identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
3627F40F3026FFB7D666DD50806A97B3.text	3627F40F3026FFB7D666DD50806A97B3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Argidae (Malm and Nyman 2015)	<div><p>Argidae internal relationships</p> <p>Two main clades are recovered within Argidae, corresponding to the subfamilies Sterictiphorinae and Arginae as defined by Benson (1963) and corroborated by Malagón-Aldana et al. (2021). For the subfamily Arginae (SR = 60, k = 3), the following synapomorphies are identified: trochanter as long as wide [47:1] (Fig. 13i) and the surface of tergal sensilla with parallel longitudinal grooves [70:1] (Fig. 15a, c, e, l).</p> <p>Clade A: the genera Antargidium + Scobina (SR = 73, k = 24–30) are retrieved as the sister group of the remaining genera (Fig. 16m, n); they share the following synapomorphies: abdominal legs tubular, 3× longer than wide [59:1] (Fig. 16g), and suprapedal lobes of abdomen independent [72:0] (Fig. 16d, g) (convergent with several pergids and tenthredinids). Malagón-Aldana et al. (2021) also retrieved these two genera in basal positions within Arginae in clades 1 and 2. However, they were not recovered as sister taxa. It was only possible to examine Antargidium larvae by consulting habitus photographs (Fig. 16m); therefore, many characters were impossible to score, including number of antennomeres and mouthparts. Some synapomorphies of Scobina (Fig. 16n) are the setae of the lacinia located in its mesal side and perpendicular to the galea [25:1] (Fig. 12f) (convergent with Cimbicidae) and the presence of more than 16 setae [27:4] (Fig. 12f) (convergent with Cimbicidae, Perreyia and Philomastix).</p> <p>Clade B: Pampsilota + Arge s. lato (incl. Spinarge) (SR = 74, k = 30) share the following synapomorphies: more than 11 anteromesal trichoid setae on the epipharynx [10:1; 11:1]; basal labial palpomere long, 1.5× longer than wide [31:2] (Fig. 11b); larvapods of the abdominal segments VII and VIII [55:0; 56:0] highly reduced or absent (convergent with some Sterictiphorinae and Pergids) and abdominal suprapedal lobes fused [72:1] (Figs. 15g and 16f). The cylindrical shape of the hind coxae, its base width subequal to its apex width [44:0] (Fig. 13s) supports the monophyly of the genus Arge s. lato (incl. Spinarge) (SR = 65, k = 4–6). Two subclades can be recognized inside the Arge s. lato clade, one including Arge pullata + (A. similis + (A. pagana + A. quidia)) (Fig. 1j) (SR = 45, k = 27–30) and a second with A. berberidis + Spinarge spp. (Fig. 1d) (SR = 63, k = 1). The first subclade is supported by the presence of a mesal gland between the larvapods of the abdomen [58:1] (Fig. 14d), while a transverse band connecting the larvapods [60:1] (Fig. 14a) supports the second subclade. Both Boevé et al. (2018) and Malagón-Aldana et al. (2021) retrieved Spinarge within the genus Arge s. lato. Clade B is similar to clade 4 identified in Malagón-Aldana et al. (2021).</p> <p>Sterictiphorinae (SR = 30, k = 4–6), is supported by the following synapomorphies: short third (apical) labial palpomere, shorter than half the length of the second labial palpomere [33:0] (Fig. 11b) and the basal labial palpomere subequal in size (length and width) to the second [32:0] (Fig. 11a, d). The Australian genus Trichorhachus (Fig. 1e) was retrieved as the sister group of the remaining Sterictiphorinae. Trichorhachus retains several plesiomorphic traits that distinguish it from the rest of Sterictiphorinae, and this may be the reason of the low support for the subfamily: antenna with two antennomeres [2:1] (Fig. 8k) (also in Diprionidae); lacinia having trichoid setae with simple apex [26:0] (Fig. 12l) (present in Arginae, Pergidae and outgroups) and thoracic legs with six podomeres [41:0; 42:0] (like in Fig. 13p). Malagón-Aldana et al. (2021) also retrieved Trichorhachus as sister to the rest of Sterictiphorinae.</p> <p>Clade C: The remaining Sterictiphorinae (except for Trichorhachus) (SR = 92, k = 24) are united by the multiple branched setae of the lacinia [26:1] (Fig. 12g –i, m–o) and epipharynx [11:2] (Fig. 9d, e) (reversed in Schizocerella, Fig. 12j); having three maxillary palpomeres [16:0] (Fig. 11k, n, p) (reversed in Aproceros and Aprosthema, convergent with Perga); anteromesal lobe of lacinia absent or reduced [28:0] (convergent with Scobina and Perreyia); thoracic fore leg with four podomeres [41:2] (Fig. 13a, c, g, k) (reversed to five in Sterictiphora, Aproceros, and Aprosthema); and the hind coxae subequal or longer than the remaining podomeres [45:1] (Fig. 13q) (convergent with Acordulecera).</p> <p>Clade D: All genera of this clade (SR = 51, k = 6) share the presence of postspiracular glands [61:1] (Fig. 14g –i). Atomacera (Fig. 1f) was retrieved as the sister group of the remaining genera; this genus is characterized by the absence of larvapods in the second and third abdominal segments [53:0; 54:0] and the presence of flask-shaped glands in all terga of the body (Smith 1972). Sterictiphora + (Aproceros + Aprosthema) (SR = 92, k = 4) share a prespiracular gland present [34:1] (Fig. 13l–o), thoracic legs with five podomeres [41:1; 42:1] (Fig. 13l, n) (convergent in some pergids and tenthredinids), the presence of marginal fleshy conical protuberances [78:1] (also in Trichorhachus) (Fig. 14k, m) and a pair of simple subanal lobes [80:1] (Fig. 14k–o) (convergent with Philomastix). An autapomorphy for Sterictiphora (SR = 73, k = 18–30) is the cylindrical shape of the prespiracular gland [35:1] Fig. 13o). Aproceros (Fig. 1g) + Aprosthema (SR = 78, k = 18–21) share the presence of deep sensillar fovea on the antenna [7:2] (Fig. 8f), the presence of irregular denticles on the inner surface of the mandibles [14:1] (Fig. 10a, b, e) and the flattened prespiracular gland (Fig. 13m) (reduced in Aproceros). Aproceros + Aprosthema also retain the presence of four maxillary palpomeres [16:2], a plesiomorphic trait. This clade corresponds partly to clade 8 in Malagón-Aldana et al. (2021). However, in the present study Atomacera was recovered as the sister group of clade 8 (Malagón-Aldana et al. 2021) and not as the sister of the remaining Neotropical genera (clade E).</p> <p>Clade E: The genera that belong to this clade (SR = 52, k = 27–30) are united by the preapical maxillary palpomere being at least 1.5× as long the preceding palpomere [19:2] (Fig. 11k, p–s) (convergent with Aprosthema); claws on pretarsus of fore legs absent [37:0] (Fig. 13c, e) (reversed in several genera) and suprapedal lobes fused [72:1] (like in Fig. 16f) (also in Pampsilota + Arge). This clade is similar to the clades 10 + 11 of Malagón-Aldana et al. (2021), comprising the Neotropical Sterictiphorinae where adult males have a furcate flagellum in the antenna and where most of the diversity of the subfamily is concentrated.</p> <p>Clade F: (SR = 64, k = 3) Synapomorphies include the preapical maxillary palpomere length at least 2× its width [20:2] (Fig. 11p, g); second labial palpomere 1.5× longer than wide [32:2] (Fig. 11c); thoracic fore leg with coxal glands present [38:1] (Fig. 13a–h) (convergent with clades I and J). Neoptilia was recovered as the sister group of the remaining genera. Sericoceros + (Dielocerus + Digelasinus) (SR = 61, k = 1) share the deep mesal V-shaped emargination in the labrum [9:1] (Fig. 9b) (convergent with Cimbicidae and Spinarge); coxal glands of thoracic fore legs with a pair of closing lips [39:1] (Fig. 13a–e) (convergent with Sphacophilus) and large conic tubercles bearing the tergal sensilla [68:3] (Fig. 15f) (convergent with Pterygophorus + Perreyia). The autapomorphy of Sericoceros is the presence of lateroventral non-eversible glands in the abdomen (Fig. 16h, i). Dielocerus + Digelasinus (SR = 99, k = 1–30) (Fig. 1m, n) share as synapomorphies the presence of three coxal glands on the fore legs [40:1] (Fig. 13a, b); basal labial palpomere at most 2/3× the length of the second [31:0] (Fig. 11c) (convergent with Pergagrapta); larvapods absent in the second and seventh segments of the abdomen [53:0; 55:0]. This clade is congruent with clade 10 of Malagón-Aldana et al. (2021), the tribe Dielocerini of Benson (1938), and the subfamily Dielocerinae of Smith (1992). The position as sister group of the remaining Neotropical Sterictiphorinae (except for Atomacera) was also retrieved by Malagón-Aldana et al. (2021) with IW analysis.</p> <p>Clade G: This clade (SR &lt;30) is united by having three podomeres in mid- and hind legs [42:3] (Fig. 13r) and two– three apical setae on the lacinia [27:0] (Fig. 12j, m, n) (reversed in Ptenos and Manaos). This clade is similar to clade 11 of Malagón-Aldana et al. (2021), where the sister group of the remaining genera includes the genus Schizocerella (Fig. 1k), the latter having some plesiomorphies, e.g., the simple and flat setae of maxilla and epipharynx. Their internal clades (Fig. 18h–j) were well supported independently, but their relationships are uncertain.</p> <p>Clade H: Didymia and Ptilia form a monophyletic clade, with Didymia (Fig. 1l) paraphyletic relative to Ptilia. This result was also retrieved by Malagón-Aldana et al. (2021) (clade 15a). Synapomorphies of the clade (SR = 77, k = 9) are the presence of long body tubular tubercles carrying long setae [68:4; 69:1] (Fig. 15g, n) on the body. They also are distinguishable from other genera in clade G by having pretarsal claws on the fore legs [37:1], a plesiomorphic character state.</p> <p>Clade I: The genus Sphacophilus (Fig. 1h) is retrieved as monophyletic (S. cellularis + S. apios) (SR = 95, k = 1–30), contrary to what was found by Malagón-Aldana et al. (2021) using adult morphology (clades 12 and 13) and the same two species. The larval synapomorphies include the presence of scopa mandibularis conformed by simple trichoid seta [15:1] (Fig. 10j, k) and tenth abdominal tergum (T10) with a row or marginal posterior spurs [76:1] (Figs. 14p and 16c) (convergent with Atomacera). Species of Sphacophilus also share having coxal glands of thoracic fore legs with a pair of closing lips [39:1] (Fig. 13e) convergently with Sericoceros, Dielocerus, and Digelasinus.</p> <p>Clade J: Zynzus + (Ptenos + Manaos) (SR = 71, k = 1–2) (Fig. 1c) have the following synapomorphies: the presence of only one coxal gland in the fore legs with a simple opening without closing lips [39:0] (Fig. 13s) and a couple of small tubercles on the posteroventral area of the larvapods of the tenth abdominal segment [82:1]. This clade is similar to clade 15b identified by Malagón-Aldana et al. (2021).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3627F40F3026FFB7D666DD50806A97B3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Malagon-Aldana, Leonardo A.;Shinohara, Akihiko;Smith, David R.;Vilhelmsen, Lars	Malagon-Aldana, Leonardo A., Shinohara, Akihiko, Smith, David R., Vilhelmsen, Lars (2021): Comparative anatomy of the larvae of argid sawflies (Hymenoptera: Argidae): a phylogenetic approach. Organisms Diversity & Evolution (New York, N. Y.) 21 (2): 361-392, DOI: 10.1007/s13127-021-00485-0, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13127-021-00485-0
