taxonID	type	description	language	source
36019464FFF8B602B7F2F814FEE6FA0A.taxon	description	(Fig. 1 – 3) Description: Female. Length of forewing: HT 44 mm; PT 48 mm; antennae black with greyish club, 18.0 – 19.0 mm. Forewing upperside (Figure 1 - A, C). Ground colour black with pattern of whitish spots: 1. Series of subterminal spots extends from cell R 3 to Cu 1 b; the spot in cell Cu 1 b is double; 2. Series of postmedian elongated spots extends from R 3 to Cu 1 b, though spots in R 4 and R 5 are absent; spot in cell Cu 1 b is double and small whitish spot in cell M 1 is shifted towards the subterminal spot; 3. Large elongated whitish spot located at distal part of discal cell near discocellular veins. Forewing underside (Figure 1 - B, D). Ground colour black; the wing pattern similar to that in upperside, but all spots brighter and more distinct; subterminal spots in cells R 3, R 5 and M 1 are yellow. Discal cell includes long whitish streak which is ended by the large elongated whitish spot. Hindwing upperside (Figure 1 A, C). Ground colour black with pattern of whitish spots; Dorsal area within cells 3 A, 1 A + 2 A and Cu 1 b is whitish yellow; small bright yellow spots are located at basal area in cell Sc + R 1 and around humeral vein; bright white streak in discal cell; series of subterminal whitish spots extend from cell Rs to Cu 1 b; larger postmedian whitish spots extend from cell Rs to Cu 1 b. Hindwing underside: (Figure 1 B, D) Ground colour black; the wing pattern similar to the upperside, but all spots smaller and more distinct; all subterminal spots are yellow; postmedian spots in cells M 3 and Cu 1 a are also yellow; whitish streak within discal cell has yellowish distal part. Male is unknown. Female genitalia (Figure 2): Corpus bursae oval with appendix bursae round; ductus bursae rather long and thin; signum broad, invaginated formed bi-oval flat structure both sides of which armed with short spines. Antrum is weakly developed but sterigma and lamella postvaginalis are prominent. Sterigma is the pair prominent invaginated structure having some well sclerotised vanes (blades). The lamella postvaginalis is triangular. Posterior apophyses thin and short; anterior apophyses not differentiated (vestigial).	en	Monastyrskii, Alexander L., Lien, Vu Van (2021): New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). Zootaxa 5048 (4): 486-510, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5048.4.2
36019464FFF8B602B7F2F814FEE6FA0A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: The new taxon closely resembles Delias sanaca perspicua Fruhstorfer, 1910 distributed in China, Laos, and northern Vietnam (Nakamura & Wakahara, 2012). The male specimen figured in that work resembles both specimens collected near Mt. Bi Doup. Several wing pattern elements are similar (e. g., the pattern of yellow spots on the underside of both wings). However, the wing pattern of D. s. perspicua figured by Pinratana, 1983; Ek-Amnuay, 2012; Wu & Hsu, 2017 differs by having larger whitish and yellow spots on both sides of the wings. The female genitalia of D. sanaca and other species of the belladonna group have never been published. When compared with D. belladonna, D. berinda, and D. sanaca perspicua, the female genitalia of D. sanaca bidoupa are most similar to D. sanaca perspicua from China, with a similar corpus bursa, signum, sterigma and lamella postvaginalis (Figure 3 A – B); however, the lamella postvaginalis of D. berinda from China is more rounded (Figure 3 C – D). The male of the new taxon is unknown, and our study was based only on the morphology of a single female. We therefore regard this taxon of Delias sanaca from Lam Dong province as a separate, distinctive subspecies rather than a full species. Nevertheless, the new taxon requires additional study.	en	Monastyrskii, Alexander L., Lien, Vu Van (2021): New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). Zootaxa 5048 (4): 486-510, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5048.4.2
36019464FFF8B602B7F2F814FEE6FA0A.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype: CENTRAL VIETNAM: ♀ Lam Dong province, Bi Doup N. P., 06. IV. 2002, ALM leg.; evergreen forest at 1,500 m. Paratype ♀: from the same locality and date as HT.	en	Monastyrskii, Alexander L., Lien, Vu Van (2021): New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). Zootaxa 5048 (4): 486-510, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5048.4.2
36019464FFF8B602B7F2F814FEE6FA0A.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Females of this rare taxon are thus far known only from the vicinity of Mt. Bi Doup where they were discovered along an evergreen forest stream at 1,600 m.	en	Monastyrskii, Alexander L., Lien, Vu Van (2021): New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). Zootaxa 5048 (4): 486-510, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5048.4.2
36019464FFF8B602B7F2F814FEE6FA0A.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The new taxon is named after Mt. Bi Doup where the type specimen was discovered and collected.	en	Monastyrskii, Alexander L., Lien, Vu Van (2021): New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). Zootaxa 5048 (4): 486-510, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5048.4.2
36019464FFFFB600B7F2F9A8FA79FAA2.taxon	description	(Fig. 4) Description: Male. Length of forewing: ♂ HT 30 mm; ♂ PTs 30, 27.5, 31, 29, 26, 28, 27, 29, 28.5, 29, 27, 27.5, 30, 27.5, 25, 30, 29.5 mm (n = 17; mean = 28.32) Forewing upperside (Figure 4 A). Ground colour uniformly white with blackened costal edge at basal and sub-basal areas; black broad submarginal band bordered distal part of costa, apex and half of termen extends from costa to the cell Cu 1 a with connection to large black submarginal spot in cell M 3, though rarely submarginal band is not connected with black spot in cell M 3; discocellular vein between M 2 and M 3 is ornamented by one black spot; submarginal area in cell Cu 1 b sometimes bears blackish round spot varied in size. Forewing underside (Figure 4 B). Ground colour uniformly white with yellowish ochreous margin from mid costa to mid termen which broadens at the apical area; large, usually rectangular black spot presented within centre of cell M 3; sometimes, small, blackened spots presented in cells Cu 1 b and M 1. Basal and sub-basal part of discal cell densely covered by blackish scales; such dusty black area prominent at lower part of discal cell along cubitus; distinct black spot on the discocellular vein between M 2 and M 3 diffuses along cubitus. Hindwing upperside (Figure 4 A). Ground colour of hindwing uniformly whitish with very pale creamy tinge which is the result of intensive yellow ground colour of the hindwing under surface. Hindwing underside (Figure 4 B). Ground colour of the hindwing uniformly intensive yellow with light golden tinge and whitish scales on veins. Female. Length of forewing: PTs 28, 27, 26, 27, 23 mm (n = 5; mean = 26,2) Forewing upperside (Figure 4 E) Ground colour of the forewing varies from uniformly white to uniformly very pale yellowish unequally dusted with black scales; pattern includes a thick black border around the wing perimeter with small gap in cell Cu 1 b, which includes a black oval spot; discal cell densely covered by black scales or it is fully black; discocellular veins covered by distinct black spot and thick black band connects discal cell with black border in cell M 3. Forewing underside (Figure 4 F) Ground colour of the white, densely dusted with blackish scales especially within discal cell; yellowish ochreous border spread from mid costa to mid termen becoming broader at the apical area; black band within discal cell curve behind discocellular vein and broadened at termen within cell M 3; another black band extends within cells 2 A and Cu 1 b from the basal area to the termen where it terminates as a large oval spot in cell Cu 1 b. Hindwing upperside (Figure 4 E). Ground colour of hindwing varies from pale creamy (specimens of dsf) to yellowish; series of marginal blackish triangle spots from vein Cu 1 b to M 2 and spot in cell Rs usually weakly developed; in some specimens of dsf these spots fully disappeared; basal area dusted with black scales. Hindwing underside (Figure 4 F). Ground colour of the hindwing uniformly intensive yellow with light golden tinge; fringe is white.	en	Monastyrskii, Alexander L., Lien, Vu Van (2021): New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). Zootaxa 5048 (4): 486-510, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5048.4.2
36019464FFFFB600B7F2F9A8FA79FAA2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis and discussion: The bright golden yellow colouration and unique pattern of the hindwing undersides are the main distinctive characteristics in both sexes of the new taxon. The subspecies pamsi is distributed in northern Vietnam and the northern part of central Vietnam, and the intensity of the yellow colouration increases from north to south. Other subspecies found in China (subspec. cisseis) and Taiwan (subspec. karumii) have much paler hindwing undersides. The females of T. n. pamsi and the other subspecies mentioned above have prominent marginal black spots on the upperside of the hindwing while these spots are usually weakly developed or absent in the T. n. aurelia. In addition, all black markings on the underside of the forewing are larger and darker. Gia Lai province in the Vietnamese Central Highlands is the southern-most border of the subspecies’ distribution. Comparison of populations demonstrates intensification of yellow coloration on the underside of both wings from north to south.	en	Monastyrskii, Alexander L., Lien, Vu Van (2021): New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). Zootaxa 5048 (4): 486-510, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5048.4.2
36019464FFFFB600B7F2F9A8FA79FAA2.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype: CENTRAL VIETNAM: ♂ Gia Lai province, Man Giang district, Kon Ka Kinh N. P., 19. V. 2018, forest stream, 800 m asl, ALM leg. Paratypes 11 ♂, 5 ♀ from the same locality as HT; 18 – 19. V. 2018; 13. IV. 2019; 11. IV. 1999; 6 ♂, CENTRAL VIETNAM, Quang Nam province, Son Thanh N. R., 30. V. 2014; Kon Tum province, Ngoc Linh N. P. Paratypes 1 ♂ 12. VI. 2018; ♀ 27. III. 1998, forest valley at 1,600 m; VVL, ALM & PNT leg.	en	Monastyrskii, Alexander L., Lien, Vu Van (2021): New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). Zootaxa 5048 (4): 486-510, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5048.4.2
36019464FFFFB600B7F2F9A8FA79FAA2.taxon	distribution	Distribution: The new taxon is distributed from Quang Nam to Gia Lai province.	en	Monastyrskii, Alexander L., Lien, Vu Van (2021): New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). Zootaxa 5048 (4): 486-510, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5048.4.2
36019464FFFFB600B7F2F9A8FA79FAA2.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The name aurelia refers to the unusually bright golden yellow colour of the hindwing undersides.	en	Monastyrskii, Alexander L., Lien, Vu Van (2021): New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). Zootaxa 5048 (4): 486-510, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5048.4.2
36019464FFFDB60EB7F2F998FC52FD16.taxon	description	(Fig. 5) Description: Male: Length of forewing: ♂ HT 39 mm; ♂ PT 38, 42 mm (n = 2). Forewing upperside (Figure 5 A). Ground colour dark orange with blackish brown markings: terminal fascia from apex to dorsum; thin, upper subterminal fascia extends from apex to vein M 3; separated lower part of subterminal fascia thick and extended from vein M 3 to tornus; this fascia joins the curved, thick postdiscal fasciae in cell M 3, starting from radial vein R 5, bend in cell M 2 and undulate through the mid areas of cells M 3, Cu 1 a, Cu 1 b and 1 A + 2 A; basal areas of cells Cu 1 b and 1 A + 2 A densely dusted with black scales; discal cell includes dark undulating marking over the discocellular veins. Forewing underside (Figure 5 B). Ground colour is mainly beige with rich pattern of fulvous markings principal of which is thick postdiscal fascia extending from apex to mid of vein 1 A + 2 A; discoidal cell bears undulated spot at the place of non-existent discocellular veins and two round spots merged; along the termen there is subterminal series of arrow-like spots bordering the termen. Hindwing upperside (Figure 5 A). Ground colour similar to the forewing; There are four dark brown parallel fasciae crossing the hindwing in parallel with the termen: terminal, subterminal, postdiscal and subbasal fasciae arise from vein 1 A + 2 A and gradually narrow at vein Rs; marginal and submarginal fasciae extend to subcostal vein. Hindwing underside (Figure 5 B). Ground colour similar to the underside of forewing with a pattern of diverse markings tinged with brownish-violet. Thick terminal fascia extend from vein 1 A + 2 A to vein M 1; subterminal and postdiscal zigzagged fasciae also extend from vein 1 A + 2 A to vein M 1; discal fascia extends from vein 1 A + 2 A to vein Sc + R 1; subbasal area bears some round shape spots. Female: Length of forewing: ♀ PTs 47.0, 45.0, 48.0 mm (n = 3). Forewing upperside (Figure 5 C). Ground colour blackish brown; the pattern includes a discal cell streak and streak beyond the discal cell that merges with spot at base of cell M 3; upper and lower postdiscal bands and subterminal fascia well developed; all markings fulvous. Forewing underside (Figure 5 D). Ground colour dark reddish-brown with indistinct paler upper postdiscal bands in cells Rs and M 1 and lower postdiscal band in cells Cu 1 a, Cu 1 b; discal cell streak obscure and streak beyond discal cell unclear; other markings not distinct except well visible whitish dotted line extended from mid of cell Cu 1 b to the distal part of cell Rs. Hindwing upperside (Figure 5 C). Ground colour blackish brown: the pattern includes discal and postdiscal fulvous bands extending from vein 1 A + 2 A to vein Sc + R 1. Hindwing underside (Figure 5 D). Ground colour dark reddish-brown with obscure indistinct pattern similar to moire.	en	Monastyrskii, Alexander L., Lien, Vu Van (2021): New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). Zootaxa 5048 (4): 486-510, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5048.4.2
36019464FFFDB60EB7F2F998FC52FD16.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The wing patterns of both sexes are seasonally variable. In addition, the male ground colour and colour of female markings vary geographically. Yoshino (2021) describes three male forms differing in their dark wing pattern elements. While Yoshino (2021) purports that these forms have distinct geographic distributions, we have observed all three phenotypes throughout their distribution. These forms are therefore equivalent to subspecies. Other more significant characters include the ground colour of the wing upperside in males and colouration of the bands and spots in females. Males of the new subspecies have dark fulvous (dark orange) ground colour (Figure 5 A), which is usually duller than in other subspecies. The upperside wing pattern in the females is usually similar to the nominate subspecies; however, the colour of the markings varies geographically from pure white in Taiwan (subspec. formosana) and pale yellow in N. E. India, eastern Tibet and Yunnan (the nominate subspecies) to pale orange in Sichuan, Fujian, Guangdong, northern Vietnam (Ha Giang) (subspec. pratti) and clear dark orange in this new subspecies (subspec. pulcheria) from the southern part of central Vietnam. In addition, in the new subspecies all markings on the upperside of both wings are much broader.	en	Monastyrskii, Alexander L., Lien, Vu Van (2021): New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). Zootaxa 5048 (4): 486-510, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5048.4.2
36019464FFFDB60EB7F2F998FC52FD16.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype: CENTRAL VIETNAM: ♂ Gia Lai province, K’Bang district, Kon Chu Rang N. R., 20. V. 2015, evergreen forest trail at 500 m asl, ALM leg. Paratypes: 1 ♂, 1 ♀ from the same locality as holotype; 20. V. 2015 and 21. V. 2015; 1 ♂, CENTRAL VIETNAM, Khanh Hoa province, Mt. Hon Ba, 1,540 m asl; 16. V. 2016, T. Miyagawa leg., ex coll. K. Saito; 1 ♀, CENTRAL VIETNAM, Kon Tum, Mang Den, VI. 2018, local collector (ex coll. K. Saito); 1 ♂, 1 ♀ CENTRAL VIETNAM, Quang Nam province, Ma Cooih district, Son Thanh N. R., 28. IX. 2002, primary evergreen forest, 880 m asl, R. Shore leg.	en	Monastyrskii, Alexander L., Lien, Vu Van (2021): New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). Zootaxa 5048 (4): 486-510, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5048.4.2
36019464FFFDB60EB7F2F998FC52FD16.taxon	distribution	Distribution: The new taxon has been recorded in the Vietnamese Central Highlands from Quang Nam to Lam Dong provinces.	en	Monastyrskii, Alexander L., Lien, Vu Van (2021): New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). Zootaxa 5048 (4): 486-510, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5048.4.2
36019464FFFDB60EB7F2F998FC52FD16.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The name pulcheria may be translated as “ beautiful ”.	en	Monastyrskii, Alexander L., Lien, Vu Van (2021): New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). Zootaxa 5048 (4): 486-510, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5048.4.2
36019464FFF3B60DB7F2FC95FF50FC7E.taxon	description	(Fig. 6) Description: Male. Length of forewing: ♂ HT 33 mm; ♂ PT 32.5; mm (n = 2) Forewing upperside (Figure 6 A). Ground colour of both wings is black with different tinges in some areas: basal and discal areas uniformly velvety black; submarginal and marginal areas on both wings slightly paler. Postdiscal band on both wings pale greenish yellow; shape of spots is more rectangular than oval; spaces between spots narrower than the vein thickness. Forewing underside (Figure 6 B) Ground colour is pale brown; middle of discal cell has a small round, red spot and a red lunular spot bordered with black; pale greenish postdiscal band bordered by brown; stroke-like submarginal black spots located within cell M 1, M 3 - Cu 1 b. Female: Length of forewing: ♀ PTs 39, 38, 35, 38.5 mm (n = 4; x = 37,63) Forewing upperside (Figure 6 E) Ground colour of both wings is dark brown; basal and discal areas uniformly dark brown; submarginal area out of postdiscal band pale brown with dark, nearly black medial band; spaces between spots on postdiscal band between cells M 2 and Cu 1 b not broader than thickness of a vein. Forewing underside (Figure 6 F) Ground colour of both wings brown; shape and colour of markings similar to the upperside.	en	Monastyrskii, Alexander L., Lien, Vu Van (2021): New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). Zootaxa 5048 (4): 486-510, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5048.4.2
36019464FFF3B60DB7F2FC95FF50FC7E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. In the new subspecies, the ground colour on the upperside of both wings is slightly darker than in individuals from the Vietnam mainland. The yellowish postdiscal band is similar in shape and colour to individuals from the mainland; however, it is slightly broader and the spaces between neighbouring spots are narrower than the thickness of a vein. In ♂♂, spots in cells Cu 1 a and M 3 are more rectangular than the ovoid shapes found in other subspecies (Figures 6 C – D), while in ♀♀ the shape of spots in cells Cu 1 a and M 3 is more rectangular than oval. Spaces between spots in cells M 1 – Cu 1 a are absent, whereas these spaces are much broader in individuals from the Vietnam mainland (Figures 6 G – H).	en	Monastyrskii, Alexander L., Lien, Vu Van (2021): New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). Zootaxa 5048 (4): 486-510, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5048.4.2
36019464FFF3B60DB7F2FC95FF50FC7E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype: SOUTHERN VIETNAM, ♂ Ba Ria – Vung Tau province, district, Con Dao N. P., Hon Ba Is. 26. III. 2015, ALM leg. (CD- 092). Paratypes ♂ ♀ — SOUTHERN VIETNAM, Ba Ria – Vung Tau province, Con Son Is., road to Thanh Gia top, ~ 300 m asl, 24. III. 2015, ALM leg. (CD- 246, 249); 2 ♀ — Ba Ria – Vung Tau province, Con Son Is., near Headquarters of the National Park, 23. III. 2015, ALM leg. (CD — 27, 153); ♀ — SOUTHERN VIETNAM, Ba Ria – Vung Tau province, Con Son Is., VI. 2010, ALM leg.	en	Monastyrskii, Alexander L., Lien, Vu Van (2021): New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). Zootaxa 5048 (4): 486-510, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5048.4.2
36019464FFF3B60DB7F2FC95FF50FC7E.taxon	distribution	Distribution: The new subspecies is distributed only in the Con Dao Archipelago: Con Son Is. and Hon Ba Is.	en	Monastyrskii, Alexander L., Lien, Vu Van (2021): New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). Zootaxa 5048 (4): 486-510, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5048.4.2
36019464FFF0B60DB7F2FC7DFAF8F93A.taxon	description	(Figs. 7 A, B) Description: Female: Length of forewing: HT 25 mm. Both wings upperside. (Figure 7 A) Ground colour is black; all spots and bands are uniformly bright orange, including large discal cell streak merged with the streak beyond discal cell; lower postdiscal large spots in cells A 1 + A 2 and Cu 1 a are connected in cell Cu 1 b; Both wings underside. (Figure 7 B) Ground colour of both wings dark reddish brown; all spots and bands are yellow; markings broad and distinct; wing patterns similar to those on the upperside except for a series of distinct pale violet subcostal spots in cells R 1, R 2, R 5 and M 1.	en	Monastyrskii, Alexander L., Lien, Vu Van (2021): New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). Zootaxa 5048 (4): 486-510, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5048.4.2
36019464FFF0B60DB7F2FC7DFAF8F93A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: The new taxon may be distinguished from individuals of other subspecies distributed in western China (the nominate subspecies) (Figure 7 E – F), Naga Hills and northern Vietnam (subspec. paona) (Figure 7 C – D). It has well developed, broad, bright orange markings on the upperside of both wings, while the other subspecies have whitish (eastern Tibet; Bozano, 2008) or yellowish markings (the nominate subspec. from central China and subspec. paona from northeastern India (ex Lepidoptera collection of the NHM). The most unusual character of the new taxon is the well-developed series of subcostal spots on the underside of the forewing. Individuals of other subspecies either lack this character or it is unclear. In addition, subcostal spots on the forewing are not typical for Pantoporia. This character is usually observed in some Neptis with orange markings, such as the armandia, themis and antilope groups.	en	Monastyrskii, Alexander L., Lien, Vu Van (2021): New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). Zootaxa 5048 (4): 486-510, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5048.4.2
36019464FFF0B60DB7F2FC7DFAF8F93A.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype: CENTRAL VIETNAM, ♀ Gia Lai province, Kon Ka Kinh N. P., IV. 2016, TQ leg.	en	Monastyrskii, Alexander L., Lien, Vu Van (2021): New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). Zootaxa 5048 (4): 486-510, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5048.4.2
36019464FFF0B60DB7F2FC7DFAF8F93A.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Currently only recorded from Central Vietnam, Gia Lai province, Kon Ka Kinh N. P.	en	Monastyrskii, Alexander L., Lien, Vu Van (2021): New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). Zootaxa 5048 (4): 486-510, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5048.4.2
36019464FFF1B60CB7F2F900FD48F87A.taxon	description	(Fig. 8) For many years, this half-forgotten species was known only from type specimens collected in Moupin [Baoxing, Sichuan] (western China) deposited in NHM: Type ♂, B. M. Type NoRh 2682, Moupin, July 1890; Type ♀ B. M. Type NoRh 2683, Moupin, July 1890 (Figure 8). A female similar to R. latifasciata was mentioned by Nishimura (2008) from northern Vietnam (Ha Giang province). It was the first record of R. latifasciata from Vietnam. However, the taxon was regarded as a form of R. crisilda.	en	Monastyrskii, Alexander L., Lien, Vu Van (2021): New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). Zootaxa 5048 (4): 486-510, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5048.4.2
36019464FFF4B609B7F2FF1DFE84FAA2.taxon	description	(Figs. 8, 9) Description: Male. Length of forewing: HT 22.5 mm. ♂ Upperside (Figure 8 A). Ground colour of both wings blackish with a broad, white postdiscal band broadened at dorsum on the forewing and to the costal edge on the hindwing; on the forewing the band ends at vein M 1. Basal and sub-basal whitish fasciae on the forewing are indistinct. Underside (Figure 8 B). Both wings ground colour blackish with broad postdiscal white band and well distinct basal, sub-basal and submarginal whitish fasciae. Forewing with series of submarginal eye spots including spots in cells from Cu 1 b (double spot) to R 4 (single spots in all other cells); hindwing with series of subterminal eye ringed spots spreading from cell Cu 1 b to Rs; spot in cell M 1 is absent. Female: length of forewing: PTs 24.0; 24.5; 25 mm. ♀ (Figure 8 C, D) The female is slightly larger than the male with a convex terminal edge on the forewing; wing patterns on both surfaces are similar to that in the male. The most conspicuous character is the absence of an eye spot in cell M 1 of the hindwing. Male genitalia. (Figure 9). Uncus long, slender and gradually tapering at tip; uncus in 1.5 times longer than tegumen and pointed towards the tip; gnathos is ½ of the uncus length and pointed towards the end; saccus relatively long but shorter than valvae; phallus long with hooked bend at the tip; valvae elongated with the round apex and small and small spike at upper side.	en	Monastyrskii, Alexander L., Lien, Vu Van (2021): New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). Zootaxa 5048 (4): 486-510, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5048.4.2
36019464FFF4B609B7F2FF1DFE84FAA2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Specimens recently collected in Ha Giang province are similar to the ♂ and ♀ R. latifasciata type specimens described from Moupin [Baoxing, Sichuan] (W. China) and deposited in the NHM. It is definitely a rare species that has not been collected or mentioned since Leech’s (1892 – 94) publication of the species description. Recently, the taxon latifasciata was misidentified as a subspecies of R. crisilda in Lang (2017) and has been regarded as a form of R. crisilda. However, type specimens of latifasciata from China and the recent discovery from Ha Giang bear no resemblance to R. crisilda, which has a complete series of submarginal spots on the hindwing underside. The wing patterns of R. latifasciata are similar to those of R. critias Riley & Godfrey, 1921 from central Vietnam, which can be easily distinguished from specimens from the type locality (N. Thailand) and from Southern China (Yunnan province, near the border to Vietnam). At the same time, the male genitalia of latifasciata from N. Vietnam and critias from C. Vietnam, Thailand and S. China show high similarity (Figures 10). Considering these observations, we suggest a revision of these species.	en	Monastyrskii, Alexander L., Lien, Vu Van (2021): New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). Zootaxa 5048 (4): 486-510, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5048.4.2
36019464FFF4B609B7F2FF1DFE84FAA2.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype: NORTHERN VIETNAM, ♂ Ha Giang province, Dong Van district, Yen Minh commune, VI. 2015, local collector leg. Paratypes ♀ the same location and date as holotype, local collector leg.; ♀ the same location as holotype, VI. 2009, HVT leg.; ♀ Ha Giang province, IV – V. 2007, local collector leg.	en	Monastyrskii, Alexander L., Lien, Vu Van (2021): New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). Zootaxa 5048 (4): 486-510, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5048.4.2
36019464FFF4B609B7F2FF1DFE84FAA2.taxon	distribution	Distribution. The new taxon is known only from Ha Giang province (northern Vietnam), though it may occur in southern China.	en	Monastyrskii, Alexander L., Lien, Vu Van (2021): New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). Zootaxa 5048 (4): 486-510, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5048.4.2
36019464FFF4B609B7F2FA41FDDAF942.taxon	discussion	The male genitalia and wing patterns of critias and latifasciata (Figures 9 A-C) are highly similar. Thus, the former name must be regarded as a junior synonym of latifasciata and described as a subspecies of the new valid species name. The most important character separating critias from other subspecies is the absence of the eye spot in cell M 3 on the underside of the hindwing.	en	Monastyrskii, Alexander L., Lien, Vu Van (2021): New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). Zootaxa 5048 (4): 486-510, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5048.4.2
36019464FFF4B617B7F2F961FCCDFDE6.taxon	description	(Figs. 10 C – F) Description: Male: length of forewing: HT 21 mm; PTs 23, 24, 21, 20 mm. ♂ Upperside (Figure 10 C – D). Ground colour of both wings is black with two whitish bands on both wings; forewing with very wide postdiscal band which is broad at dorsum and gradually tapering toward the apex and ending near vein M 1; the thin subterminal fascia starting from vein 1 A + 2 A and ends at vein M 3; terminal fascia barely noticeable; poorly visible basal and sub-basal fasciae starting from vein 1 A + 2 A and extending to subcostal vein; hindwing white discal fascia starting from costal edge and gradually narrowing at dorsal edge; basal and subbasal fasciae very poor visible; narrow submarginal whitish fascia prominent. Underside (Figure 10 E – F). Ground colour of both wings blackish brown. Forewing pattern of fasciae similar to upperside, but all whitish fasciae prominent, and postdiscal whitish band reaches costal edge near apex; submarginal blackish area bears series of single yellow ringed ocelli from the cell R 4 to Cu 1 a; there are two ocelli in the cell Cu 1 b; every ocellus has a bluish pupil surrounded by a thick black ring. Hindwing pattern of fasciae similar to upperside, but all whitish fasciae prominent; broad submarginal blackish brown area bears series of oval ocelli in cells Cu 1 b - Rs except cell M 1; the cell Cu 1 b includes two ocelli. Female: length of forewing: 2 PTs 20, 24 mm. ♀ (Figures 10 E – F). Both upperside and underside wing pattern similar to that in the ♂. Male genitalia (Figure 9 B) similar to the nominate subspec. latifasciata and other subspecies including critias and cristata from W. China, N. Vietnam and Thailand (Lang, 2017).	en	Monastyrskii, Alexander L., Lien, Vu Van (2021): New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). Zootaxa 5048 (4): 486-510, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5048.4.2
36019464FFF4B617B7F2F961FCCDFDE6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The new subspecies differs from the nominate subspecies and subspecies critias in the following characters: 1. Compared to the nominate subspecies, both sexes of crystallina have much narrower whitish postdiscal bands on both wings; 2. Similar to the nominate subspecies, the new taxon lacks an ocellus only in cell M 1, while subspecies critias lacks submarginal ocelli in cells M 1 and M 3.	en	Monastyrskii, Alexander L., Lien, Vu Van (2021): New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). Zootaxa 5048 (4): 486-510, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5048.4.2
36019464FFF4B617B7F2F961FCCDFDE6.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype: CENTRAL VIETNAM, ♂ Thua Thien Hue province, Bach Ma N. P., VII. 2010, ALM leg. Paratypes: CENTRAL VIETNAM, 4 ♂ 2 ♀ Kon Tum province, Ngoc Linh N. P., Lo Xo pass, 24. V. 2015; Kon Chu Rang N. R., 20 – 21. V. 2015.	en	Monastyrskii, Alexander L., Lien, Vu Van (2021): New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). Zootaxa 5048 (4): 486-510, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5048.4.2
36019464FFF4B617B7F2F961FCCDFDE6.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Central Vietnam: Ha Tinh province (Vu Quang N. P., Huong Son SFE), Thua Thien Hue province (Bach Ma N. P.); Quang Nam province (Saola N. R.), Kon Tum province (Ngoc Linh N. P.); Gia Lai province (Kon Ka Kinh N. P., Kon Chu Rang N. R.) (Monastyrskii, 2005 a).	en	Monastyrskii, Alexander L., Lien, Vu Van (2021): New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). Zootaxa 5048 (4): 486-510, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5048.4.2
36019464FFEAB617B7F2FD5DFB8CFBA6.taxon	description	(Figs. 11 A, B)	en	Monastyrskii, Alexander L., Lien, Vu Van (2021): New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). Zootaxa 5048 (4): 486-510, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5048.4.2
36019464FFEAB614B7F2FB45FC35FE9A.taxon	description	(Figs. 11 C – F, 12) Description: Male: length of forewing: HT 37 mm; PTs 37 - 38 Upperside. (Figure 12 A). Forewing weakly falcate; ground colour pale orange with slight brownish tinge on basal and subbasal areas; apex and terminal (marginal) fascia is brown; hindwing ground colour uniformly dirty orange Underside (Figure 12 B). Ground colour of both wings uniformly pale fulvous; they bear dark brown fasciae in sub-basal and postdiscal areas; subterminal area on the forewing bears white pupiled round spot in cell Cu 1 a; subterminal area on hindwing bears a series of small round, white pupiled spots within cells Rs-Cu 1 b. Female: length of forewing: PT 41.2 mm. Upperside. (Figure 12 C). Forewing ground colour uniformly dark brown from basal to discal area; apical area blackish brown with thin blackish terminal fascia from apex to termen; between apex and discal area postdiscal yellowish band. Nearly all of hindwing uniformly dark brown with slightly paler ochreous patches at Rs and M 1. Underside. (Figure 12 D). Outer forewing greyish area extending from apex to dorsum is separated from other parts of the wing by dark brown fascia; another part of the forewing has a uniformly brown ground colour; the thin sub-basal dark brown fascia crosses discal cell and abuts at the vein 1 A + 2 A. Outer hindwing greyish brown area extending from apex to tornus is separated from darker brown discal area which also separated from basal and subbasal areas; series of subterminal whitish round spots extends from cell Rs to Cu 1 b with largest spot in cell Cu 1 a Male genitalia (Figure 11 C – E) Generally, the genitalia of the new species is similar to A. tonkinensis (Figure 11 G – J). In particular, the uncus, tegumen, gnathos, and valvae of specimens from Kon Ka Kinh are similar to those A. tonkinensis, though the apical part of the claspers is more elongated and evenly rounded with a spatula-like shape (Figure 11 E). The most conspicuous character of the new species is a structure of its phallus (Figures 11 C, D). In lateral view the phallus is more or less evenly thick from the base to distal part and smoothly curved in the centre (Figure 11 C); the sclerotised rib is not very long and covered with spines only in the central part (Figures 11 C, D). In dorsal view the phallus is straight and broadened at the distal end. Female genitalia (Figure 11 F). The most distinctive character of the female genitalia in species of Aemona amathusia — group is shape and size of lamella antevaginalis. In A. gialaica and A. tonkinensis, the shape of this structure are similar. However, in A. gialaica, the dorsal part of lamella antevaginalis is flat and lacks any excavation, whereas the lamella in A. tonkinensis has a visible concavity (Figure 11 F, J).	en	Monastyrskii, Alexander L., Lien, Vu Van (2021): New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). Zootaxa 5048 (4): 486-510, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5048.4.2
36019464FFEAB614B7F2FB45FC35FE9A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis and discussion. The new species resembles A. tonkinensis. Both species have similar wing shapes and patterns. However, the males are slightly smaller, and the upperside of both wings darker. In A. gialaica, the phallus is more or less straight in dorsal view (Figure 11 D). The sclerotised rib on the dorsal side of the phallus is shorter than in A. tonkinensis and shifted at its base; the rib is covered with only a few spines and only in the central part of the phallus (Figure 11 C). The tip of the clasper is elongated and densely covered with spines arranged in rows mostly along the ventral side. In the female of new species shape of the lamella antevaginalis is similar in shape to A. tonkinensis from northern Vietnam and A. peali distributed in Manipur and southern Shan States in Myanmar.	en	Monastyrskii, Alexander L., Lien, Vu Van (2021): New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). Zootaxa 5048 (4): 486-510, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5048.4.2
36019464FFEAB614B7F2FB45FC35FE9A.taxon	materials_examined	Type material: Holotype ♂: CENTRAL VIETNAM, Gia Lai province, Mang Yang district, A yun commune, Kon Ka Kinh N. P., 21. V. 2018; evergreen forest at 900 m; leg. ALM; Paratypes 2 ♂: same location and habitat as the HT, 24. V. 2018; 22. V. 2018; ALM leg.; 1 ♂ 1 ♀ CENTRAL VIETNAM, Gia Lai province, Chu Dang Ya, Pleiku, 08. V. 2017, alt. 800 – 1,250 m; leg. T. Miyagawa; ex. coll. K. Saito.	en	Monastyrskii, Alexander L., Lien, Vu Van (2021): New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). Zootaxa 5048 (4): 486-510, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5048.4.2
36019464FFEAB614B7F2FB45FC35FE9A.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitats. This newly elevated species from Quang Ngai and Gia Lai (Kon Chu Rang N. R. and Kon Ka Kinh N. P.) provinces increases the remarkable number of Aemona species found in the Central Vietnamese Highlands. These species are distributed from lower forest habitats (400 – 600 m) to high montane forest at 1,600 – 1,700 m). The new species was discovered between 900 – 1,000 m.	en	Monastyrskii, Alexander L., Lien, Vu Van (2021): New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). Zootaxa 5048 (4): 486-510, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5048.4.2
36019464FFEAB614B7F2FB45FC35FE9A.taxon	etymology	Etymology: This taxon is named after type locality — Con Son Island.	en	Monastyrskii, Alexander L., Lien, Vu Van (2021): New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). Zootaxa 5048 (4): 486-510, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5048.4.2
36019464FFE9B612B7F2FE19FC1FFE2E.taxon	description	(Figure 13, 14) Description: Male: length of forewing: HT: 45.0 mm; PTs: 46.0; 45.0; 46.0 mm; antennae dark brown (22.0 mm). Forewing upperside (Figure 13 A): ground colour uniformly grey; area from termen and apex to postmedian and subcostal penetrating into discal cell uniformly blackish brown; there is a smooth transition from greyish black to bright grey in the postmedian area; series of small whitish subterminal spots is lined from cell R 4 to Cu 1 a; cilia dark brown. Hindwing upperside (Figure 13 A): ground colour uniformly grey with blackish brown bordering from termen to subterminal area and smooth transition to greyish colour; there is a series of small and subtle whitish subterminal spots from cell Rs to Cu 1 a; cilia dark brown. At base of cubitus there is hair tuft touching a small spot of specialised scent scales on underside of forewing base. Forewing underside (Figure 13 B): Ground colour dark brown with three darker brown fasciae located within discal cell (submedian) and at postmedian and subterminal areas; series of subterminal small whitish spots located in a row from cell R 4 to Cu 1 a. Hindwing underside (Figure 13 B): ground colour is similar to the forewing; the hindwing pattern includes submedian straight fascia extending from Sc + R 1 to Cu 1 b; postmedian fascia extending from Sc + R 1 to Cu 1 b and subterminal fascia from Rs to Cu 1 b; series of small whitish subterminal spots extending from cell Rs to Cu 1 a Female: unknown	en	Monastyrskii, Alexander L., Lien, Vu Van (2021): New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). Zootaxa 5048 (4): 486-510, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5048.4.2
36019464FFE9B612B7F2FE19FC1FFE2E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The new taxon collected in Lao Cai Province resembles members of the Faunis aerope speciesgroup distributed in southern China and northern Vietnam. The most distinctive character of F. indistincta Mell is the male genitalia structure which vaguely resembles that of F. aerope: relatively short and curved valvae with apex covered by dense spines (Figure 14 A, C – E). Faunis indistincta luctus is similar to recently the described species Faunis caelestis Monastyrskii & Lang, 2016 (Figure 13 C – D). Both species have similar wing patterns on the undersides of both wings, though in F. caelestis the ground colour is paler. The upperside of F. indistincta luctus is similar to F. aerope yunnanensis Brooks and F. caelestis, though the new taxon has broad black borders on both wings (Figure 13 A) and distinctive male genitalia (Figure 14 A, C – E). The female genitalia structures in species of F. aerope group are also distinctive; however, this character cannot be used in the current study because the female of F. indistincta luctus has not yet been discovered.	en	Monastyrskii, Alexander L., Lien, Vu Van (2021): New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). Zootaxa 5048 (4): 486-510, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5048.4.2
36019464FFE9B612B7F2FE19FC1FFE2E.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: NORTHERN VIETNAM, ♂, Lao Cai province, Hoang Lien N. P., Cong Troi pass (Tram Ton ranger station), 20. V. 2011; evergreen mountain forest at ~ 1,900 m; VVL leg.; Paratypes: 3 ♂: same data as holotype. The holotype and two paratypes will be deposited in the VNMN (Hanoi); one paratype will be deposited in the NHM (London).	en	Monastyrskii, Alexander L., Lien, Vu Van (2021): New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). Zootaxa 5048 (4): 486-510, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5048.4.2
36019464FFE9B612B7F2FE19FC1FFE2E.taxon	distribution	Distribution and habitats. The new taxon has been recorded only at Hoang Lien National Park in the vicinity of Fan Si Pan peak and the forest ranger station at elevations around 2,000 m.	en	Monastyrskii, Alexander L., Lien, Vu Van (2021): New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). Zootaxa 5048 (4): 486-510, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5048.4.2
36019464FFEFB612B7F2FD5DFE79FC36.taxon	description	This is the second record from Vietnam. Previously this rare species was recorded by A. de Cooman in 1928 from Hoa Binh province (north-western Vietnam) (Monastyrskii, 2019). This specimen resembles ssp. japonica Ménétriés, though populations from S. China are similar to ssp. rudra Moore. The specimen collected in Ha Giang province (eastern side of N. Vietnam) is similar to ssp. rudra.	en	Monastyrskii, Alexander L., Lien, Vu Van (2021): New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). Zootaxa 5048 (4): 486-510, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5048.4.2
36019464FFEFB612B7F2FB0CFE11FAEA.taxon	description	First record from Vietnam.	en	Monastyrskii, Alexander L., Lien, Vu Van (2021): New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). Zootaxa 5048 (4): 486-510, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5048.4.2
36019464FFEFB612B7F2FA08FCB3F966.taxon	description	(Fig. 15) 2 ♂ northern Vietnam, Ha Giang province, Dong Van district (?), V – VI. 2016, local collector. First record from Vietnam. Considering the first record of Ypthima motschulskyi from Vietnam we demonstrate here the images of the male from Vietnam. The male genitalia are similar to genitalia of this species illustrated in literature (e. g., Elwes & Edwards, 1893; Shrôzu & Shima, 1979 and Bascombe et al., 1999) (Figure 15). These illustrations confirm the identity of this new addition to the butterfly fauna of Vietnam.	en	Monastyrskii, Alexander L., Lien, Vu Van (2021): New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea). Zootaxa 5048 (4): 486-510, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5048.4.2
