taxonID	type	description	language	source
382A87F70D15FFE688CB1AF22F812DFB.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. “ Reinhardt har taget de 2 foreliggende Exemplarer ved Tamburil, en Landeiendom ikke langt fra Lagoa Santa, og ved Taboleiro Grande, en lille Flaekke beliggende en 12 Mill N. V. for nysnaevnte By ” (Reinhardt & Lütken 1862) [“ Reinhardt has taken the 2 available specimens at Tamburil, a ranch not far from Lagoa Santa, and at Taboleiro Grande, a small township lying about 12 miles north west of the same city. ”; translated by A. Schmidt-Nielsen]. Both localities referred by Reinhardt and Lütken (1862), Tamburil and Taboleiro Grande (currently Derrubadas, according to Bokermann 1966), are located in the Municipality of Lagoa Santa (19 o 38 ’ S, 43 o 54 ’ W, ca. 740 m a. s. l.), State of Minas Gerais, Brazil.	en	Caramaschi, Ulisses, Napoli, Marcelo Felgueiras (2012): Taxonomic revision of the Odontophrynus cultripes species group, with description of a new related species (Anura, Cycloramphidae). Zootaxa 3155: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212451
382A87F70D15FFE688CB1AF22F812DFB.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A species belonging to the Odontophrynus cultripes group and associated with the Cerrado environments of Central and Southeastern Brazil, is characterized by the following combination of traits: (1) size large (SVL 50 – 60 mm in males, 45 – 70 mm in females); (2) snout vertical in profile; (3) parotoid glands large, ovoid; (4) glands on forearms and tibiae present; (5) dorsum without or with few scattered glands; (6) elongated gland on the ventrolateral surface of forearm present; (7) elongated gland along the external border of the tarsus / metatarsus present; (8) foot webbing formula I 1 ½ – 2 + II 1 ½ – 3 + III 2 ⅔ – 3 IV vestigial V. Comparisons with other species. Odontophrynus cultripes is distinguished from O. carvalhoi and O. monachus sp. nov. by the ovoid parotoid glands (elongated to elliptical in O. carvalhoi; globose, pearl-shaped in O. monachus sp. nov.), presence of a differentiated, large gland on the forearm (absent in O. carvalhoi and O. monachus sp. nov.), presence of a conspicuous, globose gland on the tibiae (poorly developed in O. carvalhoi and O. monachus sp. nov.), and presence of an elongated gland along the external border of the tarsus / metatarsus (poorly developed in O. carvalhoi and O. monachus sp. nov.) Additionally, O. cultripes is separated from O. carvalhoi by the total absence or presence of few scattered glands on dorsum (presence of shallow glands scattered on dorsum of O. carvalhoi), and from O. monachus sp. nov. by the vertical snout in profile (obtuse in O. monachus sp. nov.), and foot webbing less developed (foot webbing formula in O. cultripes, I 1 ½ – 2 + II 1 ½ – 3 + III 2 ½ – 3 IV vestigial V; in O. monachus sp. nov., I 1 – 2 II 1 – 2 III 1 – 3 + IV 3 – 1 V).	en	Caramaschi, Ulisses, Napoli, Marcelo Felgueiras (2012): Taxonomic revision of the Odontophrynus cultripes species group, with description of a new related species (Anura, Cycloramphidae). Zootaxa 3155: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212451
382A87F70D15FFE688CB1AF22F812DFB.taxon	description	Description. The species was well characterized by Cochran (1955), Savage and Cei (1965), and Cei (1980), which makes unnecessary a redescription. Color in life. The following description was based on color photographs of an adult male from Araponga, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil (MZUFV 6669), and another from Viçosa, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil (not collected). Dorsal ground color grayish green. A weak thin dorsal black to blackish brown Y-shaped mark is discernible from each upper eyelid to near the posterior edges of parotoid glands, bordered and defined on outside by broad reddish cream bands of similar width and extension. A reddish cream mid - dorsal pin stripe is visible over the sacrum. Parotoid, temporal, and postorbital glands reddish brown, each one delimited by a black edge; other minor glands and enlarged warts orange to greenish brown with or without black edgings. Flank marked by a broad reddish cream dorsolateral stripe from the parotoid gland to near the groin. Head highlighted by the anterior border of the dorsal Y-shaped mark, which outlines a V-shaped interocular reddish cream bar with dark brown edges. Snout marked by the presence of two blackish brown stripes from upper lip to nostrils, and posteriorly until reaching the anterior corner of eyes, delimiting a cross-shaped mask filled with dorsal background color. Three to four other blackish brown perpendicular stripes were present on the upper lip, a pale one placed in the midpoint between nostril and anterior corner of eye, and the remaining three from anterior to posterior corners of eye, on a cream to somewhat orange background. Arms and legs with irregular light to dark brown crossbars, which become less distinct proximally. Tibial gland reddish brown. Forearms with a well developed orange longitudinal glandular stripe. Belly grayish white; throat greenish brown. Sole of foot and tarsus dark gray, with light gray tubercles. Superior and inferior surfaces of iris white, marbled with thin black reticulations; anterior and posterior surfaces black; a thin vertical black stripe divides the eye, the lower half larger than the upper half, which may be absent. Color in preservative. Dorsum of head, body, and limbs brownish or olive-brown; a cream interorbital bar; sides of head light brown with two dark brown blotches, one below and the other in front of the eye; two distinct cream stripes on the body sides, running obliquely downward from the tympanic area nearly to groin; a short middorsal whitish-cream line on the sacrum; arms and legs with irregular light and dark brown crossbars, becoming less distinct proximally; glands and enlarged warts brown with some black edging. Undersurfaces uniformly cream; throat of males grey to dark brown. Advertisement call. The following description is based on the advertisement calls of two males from the Municipality of São Tomé das Letras, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The call (fig. 2 A – D) is composed by one multi-pulsed note. Four main energetic bandwidths (sidebands) are distinguishable in the audiospectrogram (fig. 2 A, D), due to the pulsatile nature of the call. Pulses with the highest energy peaks arise in the first half of note (fig. 2 C, D). Detailed descriptive statistics are given in Table 1. For comparisons with other species of the O. cultripes group, see the O. monachus sp. nov. advertisement call description below. FIGURE 2. (A) audiospectrogram, (B) oscillogram, (C) oscillogram of the first note, and (D) power spectrum of the advertisement call of Odontophrynus cultripes from the Municipality of São Tomé das Letras, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Air temperature 14 o C. Tadpole. The tadpole was described and figured by Savage and Cei (1965) and Cei (1980). Karyotype. The karyotype was described and figured by Beçak et al. (1967, 1971), Beçak and Beçak (1974), Ruiz and Beçak (1976), and Ruiz et al. (1981). Geographic distribution and ecological remarks. The geographical distribution of O. cultripes is mapped in fig. 3. Odontophrynus cultripes mainly inhabits environments of altitudes higher than 800 m a. s. l. (800 – 999 m: 61.4 % of the total number of localities, n = 67;> 1000 m: 19.3 %; 600 – 799 m: 15.8 %; 500 – 599 m: 3.5 %). The southern limit of the species distribution is defined by the southern sector of the Serra da Mantiqueira mountain range; the eastern limit is defined by the Serra do Espinhaço mountain range, except by three samples located in the northern sector of the Serra da Mantiqueira mountain range. From its southernmost to northernmost distribution limits (Central Brazilian Plateau), O. cultripes is distributed through a series of plateaus and mountain chains in the states of Minas Gerais and Goiás (Serra da Canastra, Planalto Central Brasileiro, Planalto Centro Sul de Minas, and Patamares and Serras do Rio São Francisco; see Alvarenga et al. 1997 for definition of Brazilian relief units). Most known populations of O. cultripes are under a Cwa type of Köppen’s climate classification (humid and sub-humid mesothermic climate) and less frequently under a Cwb or Cfa types. The north-westernmost known population samples of the species are located in the Cerrado biome (see Rizzini 1979 for definition of “ Cerrado ”), whereas southernmost samples are in the Tropical Atlantic Forest biome, inhabiting seasonal semi-deciduous forests (known as interior forests; see Silva & Casteleti 2005 for distribution and characterization of the Tropical Atlantic Forest sub-regions). We do not have ecological data from all geographic samples, but O. cultripes may be associated with semideciduous or deciduous forest borders within the Cerrado biome, as occurs to O. carvalhoi within the Caatinga biome (see below). Bahia, Brazil), O. cultripes (São Tomé das Letras, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil), and O. monachus (holotype, Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil). Values are: mean ± standard deviation (range; sample size). n, number of specimens analyzed. Temporal parameters of the call in seconds. Frequencies in kilohertz (kHz). Values in bold indicate main differences among species.	en	Caramaschi, Ulisses, Napoli, Marcelo Felgueiras (2012): Taxonomic revision of the Odontophrynus cultripes species group, with description of a new related species (Anura, Cycloramphidae). Zootaxa 3155: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212451
382A87F70D15FFE688CB1AF22F812DFB.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The specimens referred by Cochran (1955) as Odontophrynus cultripes to “ Rio de Janeiro: Alto Itatiaia, AMNH 17060 ” and “ São Paulo: Butantan, USNM 121326 and IB 3. ”, not examined by us, are probably Odontophrynus americanus, or the localities are in error; the specimens referred to “ Rio Grande do Sul: Passo Fundo, IB 87 – 8 and USNM 121327 ”, not examined by us, are probably Odontophrynus maisuma, or the locality is in error.	en	Caramaschi, Ulisses, Napoli, Marcelo Felgueiras (2012): Taxonomic revision of the Odontophrynus cultripes species group, with description of a new related species (Anura, Cycloramphidae). Zootaxa 3155: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212451
382A87F70D11FFE888CB1A932B8228B2.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. MNRJ 0 313 (fig. 4), adult female, collected by Antenor Leitão de Carvalho, in 1936. Type locality. Municipality of Poção (08 o 11 ’ S, 36 o 42 ’ W, ca. 1035 m a. s. l.), State of Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil.	en	Caramaschi, Ulisses, Napoli, Marcelo Felgueiras (2012): Taxonomic revision of the Odontophrynus cultripes species group, with description of a new related species (Anura, Cycloramphidae). Zootaxa 3155: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212451
382A87F70D11FFE888CB1A932B8228B2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A species belonging to the Odontophrynus cultripes group and associated with the “ caatinga ” and “ dry forest ” environments (decidual and semi-decidual forests) of northeastern Brazil, is characterized by the following combination of traits: (1) size large (SVL 51.6 – 69.4 mm in males, 53.3 – 76.5 mm in females); (2) snout vertical in profile; (3) parotoid glands large, elongated to elliptical; (4) glands on forearms and tibiae absent; (5) dorsum with scattered, shallow glands; (6) elongated gland on the ventrolateral surface of forearm poorly developed; (7) elongated gland along the external border of the tarsus / metatarsus poorly developed; (8) foot webbing formula I 1 ½ – 2 + II 1 ½ – 3 + III 2 ⅔ – 3 IV vestigial V. Comparisons with other species. Odontophrynus carvalhoi is distinguished from O. cultripes by the elongated to elliptical parotoid glands (ovoid in O. cultripes), presence of shallow glands scattered on dorsum (absent or few in O. cultripes), absence of a differentiated, large gland on the forearm (present in O. cultripes), elongated gland on the ventrolateral surface of the forearm poorly developed (absent in O. cultripes), absence of a conspicuous globose gland on the tibiae (present in O. cultripes), and elongated gland along the external border of the tarsus / metatarsus poorly developed (conspicuous in O. cultripes). From O. monachus sp. nov., O. carvalhoi is separated by the snout vertical in profile (obtuse in O. monachus sp. nov.), parotoid glands elongated to elliptical (globose, pearl - shaped in O. monachus sp. nov.), presence of shallow glands scattered on dorsum (absent in O. monachus sp. nov.), and foot webbing less developed (webbing formula in O. cultripes, I 1 ½ – 2 + II 1 ½ – 3 + III 2 ⅔ – 3 IV vestigial V; in O. monachus sp. nov., I 1 – 2 II 1 – 2 III 1 – 3 + IV 3 – 1 V).	en	Caramaschi, Ulisses, Napoli, Marcelo Felgueiras (2012): Taxonomic revision of the Odontophrynus cultripes species group, with description of a new related species (Anura, Cycloramphidae). Zootaxa 3155: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212451
382A87F70D11FFE888CB1A932B8228B2.taxon	description	Description. Body stout (fig. 5); head wider than long, HL about 74 % of HW, HL about 32 % of SVL, HW about 43 % of SVL. Snout short, semi-circular viewed from above (fig. 5 A), vertical in profile (fig. 5 C); canthus rostralis distinct, rounded; loreal region oblique, slightly concave. Nostrils closer to tip of snout than to eyes; internarial distance slightly smaller than eye to nostril distance and much smaller than eye diameter. Eyes prominent, lateral, slightly directed ahead; eye to nostril distance much smaller than eye diameter, upper eyelid width, and interorbital distance. Upper eyelid width smaller than interorbital distance. Tympanum concealed. Upper eyelid, head, dorsal skin, and dorsal surface of thighs rugose, with small tubercles uniformly distributed; shallow glands scattered on dorsum, without forming defined pattern. Postorbital glands evident, small, approximately rounded; temporal glands present, about the same size as postorbitals, sometimes masqueraded by color pattern; parotoid glands large, elongated to elliptical; forearm and tibial glands absent. Flanks and ventral skin barely rugose; lateral skin adhered to the middle of the arm; belly disk fold indistinct; a granular seat patch under thighs. Vocal sac developed, subgular. Vocal slits present, amply opened along the sides of tongue; vomerine teeth in two small transverse series, almost contacting medially, laying between the relatively large choanae; tongue large, approximately circular, largely notched behind. Hand (fig. 5 E) with fingers slender, not webbed nor ridged, tips rounded, not expanded; fingers lengths IV <II <I <III, first finger slightly longer than second; subarticular tubercles large, rounded, the proximals more developed than distals; numerous rounded supernumerary tubercles present; outer metacarpal tubercle large, longitudinally divided, the outer part about two to three times the inner part; inner metacarpal tubercle elliptical, about half of outer; nuptial pads on thumbs and prepollex absent; a weak, elongated gland on the ventrolateral surface of the forearm; skin on forearm, hands, and fingers smooth. Legs short, tibia length smaller than thigh length; sum of tibia and thigh lengths approximately 75 % of SVL. Foot large (fig. 5 D), foot length larger than tibia and thigh lengths, about 60 % of SVL. Toes slender, not fringed; toes lengths I <II <V <III <IV; toe tips rounded; webbing formula I 1 ½ – 2 + II 1 ½ – 3 + III 2 ⅔ – 3 IV vestigial V; subarticular tubercles large, rounded; sole of foot with distinct, approximately aligned, supernumerary tubercles; outer metatarsal tubercle very small, rounded; inner metatarsal tubercle very large, shovel-like, with the free external border keratinized; inner tarsal fold distinct, approximately the length of the tarsus; a weak, elongated gland along the external border of the tarsus / metatarsus; skin on feet and toes smooth. Measurements of holotype (mm). SVL 63.3; HL 22.9; HW 29.6; IND 5.4; END 5.3; ED 7.5; UEW 6.0; IOD 6.7; HAL 17.5; THL 26.6; TL 23.3; FL 38.8. Color in life. The following description was based on two adult males and one adult female from Maracás, State of Bahia, Brazil (fig. 6, specimens not identified, but currently housed in UFBA collection). Dorsal ground color grayish green. Dorsum with a blackish to grayish green Y-shaped mark, from each upper eyelid to near the sacral region, bordered and defined on outside by grayish white bands of similar width and extension, clearly to poorly evident, which may be continuous with a grayish thin to wide mid-dorsal stripe over the sacrum. Parotoid, temporal, and postorbital glands dark brown, each one delimited by a black edge; other minor glands and enlarged warts cream to dark brown with or without black edgings. Flank marked by a broad grayish white dorsolateral stripe from the parotoid gland to near the groin. Head highlighted by the anterior border of the dorsal Y-shaped mark, which outlines a V-shaped inter-ocular grayish white bar with black edges. Snout marked by the presence of two blackish brown stripes from upper lip to nostrils, continuing until reaching the anterior corner of eyes, delimiting a cross-shaped mask filled with dorsal background color. An additional three to four blackish brown perpendicular stripes present on the upper lip, a pale one placed in the midpoint between nostril and anterior corner of eye and the remaining three from anterior to posterior corners of eye, over a cream to somewhat orange background color. Arms and legs with irregular light to dark brown crossbars, which become less distinct proximally. Upper arms and forearms sometimes with thin orange longitudinal glandular stripes. Belly grayish white. Sole of foot and tarsus dark gray, with light gray tubercles. Superior and inferior surfaces of iris white; anterior and posterior surfaces blackish brown; a thin vertical black stripe divides the eye, the lower half larger than the upper half. A male from the Parque Estadual das Sete Passagens, Municipality of Miguel Calmon, State of Bahia, Brazil (UFBA 7350) varied in color pattern, as follows: the grayish green background color observed in the Maracás specimens only was noted on surfaces of arms, legs, and flanks; light dorsal markings cream (instead of grayish white); and background color of dorsum brown (instead of grayish green). A longitudinal brown stripe on outer surfaces of forearm and tibia was present. Additional color data obtained from specimen UFBA 7350: chest and throat greenish brown; ventral surfaces of arms, hands, thighs, tibia, tarsus, and foot dark purple, with tubercles and skin glands white. Color in preservative. Follows the color in life, but with faded dorsal background color, which becomes light brown (grayish brown in live specimens). The ventral surfaces of arms, legs, feet, and hands become light brown; tubercles and ventral surfaces of fingers and toes become cream. Variation. Other examined specimens are congruent respecting the morphological characters and color. Sexual dimorphism is indicated by the presence of vocal sac in males and size slightly larger in females. Descriptive statistics of measurement data of males and females are in Table 2. Advertisement call. The following description was based on the advertisement call of a male from the Municipality of Maracás and a male from Serra do Ramalho, both in the State of Bahia, Brazil. The call (fig. 7 A – D) is composed by one multi-pulsed note. Pulses with highest peak intensities always localized around the middle of a note (fig. 7 B, C). Three main energetic bandwidths (sidebands) are distinguishable in the audiospectrogram (fig. 7 A, D), and possibly are due to the pulsatile nature of the call. Note with frequency modulation, rising to higher frequencies up to the first half of note, and then decreasing till the end of note. Detailed descriptive statistics is given in Table 1. For comparisons with other species of the O. cultripes group, see the O. monachus sp. nov. advertisement call description below. Tadpole. The tadpole was described and figured by Caramaschi (1979). Karyotype. The karyotype was described and figured by Beçak and Beçak (1970, 1974). Geographic distribution and ecological remarks. Odontophrynus carvalhoi inhabits environments ca. 500 m above sea level (fig. 3), mainly found in altitudes above 600 m (70 %). The species is geographically distributed between the Serra do Espinhaço mountain range (on west) and the Atlantic Ocean coastline (on east), from the Jequitinhonha river valley (on the south), in the State of Minas Gerais, up to State of Paraiba (on the north). The species occurs in the Caatinga biome (40 % of geographic samples), in the Atlantic Forest biome (40 %), and in the Cerrado biome (20 %; see Rizzini 1979 for definitions of “ Caatinga ” and “ Cerrado ”). The Caatinga biome is characterized by a semi-arid to arid tropical or subtropical climate, covered by a super-xerophyte caatinga. This ecological scenario leads to a fallacious conclusion that O. carvalhoi is a caatinga plant cover inhabitant. The species is often associated with deciduous or semideciduous forests (see Silva & Casteleti 2005 for distribution and characterization of the Tropical Atlantic Forest sub-regions: interior forests, São Francisco, Chapada Diamantina, Brejos Nordestinos, and west of the Espinhaço Mountain Range, within the São Francisco basin, along the margins of the São Francisco river). Only two samples were obtained within areas of sub-xerophyte caatinga, and another from an area of cerrado, but always adjacent to deciduous or semideciduous forest areas. Geographic samples of O. carvalhoi are in three types of Köppen’s climate classification: Cwa (humid and sub-humid mesothermic climate; southern Bahia and northeastern Minas Gerais), megathermic humid and sub-humid climates (Aw, São Francisco river valley and Pernambuco State), and Am (Chapada Diamantina and adjacent areas). Odontophrynus carvalhoi can be considered a dry forest border inhabitant of northeastern Brazil.	en	Caramaschi, Ulisses, Napoli, Marcelo Felgueiras (2012): Taxonomic revision of the Odontophrynus cultripes species group, with description of a new related species (Anura, Cycloramphidae). Zootaxa 3155: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212451
382A87F70D11FFE888CB1A932B8228B2.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The holotype of Odontophrynus carvalhoi is well preserved, only slightly fade. External characters, measurements, and body proportions have not changed from those given in the original description.	en	Caramaschi, Ulisses, Napoli, Marcelo Felgueiras (2012): Taxonomic revision of the Odontophrynus cultripes species group, with description of a new related species (Anura, Cycloramphidae). Zootaxa 3155: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212451
382A87F70D1BFFF388CB19E22E3B2891.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: ZUEC 4440 (fig. 8), adult male, collected at Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra (20 o 10 ' S, 46 o 30 ' W, ca. 1350 m a. s. l.), headwaters of the São Francisco River, Municipality of São Roque de Minas, State of Minas Gerais, Southeastern Brazil, on 13 October 1981, by A. J. Cardoso, G. V. Andrade and C. F. B. Haddad. Paratypes. MZUSP 132973 – 132974, males, MZUSP 132972, female, collected at the type locality in December 2004, by C. Nogueira.	en	Caramaschi, Ulisses, Napoli, Marcelo Felgueiras (2012): Taxonomic revision of the Odontophrynus cultripes species group, with description of a new related species (Anura, Cycloramphidae). Zootaxa 3155: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212451
382A87F70D1BFFF388CB19E22E3B2891.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A species belonging to the Odontophrynus cultripes group by having a single, greatly developed, smooth, parotoid gland, no enlarged glands on back and sides, except by well-developed postorbital and temporal glands, and presence of a glandular fold on the posterior surface of forearm; it is characterized by the following combination of traits: (1) size small (SVL 40.6 – 54.1 mm in males, 55.5 mm in female); (2) snout obtuse in profile; (3) parotoid glands globose, pearl-shaped; (4) glands on forearms and tibiae absent; (5) dorsum granulose, without scattered glands; (6) elongated gland on the ventrolateral surface of forearm poorly developed; (7) elongated gland along the external border of the tarsus / metatarsus poorly developed; (8) webbing formula, I 1 – 2 II 1 – 2 III 1 – 3 + IV 3 – 1 V. Comparisons with other species. Odontophrynus monachus sp. nov. is distinguished from O. carvalhoi and O. cultripes by the larger head (HL 33 % of SVL, HW 44.3 % of SVL in O. monachus sp. nov.; HL 31 % of SVL, HW 42 % of SVL in O. carvalhoi; HL 30 % of SVL, HW 40.5 % of SVL in O. cultripes), snout profile obtuse (vertical in O. carvalhoi and O. cultripes), and foot webbing more extensive (webbing formula, I 1 – 2 II 1 – 2 III 1 – 3 + IV 3 – 1 V in O. monachus sp. nov.; I 1 ½ – 2 + II 1 ½ – 3 + III 2 ⅔ – 3 IV vestigial V in O. carvalhoi; I 1 ½ – 2 + II 1 ½ – 3 + III 2 ⅔ – 3 IV vestigial V in O. cultripes). Additionally, O. monachus sp. nov. is separated from O. carvalhoi by the globose, pearl – shaped parotoid glands (elongated to elliptical in O. carvalhoi), and by the absence of scattered glands on dorsum (present in O. carvalhoi); from O. cultripes, the new species is distinguished by the absence of developed glands on forearms and tibiae, and by the poorly developed elongated glands on the ventrolateral surface of forearm and along the external border of the tarsus / metatarsus (conspicuous in O. cultripes).	en	Caramaschi, Ulisses, Napoli, Marcelo Felgueiras (2012): Taxonomic revision of the Odontophrynus cultripes species group, with description of a new related species (Anura, Cycloramphidae). Zootaxa 3155: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212451
382A87F70D1BFFF388CB19E22E3B2891.taxon	description	Description of holotype. Body stout (fig. 8); head wider than long, HL 74.4 % of HW, HL 33 % of SVL, HW 44.3 % of SVL. Snout short, semi-circular viewed from above (fig. 9 A), obtuse in profile (fig. 9 B); canthus rostralis distinct, canthal crest present; loreal region oblique, slightly concave. Nostrils approximately at the same distance from tip of snout as from eyes; internarial distance slightly larger than eye to nostril distance and much smaller than eye diameter. Eyes large, prominent, lateral, slightly directed ahead; eye to nostril distance much smaller than eye diameter and upper eyelid width, and slightly larger than interorbital distance. Upper eyelid width larger than interorbital distance. Tympanum concealed. Upper eyelid, head, dorsal skin, and dorsal surface of thighs rugose, with small tubercles uniformly distributed. Postorbital gland large, approximately pearl-shaped; temporal gland large, slightly smaller than postorbital; parotoid gland large, globose, pearl-shaped; forearm and tibial glands absent. Flanks and ventral skin barely rugose; lateral skin adhered to the middle of the arm; belly disk fold indistinct; a granular seat patch under thighs. Vocal sac developed, subgular. Vocal slits present, amply opened along the sides of tongue; vomerine teeth in two small transverse series, almost contacting medially, laying between the relatively large choanae; tongue large, approximately circular, notched behind. Hand (fig. 9 C) with fingers slender, not webbed nor ridged, tips rounded, not expanded; fingers lengths IV <II <I <III, first finger longer than second; subarticular tubercles large, rounded, the proximals more developed than distals; several rounded supernumerary tubercles present; outer metacarpal tubercle large, longitudinally divided, the outer part about three times the inner part; inner metacarpal tubercle large, rounded, slightly smaller than outer; nuptial pads on thumbs and prepollex absent; a weak, elongated gland on the ventrolateral surface of the forearm; skin on forearm, hands, and fingers smooth. Legs short, tibia length smaller than thigh length; sum of tibia and thigh lengths 73.2 % of SVL. Foot large (fig. 9 D), foot length larger than tibia and thigh lengths, 59.6 % of SVL. Toes slender, fringed; toes lengths I <II <V <III <IV; toe tips rounded; webbing formula, I 1 – 2 II 1 – 2 III 1 – 3 + IV 3 – 1 V; subarticular tubercles large, rounded; sole of foot with distinct, approximately aligned, small supernumerary tubercles; outer metatarsal tubercle absent; inner metatarsal tubercle very large, shovel-like, with the free external border keratinized; inner tarsal fold distinct, approximately the length of the tarsus; a weak, elongated gland along the external border of the tarsus / metatarsus; skin on feet and toes smooth. Measurements of holotype. See Table 3. Color in preservative. Dorsum of head, body, and limbs brown or olive-brown; a cream interorbital bar; sides of head light brown with two dark brown blotches, one below and the other in front of the eye; two distinct cream stripes on the body sides, running obliquely downward from the tympanic area nearly to groin; a short mid-dorsal whitish-cream line on the sacrum; arms and legs with irregular light and dark brown crossbars, becoming less distinct proximally; glands and enlarged warts brown with some black edging. Undersurfaces uniformly clear-cream; throat of males grey to dark brown. Variation. Examined specimens not vary from the above descriptions. Sexual dimorphism is indicated by the presence of vocal sac in males and slightly larger size in females. Measurements of paratypes are in Table 3. Advertisement call. The following description is based on 54 advertisement calls of the holotype from the Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra, Municipality of São Roque de Minas, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The call (fig. 10 A – D) is composed by 1 (14 calls, 25.9 %), 2 (38 calls, 70.4 %), or 3 (2 calls, 3.7 %) multi-pulsed notes. Three main energetic bandwidths (sidebands) are distinguishable in the audiospectrogram (fig. 10 A, D), due to the pulsatile nature of the call. Pulses with the highest energy peaks occur at the end of the note (fig. 10 B, C). Modest frequency modulation occurs at the end of notes, rising to higher frequencies. Detailed descriptive statistics are given in Table 1. The advertisement calls of O. carvalhoi and O. cultripes are readily diagnosed from those of O. monachus by having a single note (1 – 3 notes in the latter, but each call often contains 1 – 2 notes). Inter-note duration in the call of O. monachus is very short (0.06 – 0.18 s), much longer in O. carvalhoi (0.75 – 4.51 s) and O. cultripes (0.28 – 0.61 s). The note pulse rate in O. cultripes (62.2 – 71.7 pulses / s) is less than that of O. carvalhoi and O. monachus (combined note pulse rate 73.3 – 115.3 pulses / s). In addition, the waveform structure of a note of O. monachus clearly differs from O. carvalhoi and O. cultripes by presenting pulses with the highest energy peaks at the end of the note, while in the other two species the highest energy peaks are around the middle of the note. Tadpole. Unknown. Karyotype. Unknown.	en	Caramaschi, Ulisses, Napoli, Marcelo Felgueiras (2012): Taxonomic revision of the Odontophrynus cultripes species group, with description of a new related species (Anura, Cycloramphidae). Zootaxa 3155: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212451
382A87F70D1BFFF388CB19E22E3B2891.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet, “ monachus ”, is a Latin masculine substantive used in apposition, meaning “ monk ”, in allusion to the followers of Saint Francis of Assis, the Franciscan monks. Saint Francis was born on 26 September 1181 in Assis, Italy, and died on 0 3 October 1226, also in Assis. He was canonized in 1228 and currently Saint Francis of Assis is known as patron of the animals and of the environment. The name is given for the type locality, in the headwaters of the São Francisco River. Geographic distribution and ecological remarks. Known only from the type locality (fig. 3), in the Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra, southwestern State of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil. According to IBAMA (1997), the Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra was established on 0 3 April 1972, comprising areas of the municipalities of São Roque de Minas, Sacramento, and Delfinópolis, in southwestern State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The regional climate is classified as tropical, humid heat, with four or five dry months (normally May to September). The annual average temperature ranges between 18 – 20 o C, with absolute maximum of 34 – 36 o C and absolute minimum of - 4 – 0 o C. The annual rainfall is between 1500 and 1750 mm a year. In the predominantly rolling relief of the National Park are the main headwaters of two important rivers, the São Francisco and the Araguari Rivers. FIGURE 10. (A) audiospectrogram, (B) oscillogram, (C) oscillogram of the first note of the second call, and (D) power spectrum of the advertisement call of Odontophrynus monachus sp. nov., holotype, ZUEC 4440, from the Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra, Municipality of São Roque de Minas, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Air temperature 18 o C; water temperature 19 o C. Interval between calls is abbreviated in the figure. Haddad et al. (1988) stated that the specimen ZUEC 4440, here the holotype of O. monachus sp. nov., was collected in the area around the two main riverheads of the São Francisco River, above the landmark of these riverheads, at approximately 1350 m a. s. l. The area had many swamps covered by grasses on dark, clayish soil, with small, slow rivulets and pools formed in its beds. Specimens of O. monachus sp. nov. were observed near shallow temporary pools or on the border of pools formed in the rain drainage beds. In these sites, males start calling at dusk. In the same area a putative also new species was collected and treated as “ Odontophrynus sp. (aff. moratoi Jim & Caramaschi, 1980) ”. Other anuran species obtained in the same area were Bufo rufus Garman [currently Rhinella rubescens (A. Lutz)], Hyla albopunctata Spix (= Hypsiboas albopunctatus), H. canastrensis Cardoso & Haddad (= Scinax canastrensis), H. cipoensis B. Lutz (= Hypsiboas cipoensis), H. ibitiguara Cardoso (= Bokermannohyla ibitiguara), H. machadoi Bokermann & Sazima (= Scinax machadoi), H. maracaya Cardoso & Sazima (= Scinax maracaya), H. minuta Peters (= Dendropsophus minutus), and H. squalirostris A. Lutz (= Scinax squalirostris), Crossodactylus cf. trachystomus (Reinhardt & Lütken), Leptodactylus cunicularius Sazima & Bokermann, L. furnarius Sazima & Bokermann, L. jolyi Sazima & Bokermann (currently L. sertanejo Giaretta & Costa), L. labyrinthicus (Spix), Physalaemus cuvieri Fitzinger, and Pseudopaludicola saltica (Cope).	en	Caramaschi, Ulisses, Napoli, Marcelo Felgueiras (2012): Taxonomic revision of the Odontophrynus cultripes species group, with description of a new related species (Anura, Cycloramphidae). Zootaxa 3155: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212451
382A87F70D1BFFF388CB19E22E3B2891.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The distinctiveness of Odontophrynus monachus sp. nov. was first observed by Haddad et al. (1988), by indicating that the collected specimen (the holotype) showed characters that ally it to O. carvalhoi, but pronounced differences were also noted, mainly relating to total length and dorsal glands distribution. However, they refrained to from further taxonomic action pending the acquisition of additional data on different populations of O. carvalhoi.	en	Caramaschi, Ulisses, Napoli, Marcelo Felgueiras (2012): Taxonomic revision of the Odontophrynus cultripes species group, with description of a new related species (Anura, Cycloramphidae). Zootaxa 3155: 1-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.212451
