identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
3055E11FFF93FF9271A5C8AEFC366CA9.text	3055E11FFF93FF9271A5C8AEFC366CA9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aplidium benhami Brewin 1946	<div><p>Aplidium benhami Brewin, 1946</p><p>(Figures 1, 2)</p><p>Aplidium benhami Brewin, 1946: 95 Fig. 4, pl.2 fig. 1–4; 1958: 439; 1960: 119, New Zealand</p><p>Stations. TR 6 (MNHN A1 APL.B 549). TA 22 (MNHN A1 APL.B 548). TA 56 (MNHN A1 APL.B 547).</p><p>All colonies have the same shape in thick crusts 1 to 2cm thick with a naked undulated surface. When alive (Fig. 1 A,B) the photos clearly show the circular systems of white zooids in a colourless translucent tunic which turns dark when in formalin (Fig. 1 C). The common cloacal opening of each system protrudes in a membranous central chimney. There is no incrustation in the tunic, some sand is present when there has been contact with the substrate. The zooid systems are well spaced and look like those of botryllids. The zooids are easily extracted from the tunic and embedded in mucous. In formalin, the body wall contains pigment cells (either white or black according to the colonies). The 6 lobes of the oral aperture are not pigmented but the muscle ring below them is white or yellow. The rim of the atrial aperture is also white or yellow in formalin; there is a short triangular colourless languet with sometimes 2 lateral teeth. The branchial sac has 10 to 12 rows of 10 stigmata on each side (Fig. 2 A). The transverse vessels are pigmented. The stomach has 20 to 24 longitudinal folds and there is an annular poststomach. The post-abdomen is long and reaches 1cm.The ovary lies far from the abdomen and at least in the middle of the post-abdomen (Fig. 2 C). It is followed by a double row of testis vesicles. A single larva (Fig. 2 B) occupies the whole space of the atrial cavity. The tail is wound in one and a half turns around the 800µm trunk. The 3 adhesive papillae alternate with 4 long vesicles; in addition, 4 round vesicles are on each side and groups of small ampullae are placed ventrally and dorsally on each side of the trunk.</p><p>The precise description given by Brewin (1946) leaves no doubt about the species identification.</p><p>A benhami was only recorded from the southern New Zealand.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3055E11FFF93FF9271A5C8AEFC366CA9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Monniot, Françoise	Monniot, Françoise (2012): Some ascidians from the southern coast of Madagascar collected during the “ AtimoVatae ” survey. Zootaxa 3197: 1-42, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.246182
3055E11FFF94FF9471A5C9B7FD856A39.text	3055E11FFF94FF9471A5C9B7FD856A39.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aplidium boucheti	<div><p>Aplidium boucheti n. sp.</p><p>(Figures 3, 4A)</p><p>Etymology. dedicated to Philippe Bouchet chief scientist of the Atimo Vatae survey</p><p>Station. TA 12 (MHNH A1 APL.B 553, holotype)</p><p>In a cushion 4cm in diameter and 2.2cm thick (Fig. 4A), the colony was attached along its whole base. The colour in life was probably red and turned brown in formalin. The circular systems are obvious according to the absence of sand grains around the common cloacal apertures. The incrustation of sand is limited to the colony surface and the basal layer. Rare particles are found between the zooids into the soft and transparent tunic. The zooids, in regular rings, occupy the whole thickness of the colony by their long post-abdomen. They are pigmented in red. The oral aperture has 6 lobes. The atrial siphon has an uncommon structure (Fig. 3 A,F). A simple languet arises from the dorsal side of the aperture. In addition a thread-like languet prolongs the posterior rim of the siphon. Another languet protrudes from the dorsal body wall behind the atrial siphon. The musculature is made of 5 longitudinal muscle fibres limited to the thoracic half length. There are 12 to 13 rows of stigmata (Fig. 3 B). The gut loop (Fig. 3 C,E) is wide with well separate segments. The oesophagus is slightly inflated in its middle part. The stomach is asymmetrical with more than 20 folds ending in sharp tips at the oesophagus entrance. The annular post-stomach is followed by an ampulla. The rectum begins with caeca. The ovary is at some distance from the gut. The testis vesicles occupy the first half length of the post-abdomen (Fig. 3 D). The sperm duct remains bright red in formalin. No larvae have been found.</p><p>This species differs from other Aplidium having a dozen of stigmata rows and numerous stomach folds by the peculiar structure of the atrial siphon.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3055E11FFF94FF9471A5C9B7FD856A39	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Monniot, Françoise	Monniot, Françoise (2012): Some ascidians from the southern coast of Madagascar collected during the “ AtimoVatae ” survey. Zootaxa 3197: 1-42, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.246182
3055E11FFF95FF9671A5CAC4FB336FAA.text	3055E11FFF95FF9671A5CAC4FB336FAA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aplidium hestia	<div><p>Aplidium hestia n. sp.</p><p>(Figures 4 B, 5)</p><p>Ethymology. In Greek: hestia = chimney</p><p>Station. TA 52 (MNHN A1 APL.B 554 holotype)</p><p>The single colony was white in life. Its shape is a pad of irregular outline 5.5cm long and 4.5cm high (Fig. 4 B). The tunic is hard without sediment. The surface of the colony is smooth between large spaced hollows, each of them containing a circular system of zooids (Fig. 5 A). The oral siphons open at the periphery of the hole and the common cloacal opening forms a tubular chimney erect in the centre of the system. The largest crater is 9 mm in diameter. The internal tunic is more gelatinous. The zooids (Fig. 5 F) are stout, light brown in formalin The 6 long oral lobes are internally folded and seem to be bifid due to the contraction (Fig. 5 F). The rim of the atrial opening is anteriorly expanded in a stout languet and has 6 spiny lobes at the ventral edge (Fig. 5 B,D). The longitudinal muscles are dense on the thorax with two of them particularly strong on the sides of the dorsal line. About 16 oral tentacles have three orders of size. The peripharyngeal ring is thick. The branchial sac has 18 rows of about 20 stigmata on each side of the imperforated dorsal line (Fig. 5 C). The abdomen (Fig. 5 F) is shorter than the thorax which is always contracted. The stomach is rectangular either with an almost smooth wall or with 2 or 3 folds or sometimes with 5 to 6 irregular crests. An annular post-stomach is present. The post abdomen (Fig. 5 F) is longer than the thorax plus abdomen. The ovary is far from the abdomen in front of a double line of testis vesicles that reaches the heart. The extremity of the post-abdomen was stained in red in some zooids. One or 2 embryos are in the atrial cavity, they are of a deep red, the largest 1.1mm in length.</p><p>Among the Aplidium species having a naked tunic and circular systems A. hestia differs by its large craters with a central chimney, numerous rows of stigmata and a dentate rim of the atrial aperture.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3055E11FFF95FF9671A5CAC4FB336FAA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Monniot, Françoise	Monniot, Françoise (2012): Some ascidians from the southern coast of Madagascar collected during the “ AtimoVatae ” survey. Zootaxa 3197: 1-42, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.246182
3055E11FFF97FF9671A5C92EFD6C6CC1.text	3055E11FFF97FF9671A5C92EFD6C6CC1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aplidium litum Monniot & Monniot 2006	<div><p>Aplidium litum Monniot &amp; Monniot, 2006</p><p>(Figure 6A)</p><p>Aplidium litum Monniot F &amp; Monniot C., 2006: 119, figs4; 24C,D, Madagascar, Nosy-Be;</p><p>Station. TA 35 (MNHN A1 APL.B 555)</p><p>Both colonies are incomplete. They are totally embedded with sand, several cm large. The surface is raised in round low lobes (Fig. 6A). The disposition of the zooid apertures along channels is not obvious; a common cloacal opening is at the top of each colony lobe but other openings may also exist elsewhere at the colony surface. The zooids are very short and thin, no more than 4mm long, colourless in formalin. The oral opening has 6 lobes. The atrial languet is small at the rim of the siphon. There are 9 to 12 stigmata rows and 8 stigmata in a half row. The stomach has 5 round folds. The post-abdomen is short with an anterior ovary and a short line of testis vesicles. One larva is in the atrial cavity; the trunk measures 550µm. The 3 adhesive papillae lie between a crescent of thin ampullae on each side as in Monniot &amp; Monniot (2006 fig. 4).</p><p>The specimens from the south of Madagascar have l2 rows of stigmata instead of 13 in specimens from Nosy- Be but a little more stigmata in a row; these characters are estimated variable. A. litum is recollected for the first time from Madagascar and is known nowhere else.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3055E11FFF97FF9671A5C92EFD6C6CC1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Monniot, Françoise	Monniot, Françoise (2012): Some ascidians from the southern coast of Madagascar collected during the “ AtimoVatae ” survey. Zootaxa 3197: 1-42, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.246182
3055E11FFF98FF9B71A5CA9CFF016A39.text	3055E11FFF98FF9B71A5CA9CFF016A39.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aplidium lunacratum Kott 1992	<div><p>Aplidium lunacratum Kott, 1992</p><p>(Figures 6 B, 7)</p><p>Aplidium lunacratum Kott, 1992: 558 fig. 86 pl. 14a–c, nom. nov. for Psammaplidium ordinatum Herdman &amp; Riddell, 1913, west and south Australia; Kott 2003, New South Wales.</p><p>Stations. TR 6 (MNHN A1 APL.B 551). TR 17 (MNHN A1 APL.B 552). TA 10 (MNHN A1 APL.B 550).</p><p>The colonies, up to 10 cm in extent are in hard sandy crusts 0.5 to 2cm thick or in club-shaped lobes. In a same colony the surface varies, the protruding parts show hollows edged by a crest with a honey-combed aspect and some other sectors are flat (Fig. 6 B). The zooid systems are circular, obvious when they are cup-shaped but the zooid apertures are hardly visible among the sand coating. The thoraces of the zooids are perpendicular to the colony surface and the long post-abdomens are tangled in the sandy tunic. The tubular oral siphon ends in 6 yellow or brown lobes. The atrial siphon is elongated in a tube at the level of the third stigmata row. A pointed or bi-dentate languet is distinctly inserted above the siphon (Fig. 7 C) as figured by Kott (1992 fig. 26C–D). A small round protrusion with dark pigment cells is located behind the siphon. The thoracic musculature is weak with few thin fibres, and the body wall has dark pigment cells in specimens in formalin. There are 10 to 12 rows of 11 stigmata interrupted along the dorsal line and on each side of the endostyle (Fig. 7 A). The stomach has 5 round folds. The postabdomen is thin, sometimes more than 1cm long. The ovary is far from the abdomen and followed by the testis. A single larva is incubated in atrial cavity (Fig. 7 B). The trunk is 0.8mm long. The 3 adhesive papillae are short separated by 2 protrusions. The anterior part of the larva is covered with numerous small ampullae (Fig. 7 B).</p><p>A. lunacratum has a wide geographic distribution spread from the southern and western Australia to Madagascar.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3055E11FFF98FF9B71A5CA9CFF016A39	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Monniot, Françoise	Monniot, Françoise (2012): Some ascidians from the southern coast of Madagascar collected during the “ AtimoVatae ” survey. Zootaxa 3197: 1-42, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.246182
3055E11FFF9AFF9A71A5CDD3FE116991.text	3055E11FFF9AFF9A71A5CDD3FE116991.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aplidium minithorax	<div><p>Aplidium minithorax n. sp.</p><p>(Figures 8, 9A)</p><p>Stations. TR 7 (MNHN: A1 APL.B 545). TA 25 (MNHN: A1 APL.B 56). TA 29 (MNHN: A1 1PL.B 544, type).</p><p>The holotype is about 20cm large, made of several coalescent and more or less flattened lobes (Fig. 9A). The tunic is entirely filled with sand, hard, and does not let see the zooid arrangement. The zooids remain orange in formalin, densely packed, perpendicular to the colony surface. They reach 1cm in length but are contracted (Fig. 8 A). The oral aperture has 8 short lobes. A tridentate languet starts from the anterior rim of the atrial siphon (Fig. 8 B). There are 5 to 6 longitudinal muscle fibres on each side of the thorax. The branchial sac (Fig. 8 C) is short with 5 rows of stigmata and 10 to 12 stigmata in a half row, they are difficult to count according to the contraction. The stomach wall has 5 deep folds (Fig. 8 B). The post-abdomen is longer than the thorax plus the abdomen (Fig. 8 A). The ovary takes place at a short distance from the abdomen and is followed by one or two rows of few testis vesicles limited to the anterior half of the post-abdomen. A single larva is incubated in the thorax (Fig. 8 D). The trunk measures 550 to 650µm, circled by a tail in one turn. The 3 adhesive papillae are separated by odd ramified vesicles. A crescent of dense, very small vesicles lies on each side of the adhesive papillae.</p><p>A minithorax n. sp. has in common with A. mernooensis (Brewin, 1956) the 8 oral lobes, the branchial sac and the stomach. It differs by the colony shape, made of circular lobes of a single system in the New Zealand species.</p><p>Another Aplidium species with 5 rows of stigmata: A. petrense (Michaelsen, 1919) is recorded from Zanzibar, Mozambique (Millar, 1956) and Madagascar (Vasseur, 1970), but the colonies are devoid of sand and the stomach wall has numerous folds.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3055E11FFF9AFF9A71A5CDD3FE116991	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Monniot, Françoise	Monniot, Françoise (2012): Some ascidians from the southern coast of Madagascar collected during the “ AtimoVatae ” survey. Zootaxa 3197: 1-42, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.246182
3055E11FFF9BFF9D71A5CF7BFD466AA9.text	3055E11FFF9BFF9D71A5CF7BFD466AA9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aplidium scabellum (Michaelsen 1924) Michaelsen 1924	<div><p>Aplidium scabellum (Michaelsen, 1924)</p><p>(Figure 9 B)</p><p>Amaroucium scabellum Michaelsen, 1924: 374 fig. 18.</p><p>Aplidium scabellum: Millar 1982: 26 figs 12–13 and synonymy, New Zealand.</p><p>Station. TR 7, (MNHN: A1 APL.B 543) The single colony 7cm in width and 2.5cm thick is made of joined lobes incrusted with sand (Fig. 9 B). The upper surface of each lobe is alveolated. The oral apertures of the zooids open in a crest at the periphery of the hollows. The common cloacal aperture of each system opens through a naked short chimney, in the centre of the cavity. The internal part of the colony is filled with sediment. The zooids are long and thin, the thorax and the abdomen each measure 3mm, the post abdomen reaches 15mm. The oral siphon is long with 6 lobes; it remains yellow in formalin. The atrial opening is circular in a short tube at the level of the 3rd or 4th stigmata row. An atrial languet with a bilobed tip is inserted clearly above the siphon. The oral tentacles are short and numerous. A large space separates them from the peritubercular ring. The branchial sac has 19 to 21 rows of stigmata and 12 to 14 stigmata in a half row. The stomach wall has 5 longitudinal folds. An annular post-stomach is present. Two lateral diverticula mark the beginning of the rectum in the bottom of the loop. The anus with 2 lobes opens at the last but one row of stigmata. In the long post-abdomen the ovary is found far from the gut followed by a line of testis lobes down to the heart. The larvae are colourless included in the atrial cavity without dilatation. The trunk is 1.1mm long, the tail is wound in half a turn. The 3 adhesive papillae are short and spaced included in a large anterior crescent of very numerous ampullae. The sensory vesicle is located near the tail.</p><p>The lobes of the colony with straight sides and the crest around the zooid systems are characteristic. The colony surface with hollows and a dense incrustation with sand recall A. lunacratum . Both species essentially differ in the number of stigmata rows and the size of the larva. More than 20 rows of stigmata, 5 stomach folds and a languet inserted above the atrial siphon are not common characters taken together. All characters of the zooids and the larval structure are consistent with Millar’s (1982) description and figures.</p><p>A. scabellum was only known from New Zealand.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3055E11FFF9BFF9D71A5CF7BFD466AA9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Monniot, Françoise	Monniot, Françoise (2012): Some ascidians from the southern coast of Madagascar collected during the “ AtimoVatae ” survey. Zootaxa 3197: 1-42, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.246182
3055E11FFF9CFF9C71A5CE23FA896A92.text	3055E11FFF9CFF9C71A5CE23FA896A92.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synoicum floriferum Monniot & Monniot 2006	<div><p>Synoicum floriferum Monniot &amp; Monniot, 2006</p><p>(Figure 10)</p><p>Synoicum floriferum Monniot F. &amp; Monniot C., 2006: 128, figs 9, 25B, Madagascar and Mozambique.</p><p>Stations. all included in MNHN: A1 SYN 116.</p><p>TA 35 and TA 37, 2 colonies. TA 44, 1 colony. TR 6, 6 colonies. TR 7, 2 colonies.</p><p>All colonies have a same aspect: very gelatinous with a red tunic and clear zooids seen in transparency and arranged in circular systems (Fig. 10 A). The shape varies from flat cushions to upright round lobes laterally flattened with a narrow base (Fig. 10 B). The zooids up to 15mm in length are embedded in a mucous sheet. The oral siphon has 6 lobes. The tubular atrial opening is dorsally prolonged by a stout languet with a pointed or bi-dentate tip. The narrow thorax has 14 to 18 rows of stigmata. The stomach is spherical and smooth walled. The post-abdomen is very long. The testis and the ovary do not mature simultaneously, they are rarely found together in a same zooid. The ovary is located at some distance from the gut loop and anterior to the testis vesicles when present. The testis, in an irregular double row of dense vesicles, occupies the anterior half of the post-abdomen. The larvae (Fig. 10 C) 0.8 to 1mm long are described here for the first time. The tail in half of a turn is folded on the side of the trunk. Three adhesive papillae are separated by 2 long vesicles and sided by a shorter one. The internal structure is obscured by a red pigment.</p><p>The distribution of this species is restricted to the Mozambique channel and the south of Madagascar.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3055E11FFF9CFF9C71A5CE23FA896A92	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Monniot, Françoise	Monniot, Françoise (2012): Some ascidians from the southern coast of Madagascar collected during the “ AtimoVatae ” survey. Zootaxa 3197: 1-42, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.246182
3055E11FFF9DFF9E71A5CE40FC6F694A.text	3055E11FFF9DFF9E71A5CE40FC6F694A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aplidiopsis tubiferus Monniot F. 2001	<div><p>Aplidiopsis tubiferus Monniot F., 2001</p><p>(Figures 11, 12A)</p><p>Aplidiopsis tubiferus Monniot C. et al., 2001:14 figs 1C,11A–C, Kwazulu-Natal and Mozambique.</p><p>Stations. TA 12, 4 colonies. TA 26, 1 colony. (MNHN A1 APL.A 25) Madagascar, Tulear, Vasseur col. (MNHN: A1 APL.A 24).</p><p>The colonies are club-shaped dull orange (Fig. 12A) or brown in formalin. The largest colony has a 9cm long head on a peduncle 1.5cm long; smaller colonies have a proportionally longer peduncle. The tunic is soft, slightly transparent, without sand inside the head but some is in the stalk. Sometimes sand grains are found superficially at the oral apertures making obvious the zooid arrangement in circular systems. The anatomy corresponds to the original description. The atrial siphon forms a tube with a short languet (Fig. 11 B). A papilla is protruding dorsally at the base of the atrial tube. The thin branchial sac (Fig. 11 A) contains 11 to 12 rows of stigmata. The gut loop is not twisted and the stomach wall is smooth. The post-abdomen starts after a constriction. It is long with a central ovary in the middle of a bunch of testis vesicles. No larvae have been found.</p><p>The colonies of A. tubiferus have the same shape and can be mistaken with Polyclinum pedicellatum and Polyclinum tingens without dissection (see these species below).</p><p>The distribution of A. tubiferus is restricted to Madagascar and Natal.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3055E11FFF9DFF9E71A5CE40FC6F694A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Monniot, Françoise	Monniot, Françoise (2012): Some ascidians from the southern coast of Madagascar collected during the “ AtimoVatae ” survey. Zootaxa 3197: 1-42, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.246182
3055E11FFF9FFF8171A5CE08FCCE693D.text	3055E11FFF9FFF8171A5CE08FCCE693D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polyclinum arenosum Sluiter 1898	<div><p>Polyclinum arenosum Sluiter, 1898</p><p>(Figures 12A, 13)</p><p>Polyclinum arenosum Sluiter, 1898: 20 pl. 4 Fig. 1–2, South Africa, Isipingo; Millar: 1955: 174; 1962: 135, South Africa, Natal.</p><p>Station. TA 12 (MNHN A1 POL.B 103).</p><p>The colony is entirely embedded with sand, in lobes erect on a common base (Fig. 12A). Each lobe contains 8 to 10 zooids. The thoraces are included in the inflated upper part of the lobes 5mm in diameter. The oral siphon has 6 pointed lobes. The rim of the atrial aperture extends in a long languet with a pointed or dented tip (Fig. 13 A). A round button is present behind the atrial siphon. The thoracic musculature is weak with 8 to 10 longitudinal fibres on each side, which do not extend farther than the level of the fourth stigmata row. The branchial sac (Fig. 13 B) has 14–15 rows of stigmata and 15 stigmata in a half row on the right side in the middle of the branchial sac. Fourteen round and short papillae are on a transverse vessel at the same level. The short abdomen and the post-abdomen in shape of a drop have the common shape of the genus (Fig. 13 A). One to 3 larvae are incubated in a pouch hanging at the middle of the thoracic wall. They have 3 adhesive papillae separated by odd vesicles and 4 pairs of lateral round vesicles (Fig. 13 C). The trunk 0.4mm long is circled by the tail in half a turn and contains an oxalate crystal. The colony from the south of Madagascar exactly fits with the descriptions by Sluiter and Millar for specimens from South Africa. The colony shape is unique among the genus.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3055E11FFF9FFF8171A5CE08FCCE693D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Monniot, Françoise	Monniot, Françoise (2012): Some ascidians from the southern coast of Madagascar collected during the “ AtimoVatae ” survey. Zootaxa 3197: 1-42, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.246182
3055E11FFF80FF8171A5CECDFB176F22.text	3055E11FFF80FF8171A5CECDFB176F22.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polyclinum isipingense Sluiter 1898	<div><p>Polyclinum isipingense Sluiter, 1898</p><p>Polyclinum isipingense Sluiter, 1898:21, South Africa. Monniot et al 2001: 16, figs 1D–11H South Africa, and synonymy.</p><p>Stations. TR 7 (MNHN A1 POL.B 108). TR 12 (MNHN A1 POL.B 110). TR 17 (MNHN: A1 POL.B 109). TA 41 (MNHN A1 POL.B 110). TA 56 (MNHN A1 POL.B 110).</p><p>In cushions or thick crusts several cm wide and 1–3cm thick, the colonies have a uniform sandy surface. The surface layer of the tunic is resistant with some red pigment around the siphon apertures. The colourless zooids are in circular systems. The 6 oral lobes are sharp. The atrial languet is long. The thoracic musculature is weak with 5 to 8 short fibres on each side. There are 12 to 14 rows of stigmata. On the right side about 16 stigmata and 10 papillae are counted in a row. The abdomen and post-abdomen have the common shape of the genus. The sperm duct is red. Larvae 500µm in length are located in the atrial cavity. They have 3 adhesive papillae, 2 odd vesicles, 4 pairs of anterior round vesicles and dorsal and ventral fields of small ampullae. A crystal is present in the visceral mass. The species is common in the south western Indian Ocean from Madagascar to South Africa.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3055E11FFF80FF8171A5CECDFB176F22	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Monniot, Françoise	Monniot, Françoise (2012): Some ascidians from the southern coast of Madagascar collected during the “ AtimoVatae ” survey. Zootaxa 3197: 1-42, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.246182
3055E11FFF80FF8171A5C8A2FCBD6CA8.text	3055E11FFF80FF8171A5C8A2FCBD6CA8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polyclinum pedicellatum	<div><p>Polyclinum pedicellatum n. sp.</p><p>(Figures 12 B, 14)</p><p>Etymology. in latin: pedica = peduncle</p><p>Stations. TR 17, 15 colonies (MNHN: A1 POL.B 106 type). TA 26, 1 colony (MNHN: A1 POL.B 106).</p><p>All colonies have a hard cylindrical incrusted peduncle bearing an elongated lobe in shape of a muff (Fig. 12 B). The largest colony has a head 12 cm long, 5cm wide and 2cm thick, on a peduncle 3cm long. The zooids are in circular systems and perpendicular to the colony surface. The systems are not easily seen at the colony surface which is smooth but irregularly embedded with sand (Fig. 12 B). The tunic is brown, superficially resistant but internally softer with rare sediment particles included. The pigment of the tunic does not diffuse into the fixative. The zooids are colourless. The oral siphon has 6 lobes. The atrial siphon is very anterior with a long languet pointed or dented at the tip and has a posterior button-shaped protrusion. The numerous oral tentacles are in 3 orders of size. The thoracic musculature is weak with 8 to 10 short longitudinal fibres on each side. The branchial sac has 15 rows of stigmata (Fig. 14 A). On the right side and in the middle of the branchial sac I have counted 18 stigmata in a row and 12 papillae. The stigmata rows are not interrupted on the dorsal line. The abdomen with a twisted gut loop has the common shape of the genus. The post-abdomen begins by a long thin peduncle. The ovary is central between the testis lobes. The larvae (Fig. 14 B) 450µm long are circled by a tail in one and a half turn. There are 3 short adhesive papillae and 2 odd vesicles between them; 4 round anterior vesicles are on each side. Multiple small ampullae occupy the dorsal and ventral sides of the trunk. Ocellus, otolith and an oxalate crystal are in the trunk.</p><p>By the colony shape P. pedicellatum looks like P. ti ng e n s n. sp. It differs in the pigment, more numerous stigmata in a row and the presence of round papillae on the transverse vessels. Both species differ from other Polyclinum of the Indian Ocean by their pedunculate colonies.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3055E11FFF80FF8171A5C8A2FCBD6CA8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Monniot, Françoise	Monniot, Françoise (2012): Some ascidians from the southern coast of Madagascar collected during the “ AtimoVatae ” survey. Zootaxa 3197: 1-42, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.246182
3055E11FFF81FF8371A5C94DFD926A62.text	3055E11FFF81FF8371A5C94DFD926A62.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polyclinum tingens	<div><p>Polyclinum tingens n. sp.</p><p>(Figure 15)</p><p>Etymology. latin: tingere = to stain.</p><p>Stations. TA 12 (MNHN: A1 POL.B 104, type). TA 26 (MNHN: A1 POL.B 105).</p><p>The colonies deeply stain the fixative in red-brown. They are pedunculate (Fig. 15 D). The upper part 3 to 6.5cm in diameter is holding on a narrower stem 0.5 to 3.5 cm long. The head contains more or less sand at the surface layer but the peduncle is densely incrusted. There is always a groove making an obvious limit between the head and the peduncle even when their diameter is not very different. The tunic in formalin is brown-red and the zooids are of a dark purple. The internal part of the colony is soft with only few sand grains. The zooids are arranged in circular systems. The thoraces are narrow, always contracted. The oral siphon is short with 6 lobes. The atrial siphon, at the level of the first stigmata row, is more or less stretched in a tube prolonged by a long languet (Fig. 15 B). A small button protrudes at the base of the siphon. The musculature is weak in 8 to 10 fibres on each side, only present in the anterior part of the thorax. There are 11 to 14 rows of stigmata and 10 to 12 stigmata in a row. No papillae have been detected on the transverse vessels a character ascertained in zooids of all colonies. The digestive tract has the normal twisted shape of the genus, it is black. The post-abdomen is drop-shaped on a long peduncle. The ovary lies in the centre of a bunch of testis vesicles. The larvae (Fig. 15 C) are incubated in the atrial cavity and do not distend the body wall. The trunk measures 550µm. The tail coils in ¾ of a turn. The 3 adhesive papillae have 4 round vesicles on each side and a bunch of ampullae are placed laterally and ventrally near the origin of the tail. One or several oxalate crystals are obvious in the visceral mass.</p><p>This species differs from other Polyclinum species of the Indian Ocean except P. pedunculatum n. sp. by the shape of the colonies with a peduncle clearly delimited from the head of the lobes. The intense pigment diffusing into the fixative is distinctive. The absence of papillae on the transverse vessels would justify placing the species in the genus Aplidiopsis but the twisted gut loop and sperm duct as the thin peduncle of the abdomen allied to the thorax shape are Polyclinum characters</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3055E11FFF81FF8371A5C94DFD926A62	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Monniot, Françoise	Monniot, Françoise (2012): Some ascidians from the southern coast of Madagascar collected during the “ AtimoVatae ” survey. Zootaxa 3197: 1-42, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.246182
3055E11FFF83FF8271A5CCF3FC266812.text	3055E11FFF83FF8271A5CCF3FC266812.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ritterella tokioka Kott 1992	<div><p>Ritterella tokioka Kott, 1992</p><p>(Figure 16)</p><p>Ritterella tokioka Kott, 1992: 402, Japan, nom. nov. for R. pedunculata Tokioka, 1953 . Monniot &amp; Monniot 1997 (1999) and synonymy, Tanzania &amp; Mozambique.</p><p>Stations. TA 23 (MNHN: A1 RIT 33)</p><p>Madagascar, Tulear, Vasseur col. 1969 (MNHN A1 RIT 29).</p><p>The colonies are sandy lobes arising from a common base (Fig. 16 A). The widened head of the lobes is slightly transparent as the sand grains are less dense. The zooids correspond to the description and figures by Monniot &amp; Monniot (1999). The branchial sac (Fig. 16 B) counts 10 to 11 rows of stigmata with parastigmatic vessels incomplete or only present on some rows, according to the zooids. The stomach is always long with about 10 longitudinal folds. There is an annular post-stomach and a caecum at the base of the rectum. The ovary is placed very close to the gut loop followed by a series of testis vesicles limited to the anterior part of the post-abdomen. No larvae have been found. The zooids from the south of Madagascar remained yellow in formalin.</p><p>Remarks. The colonies of Madagascar are identified according to the description of the species given by Tokioka (1953) for the Japanese material. The geographic distance between the populations suggests a convergence more than a specific identity, the identification remains in absence of obvious anatomical differences.</p><p>Another Ritterella species: R. dispar (Kott, 1957) is also recorded from Mozambique and Tanzania (Monniot &amp; Monniot 1997–1999). It differs in having only 5 rows of stigmata.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3055E11FFF83FF8271A5CCF3FC266812	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Monniot, Françoise	Monniot, Françoise (2012): Some ascidians from the southern coast of Madagascar collected during the “ AtimoVatae ” survey. Zootaxa 3197: 1-42, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.246182
3055E11FFF83FF8471A5CA46FBC269B2.text	3055E11FFF83FF8471A5CA46FBC269B2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Homoeodistoma omasum Monniot 1987	<div><p>Homoeodistoma omasum ? Monniot, 1987</p><p>(Figure 17)</p><p>Homoeodistoma omasum Monniot F., 1987: 503 fig. 2C–E pl. 1B, New Caledonia. Monniot &amp; Monniot: 2008: 831 figs 45; 76E, New Guinea.</p><p>Stations. TR 1 (MNHN: A1 HOM 10). TA 25 (MNHN: A1 HOM 11)</p><p>Bellona Island, Salomon Islands, 11° 51.086 S –159° 27.617 E, 10m, 20/04/2002, P. Laboute col. (MNHN: A1 HOM 7)</p><p>The colonies are sandy, made of thick lamellae or polygonal lobes united at their base (Fig. 17 A). The zooids apertures are lined on the sides of protruding rims located at the outline of a colony lobe, or along convoluted pads in colonies with several systems. Both siphons are long (Fig. 17 D) with red longitudinal stripes (the colour progressively disappears in formalin).Their rim is dentate and a strong sphincter encircles their base. The musculature of the thorax is dense with thin longitudinal and transverse fibres regularly crossed (Fig. 17 D). The branchial sac (Fig. 17 B) has from 17 to 21 elongated stigmata crossed by parastigmatic vessels. There are no papillae on the transverse vessels. A constriction separates the thorax from the abdomen. The stomach has a smooth wall. It is followed by a narrow segment and farther the intestine widens in a part whose wall shows an areolation (Fig. 17 C) which becomes obvious only after staining. The rectum begins with 2 caeca and is straight until the base of the thorax. The anus has 2 lobes. The post-abdomen is long with an anterior ovary followed by a double line of testis vesicles limited to the first half of the post-abdomen length. The larvae, 1.8mm long, have 3 well divergent adhesive papillae and a very large anterior cap of numerous vesicles on each side.</p><p>The morphology of the colonies and zooids is the same as in the type material from New Caledonia and also corresponds to the material from Bellona (Solomon I.). The specimens identified by Monniot &amp; Monniot (2008) from Papua New Guinea differ by the absence of parastigmatic vessels on the branchial sac; all other characters are similar, the larva has the same structure but is a somewhat smaller.</p><p>It is likely that several species of Homoeodistoma exist, but no striking characters are obvious allowing to separate them, their particularities are given in Monniot &amp; Monniot (2008). Kott (1992) groups in a new monospecific genus Condominium several species of Homoeodistoma: Placentela areolata Kott, 1963 and Placentela ellistoni Kott 1972 whose type was reexamined (Monniot &amp; Monniot 2008). Kott’s genus is not retained here.</p><p>The genus Homoeodistoma is recorded here for the first time from the Indian Ocean.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3055E11FFF83FF8471A5CA46FBC269B2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Monniot, Françoise	Monniot, Françoise (2012): Some ascidians from the southern coast of Madagascar collected during the “ AtimoVatae ” survey. Zootaxa 3197: 1-42, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.246182
3055E11FFF85FF8471A5CF20FAFC6D14.text	3055E11FFF85FF8471A5CF20FAFC6D14.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monniotus ramosus Millar 1988	<div><p>Monniotus ramosus Millar, 1988</p><p>(Figure 18)</p><p>Monniotus ramosus Millar, 1988: 826 fig 1, Mozambique.</p><p>Stations. TR 1 (MNHN A1 MON 6).</p><p>Madagascar, Tulear. Vasseur col. 1964 (MNHN A1 MON 4).</p><p>A single colony of about thirty zooids was collected during the Atimo Vatae survey (Fig; 18A), but a second colony from Tulear comes from P. Vasseur material. The dichotomic ramification of the colonies is that described and figured n by Millar. Several ramified lobes arise from a common base; each group measures about 3.5cm. The thorax (Fig. 18 C) and the abdomen (Fig. 18 B) are enclosed independently in a sandy tunic but their post-abdomens are united in a common peduncle.</p><p>The colony from the south of Madagascar is only female with ovaries and larvae. The colony from Tulear is male with a short double row of testis vesicles in the post-abdomen at a short distance from the gut loop. All zooids have 15 rows of stigmata, without parastigmatic vessels (Fig. 18 D). The larvae 1.2mm long are as described and figured by Millar.</p><p>This species is recollected for the first time. Its distribution is restricted to Madagascar. Other species of Monniotus are known from the Pacific Ocean: M. australis (Kott, 1957) and M. radiatus Kott, 1992 from Australia have only 10 rows of stigmata and parastigmatic vessels. M. papillosus Monniot F. &amp; Monniot C., 2001 from New Guinea has 18 rows of stigmata with parastigmatic vessels. M. pacificus Monniot F.&amp; Monniot C., 2001 from Palau has 20 rows of 40 stigmata, high papillae and an areolated stomach. M. paucistigma Monniot F. &amp; Monniot C., 2008 from New Guinea has only 4 rows of stigmata, papillae both on transverse and parastigmatic vessels.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3055E11FFF85FF8471A5CF20FAFC6D14	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Monniot, Françoise	Monniot, Françoise (2012): Some ascidians from the southern coast of Madagascar collected during the “ AtimoVatae ” survey. Zootaxa 3197: 1-42, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.246182
3055E11FFF85FF8671A5CAF6FD4D6E0A.text	3055E11FFF85FF8671A5CAF6FD4D6E0A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monniotus spica	<div><p>Monniotus spica n.sp.</p><p>(Figures 19 AB, 20)</p><p>Etymology. from Latin: spica = ear.</p><p>Station. TA 25 (MNHN: A1 MON 5, Type).</p><p>The single colony is made of 7 bunches of zooids, each 11cm long, settled as a botanic ear-shaped inflorescence (Fig. 19 AB). The stems of these clusters are united at their base. The zooids are closely packed, totally isolated from each other and only attached on the common stem at their base. The tunic embedded with sand is easily removed from the body. Both siphons are apical in a short tube ending in 6 lobes. The atrial siphon is curved toward the outside (Fig. 20 C). The musculature is made of longitudinal and transverse fibres regularly crossed to design square meshes. The tentacles are numerous, in two orders of size in a ring. The dorsal tubercle is urnshaped. The branchial sac has 13 rows of stigmata the last one is incomplete (Fig. 20 A). In the middle of the branchial sac on the right side I numbered 32 stigmata in a half row and 12 papillae on the transverse vessel. There are no parastigmatic vessels. The abdomen is shorter than the thorax and separated by a narrowing (Fig. 20 C). The stomach wall has about 16 folds more or less interrupted. The post-stomach is annular. The rectum begins in the ascending part of the loop with a caecum facing the annular post-stomach. The abdomen gives way to the postabdomen without constriction and becomes progressively thinner to enter the peduncle. The ovary is located close to the gut loop. No testis has been found in any of the colony lobes. A single larva (Fig. 20 B) is incubated in the atrial cavity with a trunk 1.2mm long and the tail is coiled in one and a half turn. The 3 adhesive papillae diverge being separated by 2 odd vesicles. A large number of small ampullae are found anteriorly on each side, they reach dorsally the embryonic thorax and ventrally the origin of the tail (Fig. 20 B). Ocellus and otolith are present.</p><p>The anatomy of the zooids of Monniotus spica n. sp. is the same as in M. ramosus Millar, 1988, except the colony shape and less stigmata rows in the branchial sac.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3055E11FFF85FF8671A5CAF6FD4D6E0A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Monniot, Françoise	Monniot, Françoise (2012): Some ascidians from the southern coast of Madagascar collected during the “ AtimoVatae ” survey. Zootaxa 3197: 1-42, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.246182
3055E11FFF87FF8671A5C9CFFDB66CCB.text	3055E11FFF87FF8671A5C9CFFDB66CCB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Monniotus	<div><p>Monniotus sp.</p><p>(Figure 19 C,D)</p><p>Station. TA 10, 25° 28.3 S –44° 55.6 E, 23m, 17/05/2010 (MNHN A1 MON 7)</p><p>The colony consists in a bunch of numerous sandy zooids distributed in long ramified stems issued from a common base (Fig. 19 C,D). The zooids are 1cm long and the stems reach 7cm. The siphons are apical, the oral siphon oriented ventrally. Both siphons have a yellow colour in formalin. The branchial sac has 9 or 10 rows of stigmata, 28 stigmata in a half row and 10 short papillae on the right side in the middle of the branchial sac. The gut loop is straight. The stomach has a dozen of sinuous folds. There is an annular post-stomach and the rectum begins with a caecum at the ascending limb of the intestine. The post-abdomen is very long and lengthen into the common stem of the zooids. No gonads and no larvae are present in this colony.</p><p>The colony structure is nearer to that of M. ramosus than to M. spica but the stems are thinner and longer here and the zooids are differently arranged. The zooids differ by the colour of the siphons, a smaller number of stigmata rows but the colony is immature.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3055E11FFF87FF8671A5C9CFFDB66CCB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Monniot, Françoise	Monniot, Françoise (2012): Some ascidians from the southern coast of Madagascar collected during the “ AtimoVatae ” survey. Zootaxa 3197: 1-42, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.246182
3055E11FFF88FF8971A5C8BCFED36DE3.text	3055E11FFF88FF8971A5C8BCFED36DE3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudodistoma arborescens Millar 1967	<div><p>Pseudodistoma arborescens Millar, 1967</p><p>Pseudodistoma arborescens Millar, 1967: 359 Fig. 1, Madagascar. Monniot F.1987, New Caledonia.</p><p>Stations. TA 28 (MNHN A1 PSE 80). Madagascar, Nosy Be, 28m, 13/07/1992, Laboute col. (MNHN A1 PSE 33) Maldives, 04° 12.94 N –73° 29.04 E, 7m, 23/09/1997, CRRF col. (MNHN A1 PSE 49)</p><p>The colonies are made of a bush of lobes erect on sandy stalks, exactly as described and figured by Millar (1967). The bulbous top of a zooid is about 5mm in diameter, the stalk reaches 20mm. In formalin the zooids removed from the tunic are yellow and the testis lobes are often pink. The post-abdomen is particularly long, the ovary is far from the abdomen and the testis vesicles lie behind the ovary but do not reach the extremity of the postabdomen. A long vascular process penetrates into the common peduncle of the colony lobes. No larvae have been found.</p><p>The geographic distribution is wide: Madagascar and Maldives in the Indian Ocean and New Caledonia in the south-west Pacific.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3055E11FFF88FF8971A5C8BCFED36DE3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Monniot, Françoise	Monniot, Françoise (2012): Some ascidians from the southern coast of Madagascar collected during the “ AtimoVatae ” survey. Zootaxa 3197: 1-42, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.246182
3055E11FFF88FF8871A5CB76FBC0694A.text	3055E11FFF88FF8871A5CB76FBC0694A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Archidistoma diminutum subsp. sensu	<div><p>Archidistoma diminutum (Kott, 1957) sensu lato</p><p>Clavelina diminuta Kott, 1957: 89 .</p><p>Pycnoclavella diminuta: Kott1990: 73 and synonymy, Australia.</p><p>Archidistoma diminuta: Monniot F. &amp; Monniot C. 1996: 203, Micronesia and synonymy. Monniot C. 1997a: 195, Mozambique. Meliane &amp; Ramos-Espla 2001, Arabian peninsula.</p><p>Station. TA 51 (MNHN A3 ARC 20)</p><p>The colony is made of columnar opaque lobes arising from a common base. Transparent bulbs protrude at their top-side, they contain the thoraces of the zooids. Brown pigment cells can be seen in the tunic and in the zooids preserved in formalin. The zooids, 1cm in length, occupy the whole length of the colony lobes. The oral tentacles, in two orders of size, are located at the base of an undulated velum The number of stigmata is difficult to count, about 35 to 40 in the first row on the right side. The first and the third stigmata rows are curved along the dorsal line. There are 4 rapheal languets. The stomach is in posterior position in the abdomen No gonads are present in this material.</p><p>The shape of the colony, the size of the zooids and the number of stigmata lead to identify the material as A. diminutum sensu lato. The highly variable colonies and the wide geographic distribution of the species in the western Indian and western Pacific oceans suggest the presence of more than a single species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3055E11FFF88FF8871A5CB76FBC0694A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Monniot, Françoise	Monniot, Françoise (2012): Some ascidians from the southern coast of Madagascar collected during the “ AtimoVatae ” survey. Zootaxa 3197: 1-42, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.246182
3055E11FFF89FF8B71A5CE08FBCA68F9.text	3055E11FFF89FF8B71A5CE08FBCA68F9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stomozoa roseola (Millar 1955) Millar 1955	<div><p>Stomozoa roseola (Millar, 1955)</p><p>(Figure 21)</p><p>Clavelina roseola Millar, 1955: 139, South Africa</p><p>Stomozoa roseola: Monniot F. &amp; Monniot C., 1996: 213 and synonymy, Indonesia Stations. TR 3 (MNHN A3 STO 6). TR 6 (MNHN A3 STO 6). TR 7 (MNHN A3 STO 7). TR 16 (MNHN A3 STO 8). TA 15 (MNHN A3 STO 6). TA 22 (MNHN A3 STO 9. TA 41 (MNHN A3 STO 6).</p><p>The colonies are abundant along the southern coast of Madagascar. In large club-shaped lobes, isolated or grouped on a common base (Fig. 21 A). All specimens have a clear naked tunic on the head and varied epibionts on the basal parts. The colour in formalin is pink or light purple and the consistency is cartilaginous. The zooids are deeply retracted into the tunic making depression at the colony surface. The zooids have a same aspect in all species of the genus. Both siphons have 6 large lobes divided in five or 6 digitations (Fig. 21 B). A pigment spot is constant between the oral lobes. The oral tentacles are numerous in three orders of size along a single ring behind a large velum. The thoracic musculature (Fig. 21 D) is made of crossed longitudinal and oblique fibres. According to the colonies the branchial sac has 18 to 21 rows of stigmata and about 50 stigmata in a half row (Fig. 21 C). There are no parastigmatic vessels. The transverse vessels in high blades have no papillae. The less contracted thoraces are 9mm in length. The abdomen is variable and may reach 25mm in length in immature zooids. The stomach is in posterior position with a smooth wall except the typhlosolis in a narrow groove. The bi-lobed anus opens at the base of the thorax. More than a hundred testis vesicles have been counted. They occupy the both sides of the gut loop behind the stomach level (Fig. 21 E). The sperm duct is red. The ovary is in the centre of the testis. Only one immature embryo has been found in the abundant Madagascar material, a seasonal reproduction is likely.</p><p>Only two other Somozoa species can be considered as valid:</p><p>S australiensis Kott, 1990 from South Australia has only 12 to 14 rows of stigmata and a stomach with ridges.</p><p>S. bellissima Kott, 1990 in a single colony lobe has 14 to 15 rows of stigmata, a smooth walled stomach and a post-stomach with several compartments (Kott’s fig. 59A).</p><p>The name S. roseola obviously represents a group of species considering its records over the world from Brazil, Red Sea, South Africa, and Western Pacific Ocean (Monniot &amp; Monniot 1996: 214).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3055E11FFF89FF8B71A5CE08FBCA68F9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Monniot, Françoise	Monniot, Françoise (2012): Some ascidians from the southern coast of Madagascar collected during the “ AtimoVatae ” survey. Zootaxa 3197: 1-42, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.246182
3055E11FFF8AFF8A71A5CF93FC51694A.text	3055E11FFF8AFF8A71A5CF93FC51694A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eudistoma illotum (Sluiter 1898) Sluiter 1898	<div><p>Eudistoma illotum (Sluiter, 1898)</p><p>(Figure 22 A,B,C,D)</p><p>Distoma illotum Sluiter, 1898: 16;</p><p>Eudistoma illotum: Millar 1962: 160 fig; 24. Monniot et al 2001 and synonymy, South Africa.</p><p>Station. TR 6 (MNHN A3 EUD 354)</p><p>The largest of the 3 colonies is 6.5cm in length and 4cm thick. The colour in formalin is dull grey, and the consistency gelatinous without sand. The zooids open independently at the smooth surface of the colony, without systems (Fig. 22 A). The less contracted zooids are 11mm long but most of them are shorter (Fig. 22 C). Both siphons are short. The body wall is clear except some brown pigment cells located on the siphons and the transverse vessels. About 25 stigmata are in the first branchial row which is slightly curved dorsally. The gut loop is straight with well delimited segments (Fig. 22 B,C). The gonads lie inside the gut loop. The heart is easily seen behind the gut loop. One or 2 brown larvae distend the atrial cavity. The trunk is 1mm long. The 3 adhesive papillae are well separated. A vesicle separates the dorsal and the median adhesive papillae and a bi-lobed vesicle separates the median and the ventral papillae. A vesicle is also present dorsally and ventrally to the adhesive papillae (Fig. 22 D). In addition some irregular protrusions are located of the base of the papillae on each side. Ocellus and otolith are present, other organs of the trunk are not yet differentiated.</p><p>E. illotum was only recorded from South Africa.</p><p>Eudistoma pustulosum n. sp. (Figure 22 E,F,G,H)</p><p>Etymology. In Latin pustulosus = with pustules</p><p>Station. TA 56 (MNHN A3 EUD 353 Holotype)</p><p>The single colony is a sheet 7x 5.5cm large and 0.8mm thick, completely embedded with sand. The surface is erected in small round protrusions as pimples (Fig. 22 E), each of them containing the siphons of one zooid. The tunic is glassy, colourless and resistant. The zooids (Fig. 22 F) occupy the whole thickness of the colony, perpendicular to the surface. The siphons are short with 6 lobes. The body wall is opaque and colourless. The thorax, always contracted, counts about 25 stigmata on each side in the median row. The abdomen narrow at its beginning is enlarged at the gonad level. The stomach is short, smooth walled, at 2/3 of the abdomen length. The intestinal loop is straight without individualised compartments. The gonads occupy a large part of the gut loop behind the stomach with very numerous testis vesicles in a bush and a central ovary. Small irregular shining crystals are scattered upon the gonad mass. Post-abdominal vascular processes are present. Two or three embryos are incubated in the atrial cavity distended even in less contracted zooids but which does not form a pedunculate pouch. The mature larva is 0.8mm long, colourless, with a tail in ¾ of a turn. The 3 adhesive papillae are divergent, sided by 4 large vesicles; the median ones are bi-dentate on each side or only one of them is bi-dentate on a side (Fig. 22 G,H).</p><p>Among the sandy Eudistoma species of the Indian Ocean, this new species differs by the shape of the colony with both siphons of each zooid grouped in a surface protrusion of the tunic.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3055E11FFF8AFF8A71A5CF93FC51694A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Monniot, Françoise	Monniot, Françoise (2012): Some ascidians from the southern coast of Madagascar collected during the “ AtimoVatae ” survey. Zootaxa 3197: 1-42, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.246182
3055E11FFF8CFF8D71A5CCF3FF586855.text	3055E11FFF8CFF8D71A5CCF3FF586855.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polycitor africanus Monniot & Monniot 1999	<div><p>Polycitor africanus Monniot &amp; Monniot, 1999</p><p>Polycitor africanus Monniot F. &amp; Monniot C., 1997(1999): 22 fig. 14 pl.34, Tanzania, Mozambique, Madagascar, South Africa. Monniot &amp; al 2001: 31, South Africa.</p><p>Stations. TA 23 (MNHN A3 POL.A 41). TA 25 (MNHN A3 POL.A 40). TA 54 (MNHN A3 POL.A 39).</p><p>The colonies in large round masses are anchored by a narrow base; their size reaches 16cm in width. The surface is naked, smooth and the zooid apertures appear in small hollows. There are no systems the consistency is soft. The colonies st. 23 and 25 are whitish, both colonies of st. 54 are pink-purple. The zooids cannot be seen from the surface. The zooids are strongly withdrawn into the tunic. In spite of their strong contraction they can reach 3cm in length. They are colourless. The siphons have 6 petal-like lobes. The thoracic musculature is mostly longitudinal, dense, the fibres gathered in large ribbons running along the abdomen. The number of stigmata rows is greater in the largest colonies from 20 to 24. The transverse vessels are high blades. The abdomen is particularly long. The stomach in posterior position has a smooth wall. The gonads are poorly developed inside the gut loop behind the stomach. The heart is terminal. Vascular processes prolong the abdomen. No larvae are present. The zooids have abundant reserve cells.</p><p>This spectacular large species is distributed in the Indian Ocean from the Mozambique Channel to South Africa.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3055E11FFF8CFF8D71A5CCF3FF586855	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Monniot, Françoise	Monniot, Françoise (2012): Some ascidians from the southern coast of Madagascar collected during the “ AtimoVatae ” survey. Zootaxa 3197: 1-42, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.246182
3055E11FFF8CFF8D71A5CF38FCA46EA7.text	3055E11FFF8CFF8D71A5CF38FCA46EA7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polycitorella graphicum	<div><p>Polycitorella graphicum n. sp.</p><p>(Figures 23 A,C; 24)</p><p>Station. TA 51 (MNHN A3 POL.B 14, holotype).</p><p>The single colony is a thick crust 6cm in length and 1cm thick (Fig. 23 A). It is made of convoluted lobes protruding from a common base. The walls of the lobes are straight and the surface is flat. The zooids are lined along the outline of the lobes. The oral and atrial openings are projecting with a stellate design above the flat colony surface. The spicules (Fig. 23 C) are dense in the whole colony thickness except a thin layer on the side walls of the lobes. The zooids (Fig. 24 B) are deeply withdrawn into the colony. The largest individuals are 8 to 9mm long. The thoracic musculature is strong extending in 2 ribbons on the abdomen. The branchial sac has 13 rows of stigmata (Fig. 24 A). The stomach has a smooth wall. The intestine shows a bulbous segment before the rectum (Fig. 24 B). The gonads occupy the gut loop. The testis vesicles are poorly developed around a central ovary in this incubatory colony. The larva (Fig. 24 C) 1.9 to 2mm long takes place from the upper part of the abdomen to the basal part of the atrial cavity. It has 3 adhesive papillae and 6 pairs of lateral vesicles. Ocellus and otolith are in a posterior position. The tail encircles the trunk in half a turn. The larval trunk is dense no organs are already differentiated.</p><p>The spicules (Fig. 23 C) are stellate but irregular, from 20 to 30µm of diameter few of them reach 50µm.</p><p>P. graphicum n. sp. essentially differs from other species of the genus having more than 10 stigmata rows by the linear disposition of the zooids at the periphery of the colony, and by the design of the dark pigment cells. It lacks the thick aspicular tunic layer at the colony surface.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3055E11FFF8CFF8D71A5CF38FCA46EA7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Monniot, Françoise	Monniot, Françoise (2012): Some ascidians from the southern coast of Madagascar collected during the “ AtimoVatae ” survey. Zootaxa 3197: 1-42, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.246182
3055E11FFF8CFF8C71A5CA2AFD216C99.text	3055E11FFF8CFF8C71A5CA2AFD216C99.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polycitorella peresi Plante & Vasseur 1966	<div><p>Polycitorella peresi Plante &amp; Vasseur, 1966</p><p>(Figure 23 B,D)</p><p>Polycitorella peresi Plante &amp; Vasseur, 1966, Madagascar, Tulear.</p><p>Station. TA 52 (MNHN A3 POL.B 13). The colonies are thick hard cushions with a circular or undulated outline, sometimes divided into lobes. The largest colony is 10cm in length and 3cm in thickness. The top surface, without spicules, is glistening, opaque, black (Fig. 23 B) or brown with patches of darker brown pigment spots in formalin. The oral apertures are not arranged in circular systems. The oral and atrial apertures of each individual are close to each other and slightly protruding at the colony surface, but the zooids are deeply withdrawn inside the colony. The zooids are encased in hollows of the tunic which contains densely packed spicules (Fig. 23 D). Both siphons are tubular with 6 lobes. The thoracic musculature is continuous extending in 2 strong ribbons along the abdomen.The branchial sac has 12 or 13 rows of stigmata. At the base of the thorax, on each side and near the endostyle, a circular depression without spicules can be seen remembering the didemnid lateral organs. This structure, difficult to see without staining, is different from the protruding organs described in other Polycitorella, more related to a fold of the body wall. These cup-like spots are also present in some re-examined zooids of two other species of Polycitorella: P. coronaria and P. mariae . The stomach is smooth-walled followed by a narrow tube posteriorly enlarged. A constriction separates the posterior intestine. Numerous testis vesicles and a central ovary occupy the gut loop. No larvae have been found. The spicules (Fig. 23 D) have an average size of 30 to 40µm, a few reach 55µm. All of them have the same shape in irregular rays with a blunt tip.</p><p>Remarks. Eight species of Polycitorella have been described. P. hospitiolum (Savigny, 1816) and P. stellifera Monniot &amp; Monniot, 2001, both differ by few stigmata rows. P. setoensis Nishikawa, 1980 has disk-shaped spicules. P. coronaria Monniot F., 1988 has circular systems and up to 20 rows of stigmata. P. orientalis Kott, 1990 has no dark pigment, spicules of 25–35µm, 10 rows of stigmata and no circular systems. P. m a r i a e Michaelsen, 1924 from New Zealand lacks dark pigment, lacks circular systems and the spicules are smaller. P. pallida Millar, 1962, with 16 stigmata rows, has no dark pigment.</p><p>The type specimen of P. p e re s i (MNHN A3 POL.B 11) consists in small pieces. The colour in life was said to be red. In formalin, the upper layer of the samples is soft and black, the columnar base is white and hard. The zooids are damaged, with about 13 rows of stigmata. The general aspect is the same as in Atimo Vatae samples and the spicules are the same in shape and size.</p><p>P. p e re s i is only known from Madagascar.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3055E11FFF8CFF8C71A5CA2AFD216C99	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Monniot, Françoise	Monniot, Françoise (2012): Some ascidians from the southern coast of Madagascar collected during the “ AtimoVatae ” survey. Zootaxa 3197: 1-42, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.246182
3055E11FFF8EFF8E71A5CAA3FD6D6A62.text	3055E11FFF8EFF8E71A5CAA3FD6D6A62.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cystodytes	<div><p>Cystodytes sp.</p><p>(Figure 26)</p><p>Stations. TA 35 (MNHN A3 CYS 139). TA 52 (MNHN A3 CYS 140).</p><p>The colonies in life are large white crusts 0.5 to 1cm thick (Fig. 26). The surface layer is smooth, thin and devoid of spicules. The zooids are withdrawn and included in complete capsules of plate-like spicules densely packed in the translucent tunic, giving a white colour to the fixed colonies. Below the capsule layer the tunic contains sparse brown pigment cells. Removed from the tunic the tips of the siphons are light brown but the remaining body wall is clear. The male gonad is a rosette of about 10 lobes and the sperm duct is straight. The ovary and testes are not mature in a same zooid but both sexes can be found in a same colony. The ovary includes a large protruding oocyte and several smaller ones. No fully developed tadpoles have been found but several regressed ones are present in the deepest part of the colonies; they are transparent bodies in which the otolith and ocellus remain but not any other organ. They are not included in capsules.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3055E11FFF8EFF8E71A5CAA3FD6D6A62	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Monniot, Françoise	Monniot, Françoise (2012): Some ascidians from the southern coast of Madagascar collected during the “ AtimoVatae ” survey. Zootaxa 3197: 1-42, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.246182
3055E11FFF8EFF8F71A5C867FC7C6D2E.text	3055E11FFF8EFF8F71A5C867FC7C6D2E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cystodytes solitus Monniot 1988	<div><p>Cystodytes solitus Monniot, 1988</p><p>(Figure 25)</p><p>Cystodytes solitus Monniot F, 1988: 223 fig 12 a–c, New Caledonia; Monniot F &amp; Monniot C. 2006: 133 fig. 26B, and synonymy Madagascar, Mauritius.</p><p>Stations. TA 35 (MNHN A3 CYS 137). TA 52 (MNHN A3 CYS 138).</p><p>Salomon Isl. Bellona, 21° 26.403 S –158° 58.139 E, 6m, 21/04/2002 (MNHN A3 CYS 125) P. Laboute coll.</p><p>The colonies form thick crusts with a round edge (Fig. 25A,B). The tunic is brown and the surface layer contains small round spicules around the siphon apertures (Fig. 25 B). The zooids are arranged in circular systems, in which the atrial openings are tightly grouped in the centre. The zooid apertures appear in a dark brown colour. The tunic is opaque and does not let see the calcareous plate-like capsules encasing the zooids. Small spicules, in balls of needles, are scattered between the capsules. The dark brown zooids (in formalin) have the general structure of the genus. A pedunculate brooding pouch (Fig. 25 C) is appended at the oesophagus level and contains a single brown larva 1.1mm long (Fig. 25 D).</p><p>The characteristic look of this species is due to the abundant didemnid- like spicules at the surface layer of the colony and the dark tips of the siphons (Fig. 25A,B). The large dark larva in a pedunculate brooding pouch ascertains the identification which is always difficult in the genus Cystodytes .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3055E11FFF8EFF8F71A5C867FC7C6D2E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Monniot, Françoise	Monniot, Françoise (2012): Some ascidians from the southern coast of Madagascar collected during the “ AtimoVatae ” survey. Zootaxa 3197: 1-42, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.246182
3055E11FFF8FFFB171A5C98DFC9C6BAA.text	3055E11FFF8FFFB171A5C98DFC9C6BAA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Distaplia skoogi Michaelsen 1924	<div><p>Distaplia skoogi Michaelsen, 1924</p><p>(Figure 27A)</p><p>Distaplia domuncula Michaelsen, 1923: 15 fig. 3; Millar, 1955: 187 fig. 15.</p><p>Distaplia skoogi Michaelsen, 1924:331 nom nov for D. domuncula Michaelsen 1923, South Africa. Millar 1962: 150 fig. 18. South Africa. Monniot &amp; al 2001: 34 fig. 2C, 18A–C, South Africa</p><p>Stations. TR 7 (MNHN A3 DIS 102). TA 60 (MNHN A3 DIS 103).</p><p>The colony of st. TR 7 is made of 2 pedunculate lobes erect and close together on the substrate; the largest has a head 2.5cm wide on a stem 2.5 cm long. Circular systems occupy the whole colourless head. The peduncle wears some epibionts. The tunic is hard, cartilaginous. The thoraces (Fig. 27A) have a large languet. The brancial sac has parastigmatic vessels. The gut loop is widely opened, the stomach is long with longitudinal internal folds (Fig. 27A). A large pyloric ampulla lies in the gut loop. The gonads hang in a pouch behind the abdomen (Fig. 27A). Only immature larvae are present free in the tunic; an empty incubatory pouch can be seen in some zooids.</p><p>Another colony, 5cm long with a head 2.7cm wide, collected in st. TA 60 has the same aspect but is of a deep blue in formalin. All anatomic characters are the same as in colourless sample. The brooding pouch contains one larva. This sample is provisionally placed in the same species.</p><p>Distaplia skoogi was only reported from South Africa</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3055E11FFF8FFFB171A5C98DFC9C6BAA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Monniot, Françoise	Monniot, Françoise (2012): Some ascidians from the southern coast of Madagascar collected during the “ AtimoVatae ” survey. Zootaxa 3197: 1-42, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.246182
3055E11FFFB0FFB171A5C8E4FDAE6C0A.text	3055E11FFFB0FFB171A5C8E4FDAE6C0A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Distaplia stylifera (Kowalevsky 1874) Kowalevsky 1874	<div><p>Distaplia stylifera (Kowalevsky, 1874)</p><p>(Figure 27 B)</p><p>Didemnum stylifera Kowalevsky 1874:43, Red Sea</p><p>Distaplia stylifera: Kott 1990: 127 fig. 46 pl. 9 f–g, and synonymy. Monniot F. &amp; Monniot C. 2001: 258 fig. 119C. and synonymy, widely distributed</p><p>Stations. TA 52 (MNHN A3 DIS 104). TA 60 (MNHN A3 DIS 103).</p><p>Three colonies, one with a short peduncle and two others sessile, the largest 15mm in diameter, have kept their orange colour in formalin. The consistency of the tunic is spongy, the pigment is limited to the upper part of the colonies. The zooids form circular systems. They are small and contracted, colourless. The atrial languet is large and wide. The 4 rows of stigmata lack parastigmatic vessels. The gut loop is wide with a short stomach asymmetrical and longitudinally folded. A well marked annular widening takes place between the stomach and the intestine. The gonads hang below the abdomen (Fig. 27 B). The testis has 5 to 6 vesicles in a rosette; the sperm duct (Fig. 27 B) begins with a deep loop directed posteriorly to encircle the single oocyte before running upwards to the gut loop. No larvae are present in these small colonies.</p><p>The genus Distaplia as opposed to Sycozoa is defined as having parastigmatic vessels in the branchial sac and this is not the case here. Kott (1990) mentioned that the parastigmatic vessels are sometimes missing in D. stylifera which has a very constant anatomy around the world.</p><p>D. stylifera is recorded in many places in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, in the Red Sea, but for the first time here in the western Indian Ocean.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3055E11FFFB0FFB171A5C8E4FDAE6C0A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Monniot, Françoise	Monniot, Françoise (2012): Some ascidians from the southern coast of Madagascar collected during the “ AtimoVatae ” survey. Zootaxa 3197: 1-42, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.246182
3055E11FFFB1FFB071A5C98EFAD56CB3.text	3055E11FFFB1FFB071A5C98EFAD56CB3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eusynstyela miniata (Sluiter 1905) Sluiter 1905	<div><p>Eusynstyela miniata (Sluiter, 1905)</p><p>Styela miniata Sluiter, 1905: 11 pl. 1 fig. 4C, Red Sea</p><p>Eusynstyela miniata: Monniot C. 2002: 75 fig. 8 and synonymy. Mozambique, Djibouti</p><p>Station. DW3519 (MNHN S1 EUS 48)</p><p>Both colonies are thin sheets made of flat close zooids included in a very resistant tunic, one of them settled on a piece of coral the other on a sponge. The colour has disappeared in alcohol. The siphons are well apart. The body wall is thin and transparent. The internal side of the oral siphon has papillae. 18 to 20 oral tentacles are regularly distributed in 2 orders of size. The dorsal tubercle is in a deep V of the peripharyngeal band. The branchial sac has 4 folds on each side with 6 to 8 longitudinal vessels. The gut is short. The stomach has a small caecum and 8 folds. The gonads are numerous, distributed in 2 longitudinal lines in a ventral position. Each polycarp is made of 2 testis lobes applied against the body wall and covered by the round ovary. Numerous endocarps are scattered on the body wall.</p><p>The species distribution comprises the Red Sea, Djibouti, Mozambique and now the south of Madagascar.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3055E11FFFB1FFB071A5C98EFAD56CB3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Monniot, Françoise	Monniot, Françoise (2012): Some ascidians from the southern coast of Madagascar collected during the “ AtimoVatae ” survey. Zootaxa 3197: 1-42, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.246182
3055E11FFFB2FFB371A5C9A4FA356CB3.text	3055E11FFFB2FFB371A5C9A4FA356CB3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polycarpa gradata Monniot 2002	<div><p>Polycarpa gradata Monniot, 2002</p><p>(Figures 28A, 29)</p><p>Polycarpa gradata Monniot C., 2002: 80 figs 13–14A, Mozambique, Madagascar Tulear, Djibouti.</p><p>Stations. TR 7 (MNHN S1 POL.B 561). TA 22 (MNHN S1 POL.B 560). TA 33 (MNHN S1POL.B 559).</p><p>The individuals are almost separated along their whole length only united at their base (Fig. 28A). Up to twenty specimens can be grouped in a single mass. The tunic is smooth and naked, ochre in formalin. Both siphons are apical; epibionts are often settled at the base of the body. The individuals of a same group have not the same development stage and the basal part of the body which does not contains organs is more or less long. The largest individuals reach 5.5cm in length. The body wall is opaque; of an orange colour more reddish on the siphons. The internal side of the body wall is covered with leaf-shaped endocarps (Fig. 29 A). The branchial tissue is thin with 4 folds on each side (Fig. 29 B). The gut loop is closed with a short stomach internally folded and a long rectum ending in a lobed anus. Several specimens were eviscerated. An average of 11 elongated polycarps is lined on each side of the body. The atrial siphon has numerous thread-like processes at the base of the lining.</p><p>This species is only recorded from the western Indian Ocean from Djibouti to Mozambique and Madagascar.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3055E11FFFB2FFB371A5C9A4FA356CB3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Monniot, Françoise	Monniot, Françoise (2012): Some ascidians from the southern coast of Madagascar collected during the “ AtimoVatae ” survey. Zootaxa 3197: 1-42, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.246182
3055E11FFFB2FFB371A5CFF9FF486E2A.text	3055E11FFFB2FFB371A5CFF9FF486E2A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Symplegma rubra Monniot 1972	<div><p>Symplegma rubra Monniot, 1972</p><p>(Figure 28 B)</p><p>Symplegma rubra Monniot C, 1972: 622 figs 2E–F,3, Bermuda. Monniot F. &amp; Monniot C. 1997 (1999): 26 fig. 15 pl.3B–C and synonymy, western Atlantic, Tanzania, Mozambique. Monniot C. 2002: 68, Mozambique. Kott 2004: 72 figs 25G–H, Timor Sea. Rocha &amp; Costa 2005: 61 Brazil.</p><p>Stations. TA 22 (MNHN S1 SYM 87). TA 34 (MNHN S1 SYM 88). TA 60 (MNHN S1 SYM 89).</p><p>The colonies incrust diverse substrates: stones, shells, sponges. The colour is cream and a red ring circles the siphons a characteristic of the species (Fig. 28 B). The zooids are easily extracted from the tunic. The branchial sac has 10 to 11 rows of stigmata. The stomach has a coma-like caecum. The male and female gonads are not simultaneously developed.</p><p>S. rubra is very common worldwide in tropical waters; its colour in life is characteristic but disappears after fixation.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3055E11FFFB2FFB371A5CFF9FF486E2A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Monniot, Françoise	Monniot, Françoise (2012): Some ascidians from the southern coast of Madagascar collected during the “ AtimoVatae ” survey. Zootaxa 3197: 1-42, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.246182
3055E11FFFB3FFB271A5CFDCFA9C6DE5.text	3055E11FFFB3FFB271A5CFDCFA9C6DE5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polycarpa madagascariensis Michaelsen 1912	<div><p>Polycarpa madagascariensis Michaelsen, 1912</p><p>(Figures 30A, 31 A,B)</p><p>Polycarpa madagascariensis Michaelsen, 1912: 139, Madagascar, Nosy Be. Monniot C. 2002: 83 figs 4E-15-16 and synonymy and distribution.</p><p>Station. TA 41 (MNHN S1 POL.B 562). DW3530 (MNHN S1 POL.B 564).</p><p>Several specimens were dredge at 80m depth. A single specimen collected by SCUBA 5.5 x 3 cm is well preserved (Fig. 30A). Others are damaged, eviscerated, despite their strong and thick tunic. The oral siphon is apical; the atrial siphon is protruding at 2/3 of the body length. The tunic is clear, naked, with wide ridges and provided with basal roots of fixation. The body wall is thick, brown, prolonged into the basal roots. The oral tentacles are numerous. The dorsal tubercle opens in a C on the left side in a deep V of the peripharyngeal ring. The branchial tissue is thin (Fig. 31 B). All the transverse vessels are red. The 4 high folds do not recover each other. The formula on the right side is: E- 9- 17 -8- 20 - 9- 20 -7- 21 -2-DL.The rows of stigmata are narrow without parastigmatic vessels. The dorsal lamina progressively increases in height down to the oesophagus. The endostyle is linked to the body wall ventral line. The digestive loop is widely opened (Fig.31 A), the stomach is weakly linked to the body wall. It is narrow, has no obvious folds and no caecum and its limits with the oesophagus and the rectum are not distinct. The anus is lobed. The numerous oval polycarps are in a line posteriorly curved on each side of the body, they are pink in formalin. The gonad papillae are white. The internal side of the body wall is entirely covered with endocarps (Fig. 31 A) and the polycarps are hardly perceptible among them. The arrangement of the gonads and endocarps are the same in specimens with eviscerated gut. The atrial siphon lining is covered with filaments.</p><p>P. madagascariensis is known from Mozambique, Madagascar at Nosy Be, Mayotte and Mauritius.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3055E11FFFB3FFB271A5CFDCFA9C6DE5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Monniot, Françoise	Monniot, Françoise (2012): Some ascidians from the southern coast of Madagascar collected during the “ AtimoVatae ” survey. Zootaxa 3197: 1-42, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.246182
3055E11FFFB3FFB471A5CB69FB366A41.text	3055E11FFFB3FFB471A5CB69FB366A41.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Polycarpa rubida (Sluiter 1898) Sluiter 1898	<div><p>Polycarpa rubida (Sluiter, 1898)</p><p>(Figures 30 B, 32A,B)</p><p>Styela (Polycarpa) rubida Sluiter, 1898: 53 pl.7 fig.1–4, Mozambique.</p><p>Polycarpa rubida: Monniot &amp; al 2001: 96 fig. 47B and synonymy, Natal.</p><p>Station. TA 52 (MNHN S1 POL.B 563).</p><p>A group of about 10 individuals more or less isolated are entirely covered with epibionts (Fig. 30 B). P. rubida looks like a colonial species but no obvious links appear. The basal part of the individuals is sometimes elongated in a kind of filled peduncle giving a characteristic aspect to this species. In formalin, below the cover of varied organisms, the tunic is ochre with deep furrows. The body wall is thick. The oral siphon has a long velum. About 30 tight oral tentacles alternate with smaller ones. The dorsal tubercle is simple. The 4 branchial folds are low (Fig.32 B). For a 2cm large specimen the branchial formula on the right side is: E-1- 7 -2- 9 -2- 9 -2- 8 -2-DL. The stigmata rows are sometimes irregularly cut by parastigmatic vessels. The gut loop is simple located posteriorly (Fig.32 A). The long stomach has either marked or almost absent folds according to the individuals. The anus is lobed. Numerous endocarps are spread on the whole body wall (Fig. 32 A). An average of 10 elongated polycarps lie on each body side. The internal side of the atrial siphon is covered with thread-like papillae.</p><p>P. rubida is recorded from Natal to Mozambique where it has been reported several times.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3055E11FFFB3FFB471A5CB69FB366A41	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Monniot, Françoise	Monniot, Françoise (2012): Some ascidians from the southern coast of Madagascar collected during the “ AtimoVatae ” survey. Zootaxa 3197: 1-42, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.246182
3055E11FFFB5FFB471A5CF96FB3B6D21.text	3055E11FFFB5FFB471A5CF96FB3B6D21.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Styela canopus (Savigny 1816) Savigny 1816	<div><p>Styela canopus (Savigny, 1816)</p><p>Cynthia canopus Savigny, 1816:45</p><p>Styela marquesana: Michaelsen 1918, 27. Millar 1955: 207, South Africa; 1960:191, Mozambique and Natal. Plante &amp; Vasseur 1966: 150, Madagascar.</p><p>Styela canopus: Kott 1985:112 and synonymy. Monniot &amp; al 2001:101, fig. 49A, South Africa, and synonymy.</p><p>Stations. TR 7 (MNHN S1 STY 315). TR 16 (MNHN S1 STY 316).</p><p>This species is precisely described by Michaelsen (1918) under the name Styela marquesana but the author includes it in the S. canopus group. (p.33). Later on several authors used the species name S. marquesana for material from the south western Indian Ocean. Kott (1990) united all world wide material with the same anatomy as synonyms under a single name S. canopus owing to the absence of discriminating characters. This name likely corresponds to a group of species.</p><p>The specimens from the south of Madagascar have a brown tunic covered with epibionts. The internal lining of the siphons have alternate red and yellow stripes with numerous triangular spinules. The anatomical characters have been described by several authors: a branchial sac with 4 low folds, an elongated stomach, a close gut loop with a lobed anus, 2 gonads on each side, numerous endocarps and a atrial velum with numerous thread-like processes.</p><p>In absence of discriminating characters the general name Styela canopus is used here.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3055E11FFFB5FFB471A5CF96FB3B6D21	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Monniot, Françoise	Monniot, Françoise (2012): Some ascidians from the southern coast of Madagascar collected during the “ AtimoVatae ” survey. Zootaxa 3197: 1-42, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.246182
3055E11FFFB5FFB771A5CAB4FEC5694A.text	3055E11FFFB5FFB771A5CAB4FEC5694A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halocynthia spinosa Sluiter 1905	<div><p>Halocynthia spinosa Sluiter, 1905</p><p>(Figure 33)</p><p>Halocynthia spinosa Sluiter, 1905: 16 pl. 2 fig. 8, Djibouti. Monniot &amp; al 2001: 116 figs 55C–F and synonymy. Monniot C. 2002:108, Israel, Yemen, Mozambique.</p><p>Station. TA 41 (MNHN S2 HAL 53)</p><p>The single specimen 3cm large is covered with epibionts. The tunic is bristling with spiny papillae (Monniot &amp; al 2001 fig. 55C–F). The body wall musculature is made of crossed transverse and longitudinal ribbons. On each side the 12 branchial folds recover each other (Fig. 33 A); they have about 28 longitudinal vessels ending in long papillae near the oesophagus. On each side of the endostyle the first fold is not complete. The straight stigmata are cut by parastigmatic vessels. The digestive tract occupies the most part of the left body side (Fig. 33 B). The oesophagus is long. The stomach begins by a wide cardia with longitudinal folds (Fig. 33 B) and the pyloric part is covered by the hepatic gland. The intestine curves to join the oesophagus in a secondary loop. The edge of the anus is simple. The ovary in 2 lobes is located inside the gut loop against the body wall. The testis vesicles are spread internally over the ovary and the intestine. The female papillae are protruding; they are sided by a male papilla and take place on the rectum at the level of the secondary intestinal loop. Numerous endocarps are present.</p><p>The geographic distribution of H. spinosa extends along the western coasts of the Indian Ocean from the Red Sea to South Africa.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3055E11FFFB5FFB771A5CAB4FEC5694A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Monniot, Françoise	Monniot, Françoise (2012): Some ascidians from the southern coast of Madagascar collected during the “ AtimoVatae ” survey. Zootaxa 3197: 1-42, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.246182
3055E11FFFB6FFB771A5C8FBFEA06DAC.text	3055E11FFFB6FFB771A5C8FBFEA06DAC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Herdmania coutieri Monniot 2002	<div><p>Herdmania coutieri Monniot, 2002</p><p>(Figure 34)</p><p>Herdmania coutieri Monniot C. 2002: 108 figs 34–35AB. Red Sea, Bahrain, Djibouti, Mozambique.</p><p>Station. TR 1 (MNHN S2 HER 90)</p><p>Madagascar, Tulear, Vasseur col. (MNHN S2 HER 88)</p><p>The single specimen 38mm large has a thick tunic with the siphons well apart. The body wall is yellow with red siphons. The muscles are strong in ribbons distributed over the whole body. The oral tentacles are large and much branched. The dorsal tubercle opens in a S inside a deep V of the peripharyngeal band. The branchial sac has 9 folds on each side of 12 to 18 longitudinal vessels, ending in a long papilla at the oesophagus entrance. The digestive loop is particularly long. The stomach is covered with pointed hepatic papillae (Fig. 34). The anal edge is cut in 2 large lamellae themselves cut in irregular lobes. Both gonads are long with a central ovary surrounded by testis vesicles. The left gonad occupies the gut loop.. The female papilla is apical and simple; the male papilla opens close to it posteriorly (Fig. 34). The spicules of the common shape in Herdmania genus occur in all organs.</p><p>The species distribution includes the whole western Indian Ocean from the Red Sea to the southern coast of Madagascar</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3055E11FFFB6FFB771A5C8FBFEA06DAC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Monniot, Françoise	Monniot, Françoise (2012): Some ascidians from the southern coast of Madagascar collected during the “ AtimoVatae ” survey. Zootaxa 3197: 1-42, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.246182
3055E11FFFB6FFB971A5CB21FC076AF1.text	3055E11FFFB6FFB971A5CB21FC076AF1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Molgula dione (Savigny 1816) Savigny 1816	<div><p>Molgula dione (Savigny, 1816)</p><p>(Figure 35)</p><p>Molgula dione Savigny, 1816: 93 153 Pl.7 fig. 1. Monniot C. 2002: 115 fig 38 and synonymy, Yemen, Socotra Station. TA 56 (MNN S3 MOL.A 394)</p><p>The single specimen 5mm in diameter is spherical, covered with sand; the siphons are not visible at the surface. Removed from the tunic the edge of the siphons is cut into numerous thread-like lobes. The body wall is thin. The longitudinal muscular fibres issued from each siphon do not extend on the whole body length (Fig. 35 A). The transverse muscles are very thin. A velum is present in both siphons. The oral tentacles are large but poorly branched. The dorsal tubercle opens in a vertical slit; it is located in a deep V of the peripharyngeal band. The dorsal lamina is short. The branchial sac (Fig. 35 B) has 7 folds with the formula: right-E 3-6-5-6-6-5-2-DL-3-4-5-5-5- 4-3E left. The first dorsal fold on each side is very short. The double spirals are obvious at the top of the folds. Parastigmatic vessels are present. The gut is a long closed loop. The hepatic gland in a single lobe has round papillae. There is one gonad on each side (Fig. 35 A); the testis is against the proximal end of the ovary. The ovary is globular with a short oviduct. The sperm duct ends in a short tube protruding on the internal side of the ovary. The renal sac is oval and small.</p><p>All characters well correspond to previously collected specimens, the smallest number of branchial folds is attributed to a smaller size of the Madagascar specimens.</p><p>The species was previously recorded from the Red Sea and Yemen.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/3055E11FFFB6FFB971A5CB21FC076AF1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Monniot, Françoise	Monniot, Françoise (2012): Some ascidians from the southern coast of Madagascar collected during the “ AtimoVatae ” survey. Zootaxa 3197: 1-42, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.246182
