taxonID	type	description	language	source
306187A8FF9BFF8A7B7BFAABFDB0FD5B.taxon	type_taxon	Type species Candona insculpta G. W. Mueller, 1900 (N. B. Candona pubescens Koch, 1837 is an unused senior synonym of this species).	en	Higuti, Janet, Martens, Koen (2014): Five new species of Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the alluvial valley of the Upper Paraná River (Brazil, South America). European Journal of Taxonomy 106: 1-36, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.106
306187A8FF9BFF8A7B7BFAABFDB0FD5B.taxon	discussion	Other congeneric species in South and Central America (Neotropical) Pseudocandona antilliana Broodbakker, 1983; Pseudocandona caribbeana Broodbakker, 1983; Pseudocandona cubensis Broodbakker, 1983; Pseudocandona geratsi Broodbakker, 1983; Pseudocandona annae (Méhes, 1914) following Broodbakker (1983) and Karanovic & Datry (2009).	en	Higuti, Janet, Martens, Koen (2014): Five new species of Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the alluvial valley of the Upper Paraná River (Brazil, South America). European Journal of Taxonomy 106: 1-36, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.106
306187A8FF9BFF8A7B7BFAABFDB0FD5B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Carapace variously shaped, usually relatively short and stout, rarely elongated or triangular in lateral view. Surface of adults valves smooth or pitted, usually with long, stiff and perpendicularly attached setae. LV overlaps RV. Setal group of the second segment of the mandibular palp with 3 to 5 setae (plus beta-seta). Basal segment of T 3 with 3 setae (d 1, d 2 and dp), medial seta of penultimate segment always missing, terminal segment with one short (h 1) and two long setae (h 2 and h 3). Hemipenis with at least three distal lobes (a, b, h).	en	Higuti, Janet, Martens, Koen (2014): Five new species of Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the alluvial valley of the Upper Paraná River (Brazil, South America). European Journal of Taxonomy 106: 1-36, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.106
306187A8FF9BFF8A7B7BFAABFDB0FD5B.taxon	discussion	Remarks 1. All three new species described here have a group of 4 ventral setae (+ 1 β-seta) on the second segment of the Md-palp. In addition, claws G 1 and GM of the A 2 (in females) and claws G 2, GM and z 1 (in males) are long. The combination of these characters places the three new species in the caribbeana – group of the genus according to the scheme of Namiotko & Danielopol (2004). See the general discussion of the present paper for further discussion on this species group. 2. The genus Pseudocandona is speciose, and most species occur in the Palaearctic and the Nearctic, including a large radiation in the ancient Lake Baikal (Siberia). In the differential diagnoses in the present paper we will only compare our new species to those already described from the Neotropical region, although of course their morphology was also checked against the Holarctic species of which good descriptions and illustrations are available. 3. Pseudocandona agostinhoi sp. nov. is described in full, the descriptions of the other two new species in this genus are abbreviated.	en	Higuti, Janet, Martens, Koen (2014): Five new species of Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the alluvial valley of the Upper Paraná River (Brazil, South America). European Journal of Taxonomy 106: 1-36, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.106
306187A8FF9AFF827B40FC89FEA2FA18.taxon	description	Figs 2 – 5	en	Higuti, Janet, Martens, Koen (2014): Five new species of Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the alluvial valley of the Upper Paraná River (Brazil, South America). European Journal of Taxonomy 106: 1-36, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.106
306187A8FF9AFF827B40FC89FEA2FA18.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Carapace rather elongated in lateral view, and with LV overlapping RV on all sides, especially at anterior and posterior extremities. Anterior calcified inner lamella in both valves relatively broad. LV with anterior and posterior inner list, situated well away from the valve margin. Second segment of Md palp ventrally with 4 setae (+ 1 β-seta). Prehensile palps distally hook-like and set with two thin, subapical setae. Penultimate segment of T 3 not divided; seta h 1 slightly more than half the length of seta h 2. Hemipenis with lobe a small and sub-quadrate, with rounded distal margin; lobes b and h largely overlapping, except on ventro-apical side, asymmetrically rounded and pointed towards the ventral side.	en	Higuti, Janet, Martens, Koen (2014): Five new species of Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the alluvial valley of the Upper Paraná River (Brazil, South America). European Journal of Taxonomy 106: 1-36, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.106
306187A8FF9AFF827B40FC89FEA2FA18.taxon	etymology	Etymology The new species is named after Prof. Dr Angelo Antonio Agostinho (Nupelia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil), in recognition of his vast contributions to the knowledge on the biodiversity and the conservation of Brazilian freshwater environments, mainly in ichthyology, and also to acknowledge him for being one of the founders of Nupelia (Research Group in Limnology, Ichthyology and Aquaculture).	en	Higuti, Janet, Martens, Koen (2014): Five new species of Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the alluvial valley of the Upper Paraná River (Brazil, South America). European Journal of Taxonomy 106: 1-36, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.106
306187A8FF9AFF827B40FC89FEA2FA18.taxon	materials_examined	Type material All type material was collected on 16 Jul. 2012 by JH and students, by washing roots of Eichhornia crassipes (PAR 710) in a bucket and by filtering the material in a hand net with mesh size 160 µm. See Table 1 for measurements of water chemistry at time of collecting. Holotype ♂, with soft parts dissected in glycerine in a sealed slide, and with valves stored dry in a micropalaeontological slide (MZUSP 32653). Allotype ♀, dissected and stored like the holotype (MZUSP 32654). Paratypes 8 ♂♂ dissected and stored like the holotype (MZUSP 32655, MZUSP 32656, MZUSP 32657, MZUSP 32658, MZUSP 32659, OC. 3302, OC. 3306, OC. 3307); three ♂ carapaces stored dry in micropalaeontological slides (MZUSP 32660, MZUSP 32661, OC. 3304); eight ♀♀ dissected and stored like the holotype (MZUSP 32662, MZUSP 32663, MZUSP 32664, MZUSP 32665, MZUSP 32666, OC. 3303, OC. 3308, OC. 3309); three ♀ carapaces stored dry in micropalaeontological slides (MZUSP 32667, MZUSP 32668, OC. 3305). Other material investigated A ♂ (MZUSP 32669) and a ♀ (MZUSP 32670) carapace stored dry in micropalaeontological slides from Ventura Lake (PAR 1) and Pintado Lake (PAR 213), respectively, are also deposited in the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo.	en	Higuti, Janet, Martens, Koen (2014): Five new species of Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the alluvial valley of the Upper Paraná River (Brazil, South America). European Journal of Taxonomy 106: 1-36, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.106
306187A8FF9AFF827B40FC89FEA2FA18.taxon	distribution	Type locality BRAZIL: Peroba Lake in Upper Paraná River floodplain in roots of the floating plant species Eichhornia crassipes. Coordinates: 22 º 54 ’ 39.4 ” S, 53 º 38 ’ 34.5 ” W.	en	Higuti, Janet, Martens, Koen (2014): Five new species of Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the alluvial valley of the Upper Paraná River (Brazil, South America). European Journal of Taxonomy 106: 1-36, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.106
306187A8FF9AFF827B40FC89FEA2FA18.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis Pseudocandona agostinhoi sp. nov. can be distinguished from P. geratsi Broodbakker, 1983 by the shape of the valves (dorsal margin straight and oblique in the middle in P. a., rounded in P. g.), of the hemipenis (lobe a with distal margin rounded in P. a., straight in P. g.) and of the prehensile palps (Rpp evenly rounded in P. a., with blunt angles in P. g.; Lpp more narrow and position of setae more distal in P. a.). Pseudocandona antilliana Broodbakkker, 1983 also has the middle part of the dorsal margin of the valves straight in the female, but running parallel to the ventral margin, not sloping as in P. agostinhoi sp. nov., while also in this species the distal margin of lobe a of the hemipenis is straight (rounded in P. agostinhoi sp. nov.). Pseudocandona caribbeana Broodbakker, 1983 and P. cubensis Broodbakkker, 1983 both have short and high carapaces, with straight dorsal margin parallel to the ventral margin, and with at least P. caribbeana with an anterior rostrum in dorsal view. Both of the latter species are known from females only. Pseudocandona agostinhoi sp. nov. differs from P. annae (Mehes, 1914) in several aspects of its morphology. The latter species is more elongated with a longer straight section of the dorsal margin. In P. agostinhoi sp. nov., the LV overlaps the RV on all sides, and especially strongly along the anterior and posterior margins, whereas the overlap appears to be minimal according to the drawings by Mehes (1914). The Rpp has a fully rounded dorsal-distal part in P. agostinhoi sp. nov., whereas this has a straight margin in P. annae. Finally, lobes a, b and h of the hemipenis in P. agostinhoi sp. nov. are almost equally long, whereas lobe a is much shorter in P. annae.	en	Higuti, Janet, Martens, Koen (2014): Five new species of Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the alluvial valley of the Upper Paraná River (Brazil, South America). European Journal of Taxonomy 106: 1-36, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.106
306187A8FF9AFF827B40FC89FEA2FA18.taxon	description	Description of male Carapace in right lateral view (Fig. 2 C) rather elongated, showing LV overlapping RV on all sides, with larger overlap at both anterior and posterior extremities, external surface of valves smooth. Cp in dorsal and ventral views (Fig. 2 D – E) lancet-shaped, sharply pointed anteriorly, more broadly so posteriorly, greatest width situated slightly behind the middle. Valves (Fig. 2 A – B) with greatest height situated behind the middle (and with a blunt angle there), posteriorly rather broadly rounded, anteriorly less so. RV and LV of similar shape; anterior calcified inner lamella more broadly rounded than posterior calcified inner lamella. LV with anterior and posterior inner lists, situated closely to valve margin, yet clearly separated from it. A 1 (Fig. 3 B) with basal segment with 2 relatively short dorsal setae, one at ca. mid-length, the other sub-apical, and two dorsal, sub-apical setae: one long, the other slightly longer than half the length of the first. Second segment with one dorso-apical seta (reaching beyond basis of fourth segment), no ventro-apical seta present. Third segment with one sub-apical dorsal set, reaching beyond basis of fourth segment, no ventral seta present. Fourth and fifth segments with two longer dorso-apical and 1 shorter ventro-apical setae. Sixth and seventh segments most elongate of all; sixth segment with two longer dorso-apical and one shorter ventro-apical setae. Seventh (terminal segment) slightly sinuous, bearing one short and two longer setae and one aesthetasc Ya, the latter shorter than the shorter seta. A 2 (Fig. 3 A) with basal segment broad, wide and relatively long, basally with 2 unequal setae, one relatively long, the other ca. half as long as the first; one long ventro-apical seta also present. Remnant of exopod consisting of a short plate, with one long and two unequal shorter setae. Endopod consisting of 4 segments (penultimate segment divided). First endopodal segment long, carrying one long aesthetasc Y at the base of the ventral side, and one long and one short ventro-apical setae. Second endopodal segment shorter and smaller, rectangular with one ventral aesthetasc y 1 inserted about mid length, 3 t-setae, with t 1 almost same length as t 2, t 2 and t 3 modified into male-bristles; dorso-apically with 1 seta. Third endopodal segment with apical chaetotaxy sexually dimorphic, with z 1 and z 3 being short setae, z 2 being modified into a long claw; G 2 a long claw, G 1 a long seta and G 3 a short seta, aesthetasc y 2 short and ventro-apically inserted. Terminal (fourth) segment small (Fig. 3 B), distally with claws GM (long) and Gm (short), aesthetasc y 3 with its companion seta, fused at the basis and of unequal length, and seta g, longer than y 3. Md with coxa (Fig. 3 F) relatively slender, distally set with a series of strong teeth. Md-palp (Fig. 4 B) consisting of 4 segments. Basal segment dorsally carrying the respiratory plate (not fully shown), ventro-apically with 2 long setae, 1 hirsute s 1 seta, the other seta smooth, the minute alpha seta, and seta s 2 short, stout and hirsute. Second segment dorso-apically with 2 setae of unequal length, ventro-apically with a group of 5 setae: 3 long, one shorter, and the short beta-seta. Third segment with a group of 3 smooth dorso-subapical setae (2 long and one shorter), a central group of two setae, the ventral-most one being the gamma seta, and ventro-apically with 2 smooth setae. Terminal segment sub-quadrate, apically set with two large claw-like setae, one distally hirsute and three shorter setae of unequal length. Mx 1 (Fig. 4 A) with a basal (basipodite) part carrying a large respiratory plate (exopodite), 3 endites and a two-segmented palp (endopodite). Respiratory plate elongated, carrying more than 10 long respiratory rays (Fig. 3 D). Palp with first segment carrying 3 + 1 apical setae; terminal segment short and broad, carrying 2 longer claws and 4 short setae (one shorter than the other). Chaetotaxy of three endites impossible to determine. Sideways directed bristles near first endite stout, one long and another short. T 1 (Fig. 3 H) consisting of basal part (basipodite), carrying respiratory plate (not shown), a palp (endopodite, modified to prehensile palp in males) and an endite distally set with ca. 10 setae of different morphology and length. Basal plate set with one long and stout ‘ b’ - seta, a long and more slender ‘ d’ - seta and one ‘ a’ - seta. Prehensile palps (Figs 4 D – E) distally hook-like and set with two, thin sub-apical setae; palps slightly asymmetrical, left prehensile palp (Fig. 4 E) margin tightly rounded. T 2 (walking limb, Fig. 3 G) with 4 - segmented endopodite (penultimate segment divided) and elongated. First segment with short seta d 1. Knee-segment devoid of seta d 2. First segment of endopod elongated, with short ventro-apical seta. Second segment also with one short ventro-apical seta. Third segment with two ventro-apical setae, one short, one slightly longer. Terminal segment with one short apical and one short sub-apical seta and a long apical claw. T 3 (cleaning limb, Fig. 3 E) as typical of the family. First segment with three setae, one short medial (d 1), one short subapical (d 2) and one long apical (dp). Second segment without seta. Penultimate segment with one long subapical seta (g). Terminal segment carrying three setae: 2 long, one of which hirsute (h 2 and h 3), and one short and hirsute (h 1). Caudal ramus (= furca, Fig. 4 F) with stout ramus and two stout apical claws. Long proximal setae, distal seta a small spine. Attachhment to caudal ramus (Fig. 4 G) long and stout, distally bifurcated and with additional lateral branch at ca. mid-length. Length ratio ramus / largest claw = 1.92. Hemipenis (Fig. 4 H) relatively small, with lobe a short, and with distal margin rounded, lobes b and h largely overlapping, reaching about as far as lobe a, but asymmetrially pointing towards the ventral side. Labyrinth with first (ascending) branch long, thin and slender; post-labyrinthal spermiduct S-shaped and simple. Zenker organ (Fig. 4 C) short and broad, with at least 5 spinous whorls. Description of female Valves (Fig. 2 F – G) similar to those in the male; Cp (Fig. 2 H) in lateral view with bigger overlap at the anterior extremity; Cp in D and V views (Figs 2 I – J) equally narrow and lancet-shaped, in V view highlighting the overlap. Soft parts (Fig. 5) largely as in the male, but with sexually dimorphic A 2 and T 1. A 2 (Fig. 5 A) with setae t 1 - 4 setae like, not transformed; z 1 and z 3 short and slender setae, z 2 longer and slender. Claws G 1, G 3 and GM all reaching to about the same point and claw G 2 short. T 1 (Fig. 5 C) with basal part as in the male and an endite distally set with ca. 13 setae of different morphology and length. Endopod a broad palp, with three unequal setae. Caudal ramus (Fig. 5 B) with stout ramus and two stout apical claws. Long proximal setae, distal seta a small spine. Length ratio ramus / largest claw = 1.79. Measurements See Table 3.	en	Higuti, Janet, Martens, Koen (2014): Five new species of Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the alluvial valley of the Upper Paraná River (Brazil, South America). European Journal of Taxonomy 106: 1-36, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.106
306187A8FF92FF9E7BA1FA4CFEA2F930.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: DC 713 AC 3 - 23 AA- 4056 - AE 25 - 020 DD 6 A 1257 C	en	Higuti, Janet, Martens, Koen (2014): Five new species of Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the alluvial valley of the Upper Paraná River (Brazil, South America). European Journal of Taxonomy 106: 1-36, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.106
306187A8FF92FF9E7BA1FA4CFEA2F930.taxon	description	Figs 6 – 7	en	Higuti, Janet, Martens, Koen (2014): Five new species of Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the alluvial valley of the Upper Paraná River (Brazil, South America). European Journal of Taxonomy 106: 1-36, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.106
306187A8FF92FF9E7BA1FA4CFEA2F930.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Valves small, high and short in lateral view. Anterior calcified inner lamella in both valves relatively broad; posterior calcified inner lamella very narrow. Second segment of Md palp with 4 setae. Prehensile palps distally hook-like, relatively short and set with one sub-apical spine and one sub-apical setae. Penultimate segment of T 3 not divided; seta h 1 ca. 1 / 3 of the length of seta h 2. Hemipenis with lobe a short and broad, distal margin only slightly rounded, lobes b and h almost completely overlapping, asymmetrically rounded and pointed towards the ventral side.	en	Higuti, Janet, Martens, Koen (2014): Five new species of Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the alluvial valley of the Upper Paraná River (Brazil, South America). European Journal of Taxonomy 106: 1-36, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.106
306187A8FF92FF9E7BA1FA4CFEA2F930.taxon	etymology	Etymology The new species is named in honour of Julien Cillis (RBINS), in recognition of his continuous technical assistance with the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of ostracod valves at RBINS for more than 2 decades.	en	Higuti, Janet, Martens, Koen (2014): Five new species of Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the alluvial valley of the Upper Paraná River (Brazil, South America). European Journal of Taxonomy 106: 1-36, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.106
306187A8FF92FF9E7BA1FA4CFEA2F930.taxon	materials_examined	Type material All type material was collected on 7 Nov. 2004 by the authors, by washing roots of floating plants (PAR 150) in a bucket and the material was filtered in a hand net with mesh size 160 µm. See Table 1 for measurements of water chemistry at time of collecting. Holotype ♂ carapace stored dry in a micropalaeontological slide (MZUSP 32671). Allotype ♀, with soft parts dissected in glycerine in a sealed slide, and with valves stored dry in a micropalaeontological slide (MZUSP 32672). Paratypes A ♂ dissected, with LV stored dry in a micropalaeontological slide (OC. 3363); four ♂♂ dissected and with the valves lost (MZUSP 32673, MZUSP 32674, MZUSP 32675, MZUSP 32676); two ♂ carapaces stored dry in micropalaeontological slides (MZUSP 32677, OC. 3362); four ♀ carapaces stored dry in micropalaeontological slides (MZUSP 32678, MZUSP 32679, MZUSP 32680, OC. 3364). Other material investigated A ♂ dissected, with soft parts lost and with valves stored dry in a micropalaeontological slide (MZUSP 32681) from Baía River (PAR 195) is also deposited in the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo.	en	Higuti, Janet, Martens, Koen (2014): Five new species of Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the alluvial valley of the Upper Paraná River (Brazil, South America). European Journal of Taxonomy 106: 1-36, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.106
306187A8FF92FF9E7BA1FA4CFEA2F930.taxon	distribution	Type locality BRAZIL: Aurélio Lake in Upper Paraná River floodplain in a mix of floating macrophyte species. Coordinates: 22 º 41 ’ 36.5 ” S, 53 º 13 ’ 52 ” W.	en	Higuti, Janet, Martens, Koen (2014): Five new species of Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the alluvial valley of the Upper Paraná River (Brazil, South America). European Journal of Taxonomy 106: 1-36, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.106
306187A8FF92FF9E7BA1FA4CFEA2F930.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis Pseudocandona cillisi sp. nov. has valves which are much shorter and higher than those of P. geratsi and P. antilliana, while the (straight) dorsal margin is much more sloping than in P. caribbeana and P. cubensis. The new species also differs from P. annae Mehes, 1914 in the shape of the valves, which are more elongated in the latter species.	en	Higuti, Janet, Martens, Koen (2014): Five new species of Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the alluvial valley of the Upper Paraná River (Brazil, South America). European Journal of Taxonomy 106: 1-36, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.106
306187A8FF92FF9E7BA1FA4CFEA2F930.taxon	description	Description of male Valves (Fig. 6 A – B) small, high and short in lateral view, with greatest height situated behind the middle (and bluntly pointed there), anteriorly and posteriorly rather broadly rounded, RV and LV of highly similar shape; anterior calcified inner lamella broadly rounded, posterior calcified inner lamella narrow and narrower towards the dorsal side. Carapace in right lateral view (Fig. 6 C) showing LV overlapping RV slightly on all sides; anteriorly and posteriorly widely beyond the RV, external surface of valves smooth. In dorsal view (Fig. 6 D), carapace lancet-shaped, sharply pointed in the anteriorly, more broadly so posteriorly, greatest width situated well behind the middle. Carapace also in ventral view (Fig. 6 E) lancet-shaped, with anterior side more acutely pointed than posterior side, in V view with slight rostrum. Md-palp (Fig. 7 C) consisting of 4 segments. Basal segment dorsally carrying the respiratory plate (not shown), ventro-apically with 2 long setae (only one hirsute = s 1), the alpha seta and a short, stout and hirsute seta s 2. Second segment dorso-apically with 2 setae of unequal length, ventro-basally with a short, stout and hirsute seta and ventro-apically with a group of 5 setae: 2 long setae, 2 shorter (one hirsute), and the short beta-seta. Third segment with a group of 3 smooth dorso-subapical setae of unequal length, a central group of two setae, one of which being the gamma seta, and a ventro-apical group of 2 smooth setae. Terminal segment subquadrate, chaetotaxy as in P. agostinhoi sp. nov. T 1: Prehensile palps (Fig. 7 F, H) distally hook-like and set with two unequal sub-apical setae; palps slightly asymmetrical, robust left prehensile palp (Fig. 7 F) margin tightly rounded. T 2 (walking limb - Fig. 7 B) with 4 - segmented endopodite (penultimate segment divided) and elongated. First segment with short seta d 1. Knee-segment devoid of seta d 2. First segment of endopod elongated, with short ventro-apical seta. Second segment also with one short ventro-apical seta. Third segment with two ventro-apical setae, one short, one slightly longer. Terminal segment with one short apical and one short sub-apical seta and a long apical claw. T 3 (cleaning limb, Fig. 7 A) as typical of the family. First segment with three setae, one short medial (d 1), one short subapical (d 2) and one long apical (dp). Second segment without seta. Penultimate segment with one long subapical seta (g). Terminal segment carrying three setae: 2 long (h 2 and h 3) and one very short (h 1). Caudal ramus (furca, Fig. 7 D) with stout ramus and two stout apical claws. Long proximal setae, distal seta a small spine. Attachment to caudal ramus (Fig. 7 E) long and stout, distally bifurcated and with 2 additional lateral branches. Length ratio ramus / largest claw = 2.0. Hemipenis (Fig. 7 G) relatively small, with lobe a short and broad, distal margin only slightly rounded, lobes b and h almost completely overlapping, asymmetrically rounded and pointed towards the ventral side. Labyrinth with first (ascending) branch long, thin and slender; post-labyrinthal spermiduct S-shaped and simple. Description of female Valves (Fig. 6 F – G): Cp in lateral view (Fig. 6 H) and in D and V views (Fig. 6 I – J) similar to those in the male. Measurements See Table 3.	en	Higuti, Janet, Martens, Koen (2014): Five new species of Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the alluvial valley of the Upper Paraná River (Brazil, South America). European Journal of Taxonomy 106: 1-36, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.106
306187A8FF8EFF9B7B44F914FEA2F805.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 198 F 7 F 5 F- 49 D 0 - 4883 - 845 A- 386 E 0 CAA 4970	en	Higuti, Janet, Martens, Koen (2014): Five new species of Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the alluvial valley of the Upper Paraná River (Brazil, South America). European Journal of Taxonomy 106: 1-36, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.106
306187A8FF8EFF9B7B44F914FEA2F805.taxon	description	Figs 8 – 9	en	Higuti, Janet, Martens, Koen (2014): Five new species of Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the alluvial valley of the Upper Paraná River (Brazil, South America). European Journal of Taxonomy 106: 1-36, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.106
306187A8FF8EFF9B7B44F914FEA2F805.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Valves in lateral view elongated and with dorsal margin rounded, greatest height situated well behind the middle; anterior calcified inner lamella in both valves broader than very narrow posterior calcified inner lamella. Carapace in dorsal and ventral views relatively narrow; LV overlapping RV on all sides. Seta h 1 less than half the length (ca. 1 / 3) of seta h 2. Caudal ramus with distal seta clearly developed, not spine-like.	en	Higuti, Janet, Martens, Koen (2014): Five new species of Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the alluvial valley of the Upper Paraná River (Brazil, South America). European Journal of Taxonomy 106: 1-36, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.106
306187A8FF8EFF9B7B44F914FEA2F805.taxon	etymology	Etymology The new species is named in honour of Claudine Behen (RBINS), in recognition of her continued technical assistance with the line drawings of ostracod limbs over many years at RBINS.	en	Higuti, Janet, Martens, Koen (2014): Five new species of Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the alluvial valley of the Upper Paraná River (Brazil, South America). European Journal of Taxonomy 106: 1-36, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.106
306187A8FF8EFF9B7B44F914FEA2F805.taxon	materials_examined	Type material All type material was collected on 4 Oct. 2012 by the authors and students, by hand net with mesh size 160 µm. See Table 1 for measurements of water chemistry at time of collecting. Holotype ♀, with soft parts dissected in glycerine in a sealed slide, and with valves stored dry in a micropalaeontological slide (MZUSP 32682). Paratypes 3 ♀♀ dissected and stored like the holotype (MZUSP 32683, OC 3365, OC 3366); a ♀ carapace stored dry in micropalaeontological slides (MZUSP 32684).	en	Higuti, Janet, Martens, Koen (2014): Five new species of Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the alluvial valley of the Upper Paraná River (Brazil, South America). European Journal of Taxonomy 106: 1-36, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.106
306187A8FF8EFF9B7B44F914FEA2F805.taxon	distribution	Type locality BRAZIL: Matagal Stream in Upper Paraná River floodplain in sediment amongst grasses and other terrestrial vegetation in very shallow water (named littoral in Table 1). Coordinates: 22 º 54 ’ 26.4 ” S, 53 º 32 ’ 27.7 ” W.	en	Higuti, Janet, Martens, Koen (2014): Five new species of Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the alluvial valley of the Upper Paraná River (Brazil, South America). European Journal of Taxonomy 106: 1-36, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.106
306187A8FF8EFF9B7B44F914FEA2F805.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis Pseudocandona claudinae sp. nov. can be distinguished from P. antilliana, P. caribbeana and P. cubensis by the elongated shape of the valves and the rounded dorsal margin. Pseudocandona claudinae sp. nov. appears to be closely related to P. geratsi, but the female valves of P. claudinae sp. nov. resemble those of the males in P. geratsi, while the female valves in this latter species are shorter and higher than those of the male. As no males of P. claudinae sp. nov. are known, the copulatory appendages cannot be compared. In addition, the attachment of the caudal ramus in P. geratsi has two lateral branches, whereas there is only one in P. claudinae sp. nov. Pseudocandona claudinae sp. nov. differs from P. annae by the more elongated valves, with a dorsal margin which is fully rounded (with a straight part in P. annae).	en	Higuti, Janet, Martens, Koen (2014): Five new species of Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the alluvial valley of the Upper Paraná River (Brazil, South America). European Journal of Taxonomy 106: 1-36, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.106
306187A8FF8EFF9B7B44F914FEA2F805.taxon	description	Description of female Valves (Fig 8 A – B) small and short, with greatest height situated behind the middle. Anteriorly and posteriorly rather broadly rounded, RV and LV of highly similar shape; anterior calcified inner lamella broadly rounded, posterior calcified inner lamella very narrow and almost disappearing towards the dorsal side. Carapace in right lateral view (Fig. 8 C) showing LV overlapping RV slightly on all sides; external surface of valves smooth. In lateral view dorsally more rounded. In dorsal view (Fig. 8 D), carapace lancet-shaped, sharply pointed anteriorly, more broadly so posteriorly. Carapace in ventral view (Fig. 8 E) lancet-shaped, with anterior side more acutely pointed than posterior side. Md-palp (Fig. 9 A) consisting of 4 segments. Basal segment dorsally carrying the respiratory plate (not shown), ventro-apically with 2 long setae (only one hirsute (= s 1), the thin and smooth alpha seta and a short and stout hirsute seta (= s 2). Second segment dorso-apically with 2 setae of unequal length, ventrobasally with a short, stout and hirsute seta and ventro-apically with a group of 5 setae: 2 long setae, 2 shorter, and the short and beta-seta. Third segment with a group of 3 dorso-subapical setae of unequal length, all smooth, a central group of two setae, one of which being the gamma seta, and a ventro-apical group of 2 setae, one long and one short, both smooth. Terminal segment subquadrate, chaetotaxy as in P. agostinhoi sp. nov. T 2 (walking limb, Fig. 9 C) with 4 - segmented endopodite (penultimate segment divided) and elongated. First segment with short seta d 1. Knee-segment devoid of seta d 2. First segment of endopod elongated, with short ventro-apical seta. Second segment also with one short ventro-apical seta. Third segment with two ventro-apical setae, one short, one very long. Terminal segment with one short apical and one short sub-apical seta and a long apical claw. T 3 (cleaning limb, Fig. 9 E) as typical of the family. First segment with three setae, one short medial (d 1), one short subapical (d 2) and one long apical (dp). Second segment without seta. Penultimate segment with one long subapical seta (g). Terminal segment carrying three setae: 2 long (h 2 and h 3) and one very short (h 1). Caudal ramus (furca, Fig. 9 D) with stout ramus and two stout apical claws. Long proximal setae, distal seta a small spine. Attachment to caudal ramus (Fig. 9 B) long and stout, distally bifurcated and with additional lateral branch at ca. mid-length. Male unknown Measurements See Table 3.	en	Higuti, Janet, Martens, Koen (2014): Five new species of Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the alluvial valley of the Upper Paraná River (Brazil, South America). European Journal of Taxonomy 106: 1-36, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.106
306187A8FF8AFF9A7B36FE9BFB90FC1C.taxon	type_taxon	Type species Candobrasilopsis rochai Higuti & Martens, 2012	en	Higuti, Janet, Martens, Koen (2014): Five new species of Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the alluvial valley of the Upper Paraná River (Brazil, South America). European Journal of Taxonomy 106: 1-36, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.106
306187A8FF8AFF9A7B36FE9BFB90FC1C.taxon	discussion	Other species Candobrasilopsis acutis sp. nov.; C. brasiliensis (Sars, 1901); C. elongata sp. nov.	en	Higuti, Janet, Martens, Koen (2014): Five new species of Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the alluvial valley of the Upper Paraná River (Brazil, South America). European Journal of Taxonomy 106: 1-36, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.106
306187A8FF8AFF9A7B36FE9BFB90FC1C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Anterior calcified inner lamella broad, anterior inner margin sinuous, posterior calcified inner lamella narrow, posterior inner margin running parallel to valve margin. Terminal Md-palp segment short (L ≤ 1.5 x basal width). Prehensile palps one-segmented, base inflated, distal finger long, hook-like. Hemipenis of triangular type, without protruding lobes a and b. Caudal ramus without proximal seta, distal seta reduced to a small spine.	en	Higuti, Janet, Martens, Koen (2014): Five new species of Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the alluvial valley of the Upper Paraná River (Brazil, South America). European Journal of Taxonomy 106: 1-36, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.106
306187A8FF8AFF9A7B36FE9BFB90FC1C.taxon	discussion	Remarks As the genus was characterised by a full description of its type species, C. rochai, by Higuti & Martens (2012 b), the descriptions of the following two new species are shortened.	en	Higuti, Janet, Martens, Koen (2014): Five new species of Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the alluvial valley of the Upper Paraná River (Brazil, South America). European Journal of Taxonomy 106: 1-36, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.106
306187A8FF8AFF977B44FC48FEA2F7A2.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 197 FB 8 BE- 2703 - 4 FA 6 - 97 CA- 2 D 40 A 8342325	en	Higuti, Janet, Martens, Koen (2014): Five new species of Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the alluvial valley of the Upper Paraná River (Brazil, South America). European Journal of Taxonomy 106: 1-36, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.106
306187A8FF8AFF977B44FC48FEA2F7A2.taxon	description	Figs 10 – 11	en	Higuti, Janet, Martens, Koen (2014): Five new species of Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the alluvial valley of the Upper Paraná River (Brazil, South America). European Journal of Taxonomy 106: 1-36, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.106
306187A8FF8AFF977B44FC48FEA2F7A2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis A species with very elongated valves, greatest height well behind the middle; in lateral view with dorsal margin straight for more than half the total length. Anterior calcified inner lamella in both valves broad, almost ¼ of total length and with inner margin sinuous, not parallel to valve margin. Both valves externally set with elongated micro-ridges. Prehensile palps one-segmented. Right prehensile palp set with two subequal and robust lateral setae. Left prehensile palp larger and more elongated, with hook-like distal part, distal tip slightly swollen. Hemipenis atypical of the genus, with leaf-like lobe ls, distally rounded and proximally narrowing, lobe ms broad, distally with almost straight margin, ventro-distally bluntly pointed.	en	Higuti, Janet, Martens, Koen (2014): Five new species of Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the alluvial valley of the Upper Paraná River (Brazil, South America). European Journal of Taxonomy 106: 1-36, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.106
306187A8FF8AFF977B44FC48FEA2F7A2.taxon	etymology	Etymology The present species is named after the very elongated carapace.	en	Higuti, Janet, Martens, Koen (2014): Five new species of Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the alluvial valley of the Upper Paraná River (Brazil, South America). European Journal of Taxonomy 106: 1-36, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.106
306187A8FF8AFF977B44FC48FEA2F7A2.taxon	materials_examined	Type material All type material was collected on 2 Feb. 2011 by JH and students, by washing roots of Eichhornia crassipes (PAR 461) in a bucket and by filtering the material in a hand net with mesh size 160 µm. See Table 1 for measurements of water chemistry at time of collecting. Holotype ♂, with soft parts dissected in glycerine in a sealed slide, and with valves stored dry in a micropalaeontological slide (MZUSP 32685). Allotype A ♀, dissected and stored like the holotype (MZUSP 32686). Paratypes Five ♂♂ dissected and stored like the holotype (MZUSP 32687, MZUSP 32688, MZUSP 32689, OC. 3353, OC. 3354); three ♂ carapaces stored dry in micropalaeontological slides (MZUSP 32690, MZUSP 32691, MZUSP 32692); five ♀♀ dissected and stored like the holotype (MZUSP 32693, MZUSP 32694, OC. 3355, OC. 3356, OC. 3357) and a ♀ dissected with valves lost (MZUSP 32695); four ♀ carapaces stored dry in micropalaeontological slides (MZUSP 32696, MZUSP 32697, MZUSP 32698, MZUSP 32699).	en	Higuti, Janet, Martens, Koen (2014): Five new species of Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the alluvial valley of the Upper Paraná River (Brazil, South America). European Journal of Taxonomy 106: 1-36, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.106
306187A8FF8AFF977B44FC48FEA2F7A2.taxon	distribution	Type locality BRAZIL: Patos Lake in Upper Paraná River floodplain in floating plants (E. crassipes). Coordinates: 22 º 49 ’ 48.2 ” S, 53 º 33 ’ 20.3 ” W.	en	Higuti, Janet, Martens, Koen (2014): Five new species of Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the alluvial valley of the Upper Paraná River (Brazil, South America). European Journal of Taxonomy 106: 1-36, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.106
306187A8FF8AFF977B44FC48FEA2F7A2.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis Candobrasilopsis elongata sp. nov. differs from C. rochai and C. brasiliensis by the more elongated shape of the valves, and from C. acutis sp. nov., which also has elongated valves, by the presence of external micro-ridges on the valves. Candobrasilopsis elongata sp. nov. can be distinguished from its three congeners by the atypical hemipenis, which has a lobe ls with rounded (not pointed) distal margin, and a lobe ml with almost straight distal margin (not rounded).	en	Higuti, Janet, Martens, Koen (2014): Five new species of Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the alluvial valley of the Upper Paraná River (Brazil, South America). European Journal of Taxonomy 106: 1-36, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.106
306187A8FF8AFF977B44FC48FEA2F7A2.taxon	description	Description of male Carapace in right lateral view (Fig. 10 C) showing LV overlapping RV slightly on all sides. Carapace, in dorsal (Fig. 10 E) and ventral views (Fig. 10 F), narrow and lancet-shaped, with anterior and posterior side pointed, greatest width situated well behind the middle. Both valves (Fig. 10 A – B) very elongated, with greatest height situated behind the middle (and bluntly pointed there), anteriorly rather broadly and posteriorly rather narrowly rounded, RV and LV of highly similar shape; anterior calcified inner lamella broadly rounded, posterior calcified inner lamella very narrow and almost disappearing towards the dorsal side; inner margin of anterior calcified inner lamella slightly sinuous in both valves. External surface of both valves striated (Fig. 10 D). A 1, A 2, Mx 1, T 1 - 3 as typical of the genus and not illustrated. Md-palp (Fig. 11 C) consisting of 4 segments, terminal segment short (L ≤ 1.5 x basal width). Prehensile palps (Fig. 11 A – B) one-segmented, distally hook-like and set with two unequal and robust, sub-apical setae; both palps slightly asymmetrical, left prehensile palp (Fig. 11 A) basally slightly more swollen. Caudal ramus (Fig. 11 E) with stout ramus and two stout apical claws. Proximal setae missing, distal seta a small spine. Attachment to caudal ramus (Fig. 11 D) long and stout, distally bifurcated and with additional lateral branch at ca. mid-length. Length ratio ramus / largest claw = 1.85. Hemipenis (Fig. 11 F) atypical of the genus, with lobe ls leaf-like, distally rounded and proximally narrowing, lobe ms broad, distally with almost straight margin, ventro-distally bluntly pointed; an additional small ventral lobe present proximal of lobe ms. Internal labyrinth short and stout, postlabyrinthal spermiduct narrow and straight; internal copulatory process stout, beak-like and sharply pointed. Description of female Valves (Fig. 10 G – H) and Cp (Fig. 10 I – J) in lateral view similar to those in the male. Cp in D and V views (Fig. 10 K – L) equally narrow and lancet-shaped, with anterior and posterior side pointed. Soft parts as typical of the genus and, except for sexually dimorphic ones, similar to those of the male. Measurements See Table 3.	en	Higuti, Janet, Martens, Koen (2014): Five new species of Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the alluvial valley of the Upper Paraná River (Brazil, South America). European Journal of Taxonomy 106: 1-36, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.106
306187A8FF86FF937B54FE9BFEA2FB2B.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 2894 DAF 9 - 9 CF 7 - 4 A 60 - B 25 F- 6 ED 4 BFEF 8 E 09	en	Higuti, Janet, Martens, Koen (2014): Five new species of Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the alluvial valley of the Upper Paraná River (Brazil, South America). European Journal of Taxonomy 106: 1-36, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.106
306187A8FF86FF937B54FE9BFEA2FB2B.taxon	description	Figs 12 – 13	en	Higuti, Janet, Martens, Koen (2014): Five new species of Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the alluvial valley of the Upper Paraná River (Brazil, South America). European Journal of Taxonomy 106: 1-36, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.106
306187A8FF86FF937B54FE9BFEA2FB2B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis A species with very elongated valves, greatest height well behind the middle; carapace in lateral view with weakly rounded dorsal margin, nearly straight. Anterior calcified inner lamella in both valves broad, almost 1 / 5 of total length and with inner margin sinuous, not parallel to valve margin. External valve surface smooth, devoid of ridges. Both prehensile palps one-segmented. Right prehensile palp with distal part curved, distal tip slightly expanded, set with two subequal lateral setae. Left prehensile palp narrower and more elongated, with hook-like distal part, distal tip slightly swollen. Hemipenis with triangular and sharply pointed lobe ls.	en	Higuti, Janet, Martens, Koen (2014): Five new species of Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the alluvial valley of the Upper Paraná River (Brazil, South America). European Journal of Taxonomy 106: 1-36, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.106
306187A8FF86FF937B54FE9BFEA2FB2B.taxon	etymology	Etymology Named after “ pointed ” (Latin = acutis). The shape of lobe ls of the hemipenis is triangular and distally very pointed.	en	Higuti, Janet, Martens, Koen (2014): Five new species of Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the alluvial valley of the Upper Paraná River (Brazil, South America). European Journal of Taxonomy 106: 1-36, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.106
306187A8FF86FF937B54FE9BFEA2FB2B.taxon	materials_examined	Type material All type material was collected on 4 Oct. 2012 by the authors and students, by hand net with mesh size 160 µm. See Table 1 for measurements of water chemistry at time of collecting. Holotype ♂ carapace stored dry in a micropalaeontological slide (MZUSP 32700). Allotype ♀, with soft parts dissected in glycerine in a sealed slide, and with valves stored dry in a micropalaeontological slide (MZUSP 32701). Paratypes A ♂ with soft parts dissected in glycerine in a sealed slide and with LV stored dry in a micropalaeontological slide (OC. 3359); two ♂♂ dissected and with the valves lost (MZUSP 32702, MZUSP 32703); two ♂ carapaces stored dry in micropalaeontological slides (MZUSP 32704, OC. 3358); a ♀ with soft parts dissected in glycerine in a sealed slide and with LV stored dry in a micropalaeontological slide (MZUSP 32705); a ♀ with soft parts dissected in glycerine in a sealed slide and with the valves lost (OC. 3361); three ♀ carapaces stored dry in micropalaeontological slides (MZUSP 32706, MZUSP 32707, OC. 3360).	en	Higuti, Janet, Martens, Koen (2014): Five new species of Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the alluvial valley of the Upper Paraná River (Brazil, South America). European Journal of Taxonomy 106: 1-36, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.106
306187A8FF86FF937B54FE9BFEA2FB2B.taxon	distribution	Type locality BRAZIL: Matagal Stream in Upper Paraná River floodplain in sediment amongst grasses and other terrestrial vegetation in very shallow water (named littoral in Table 1). Coordinates: 22 º 54 ’ 26.4 ” S, 53 º 32 ’ 27.7 ” W.	en	Higuti, Janet, Martens, Koen (2014): Five new species of Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the alluvial valley of the Upper Paraná River (Brazil, South America). European Journal of Taxonomy 106: 1-36, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.106
306187A8FF86FF937B54FE9BFEA2FB2B.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis Candobrasilopsis acutis sp. nov. is characterized by the shape of both prehensile palps and especially by the very pointed lateral shield of the hemipenis, by which it can easily be distinguished from the other three species in the genus. The shape of the valves of C. acutis sp. nov. is quite similar to those of C. elongata sp. nov., but C. acutis sp. nov. lacks the clear external striation of the latter species (compare Figs 10 D, J with 12 D, H).	en	Higuti, Janet, Martens, Koen (2014): Five new species of Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the alluvial valley of the Upper Paraná River (Brazil, South America). European Journal of Taxonomy 106: 1-36, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.106
306187A8FF86FF937B54FE9BFEA2FB2B.taxon	description	Description of male Carapace very elongated in right lateral view (Fig. 12 C), with greatest height situated behind the middle, anteriorly and posteriorly broadly rounded; LV overlapping RV slightly on all sides; external surface of valves smooth (Fig. 12 D). In dorsal view (Fig. 12 E) and ventral view (Fig. 12 F) carapace lancet-shaped, sharply pointed anteriorly, more broadly so posteriorly. Internal valve anatomy as in the female (see below). A 1, A 2, Mx 1, T 1 - 3 as typical of the genus and not illustrated. Md-palp (Fig. 13 F) consisting of 4 segments, terminal segment short (L ≤ 1.5 x basal width). Prehensile palps (Fig. 13 A – B) both segmented, distally hook-like and set with two unequal, sub-apical setae; palps slightly asymmetrical, right prehensile palp (Fig. 13 A) basally slightly more swollen and with distal hook-like expansion apically swollen. Caudal ramus (furca, Fig. 13 D) with stout ramus and two stout apical claws. Proximal setae missing, distal seta a small (hirsute) spine. Attachment to caudal ramus (Fig. 13 E) long and stout, distally bifurcated and with additional lateral branch at ca. mid-length. Length ratio ramus / largest claw = 1.84. Hemipenis (Fig. 13 C) typical of the genus, with small and rounded ms and very pointed, triangular ls. Description of female Valves (Fig. 12 A – B) very elongated, with greatest height situated behind the middle, anteriorly and posteriorly broadly rounded; RV and LV of highly similar shape; anterior calcified inner lamella broadly rounded, posterior calcified inner lamella very narrow and almost disappearing towards the dorsal side; inner margin of anterior calcified inner lamella slightly sinuous in both valves. Carapace in right lateral (Fig. 12 G), dorsal (Fig. 12 I) and ventral views (Fig. 12 J) similar to those in the male. Soft parts as typical of the genus and, except for sexually dimorphic ones, similar to those of the male. Measurements See Table 3.	en	Higuti, Janet, Martens, Koen (2014): Five new species of Candoninae (Crustacea, Ostracoda) from the alluvial valley of the Upper Paraná River (Brazil, South America). European Journal of Taxonomy 106: 1-36, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2014.106
