taxonID	type	description	language	source
569DA6966A88955190EC05124E150A6B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Partially resembles Callirhytis, Bassettia and Plagiotrochus. However, in Zapatella, the malar sulcus is absent; mesosoma strongly arched, short, as long as high in lateral view; mesoscutum with numerous fine short, interrupted transverse striae with numerous longitudinal anastomosis connecting transverse striae and together forming a net-like, delicately reticulate, irregular sculpture; the pronotum laterally delicately reticulate; the metascutellum rugoso-reticulate; the metanotal trough and the lateral area of the propodeum with dense white setae. In Callirhytis a distinct malar sulcus is present; the mesosoma less arched, always at least slightly longer than high in lateral view; the transversely orientated rugae on the mesoscutum are much stronger with much fewer anastomoses between them; the pronotum with distinct strong rugae laterally; the metascutellum rugose, never reticulate; the metanotal trough and the lateral area of the propodeum without or with very few setae. In Bassettia the mesosoma is strongly compressed dorsolaterally, distinctly longer than broad; the head always more massive from above and nearly rounded in anterior view, broader than the mesosoma. In Plagiotrochus the sculpture of the mesopleuron, the shape of propodeal carinae and the length of the prominent part of the ventral spine of the hypopygium are quite different. The most striking characters that differentiates Zapatella from the above-mentioned genera are the long prominent part of the ventral spine of the hypopygium, which is 6.0 - 8.5 times longer than broad; hind coxae with dense white setae on the dorsoposterior surface, while in the other mentioned genera the prominent part of the ventral spine of the hypopygium is very short, at most 2 - 3 times longer than broad, and hind coxae without dense setae. For more details see also the Discussion.	en	Pujade-Villar, Juli, Hanson, Paul, Medina, Claudia A., Torres, Miguel, Melika, George (2012): A new genus of oak gallwasps, Zapatella Pujade-Villar & Melika, gen. n., with a description of two new species from the Neotropics (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini). ZooKeys 210: 75-104, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.210.3014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.210.3014
569DA6966A88955190EC05124E150A6B.taxon	description	Description. Body, including antennae and legs, predominantly chestnut brown; in some species head partially, mesoscutellum and stripes on mesoscutum dark brown to black. Head 1.3 - 1.5 times as broad as high in anterior view, massive from above and slightly broader than mesosoma. Gena broadened behind eye, as broad as transverse diameter of eye; malar sulcus absent. Antenna with 11 flagellomeres in female, 13 in male. Mesosoma strongly arched, short, as long as high in lateral view. Pronotum delicately reticulate laterally; mesoscutum with numerous fine interrupted short transverse striae with numerous longitudinal anastomosis connecting transverse striae and together forming a net-like, delicately reticulate, irregular sculpture. Notauli complete (only in Zapatella herberti) or incomplete, extending to 1 / 2 - 2 / 3 length of mesoscutum, converging, deep and broad posteriorly [in some species, on first view, notauli seem to be complete; however, these are just darker lines, not impressed notauli, e. g. Zapatella quercusmedullae]. Anterior parallel lines extending to 1 / 2 length of mesoscutum; parapsidal lines distinct and broad, starting from posterior margin and extending to 1 / 2 length of mesoscutum; median mesoscutal line present or absent. Mesoscutellum 0.5 times as long as mesoscutum, as long as broad, not or only slightly overhanging metanotum, center of disk reticulate, sides and posterior 1 / 3 - 2 / 3 dull rugose; scutellar foveae present, indistinctly delimited posteriorly. Mesopleuron uniformly delicately reticulate, smooth and shiny basally. Metascutellum rugoso-reticulate; metanotal trough and lateral propodeal area with dense setae. Central propodeal area delimited by distinct subparallel or slightly bented outwards lateral propodeal carinae. Dorsoposterior surface of hind coxa with dense white setae. Tarsal claws simple, without basal lobe. Forewing venation pale yellow, indistinct, R 1 inconspicuous, hardly traceable; wing margin without cilia. 2 nd metasomal tergite with felt-like dense ring of white setae, interrupted dorsally and few setae scattered on lateral surface of tergite; narrow posterior band on 2 nd metasomal tergite and all subsequent tergites with very delicate dense micropunctures. Prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium very long, 6.0 - 8.5 times longer than broad, with very few short white setae in two rows, directed ventrally; subapical setae absent.	en	Pujade-Villar, Juli, Hanson, Paul, Medina, Claudia A., Torres, Miguel, Melika, George (2012): A new genus of oak gallwasps, Zapatella Pujade-Villar & Melika, gen. n., with a description of two new species from the Neotropics (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini). ZooKeys 210: 75-104, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.210.3014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.210.3014
569DA6966A88955190EC05124E150A6B.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Based on a word-play in football, a joke often used between some coauthors and prof. Graham N. Stone (Edinburgh University), in honour of whom one of the species is named.	en	Pujade-Villar, Juli, Hanson, Paul, Medina, Claudia A., Torres, Miguel, Melika, George (2012): A new genus of oak gallwasps, Zapatella Pujade-Villar & Melika, gen. n., with a description of two new species from the Neotropics (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini). ZooKeys 210: 75-104, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.210.3014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.210.3014
569DA6966A88955190EC05124E150A6B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Currently known fromthe Neotropics (Costa Rica and Colombia) and the Nearctic (USA, from California, through Texas to Florida and along the Atlantic coast, up to New York state), after transferring 4 Callirhytis species.	en	Pujade-Villar, Juli, Hanson, Paul, Medina, Claudia A., Torres, Miguel, Melika, George (2012): A new genus of oak gallwasps, Zapatella Pujade-Villar & Melika, gen. n., with a description of two new species from the Neotropics (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini). ZooKeys 210: 75-104, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.210.3014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.210.3014
C9B8750D7E853A0D681A2FF333575A43.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. In Zapatella three species, Zapatella oblata, Zapatella grahami sp. n. and Zapatella nievesaldreyi sp. n., have the head and mesosoma partially dark brown to black. Zapatella oblata differs from the two other mentioned species by a very long median mesoscutal line which extending to 2 / 3 of the mesoscutum length, while in Zapatella grahami and Zapatella nievesaldreyi the median mesoscutal line is absent or present in a form of a very short triangle. In Zapatella grahami the females are much darker, POL 1.4 times as broad as OOL (Fig. 2), bottom of scutellar foveae with rugae (Fig. 11), and the prominent part of the ventral spine of the hypopygium 7.5 - 8.5 times as long as broad (Figs 14, 16). In Zapatella nievesaldreyi the females are lighter, POL equal OOL (Fig. 20), bottom of scutellar foveae smooth and without rugae (Fig. 22), and the prominent part of the ventral spine of the hypopygium 6.0 - 7.0 times as long as broad (Figs 28 - 29).	en	Pujade-Villar, Juli, Hanson, Paul, Medina, Claudia A., Torres, Miguel, Melika, George (2012): A new genus of oak gallwasps, Zapatella Pujade-Villar & Melika, gen. n., with a description of two new species from the Neotropics (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini). ZooKeys 210: 75-104, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.210.3014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.210.3014
C9B8750D7E853A0D681A2FF333575A43.taxon	description	Description. Female (Figs 1 - 3, 6, 8, 9 - 16). Length. 2.6 - 3.2 mm (n = 15). Coloration. Body, including antennae and legs predominantly dark to chestnut brown. Head, brown with more or less extensive black areas on lower face, basal part of genae, central part of frons and vertex; posteriorly head dark brown to black. Antenna uniformly dark brown, F 1 - F 5 lighter; mesosoma laterally black, except brown dorsolateral area of pronotum; propleura black; mesoscutum brown, with black stripes along anterior parallel and parapsidal lines; mesoscutellum dark brown to black, with slightly lighter scutellar foveae. Propodeum uniformly black; axillula yellowish; legs uniformly brown, with darker hind legs; metasoma brown, anterodorsally darker. Head (Figs 1 - 3). Uniformly and delicately reticulated, with few white setae, 1.8 - 2.0 times as broad as long from above, 1.3 - 1.5 times as broad as high in frontal view and slightly broader than mesosoma. Gena broadened behind eye, as broad as transverse diameter of eye; malar space 0.35 - 0.4 times as long as height of eye, with delicate striae radiating from clypeus and nearly reaching eye margin, malar sulcus absent. POL 1.4 times as long as OOL; OOL 2.5 times as long as length of lateral ocellus and 1.8 times as long as LOL. Transfacial distance nearly 1.2 times as broad as height of eye; diameter of antennal torulus around 3.8 times as great as distance between them, distance between torulus and inner margin of eye equal to or slightly longer than diameter of torulus; inner margins of eyes parallel; lower face delicately coriaceous, with dense white setae, the median elevated area smooth. Clypeus small, squared, smooth, impressed in basal part, ventrally straight; anterior tentorial pits, epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line indistinct. Frons, vertex, interocellar area and occiput delicately reticulate. Postocciput alutaceous and shiny, smooth and impressed around occipital foramen; posterior tentorial pits large; height of occipital foramen as long as height of postgenal bridge; hypostomal carina emarginate, not going around oral foramen, continuing into gular sulcus. Labial palpus 3 - segmented, terminal peg distinct, all three segments densely setose; maxillary palpus 5 - segmented, terminal peg distinct, three terminal segments densely setose. Antenna (Fig. 6). With 11 flagellomeres (14: 9 x 8: 15 x 8: 19: 15: 14: 13: 11: 10: 10: 9: 8: 16); longer than head + mesosoma (48: 34); pedicel globose, as long as broad; F 1 as long as scapus; F 2 1.2 - 1.3 times as long as F 1; F 1 = F 3; F 4 - F 5 subequal and shorter, F 6 - F 10 shorter and progressively shortening in length; F 11 twice as long as F 10; placodeal sensilla distinct on F 6 - F 11, indistinct but present on F 4 - F 5, absent on F 1 - F 3. Mesosoma (Figs 9 - 12). 1.2 - 1.3 times as long as high in lateral view, with few white setae. Mesoscutum as long as broad, or only slightly longer than broad in dorsal view; with sparse scattered setae and transverse, delicate, interrupted striae which connect with longitudinally orientated weak striae, forming an irregular network of striae, and an irregularly reticulate surface sculpture. Notauli incomplete, extending at most to half length of mesoscutum; converging, deep and broad posteriorly. Anterior parallel lines extending to 1 / 2 length of mesoscutum; parapsidal lines distinct and broad, starting from posterior margin and extending to 1 / 2 length of mesoscutum; median mesoscutal line very short or absent. Mesoscutellum 0.5 times as long as mesoscutum, as long as broad, not overhanging metanotum, center of disk reticulate, sides and posterior 1 / 3 dull rugose; scutellar foveae present, ovate, not delimited posteriorly, bottom shiny, with some rugae; median carina broad. Mesopleuron uniformly delicately reticulate, smooth and shiny basally; mesopleural triangle conspicuously setose; dorsal axillar area coriaceous with numerous setae, lateral axillar area reticulo-carinate, without setae; axillula smooth, with white setae; subaxillular bar smooth, shiny, narrower than height of metanotal trough; postalar process long, strong, reticulate; metapleural sulcus reaching mesopleuron in upper 2 / 3 of its height. Metascutellum strongly reticulate, rectangular. Metanotal trough with short white setae; ventral impressed area at least twice as narrow as height of metascutellum, delicately reticulate. Propodeum setose lateraly, glabrous centrally; central propodeal area smooth, shiny, with many irregular wrinkles and rugae, lateral propodeal carinae weak, diverging anteriorly and converging in posterior 1 / 3. Nucha with irregular wrinkles and rugae. Legs (Fig. 8). Tarsal claws simple, without basal lobe; hind coxae with dense white setae on the dorsoposterior surface. Forewing (Fig. 13). Longer than body, hyaline, without cilia on margin; radial cell 3.3 times as long as broad; 2 r distinct; R 1 absent or hardly visible, Rs very inconspicuous, nearly straight; areolet absent or very indistinct. Rs + M indistinct, reaching basalis at half of its height. Metasoma (Figs 14, 16). Shorter than head + mesosoma, slightly higher than long in lateral view; base of 2 nd metasomal tergite with felt-like dense ring of white setae, interrupted dorsally and few setae scattered on lateral surface of tergite. Narrow posterior band on 2 nd metasomal tergite and all subsequent tergites with very delicate dense micropunctures. Prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium needle-like, tapering to apex, 7.5 - 8.5 times as long as broad, with two parallel rows of short white scattered setae which do not extend beyond the apex of spine. Male (Figs 4 - 5, 7, 15). Length 2.3 - 2.5 mm (n = 4). Similar to female, except in the following characters: predominantly black with few brown areas; head 2.0 times as broad as long from above, 1.2 times as broad as high and broader than mesosoma in frontal view; malar space 0.3 times as long as height of eye; POL 2.0 times as broad as OOL; OOL 2.0 times as long as length of lateral ocellus and 1.3 times as long as LOL. Antennae with 13 flagellomeres (6: 4 x 4: 11 x 3.5: 10: 9: 9: 8: 8: 7: 7: 6: 6: 6: 6: 7); longer than body (101: 93); pedicel as long as broad; F 1 slightly longer than F 2, distinctly curved, dorsally flattened and excavate; subsequent flagellomeres progressively shorter in length; F 13 longer than F 12; placodeal sensilla on all flagellomeres. Gall (Figs 17 - 18). Acorn galls. Individual chambers located in the acorn cup, often between the cup and the seed. Usually there is one gall per acorn, but sometime two or three. Biology. Only the sexual generation is known and it induces galls on Quercus costaricensis. Galls were collected in February and later in October in forests located above 3000 m altitude, adults emerged immediately after the galls were collected, in February and October. This very unusual emergence of adults in two periods may be due to the sporadic nature of the collecting and to the peculiar phenology of Quercus costaricensis. In the area where the galls were collected, Camacho and Orozco (1998) observed the flowering and fruiting phenology for a four year period (July 1986 to July 1990. The female flowers were present for ten months of the year, starting in the rainy season, with a flowering peak in the dry season. Male flowers were present for seven months, with a flowering peak from October to January, the period from the end of the rainy season and continuing to the beginning of the dry season. During the four years of observation there was only one fruiting period, which was synchronous, very productive, and extended for eight months (August 1988 to March 1989); this is one year after the initial production of female flowers and six months after the end of male flower production.	en	Pujade-Villar, Juli, Hanson, Paul, Medina, Claudia A., Torres, Miguel, Melika, George (2012): A new genus of oak gallwasps, Zapatella Pujade-Villar & Melika, gen. n., with a description of two new species from the Neotropics (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini). ZooKeys 210: 75-104, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.210.3014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.210.3014
C9B8750D7E853A0D681A2FF333575A43.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Currently known only from Costa Rica (Cerro de la Muerte).	en	Pujade-Villar, Juli, Hanson, Paul, Medina, Claudia A., Torres, Miguel, Melika, George (2012): A new genus of oak gallwasps, Zapatella Pujade-Villar & Melika, gen. n., with a description of two new species from the Neotropics (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini). ZooKeys 210: 75-104, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.210.3014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.210.3014
C9B8750D7E853A0D681A2FF333575A43.taxon	etymology	Etymology. In recognition of the continuing contribution of our friend, prof. Graham N. Stone (Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland) to research on oak gallwasps.	en	Pujade-Villar, Juli, Hanson, Paul, Medina, Claudia A., Torres, Miguel, Melika, George (2012): A new genus of oak gallwasps, Zapatella Pujade-Villar & Melika, gen. n., with a description of two new species from the Neotropics (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini). ZooKeys 210: 75-104, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.210.3014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.210.3014
0DF1C7F9E490D16884B4C3DEC05276E7.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See Diagnosis of Zapatella grahami above. It also resembles the Nearctic Callirhytis medularis Weld (see Discussion).	en	Pujade-Villar, Juli, Hanson, Paul, Medina, Claudia A., Torres, Miguel, Melika, George (2012): A new genus of oak gallwasps, Zapatella Pujade-Villar & Melika, gen. n., with a description of two new species from the Neotropics (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini). ZooKeys 210: 75-104, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.210.3014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.210.3014
0DF1C7F9E490D16884B4C3DEC05276E7.taxon	description	Description (Figs 19 - 30). Asexual form. Length. Female 1.7 - 2.8 mm (n = 50). Coloration. Body, antennae and legs uniformly reddish brown, only tips of mandibles, postocciput, propleura and tarsal claws always darker; in some specimens 3 rd and subsequent tergites darker. Head (Figs 19 - 21). Slightly broader than mesosoma, with few white sparse, short inconspicuous setae, more dense on lower face. Head very slightly transverse, only 1.2 - 1.3 times as broad as high in anterior view and massive from above, only 1.6 - 1.8 times as broad as long in dorsal view; gena broadened behind eye, broader than transverse diameter of eye, delicately uniformly reticulate; malar space without sulcus, 0.4 - 0.5 times as long as eye height, with striae radiating from clypeus and nearly reaching eye margin. Lower face delicately coriaceous, without elevated area medially. Clypeus slightly impressed, setose, alutaceous, rounded and slightly emarginate ventrally, medially not incised, anterior tentorial pits small, indistinct; epistomal sulcus and clypeo-pleurostomal line distinct. POL = OOL, OOL 2.5 times as long as length of lateral ocellus and 1.5 times as long as LOL, interocellar area microreticulate, not elevated; frons, vertex and occiput microreticulate; postocciput and postgenae alutaceous. Labial palpus 3 - segmented, terminal peg distinct, all three segments densely setose; maxillary palpus 5 - segmented, terminal peg distinct, three terminal segments densely setose. Antenna (Fig. 25). 11 flagellomeres, slightly longer than combined length of head and mesosoma; pedicel slightly longer than broad; F 1 length nearly equal to length of F 2 and slightly longer than F 3; F 6 - F 10 shorter and broader than preceding segments; F 11 2.0 times as long as F 10; placodeal sensilla on F 5 - F 11, hardly traceable or invisible on F 1 - F 4. Mesosoma (Figs 22 - 23, 27). 1.4 times as long as high, mesoscutum dorsally concave in later view. Pronotum setose, with uniformly delicately reticulate sides, without carinae posterolaterally. Mesoscutum slightly broader than long in dorsal view, with sparse scattered setae; with transverse, delicate interrupted striae which are connected with longitudinally orientated weak striae forming an irregular network of striae, together forming an irregular reticulate surface sculpture. Notauli extending nearly to half length of mesoscutum, deep and broad posteriorly, narrowing toward anterior end, with smooth bottom; median mesoscutal line absent or present in a form of short triangle; parapsidal lines distinct, extending to half length of mesoscutum; anterior parallel lines distinct, extending to 1 / 3 length of mesoscutum. Mesopleuron uniformly reticulate. Mesoscutellum as broad as long in dorsal view, centrally delicately coriaceous, dull rugose along sides and in posterior 1 / 3; scutellar foveae transversely ovate, with smooth and shiny bottom, distinctly separated medially by elevated coriaceous area. Metascutellum rugose, higher than height of smooth, shiny ventral impressed area of metanotum; metanotal trough smooth, shiny, with numerous white setae. Propodeum coriaceous, with dense white setae laterally; with smooth, shiny central propodeal area, delimited by distinct parallel lateral carinae, which slightly converge in posterior 1 / 3; anterior half of central propodeal area with dense white setae, posterior half without setae. Nucha with longitudinal rugae. Forewing (Fig. 26). Nearly as long as body, pubescent, without cilia on margins; radial cell open, around 3.5 times as long as broad; veins very light, hardly traceable; areolet indistinct, usually invisible; vein Rs + M points slightly below midway along basalis; R 1 and Rs never reach wing margin, very inconspicuous, often invisible or absent. Legs (Fig. 24). Tarsal claws simple, without basal lobe, but with broad base; hind coxae with dense white setae dorsoposteriorly. Metasoma (Figs 28 - 29). As long as head and mesosoma together, slightly longer than high; all metasomal tergites smooth and shiny; base of 2 nd metasomal tergite with felt-like dense ring of white setae, interrupted dorsally, and a few scattered setae on lateral surface of tergite. Narrow posterior band on 2 nd metasomal tergite and all subsequent tergites with very delicate, dense micropunctures. Prominent part of ventral spine of hypopygium needle-like, tapering to apex, 6.0 - 7.0 times as long as broad, with two parallel rows of short, white, scattered setae. Gall (Fig. 31). Inconspicuous galls in twigs, without visible enlargement (swelling) of the infested twig (branch). The larval cells, 2 x 1 mm, are nested in the wood parallel one to another.	en	Pujade-Villar, Juli, Hanson, Paul, Medina, Claudia A., Torres, Miguel, Melika, George (2012): A new genus of oak gallwasps, Zapatella Pujade-Villar & Melika, gen. n., with a description of two new species from the Neotropics (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini). ZooKeys 210: 75-104, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.210.3014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.210.3014
0DF1C7F9E490D16884B4C3DEC05276E7.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Currently known only from Colombia, Boyaca, from deciduous mixed broad-leaved forests located about 2000 m altitude.	en	Pujade-Villar, Juli, Hanson, Paul, Medina, Claudia A., Torres, Miguel, Melika, George (2012): A new genus of oak gallwasps, Zapatella Pujade-Villar & Melika, gen. n., with a description of two new species from the Neotropics (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini). ZooKeys 210: 75-104, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.210.3014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.210.3014
0DF1C7F9E490D16884B4C3DEC05276E7.taxon	etymology	Etymology. In recognition of the continuing contribution of Dr. Jose Luis Nieves-Aldrey (Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biologia Evolutiva, Madrid, Spain) to research on oak gallwasps.	en	Pujade-Villar, Juli, Hanson, Paul, Medina, Claudia A., Torres, Miguel, Melika, George (2012): A new genus of oak gallwasps, Zapatella Pujade-Villar & Melika, gen. n., with a description of two new species from the Neotropics (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Cynipini). ZooKeys 210: 75-104, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.210.3014, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.210.3014
