the latter being the correct name for G. mirabile (Zeller 1948). In Northeastern Brazil, it was observed that basidiomata of G. trichiferum are usually larger than those of G. schweinitzii (Trierveiler-Pereira et al. 2011 a) Geastrum hirsutum, described from Northeastern Brazil (Baseia & Calonge 2006), has the same characteristics of G. trichiferum and should be treated as a synonym. Geastrum albonigrum Calonge & M. Mata is a tropical species and also has a hairy mycelial layer that peels off at maturity (Calonge & Mata 2004, Trierveiler-Pereira et al. 2011 b). However, this species has a dark-colored mycelial layer, fleshy layer and endoperidium; the peristome is not delimited; and a robust, central rhizomorph remains attached at the fibrous layer after the mycelial layer peels off. Moreover, G. albonigrum do not form a whitish subiculum over the substrate (decayed wood).	en	Trierveiler-Pereira, Larissa, Da Silveira, Rosa Mara B. (2012): On the Geastrum species (Geastraceae, Basidiomycota) described by Rick. Phytotaxa 61 (1): 37-46, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.61.1.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.61.1.3
3F423267FF78D652B3DEA9D4A7B84FB2.taxon	description	Lectotype (designated here): — BRAZIL. Rio Grande do Sul, J. Rick, C. G. Lloyd’s Collection cat. no. 54722 (BPI 706193!). Unexpanded basidiomata pyriform, fusoid to lageniform, apex acute; 1.1 – 2.1 cm high, 0.6 – 1.2 cm in diam.; mycelial layer light brown (6 D 4) to reddish brown (8 E 4, 9 D 4), with purplish and pinkish pigments; mycelial strands arising from the base, abundant, whitish to beige, up to 1.6 cm in length. Expanded basidiomata 1.0 – 2.0 cm high (including peristome), 1.0 – 1.9 cm in diam.; exoperidium saccate, rays 5 – 7, acute or not, involute, mycelial layer light brown (6 D 4, 7 D 4) to brown (6 E 5), fibrous layer pale orange (5 A 3) to grayish yellow (2 B 3), fleshy layer pastel pink (11 A 4), grayish rose (11 B 5), grayish red (10 B 5) to purple (15 C 6) when fresh, drying to dark brown (8 F 5) to reddish brown (8 E 4, 8 E 5); endoperidial body conical, globose ovoid to subglobose when fresh, sessile, 0.7 – 1.0 cm in diam., endoperidial surface asperulate, when recently exposed with a white pruina covering the surface, brown (7 E 4), reddish brown (8 D 4), light brown (6 D 4, 7 D 4) to brownish grey (10 D 2) when fresh, drying to dark brown (7 F 5, 6 F 4, 6 F 5); peristome fibrillose with few folds, concolorous with endoperidium or slightly lighter towards the apex, not delimited by color line or a groove; mature gleba olive brown (4 E 3, 4 F 5) to yellowish brown (5 E 4). Mycelial layer hyphae thick-walled, 3.5 – 6 µm in diam., yellowish to hyaline, branched or not, simpleseptate, septum not always conspicuous, usually incrusted with amorphous material, lumen narrow and filled with reddish pink pigments; fibrous layer hyphae thick-walled or solid, 2 – 7 µm in diam., hyaline, rarely branched, incrusted or not, lumen narrow without reddish pigments; fleshy layer hyphae pseudoparenchymatous, mostly ellipsoid to subglobose (frequently collapsed in dried material), 11.5 – 54 µm in diam., yellowish, usually with reddish to pinkish pigments content; endoperidial hyphae thick-walled, 2 – 7 µm in diam., lumen narrow, yellowish to brownish, many of them enlarged at the apex, enlarged structures (mycosclerids) 6 – 17.5 µm in diam., fusoid, clavate to espathulate, yellowish to brownish; capillitial hyphae thick-walled or solid, simple-septate, 2 – 9 µm wide, lumen narrow, brownish, mostly incrusted, tapering towards the simple, rounded apex; basidiospores globose, 2.2 – 3.2 µm in diam., brownish yellow, finely punctate, ornamented with short, individual or confluent warts or columns; apiculus short, less than 1 µm long; basidia subglobose to ventricose with a long rostrum, 11 – 17.5 × 4 – 7 µm, hyaline, 8 - spored.	en	Trierveiler-Pereira, Larissa, Da Silveira, Rosa Mara B. (2012): On the Geastrum species (Geastraceae, Basidiomycota) described by Rick. Phytotaxa 61 (1): 37-46, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.61.1.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.61.1.3
3F423267FF78D652B3DEA9D4A7B84FB2.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitat: — Brazil (Rick 1906) and Argentina (Kuhar & Papinutti 2009, as G. episcopale); found solitary or in small groups on soil. Additional specimens examined: — BRAZIL. Rio Grande do Sul: Riozinho, on soil, April 2010, L. Trierveiler-Pereira 21 (ICN); ARGENTINA. Chaco: Parque Nacional Chaco, May 2010, Hernández Caffot et al. (CORD 784); Corrientes: Curuzú Cuatiá, April 2007, L. Papinutti & G. Rolón (BAFC 51671, holotype of G. episcopale).	en	Trierveiler-Pereira, Larissa, Da Silveira, Rosa Mara B. (2012): On the Geastrum species (Geastraceae, Basidiomycota) described by Rick. Phytotaxa 61 (1): 37-46, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.61.1.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.61.1.3
3F423267FF78D652B3DEA9D4A7B84FB2.taxon	discussion	Remarks: — Geastrum violaceum is easily identified in the field due to its pinkish, purplish to violet fleshy layer contrasting to the brownish endoperidium. Its peristome is fibrillose, has a few folds and is not distinctly delimited. G. violaceum has been a long forgotten name. After its original description at the beginning of the 20 th century (Rick 1906), the authenticity of this species was confirmed by Lloyd (1907), but was later synonymized with G. lloydianum by Ponce de León (1968). We are of the opinion, however, that the synonymy proposed by Ponce de Leon was not based on accurate morphological analysis of type specimens. Important features distinguishing G. violaceum from G. lloydianum are the pinkish, purplish to violet pigments present in the exoperidium, the subglobose to conical endoperidial body and the fibrillose peristome with few folds in G. violaceum. Rick described the species with delimited peristome, but after having examined the original material, we cannot agree with that. Even on dried specimens, including the lectotype, the presence of pinkish to purplish pigments in the exoperidium is preserved. The asperulate texture of the endoperidial body is due to the presence of mycosclerids formed by hyphae from the endoperidial surface. Geastrum episcopale, recently described from Argentina (Kuhar & Papinutti 2009), is a synonym of G. violaceum. G. episcopale was described with a smooth endoperidium, but we also found mycosclerids on the endoperidial surface of the type specimen. According to Rick (1906, 1928), his collection of G. violaceum was sent to Lloyd. At herbarium PACA only one exsiccate is recorded as G. violaceum (PACA 9664, Fungi Rickiani 15973), but it is wrongly identified (the exoperidium has no purplish pigments and the basidiospores are much larger and with robust ornamentation). Up to date, G. violaceum has only been reported from subtropical forests in South America (Argentina and Brazil, lat. 29 ° S), but we also have seen pictures (courtesy of Douglas Eduardo Rocha) of the species from a fragment of the Atlantic tropical rainforest in the State of Minas Gerais (Brazil, lat. 19 ° S). Unfortunately that material was not preserved, but it is our guess that the species also occur in tropical forests in South America.	en	Trierveiler-Pereira, Larissa, Da Silveira, Rosa Mara B. (2012): On the Geastrum species (Geastraceae, Basidiomycota) described by Rick. Phytotaxa 61 (1): 37-46, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.61.1.3, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.61.1.3
