identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
3942B259F51C8101B7E8A368FDB6FD7C.text	3942B259F51C8101B7E8A368FDB6FD7C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Onthophagus sancristobalensis Moctezuma and Halffter 2020	<div><p>Onthophagus sancristobalensis Moctezuma and Halffter, new species</p><p>zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 8F0181D2-B92C-42EB-A281-03790CD1BC5E</p><p>(Figs. 1, 2, 4, 6, 7)</p><p>Type Locality. Mexico, Chiapas, San Cristóbal de Las Casas .</p><p>Type Material. Five males, one female. Holotype male: MEXICO: Chiapas: “ 8 kms. N.O. San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Carretera Comitán . 3-XI-74. J. Mateu. Bosque de pino. Alt. 2255 m.” (GHC) . Paratypes: MEXICO: Chiapas: Same data as holotype (CMNC: 1 male; GHC: 1 male, 1 female; IEXA: 1 male; VMC: 1 male) .</p><p>Description. Holotype male (Fig. 1). Length 11.5 mm. Dark blue, matte. Head: Dorsal surface roughened, punctate, glabrous. Clypeus concave, transverse. Clypeogenal suture lightly indicated. Genae rounded. Frons slightly convex. Clypeal carina absent. Frontal carina sinuate medially, with 2 strongly developed horns laterally (Fig. 2). Pronotum: Surface punctate. Integument glabrous, shagreened, without micropunctures. Prominence obtusely trapezoidal, with apex strongly protruded frontally (Fig. 2). Intermediate tubercles situated on anterior half. Posterior tubercles situated midway. Frontal angles of pronotum acute, lateral angles rounded. Elytra: Striae well-defined, with evenly spaced, rounded punctures. Interstriae glabrous, smooth, superficially punctate; integument shagreened. Pygidium: Surface with roughened punctures, each puncture bearing a conspicuous seta. Integument shagreened. Legs: Protibia elongate, quadridentate, slender, inwardly bent on apical third. Protibial apical spur obliquely curved ventrally. Genitalia: Apex of parameres distinctly notched apically (Fig. 6). Inferior left lobe and medial keel of endophallite copulatrix poorly developed (Fig. 7).</p><p>Minor Male. Similar to major male except for the reduction of secondary sexual characters (pronotal projection, pronotal tubercles, frontal carina, head horns) and the shorter and wider protibia.</p><p>Female. Similar to the male except for the less transverse clypeus; clypeal carina distinctly developed; frontal carina trapezoidal, without horns; pronotal prominence and intermediate tubercles absent; posterior tubercles located in the anterior half of pronotum; and widened protibia (Fig. 4).</p><p>Variation. Mean length from the apex of the clypeus to the pygidium is 8.8 mm (8.4–9.1 mm).</p><p>Diagnosis. This species is easily recognizable among others of the O. cyanellus species complex by the presence of two strongly developed cephalic horns in major males (Fig. 2).</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet refers to the type locality.</p><p>Distribution and Ecology. Onthophagus sancristobalensis is restricted to the Central Highlands of Chiapas, Mexico, where it occurs in temperate pine forests between 2,200 and 2,300 m elevation (Fig. 10).</p><p>Comments. Zunino and Halffter (1988) considered O. sancristobalensis as a population of O. cyanellus that differed in morphology from the rest of the populations of O. cyanellus (Figs. 3, 5, 8–9): “La población de San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, exhibe algunas diferencias morfológicas constantes, representadas principalmente por la acentuación en ambos sexos de los caracteres de las quillas cefálicas, la puntación de disco del pronoto algo más fina, las interestr´ıas elitrales muy débilmente convexas y el aspecto general más distintamente ser´ıceo-mate”. [The population from San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, exhibits some constant morphological differences, represented principally by the accentuation in both sexes of the characters of the cephalic carinae, the somewhat finer punctation on the pronotal disc, the very weakly convex elytral interstriae, and the general aspect more distinctly sericeous-matte].</p><p>Nevertheless, Zunino and Halffter (1988) commented that the San Cristóbal population did not even deserve subspecific rank because differences in genital morphology were not observed: “No se han revelado diferencias en los aparatos copuladores, por lo que no se considera que dicha población alcance el nivel de subespecie distinta” [Differences in the copulatory apparatus have not been found; therefore, it is not considered that said population attains the level of distinct subspecies]. Nonetheless, the apex of the parameres is frontally notched, and the apex of the inferior left lobe of the endophallite copulatrix is more curved in O. sancristobalensis than in O. cyanellus (Figs. 6–9). Given the fact that the San Cristóbal population is clearly diagnosable by a unique combination of character states, we consider it a distinctly separate species.</p><p>The external and genital morphology of O. sancristobalensis fits well within the O. cyanellus species complex. In particular, the obtusely trapezoidal pronotal prominence in major males is shared with O. cyanellus, leading us to hypothesize a close phyletic relationship between these species, together forming the O. cyanellus species complex. The closely related O. chiapanecus, O. salvadorensis, and O. semiopacus hypothetically form the O. semiopacus species complex as identified by the obtusely triangular pronotal prominence in major males (Halffter et al. 2019; Joaqui et al. 2019).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3942B259F51C8101B7E8A368FDB6FD7C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Moctezuma, Victor;Halffter, Gonzalo	Moctezuma, Victor, Halffter, Gonzalo (2020): A New Species of the Onthophagus cyanellus Species Complex (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Onthophagini). The Coleopterists Bulletin 74 (3): 495-501, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-74.3.495, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-74.3.495
3942B259F51E8101B7CFA089FDAAF9D9.text	3942B259F51E8101B7CFA089FDAAF9D9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Onthophagus cyanellus Bates 1887	<div><p>KEY TO THE ONTHOPHAGUS CYANELLUS SPECIES COMPLEX AND CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES (modified from Zunino and Halffter 1988)</p><p>1. Pronotal prominence of major male trapezoidal ................................................ 2</p><p>1´. Pronotal prominence of major male triangular ..................................................... 3</p><p>2. Frontal carina of male raised laterally into 2 triangular tubercles (Fig. 3). Apex of parameres not notched (Fig. 8). Mexico to Panama (Fig. 10) ............ O. cyanellus Bates, 1887</p><p>2´. Frontal carina of male raised laterally into 2 strongly developed horns (Fig. 2). Apex of parameres notched (Fig. 6). Central Highlands of Chiapas, Mexico (Fig. 10) .................... ....... O. sancristobalensis Moctezuma and Halffter, new species</p><p>3. Pronotal punctures umbilicate. Central Highlands of Chiapas, Mexico (Fig. 10) ................ ... O. chiapanecus Zunino and Halffter, 1988</p><p>3´. Pronotal punctures not umbilicate ........... 4</p><p>4. Dark blue dorsally. Head and pronotum shiny, contrasting strongly with dull elytra. Sierra Madre del Sur, Mexico (Fig. 10) ............... ................... O. semiopacus Harold, 1869</p><p>4´. Dark blue-green dorsally, with microsculpture on head, pronotum, and elytra. El Salvador (Fig. 10) ........................ O. salvadorensis Zunino and Halffter, 1988</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3942B259F51E8101B7CFA089FDAAF9D9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Moctezuma, Victor;Halffter, Gonzalo	Moctezuma, Victor, Halffter, Gonzalo (2020): A New Species of the Onthophagus cyanellus Species Complex (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Onthophagini). The Coleopterists Bulletin 74 (3): 495-501, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-74.3.495, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-74.3.495
