identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
4AA1C54C94C550FA943F8B2FC3B074BB.text	4AA1C54C94C550FA943F8B2FC3B074BB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gerronema brunneosquamulosum Q. Na & Y. P. Ge	<div><p>Gerronema brunneosquamulosum Q. Na &amp; Y. P. Ge, MycoKeys 105: 49 (2024-04-25)</p><p>Figs 3, 5, 7 D Chinese name: 雷丸老伞</p><p>Synonym.</p><p>Gerronema lapidescens (Horan.) Ming Zhang &amp; W. X. Zhang, Acta Edulis Fungi 31: 90 (2024-06-15), syn. nov.</p><p>Remark.</p><p>The following description draws mainly from Na et al. (2024) and Zhang et al. (2024 b), supplemented by our field observations and covers macro-morphology, growth habit, geographical distribution and micromorphological characteristics.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Basidiomata small to medium-sized, with a flexible texture. Pileus 2–6 cm diam., cup- or funnel-shaped, slightly depressed at centre when young, gradually becoming funnel-shaped with growth; initially dark brown (4 F 5–4 F 6), becoming progressively lighter with development, transitioning to dark grey-brown (4 E 5–4 E 6) and pale grey-brown (2 C 2) towards the margin; edge paler, greyish-white (2 B 2), with radial striations or small squamules; surface dry. Context thin, fragile, yellowish-white (1 A 2). Lamellae decurrent, creamy-white, with the same colour on both surfaces and edges, 30–40 pieces of complete lamellae per pileus. Stipe 1.5–4.5 × 0.1–0.4 cm, central, cylindrical, hollow; surface initially pale white (1 A 1), developing sparse grey (1 B 1) scales with age, predominantly scattered along entire stipe; base turning yellow-brown (1 B 4) at maturity, slightly swollen. Odour and taste indistinct. The cultured mycelium of G. brunneosquamulosum grows prostrately on the surface of the medium, exhibiting a concentric zonation pattern with radially extending hyphae. The colony margin is smooth and well-defined.</p><p>Basidiospores [40 / 2 / 2] 6.0–8.0 (9.0) × 4.0–5.0 μm (Q = 1.4–2.0, Q m = 1.63 ± 0.2), inamyloid, ellipsoid to elongate-ellipsoid. Basidia 25–40 × 6–9 μm, clavate, 4 - spored, occasionally 2 - spored; sterigmata up to 5 μm long. Cheilocystidia clavate, 18–35 × 4–6 μm and thin-walled. Pleurocystidia absent. Lamellar trama subregular; hyphae 2–12.5 μm wide, thin-walled and hyaline. Pileipellis a cutis; hyphae 2–7 μm wide, light yellow to yellow (1 A 6–1 B 6); terminal elements 25–75 × 8–15 μm, clavate, sometimes with sparse coarse excrescences and light yellowish-brown to yellowish-brown (1 A 5–1 B 5) pigment in KOH. Pileus trama subregular, sarcodimitic, sometimes containing dark brown (1 C 4–1 C 5) hyphae. Stipitipellis composed of hyphae 2–10 μm wide, hyaline, smooth. Caulocystidia 27–55 × 6–12 μm, clavate, thin-walled; light yellowish-brown (2 A 7–2 A 5) pigment in KOH. Clamp connections present in all tissues.</p><p>Sclerotia 0.8–3.5 cm diam., elliptical to irregularly globose; peridium thin, brown (2 D 8–2 E 8), fissured when fresh, drying dark brown (2 E 7–2 F 7) to black, fissures deepened, texture slightly wrinkled. Internal structure dense, firm, hard, often exhibiting white marble-like veins; cut surface showing intertwined wax-yellow (2 A 2) and milky-white (1 A 1) striations; comprising irregularly shaped translucent compartments, 1–2 mm wide, separated by white septa; compartments near the outer layer of the sclerotium are typically smaller. Odour indistinct. Rhizomorphs brown (2 D 8) to dark brown (2 E 7), arising from sclerotia, with vessel hyphae facilitating long-distance translocation of water and nutrients, caducous upon drying. Sclerotial context primarily composed of compact thick-walled hyphae and viscous substances, hyphae 2–6 μm wide, thick-walled, 1 μm thick, hyaline. Clamp connections present, rare. Sclerotial rind with yellowish-brown (2 B 5–2 C 5) pigment in KOH.</p><p>Habit and habitat.</p><p>Gregarious on decayed wood in broad-leaved forests dominated by Cyclobalanopsis glauca (Thunb.) Oerst. and Castanopsis eyrei (Champ.) Tutch. ( Fagaceae) or at the bases of bamboo.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Known to be primarily in the regions southern of the Yangtze River in China: Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan, Yunnan and Zhejiang.</p><p>Materials examined.</p><p>China: Anhui Province: Shitai Prefecture (石台县), Xianyu Town (仙寓镇), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=117.28972&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.061666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 117.28972/lat 30.061666)">Yuantou Village</a> (源头村), 30°3'42"N, 117°17'23"E, elev. 204 m, 1 July 2022, Lin-Jie Su (MHKMU SLJ-213) ; Shitai Prefecture (石台县), Qidu Town (七都镇), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=117.83111&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=30.206112" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 117.83111/lat 30.206112)">Huanghe Village</a> (黄河村), 30°12'22"N, 117°49'52"E, elev. 284 m, 2 August 2022, Qin Deng (MHKMU DQ-063) . Chongqing Province: Nanchuan District (南川区), elev. about 800 m, 8 August 2019, CQNC ; Nanchuan District, elev. about 800 m, 2 August 2020, LWBZ; Wulong District (武隆区), elev. about 1,000 m, 2 August 2018, CQWL . Guangxi Province: Duan County (都安县) Longwan Town (龙湾乡), elev. about 400 m, 8 March 2022, Wen-Hao Zhang (MHKMU ZWH-839 -1) . Guizhou Province: 8 March 2022, Wen-Hao Zhang (MHKMU ZWH-838); Daozhen Prefecture (道真县), elev. 2 August 2020, GZDZ . Hainan Province: 22°51'35"N, 101°1'57"E, elev. 1878 m, 18 September 2020, Cai-Rui Fu (MHKMU FCR-001) . Sichuan Province: 5 April 2022, Wen-Hao Zhang (MHKMU WH Zhang 840); Hejiang Prefecture (合江县) elev. 300-500 m, 11 October 2019, SCHJI and SCHJII . Yunnan Province: Lancang Lahu Autonomous County (澜沧拉祜族自治县), 21 July 2021, Li-Ping Tang (MHKMU TLP-3572) and Li-Ping Tang (MHKMU TLP-3573) .</p><p>Notes.</p><p>Gerronema brunneosquamulosum was originally described by Na et al. (2024) from Zhejiang Province, China and is characterised by a brownish pileus with radial striations and small squamules, elongate basidiospores (Q m = 1.73) and the presence of clamp connections across all tissues. Notably, the original description did not document sclerotial formation. In contrast, G. lapidescens was described by Zhang et al. (2024 b) from Guangdong Province following isolation from Leiwan sclerotia, with detailed morphological descriptions of the sclerotia provided. In our study, we present a more comprehensive morphological characterisation and demonstrate that all diagnostic features of G. brunneosquamulosum align with those of G. lapidescens .</p><p>Furthermore, phylogenetic analyses, based on ITS and nrLSU sequences, reveal that G. brunneosquamulosum and G. lapidescens form a highly supported monophyletic clade (see Fig. 1), with negligible genetic divergence — exhibiting only 0–2 bp differences across both the ITS (600 bp) and nrLSU (800 bp) regions. Based on this integrated re-evaluation of morphological and phylogenetic evidence, we conclude that G. lapidescens and G. brunneosquamulosum are conspecific. In accordance with Article 11 of the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi and Plants (ICN; Melbourne Code; McNeill et al. (2012)), which stipulates nomenclatural priority for the earliest validly published name amongst competing synonyms at the species rank, G. brunneosquamulosum is hereby recognised as the correct name and G. lapidescens is treated as its later synonym. This study supplements the original description by providing comprehensive morphological data for G. lapidescens (= G. brunneosquamulosum) across all developmental stages, integrating field observations with findings from artificial cultivation.</p><p>Gerronema brunneosquamulosum is morphologically similar to G. zhujian Q. Na, H. Zeng &amp; Y. P. Ge, as both species possess pilei with radial striations or minute scales. However, G. zhujian can be distinguished by its smaller basidiomata (0.8–1.8 cm in diameter) and narrower basidiospores (6.7–8.0 × 3.7–4.6 μm).</p><p>The comparisons between G. brunneosquamulosum and the newly-proposed G. sinense are given in the notes for the latter species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4AA1C54C94C550FA943F8B2FC3B074BB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Zhang, Wen-Hao;Zhang, Guo-Li;Lei, Han-Chi;Xu, Chang;Li, Jia;Xia, Xing;Jiang, Shuai;Li, Na;Tang, Li-Ping	Zhang, Wen-Hao, Zhang, Guo-Li, Lei, Han-Chi, Xu, Chang, Li, Jia, Xia, Xing, Jiang, Shuai, Li, Na, Tang, Li-Ping (2025): Multi-origin analysis of the traditional Chinese medicine Leiwan. MycoKeys 125: 325-345, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.125.164001
AA4CE4A682905850BAB5422563BFDDDE.text	AA4CE4A682905850BAB5422563BFDDDE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gerronema sinense L. P. Tang, W. H. Zhang & G. L. Zhang 2025	<div><p>Gerronema sinense L. P. Tang, W. H. Zhang &amp; G. L. Zhang sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 4, 6, 7 E Chinese name: 中华老伞</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Distinguished from other Gerronema species by its funnel-shaped pileus with a yellow-brown surface that becomes dark brown at the centre when mature and a pale grey-brown margin with radial striations or small scales. It is also characterised by a slender and hollow stipe covered with grey squamules, ellipsoid to elongate-ellipsoid basidiospores and the presence of clamp connections. Sclerotium primarily composed of compact filamentous hyphae and viscous substances.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>“ Sinense ” refers to “ Chinese ”.</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>China: • Hainan Province: Ledong Li Autonomous County (乐东黎族自治县), Jianfengling (尖峰岭), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=108.83639&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.737778" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 108.83639/lat 18.737778)">Mingfeng Valley</a> (鸣凤谷), 18°44'16"N, 108°50'11"E, elev. 810 m, 10 August 2020, Man Mu (MHKMU MM-642), GenBank Acc. No.: ITS = PV 862917, nrLSU = PV 862938.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Basidiomata small and flexible. Pileus approximately 3.5 cm diam., dry, centrally depressed, umbilicate; surface with prominent radial striations, yellow-brown (2 B 8–2 B 6) to darker brown (2 D 6–2 E 6) at centre, grey-brown (2 C 4–2 C 2) at margin. Context thin, white (1 A 1). Lamellae decurrent, creamy-white (1 A 1), about 40 pieces of complete lamellae per pileus. Stipe ca. 6.0 × 0.5 cm, central, cylindrical, hollow; surface densely covered with grey (1 B 1) scales near the apex, less evident towards the base, which is swollen and paler. Odour and taste indistinct. The cultured mycelium of G. sinense displays slower radial expansion. Colonies are characterised by a dense, floccose to tomentose aerial mycelium that is markedly elevated above the agar surface. The colony edge is irregular and poorly defined.</p><p>Basidiospores [40 / 1 / 1] (6.5) 7.0–8.5 (9.0) × 4.0–5.0 (6.0) μm [Q = 1.4–1.77 (2.0), Q m = 1.58 ± 0.15], inamyloid, ellipsoid to elongate-ellipsoid. Basidia 25–35 × 6–8 μm, 4 - spored, clavate; sterigmata up to 5 μm long. Cheilocystidia 18–30 × 2–6 μm, narrowly clavate or subfusiform, thin-walled. Pleurocystidia absent. Lamellar trama subregular; hyphae 2–12.5 μm wide, thin-walled, hyaline. Pileipellis a cutis; hyphae 1.5–8 μm wide, light yellow to yellow (1 A 6–1 B 6), occasionally with coarse excrescences; terminal elements 20–120 × 4–12.5 μm, clavate, sometimes with sparse coarse excrescences, light yellowish-brown to yellowish-brown (2 B 5–2 C 5) pigment in KOH. Pileus trama subregular, sarcodimitic, sometimes with yellowish-brown (2 B 4) to dark brown (2 D 4) hyphae. Stipitipellis composed of hyphae, 2–8 μm wide, hyaline, smooth. Caulocystidia 20–95 × 4–12 μm, cylindrical or clavate, thin-walled; light yellowish-brown (2 A 7–2 A 5) pigment in KOH. Clamp connections present in all tissues.</p><p>Sclerotia 1.8–3.5 cm diam., elliptical to irregularly shaped; peridium thin, surface reddish-brown (7 C 7–7 C 8) with irregular block-like cracks and fissured when fresh, drying dark purplish-red (11 C 8–11 D 8) with deep cracks and slightly wrinkled texture. Internal structure compact and hard, often exhibiting white marble-like veins. Odour indistinct. Rhizomorphs reddish-brown (7 C 7), arising from sclerotia, caducous upon drying. Sclerotial context primarily composed of compact filamentous hyphae with viscous substances, 1–5 μm wide, thin-walled, hyaline. Clamp connections present, rare. Sclerotial rind with yellowish-brown (2 B 5–2 D 5) pigment in KOH.</p><p>Habit and habitat.</p><p>Scattered to gregarious on decayed wood. Found in broadleaf forests dominated by Cyclobalanopsis blakei (Skan) Schottky, Lithocarpus amygdalifolium (Skan) Hayata and Castanopsis carlesii (Hemsl.) Hayata ( Fagaceae).</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Currently known from south and southwest China: Chongqing, Hainan, Sichuan and Yunnan.</p><p>Additional materials examined.</p><p>China: • Chongqing Province: Wushan County (巫山县), elev. 800–1200 m, 10 August 2019, CQWS; • Yunyang County (云阳县), elev. 400–600 m, 10 August 2018, CQYY . • Sichuan Province: Wanyuan City (万源市), elev. about 900–1200 m, 27 October 2019, SCWY , • Yunnan Province: Puer City (普洱市), Simao District (思茅区), elev. about 1300 m, 18 September 2020, Li-Ping Tang (MHKMU TLP-3502) .</p><p>Notes.</p><p>The genus Gerronema currently comprises more than eighty species names according to Index Fungorum (http://www.indexfungorum.org, accessed 24 June 2025). Amongst them, only two species, G. brunneosquamulosum and G. sinense, are known to form sclerotia, which are collectively utilised in traditional Chinese medicine as “ Leiwan ”. In the phylogenetic tree (Fig. 1), G. sinense does not form a well-supported clade with any currently recognised taxa, including G. brunneosquamulosum, which supports its status as a distinct species.</p><p>Morphologically, G. brunneosquamulosum is distinguished by its relatively large basidiomata with the pileus reaching up to 6 cm in diameter. The pileus surface exhibits prominent radial striations at juvenile stages, which become less distinct at maturity. The context is thin and the pileus margin is slightly involute. The stipe is either glabrous or bears sparsely distributed squamules.</p><p>Conversely, G. sinense produces smaller basidiomata, but retains conspicuous, persistent radial striations throughout its development. The stipe is distinctly adorned with densely aggregated squamules, particularly concentrated in the subapical region. In culture, G. brunneosquamulosum exhibits prostrate, radiating mycelia that form concentric rings with smooth margins, whereas G. sinense grows more slowly, producing dense, floccose aerial mycelia with irregular colony margins.</p><p>A detailed comparison of sclerotial characteristics between these two species and M. sclerotium is provided in the notes for the latter.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AA4CE4A682905850BAB5422563BFDDDE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Zhang, Wen-Hao;Zhang, Guo-Li;Lei, Han-Chi;Xu, Chang;Li, Jia;Xia, Xing;Jiang, Shuai;Li, Na;Tang, Li-Ping	Zhang, Wen-Hao, Zhang, Guo-Li, Lei, Han-Chi, Xu, Chang, Li, Jia, Xia, Xing, Jiang, Shuai, Li, Na, Tang, Li-Ping (2025): Multi-origin analysis of the traditional Chinese medicine Leiwan. MycoKeys 125: 325-345, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.125.164001
C470C8C8406559FE8BE87DDCA232A216.text	C470C8C8406559FE8BE87DDCA232A216.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Moniliophthora sclerotium L. P. Tang, W. H. Zhang & G. L. Zhang 2025	<div><p>Moniliophthora sclerotium L. P. Tang, W. H. Zhang &amp; G. L. Zhang sp. nov.</p><p>Fig. 7 A – C, F Chinese name: 菌核丛梗霉皮伞</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Sclerotia relatively small, 0.5–2.5 cm diam., globose to irregularly shaped; outer layer thin, grey-brown to grey-black (2 D 2–2 F 2) when fresh, turning dark grey (2 F 2) when dried. Composed of compact filamentous and vascular hyphae, 1.5–8 μm wide, thin-walled, hyaline. Sclerotial rind yellowish-brown to dark brown pigmentation in KOH.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>“ sclerotium ” denotes the dense, compact resting structure typical of certain fungi, emphasising its key features.</p><p>Holotype.</p><p>China: • Yunnan Province: 10 August 2020, MHKMU P 28, GenBank Acc. No.: ITS = PV 862918, nrLSU = PV 862940.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Sclerotia globose, elliptical to irregularly shaped, 0.5–2.5 cm diam.; peridium thin, grey-brown to grey-black when fresh, turning dark grey with irregular block-like cracks when dried; internal structure compact and hard, often exhibiting white marble-like veins. Odour indistinct. Sclerotial context primarily composed of compact, abundant thin-walled, hyaline hyphae, plus viscous substances; filamentous hyphae 1.5–4 μm wide, vascular hyphae 5–8 μm wide. Clamp connections present, rare. Sclerotial rind yellowish-brown to dark brown pigmentation in KOH.</p><p>Habit and habitat.</p><p>Scattered to gregarious on decayed wood.</p><p>Distribution.</p><p>Currently known only from Yunnan Province.</p><p>Additional materials examined.</p><p>China: • Yunnan Province: 10 August 2020, MHKMU L 1-1 .</p><p>Notes.</p><p>According to Index Fungorum (http://www.indexfungorum.org, accessed 24 June 2025), the genus Moniliophthora currently comprises 14 accepted species. Amongst these, M. sclerotium is the first and only species reported to form sclerotia, representing a significant expansion of the known ecological and morphological diversity within this genus.</p><p>Similar to the sclerotia of Gerronema species, those of M. sclerotium are also used in traditional Chinese medicine under the name of “ Leiwan ”. To date, basidiomata of M. sclerotium have not been observed; thus, only its sclerotia are described here. Although the sclerotia of M. sclerotium, G. brunneosquamulosum and G. sinense all share a compact internal structure — often exhibiting a marbled pattern in cross-section — they can be reliably distinguished by several morphological features.</p><p>Macroscopically, the sclerotia of M. sclerotium are comparatively small (0.5–2.5 cm in diameter) and possess a dark outer rind, ranging from grey-brown to grey-black. In contrast, G. brunneosquamulosum produces dark brown sclerotia, whereas these of G. sinense are distinctly reddish-brown, especially in fresh specimens.</p><p>Microscopically, the sclerotia of M. sclerotium are characterised by the presence of abundant vascular hyphae, a diagnostic feature not observed in either Gerronema species. Furthermore, the sclerotia of G. brunneosquamulosum are composed predominantly of dense, thick-walled hyphae, whereas those of G. sinense consist mainly of compact filamentous hyphae with less associated viscous material.</p><p>By comparison, L. mylittae, a species historically suggested as a source of Leiwan (Dai and Yang 2008), differs markedly in sclerotial morphology. Its sclerotia can reach up to 20 cm in diameter and display a distinctive honeycomb-like internal architecture (Robinson 2007), which is inconsistent with the features of authentic Leiwan material derived from the taxa described above.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C470C8C8406559FE8BE87DDCA232A216	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Zhang, Wen-Hao;Zhang, Guo-Li;Lei, Han-Chi;Xu, Chang;Li, Jia;Xia, Xing;Jiang, Shuai;Li, Na;Tang, Li-Ping	Zhang, Wen-Hao, Zhang, Guo-Li, Lei, Han-Chi, Xu, Chang, Li, Jia, Xia, Xing, Jiang, Shuai, Li, Na, Tang, Li-Ping (2025): Multi-origin analysis of the traditional Chinese medicine Leiwan. MycoKeys 125: 325-345, DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.125.164001
