taxonID	type	description	language	source
2B618785FFFCEC7DFB89C18BFE3B90F5.taxon	type_taxon	Type species — By monotypy. Buccinum echinophorum Linné, 1758 (= Morio echinophora Linné, 1758). Pliocene to Recent, southern Europe to Mediterranean. Geologic range — Late Cretaceous (Santonian to early Campanian) to Recent. Galeodea is present in middle Miocene to early Pliocene strata, as well as rarely to uncommonly in the modern record; namely, in the Dominican Republic and elsewhere in the Caribbean Sea region (Beu 2010).	en	Squires, Richard L. (2019): Revision of Eocene warm-water cassid gastropods from coastal southwestern North America: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal-turnover. PaleoBios 36: 1-22, DOI: 10.5070/P9361043434
2B618785FFFCEC7DFB89C18BFE3B90F5.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis — Spire moderately low to moderately high, partially submerged or not. Radial ribs absent on spire. Last-whorl shoulder distinct, tabulate (common) or rounded, and bearing nodes strong (common) or weak. Anterior siphonal canal moderately short to long, twisted (leftward), and unnotched (therefore no siphonal fasciole). Canal reflected leftward and upward (dorsally). Aperture moderately wide; inner lip can have lirae or pustules; posterior end of inner canal can have parietal node and consequent restriction. Shell can have multiple episodic varices, and terminal varix weak to prominent; outer lip can be slightly flared and can bear denticles on its interior.	en	Squires, Richard L. (2019): Revision of Eocene warm-water cassid gastropods from coastal southwestern North America: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal-turnover. PaleoBios 36: 1-22, DOI: 10.5070/P9361043434
2B618785FFFCEC7DFB89C18BFE3B90F5.taxon	discussion	Remarks — Dall (1909: p. 64) gave a very detailed synonymy, up to the year 1909, of Galeodea, and Beu (2010: p. 231) gave nine genus-group names. Beu (2008) demonstrated that Galeodea belongs in the Cassinae. He commented that protoconchs of all the Recent Galeodea species have almost no specific characters. They are like Provincial Key Ma Epochs Chrons Polarity / Nannos Stages Molluscan and biozones Stages Stratigraphic Units Taxa / Ranges Climate Events Faunal 30 Olig. Lower C 12 CP CP 16 17 Rupelian Matlockian Liracassis rex Blakeley cooler water 35 Upper C C C C 16 15 17 13 CP 15 Priabonian Galvinian Echinophoria E E .. dalli fax Keasey Cowlitz Tukwila Creek Lincoln sutterensis cooling global turnover fauna turnover 40 Middle C C 18 19 CP 14 Bartonian ″ Tejon ” Tejon meganosensis Galeodea californica Galeodea Galeodea tuberculiformis warmwater fauna C 20 CP 13 Lutetian ″ Transition ” up. Juncal 45 Eocene C 21 CP 12 ″ Domengine ” Domengine Llajas Galeodea louella trituberculata conditions warm 50 Lower C C 22 23 CP CP 10 11 Ypresian ″ Capay ” Lodo Capay up low Crescent Maniobra Lookingglass. Juncal. Juncal Shale Galeodea Echinophoria Paleocene- Meganos Eocene C 24 CP 9 ″ Meganos ” up. Santa Thermal taxa Influx from of 55 Susana Maximum (PETM) the CP 8 Tethyan Paleocene Upper C 25 CP CP 7 6 Thanetian ″ Martinez ” cassids cassine phaliine cassids Realm the protoconch of G. echinophora, the type species of Galeodea, in that they are all very small, blunt, and paucispiral (Beu 2008: figs. 11 A, C, E). Some Eocene species of Galeodea have a long anterior canal (Gardner 1939), but other species do not.	en	Squires, Richard L. (2019): Revision of Eocene warm-water cassid gastropods from coastal southwestern North America: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal-turnover. PaleoBios 36: 1-22, DOI: 10.5070/P9361043434
2B618785FFFDEC70FF65C4B3FD5F907B.taxon	description	FIG. 3 A – D Galeodea sutterensis “ Dickerson. ” Clark and Woodford, 1927. p. 113; pl. 19, fig. 21 [misidentification].	en	Squires, Richard L. (2019): Revision of Eocene warm-water cassid gastropods from coastal southwestern North America: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal-turnover. PaleoBios 36: 1-22, DOI: 10.5070/P9361043434
2B618785FFFDEC70FF65C4B3FD5F907B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined — The ten specimens include: Plaster replica of holotype, hypotypes LACMIP 7474, 7711, 14829, 14830, and five unfigured specimens from LACMIP Locality 40827. Emended description — Shell small to medium size (up to 33 mm height, incomplete). Shape globose with small spire and large subquadrate last whorl. Spire relatively high, last whorl with two carinae; carina on shoul- der strongest with approximately 11 spinose tubercles; second carina noticeably weaker also with approximately 11 tubercles (rounded, not spinose) becoming weaker toward outer lip and unaligned relative to nodes on shoulder. Spiral thread with minute nodes can be present medially in interspace between carinae, and another spiral thread with minute nodes can be present anterior to second carina. Shell surface otherwise covered with very fine spiral threads, with cancellate patches. Anterior siphonal canal broken but shows twisting. Episodic varix uncommon but thick. Terminal varix narrowly thickened. Stratigraphic occurrence — Lower Eocene, northern to southern California. “ Meganos Stage ”: Meganos Formation, Deer Valley, north side of Mount Diablo, Contra Costa County, northern California (Vokes 1939, Clark and Woodward 1927). “ Capay Stage ”: Lodo Formation, Cerros Shale Member [= new information: UCMP locality 1817; for locality details, see Squires (1988 c)], Urruttia Canyon, north of Coalinga, Fresno County, northern California. Lower Juncal Formation, Whitaker Peak, Los Angeles County, southern California (Squires 1987). “ Domengine Stage ”: Juncal Formation?, northern Lockwood Valley, Ventura County, southern California (Squires 1988 b) [for age update, see Squires (2000)].	en	Squires, Richard L. (2019): Revision of Eocene warm-water cassid gastropods from coastal southwestern North America: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal-turnover. PaleoBios 36: 1-22, DOI: 10.5070/P9361043434
2B618785FFFDEC70FF65C4B3FD5F907B.taxon	discussion	Remarks — Vokes (1939) recognized that Clark and Woodford (1927) misidentified a new gastropod as Galeodea sutterensis Dickerson, 1916. Vokes (1939) named this new gastropod G. meganosensis and regarded it to be a subspecies of G. sutterensis. Based on its less submerged spire, only two carinae (never three), more nodes, and shell covered otherwise with fine spiral threads, G. meganosensis is regarded herein a distinct species.	en	Squires, Richard L. (2019): Revision of Eocene warm-water cassid gastropods from coastal southwestern North America: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal-turnover. PaleoBios 36: 1-22, DOI: 10.5070/P9361043434
2B618785FFF0EC71FC24C2D7FA8E9025.taxon	description	FIG. 3 E – M	en	Squires, Richard L. (2019): Revision of Eocene warm-water cassid gastropods from coastal southwestern North America: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal-turnover. PaleoBios 36: 1-22, DOI: 10.5070/P9361043434
2B618785FFF0EC71FC24C2D7FA8E9025.taxon	description	Primary Type Material — Of G. sutterensis, holotype UCMP 11782, Locality UCMP 1853, Capay Shale, Sutter Buttes (= Marysville Buttes), Sutter County, northern California. Of G. susanae, holotype CASG 1753, Locality CASG 372, Llajas Formation, north side Simi Valley, southern California; paratypes CASG 1754, 1755, Llajas Formation; paratype CASG 1756, Lookingglass Formation, Glide, Douglas County, southwestern Oregon.	en	Squires, Richard L. (2019): Revision of Eocene warm-water cassid gastropods from coastal southwestern North America: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal-turnover. PaleoBios 36: 1-22, DOI: 10.5070/P9361043434
2B618785FFF0EC71FC24C2D7FA8E9025.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined — The forty-two specimens include: Hypotypes LACMIP 13425, 14831 - 14833, and the following unfigured specimens: one from LACMIP Locality L 1165, two from LACMIP Locality 2777, three from LACMIP Locality 7206, four from LACMIP Locality 7207, ten from LACMIP Locality 7210, three from LACMIP Locality 22362, and fifteen from LACMIP Locality 40371. Emended description — Shell small to medium size (up to 55 mm high, complete). Shape globose with small spire and large subquadrate last whorl. Protoconch small and smooth, naticoid, about three whorls. Teleoconch about 3.5 large whorls. Spire partly submerged. No sutural cord. Penultimate whorl commonly unevenly submerged. Last whorl subquadrate, spiral sculpture much stronger than axial sculpture, with posterior two-thirds of whorl having widely spaced two or, less commonly, three carinae (anteriormost carina can become obsolete toward the outer lip). Carinae bear tubercles, either spinose and long or, less commonly, narrow; tu- bercules unaligned between rows; carina on shoulder with 7 to 12 nodes. Teleoconch covered by numerous, closely spaced fine spirals, not necessarily minutely cancellate; fine spirals can alternate in strength and can be strongest on last whorl neck. Inner lip and columellar lip callus merge, with resultant callus extensive, project- ing laterally short distance, creating two false umbilici (one adjacent to neck and one adjacent to anterior end of canal). Neck constricted. Anterior canal long, slender, reflected sideways (laterally to the left) approximately 42 °, and unnotched. Aperture moderately wide but constricted (grooved) at posterior end. Episodic varices normally lacking. Terminal varix narrow or phlange-like refection with exterior and interior smooth. Stratigraphic occurrence — Lower to middle Eocene, southwestern Oregon to Baja California Sur, Mexico. “ Capay Stage ”: Lookingglass Formation, Douglas County, southwestern Oregon (Turner 1938; Weaver 1942); Capay Shale, Sutter Buttes, Sutter County, northern California (Dickerson 1916); Lodo Formation, Cerros Shale Member, Urruttia Canyon, north of Coalinga, Fresno County, northern California (Vokes 1939) [UCMP Locality 1817, for updated locality details, see Squires (1988 c)]; Juncal Formation, Pine Mountain area, Ventura County, southern California (Givens 1974); Juncal Formation, Whitaker Peak (near basement contact), Los Angeles County, southern California (Squires 1987); Juncal Formation, Elsmere Canyon, Los Angeles County, southern California (Squires 2008). Maniobra Formation (near basement contact), Orocopia Mountains, Riverside County, southern California (Squires and Advocate 1986; Squires 1991); Bateque Formation, Baja California Sur, Mexico (Squires and Demetrion 1992). “ Domengine Stage ”: Domengine Formation, Coalinga area, San Benito County, northern California (Vokes, 1939). Llajas Formation (shallow-marine [transgressive] facies), Devil Canyon, Santa Susana Mountains, just east of northern side of Simi Valley, Los Angeles County, southern California (Schenck 1926; Squires 1984). Ardath Shale, San Diego, San Diego County, southern California (Givens and Kennedy 1979). Juncal Formation?, northern Lockwood Valley, Ventura County, southern California (Squires 1988 b) [for age update, see (Squires 2000)]. “ Tejon Stage ”: Tejon Fm, probably Liveoak Member [= including new information: LACMIP Locality 22340; for locality details, see Squires (1989: appendix)], Tehachapi Mountains, Kern County, southern California.	en	Squires, Richard L. (2019): Revision of Eocene warm-water cassid gastropods from coastal southwestern North America: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal-turnover. PaleoBios 36: 1-22, DOI: 10.5070/P9361043434
2B618785FFF0EC71FC24C2D7FA8E9025.taxon	discussion	Remarks — Galeodea sutterensis and G. susanae are considered to be synonyms because of their closely similar morphology, which is not unique to either one. Galeodea sutterensis, which has been reported previously from lower Eocene (“ Capay Stage ”) strata, commonly has three rows of spiral nodes on the last whorl. Galeodea susanae, which has been reported previously from middle Eocene (“ Capay / Domengine ” boundary strata and “ Domengine Stage ”) strata, commonly has two rows of spiral nodes on the last whorl. Galeodea susanae, however, can have three spiral rows (Fig. 3 K-M). The anterior canal is broken on all known specimens of G. sutterensis, except for a single specimen from the middle Eocene Llajas Formation in northern Simi Valley, southern California. This specimen, which has retained its long anterior canal (Fig. 3 H – J), is remarkably similar to Galeodea turneri Gardner (1939: p. 25, pl. 8, figs. 1, 4) from lower Eocene strata in Bastrop County, Texas. Galeodea sutterensis differs by having a less submerged spire and a ramp without weak to moderately weak axial ridges extending to each node on the shoulder of the last whorl. Galeodea sutterensis is recognized herein for the first time in the Tejon Formation. It co-occurs there with the cassid Echinophoria trituberculta (Weaver, 1912) at LACMIP Locality 22340. The Tejon Formation G. sutterensis specimens are small-medium in size (up to 38 mm height) and can have good preservation, except they are incomplete and most consist of large fragments of the last whorl with widely spaced spines.	en	Squires, Richard L. (2019): Revision of Eocene warm-water cassid gastropods from coastal southwestern North America: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal-turnover. PaleoBios 36: 1-22, DOI: 10.5070/P9361043434
2B618785FFF1EC72FCECC46CFD6A9093.taxon	description	FIG. 3 N – P	en	Squires, Richard L. (2019): Revision of Eocene warm-water cassid gastropods from coastal southwestern North America: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal-turnover. PaleoBios 36: 1-22, DOI: 10.5070/P9361043434
2B618785FFF1EC72FCECC46CFD6A9093.taxon	description	Primary Type Material — Holotype LACMIP 7166 and paratype LACMIP 7167; both from Locality LACMIP 40665, Maniobra Formation, Orocopia Mountains, Riverside County, southern California.	en	Squires, Richard L. (2019): Revision of Eocene warm-water cassid gastropods from coastal southwestern North America: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal-turnover. PaleoBios 36: 1-22, DOI: 10.5070/P9361043434
2B618785FFF1EC72FCECC46CFD6A9093.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined — The four specimens include: Holotype, paratype, hypotype LACMIP 8836, and one unfigured specimen from LACMIP Locality 40662. Emended description — Shell small to medium size (up to 25 mm height, incomplete). Shape ovate to subglobose. Protoconch conial, paucispiral. Uppermost spire whorls rounded. Penultimate whorl partially submerged with carina bearing small, thin and narrow spinose nodes. Last whorl with three carinae; carinae evenly spaced, or second and third carinae can be closer spaced to each other. Carina on shoulder shoulder bearing 12 to 16 small, thin and narrow spinose nodes; second carina with much finer nodes; third carinae smooth. Shell covered otherwise by minute, non-cancellate spiral threads. Aperture narrrow to moderately wide. Several spiral lirae on columella at the anterior end of aperture. Anterior canal region nearly entirely missing, except for short remnant of canal showing evidence of twisting. No varices observed. Stratigraphic occurrence — Lower Eocene. Southern California to Baja California Sur, Mexico. “ Capay Stage ”: Maniobra Formation, Orocopia Mountains, Riverside County, southern California (Squires and Advocate 1986; Squires 1991). Bateque Formation, eastern San Ignacio area, Baja California Sur, Mexico (Squires and Demetrion 1994).	en	Squires, Richard L. (2019): Revision of Eocene warm-water cassid gastropods from coastal southwestern North America: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal-turnover. PaleoBios 36: 1-22, DOI: 10.5070/P9361043434
2B618785FFF1EC72FCECC46CFD6A9093.taxon	discussion	Remarks — Preservation is moderately poor. Specimens are weathered, and the outer lip morphology can- not be determined. Galeodea louella is removed herein from Phalium (Semicassis) Mörch, 1852 and placed in Galeodea because of the overall Galeodea shape of the last whorl, several carinae with nodes, and absence of parietal columellar shield. The paratype (Fig. 3 N) of G. louella, which is figured for the first time, shows better than its holotype how remarkably similar this species is to Galeodea gallica Wrigley, 1934 from England, France, and Denmark. Galeodea louella differs from it by having fewer small nodes on the shoulder of the last whorl.	en	Squires, Richard L. (2019): Revision of Eocene warm-water cassid gastropods from coastal southwestern North America: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal-turnover. PaleoBios 36: 1-22, DOI: 10.5070/P9361043434
2B618785FFF2EC72FE90C511FC2E90F0.taxon	description	FIG. 4 A – C	en	Squires, Richard L. (2019): Revision of Eocene warm-water cassid gastropods from coastal southwestern North America: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal-turnover. PaleoBios 36: 1-22, DOI: 10.5070/P9361043434
2B618785FFF2EC72FE90C511FC2E90F0.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined — The thirty-one specimens include: Hypotypes LACMIP 6530, 14834, and 28 unfigured topotype specimens. Emended description — Shell small to medium size (up to 33 mm height, incomplete), globose with thin shell. Spire very small, low, mostly submerged. Sutural “ ramp ” flat, between spire and last whorl. Callus thin to absent on parietal region of inner lip. Spiral ribs prominent, numerous, and smooth with wide interspaces, especially on most of last whorl. Spiral ribs on neck much thinner, very weak, and bearing closely spaced minute weak nodes. Interspaces on shell neck narrower and bearing three or four spiral threads. Anterior canal moderately long, twisted leftward (broken on nearly all specimens), and umbilicate. Episodic varices lacking. Terminal varix wide, flange-like, and reflected. Stratigraphic occurrence — Lower Eocene to lower middle Eocene, southern California to Baja California Sur, Mexico. “ Capay Stage ”: Bateque Formation, Baja California Sur, Mexico (Squires and Demetrion 1994); “ Domengine Stage ”: Juncal Formation?, northern Lockwood Valley, Ventura County, southern California (Squires 1988 c; [for age update, see Squires (2000)]. Llajas Formation, Simi Valley, Ventura County, southern California (Clark 1942; Squires 1984); lower Scripps Formation, San Diego, San Diego County, southern California (Givens and Kennedy 1979).	en	Squires, Richard L. (2019): Revision of Eocene warm-water cassid gastropods from coastal southwestern North America: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal-turnover. PaleoBios 36: 1-22, DOI: 10.5070/P9361043434
2B618785FFF2EC72FE90C511FC2E90F0.taxon	discussion	Remarks — Most of the specimens are internal molds or nearly so. The anterior canal is broken off on nearly all of them. Clark (1942) named Caliagaleodea as a subgenus of Galeodea. Beu (2008: p. 288) regarded Caliagaleodea as a synonym.	en	Squires, Richard L. (2019): Revision of Eocene warm-water cassid gastropods from coastal southwestern North America: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal-turnover. PaleoBios 36: 1-22, DOI: 10.5070/P9361043434
2B618785FFF2EC75FC3FC4B0FE9893D6.taxon	description	FIGS. 4 D – H	en	Squires, Richard L. (2019): Revision of Eocene warm-water cassid gastropods from coastal southwestern North America: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal-turnover. PaleoBios 36: 1-22, DOI: 10.5070/P9361043434
2B618785FFF2EC75FC3FC4B0FE9893D6.taxon	description	Cassadaria [sic] (Phalium) turberculata [sic] Dall, in Diller (1896. p. 458). Galeodea tuberculata (Gabb). Dickerson, 1916. pl. 42, fig. 2. Galeodea (Morio) tuberculata (Gabb). Waring, 1917. pl. 15, fig. 17.	en	Squires, Richard L. (2019): Revision of Eocene warm-water cassid gastropods from coastal southwestern North America: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal-turnover. PaleoBios 36: 1-22, DOI: 10.5070/P9361043434
2B618785FFF2EC75FC3FC4B0FE9893D6.taxon	description	Phalium tuberculiformis (Hanna). Givens and Kennedy, 1979. pp. 86, 88.	en	Squires, Richard L. (2019): Revision of Eocene warm-water cassid gastropods from coastal southwestern North America: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal-turnover. PaleoBios 36: 1-22, DOI: 10.5070/P9361043434
2B618785FFF2EC75FC3FC4B0FE9893D6.taxon	description	Primary Type Material — Lectotype ANSP 4343, designated by Stewart (1927: p. 380), Muir Sandstone, Bull’s Head Point, Martinez, north of Mount Diablo, Contra Costa County, northern California (Weaver 1953).	en	Squires, Richard L. (2019): Revision of Eocene warm-water cassid gastropods from coastal southwestern North America: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal-turnover. PaleoBios 36: 1-22, DOI: 10.5070/P9361043434
2B618785FFF2EC75FC3FC4B0FE9893D6.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined — The thirty-six specimens include: Hypotypes LACMIP 6532 and 14835, plaster replica of lectotype ANSP 4343, and the following unfigured specimens: eleven from LACMIP Locality 7180, two from LACMIP Locality 40371, nineteen from LACMIP Locality 40374, and one from LACMIP loc. 40764. Emended description — Size moderately small, height up to 34.2 mm height. Immature shell fusiform, early adults can have moderately high spire and tabulate last whorl, whereas late adults can have lower spire and somewhat “ rounded-look ” on periphery of last whorl or less, commonly, tabulate shoulder. Protoconch low (naticoid) or moderately high, 2.5 smooth whorls, with abrupt contact with earliest sculptured whorl. Teleoconch up to 3.5 whorls. Spire overall low, 0.23 to 0.24 of shell height, partially submerged. Radial ribs present on spire whorls. Suture impressed and somewhat wavy; bordered by sutural cord only on some upper spire whorls. Sutural ramp moderately inclined. Last whorl enlarged, posterior two-thirds of last whorl with widely spaced three (rarely four) carinae bearing spinose nodes (unaligned between carinae); anteriormost carina much weaker and with weaker nodes; carina on shoulder with 10 nodes. Sculpture on rest of shell (including short neck) consisting of many, closely spaced, spiral threads (visible to naked eye) crossed by growth lines and minutely cancellate, commonly producing “ beaded ” look on well preserved individuals. Parietal / columellar lip callus wide and well developed; separated from shell and forming umbilicus anteriorly. Siphonal canal moderately short, twisted, and unnotched; 7 to 8 transverse lirae on callused columellar lip with lirae becoming more closely spaced toward anterior end of aperture. Siphonal canal dorsally directed, with false umbilicus at posterior end. Episodic varix (or two varices) can be present (rarely none) but only on last whorl; location of varices variable. Terminal varix thick and with well developed denticles on inner edge of varix; posteriormost denticle can be prominent, thereby creating constriction in this region. Stratigraphic occurrence — Lower to middle Eocene, southwestern Washington to San Diego, California. “ Meganos Stage ”: Upper Santa Susana Formation, south side Simi Valley, Ventura County, southern California (Squires 1999). “ Capay Stage ”: Bateque Formation, San Ignacio area, Baja California Sur, Mexico (Squires and Demetrion 1994). “ Domengine Stage ”: Domengine Formation, Coalinga area, San Benito County, central California (Vokes 1939); Avenal Sandstone, Reef Ridge area, Kings County, central California (Kappeler et al. 1984). Muir Sandstone, Contra Costa County, northern California (Weaver 1953). Upper Juncal Formation, Pine Mountain area, Ventura County, southern California (Givens 1974). Upper Juncal Formation and Matilija Sandstone?, Whitaker Peak area, Ventura County, southern California (Squires 1987). Llajas Formation, Ventura County, southern California (Squires 1984). Ardath Shale, San Diego County (Givens and Kennedy 1979).	en	Squires, Richard L. (2019): Revision of Eocene warm-water cassid gastropods from coastal southwestern North America: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal-turnover. PaleoBios 36: 1-22, DOI: 10.5070/P9361043434
2B618785FFF2EC75FC3FC4B0FE9893D6.taxon	discussion	Remarks — Figure 4 D shows the prominent posteriormost denticle on the interior of the outer lip. Although the anterior siphonal canal is damaged or broken on most specimens, a few specimens from the Llajas Formation show that this canal is short, twisted, not notched (Fig. 4 H), and with an angular left-lateral edge. At one locality in the Llajas Formation of Simi Valley, southern California, four out of 16 specimens of this species have an episodic varix, and one of these specimens has two episodic varices. The strength of the fine-beaded spiral sculpture on G. tuberculiformis is largely a function of how much a specimen is weathered. Beu (2008: p. 289) reported that G. tuberculiformis is more like a species of Cassis, but Cassis has a well developed siphonal notch, whereas tuberculiformis is unnotched. Galeodea tuberculiformis has the most widespread latitudinal distribution of any of the cassids found in the CSWNA region (Fig. 1). It is found, therefore, in numerous formations, and it is likely the earliest cassid found in this region (Fig. 2). As noted by Durham (1942), it is very similar to Galeodea coronota (Deshayes, 1830) of middle Eocene (Lutetian) age in England and France (see Wrigley 1934: pl. 17, figs. 36 – 38). For discussions regarding whether or not Hanna (1924) was justified in renaming Gabb’s (1864) tuberculatus, see Schenck (1926), Stewart (1927), and Abbott (1968: p. 60). The renaming was necessary, however, because Dall (in Diller 1896: p. 458) used the name Cassadaria (Phalium) turberculata [sic] (Gabb), which created a secondary homonym of Cassidaria tuberculata Risso, 1826.	en	Squires, Richard L. (2019): Revision of Eocene warm-water cassid gastropods from coastal southwestern North America: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal-turnover. PaleoBios 36: 1-22, DOI: 10.5070/P9361043434
2B618785FFF5EC75FE8EC7FEFA3E90B1.taxon	type_taxon	Type species — By subsequent designation (Dall, 1909), Buccinum intermedium Brocchi, 1814. Oligocene and Miocene of Italy (Abbott 1968: p. 96). Geologic range — Middle Eocene to Recent. Echinophoria is present in middle Miocene to early Pliocene strata, as well as uncommonly in the modern record, in the Dominican Republic and elsewhere in the Caribbean Sea region (Beu 2010).	en	Squires, Richard L. (2019): Revision of Eocene warm-water cassid gastropods from coastal southwestern North America: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal-turnover. PaleoBios 36: 1-22, DOI: 10.5070/P9361043434
2B618785FFF5EC75FE8EC7FEFA3E90B1.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis — Spire height moderately low. Inner lip callus thin or absent and columellar callus absent; no false umbilici created by calluses. Aperture wide. Columella long, anterior siphonal canal strongly twisted, slightly to moderately notched, and fasciolate. Siphonal fasciole very distinct, with posterior edge of anterior canal noticeably producing two long “ plica-like ” spiral structures extending across ventral surface of siphonal canal and reaching notch area; siphonal fasciole separated from base of last whorl by distinct groove. Previous varices rare (on fossils), absent (on modern specimens). Episodic varices rare on fossils and very rare to absent on modern specimens. Terminal varix on outer lip thin to thickened and reflected (Beu 2010: p. 231).	en	Squires, Richard L. (2019): Revision of Eocene warm-water cassid gastropods from coastal southwestern North America: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal-turnover. PaleoBios 36: 1-22, DOI: 10.5070/P9361043434
2B618785FFF5EC75FE8EC7FEFA3E90B1.taxon	discussion	Remarks — Beu (2010: p. 242) gave six genus-groups names of Echinophoria. The protoconch of Echinophoria is low-turbiniform, with a well-impressed suture and about three strongly inflated, smooth whorls. Beu (2008, 2010) opined that Echinophoria, with its prominent sculpture resembling that of Galeodea, is likely to have been the stem group of the Phaliinae, evolving from Galeodea late in Cretaceous time. Durham (1942) was the first to recognize the presence of Echinophoria in the CSWNA region, and he used Echinophoria species to help establish a cassid-biostratigraphic zonation scheme for the Pacific Northwest (PNW). This zonation was developed further and expanded by Armentrout (1975: pp. 18 – 25). Moore (1984) used the phylogeny of the phaliine genera Echinophoria and especially Liracassis for the purpose of also furthering the PNW cassid-biostratigraphic zones. Prothero and Armentrout (1985) used high-resolution, magnetostratigraphy for refining these zones, and this technique was utilized further by Prothero (2001: fig. 2), Prothero (2003: fig. 1.3), Nesbitt (2003: fig. 4.1), and Nesbitt et al. (2010) to update the cassid zonation. The Galeodea trituberculata zone, which includes the Cowlitz Formation and the tropical-Eocene fauna, is followed, in vertical stratigraphic succession, by the cooler water Echinophoria dalli, E. fax, and Liracassis zones (Fig. 2). Liracassis is one of several genera that diverged from Echinophoria during the Cenozoic but is now extinct (Beu 2008: p. 362). Echinophoria differs from Liracassis by having a smaller shell size, absence of strap-like spiral ribs, spiral ribbing never as dominant, nodes never as weak, longer and straighter anterior canal, and weaker development of longitudinal spiral cords on the anterior canal.	en	Squires, Richard L. (2019): Revision of Eocene warm-water cassid gastropods from coastal southwestern North America: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal-turnover. PaleoBios 36: 1-22, DOI: 10.5070/P9361043434
2B618785FFF5EC77FC1BC4F7FDA49234.taxon	description	FIG. 4 I – P	en	Squires, Richard L. (2019): Revision of Eocene warm-water cassid gastropods from coastal southwestern North America: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal-turnover. PaleoBios 36: 1-22, DOI: 10.5070/P9361043434
2B618785FFF5EC77FC1BC4F7FDA49234.taxon	description	Phalium (Echinophoria) trituberculatum (Weaver). Abbott, 1968. p. 109; pl. 93 (three views). Echinophoria cf. E. trituberculata (Weaver). Givens, 1974. p. 79. Primary Type Material — Holotype CASG 7612, UWBM Locality 232, north bank of Cowlitz River 2.4 km east of Vader, Cowlitz Formation, Lewis County, southwestern Washington.	en	Squires, Richard L. (2019): Revision of Eocene warm-water cassid gastropods from coastal southwestern North America: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal-turnover. PaleoBios 36: 1-22, DOI: 10.5070/P9361043434
2B618785FFF5EC77FC1BC4F7FDA49234.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined — The twenty-eight specimens include: Hypotypes (LACMIP 14836 – 14838) and 25 unfigured specimens: 15 from LACMIP Locality 22430 (Tejon Formation, Grapevine Canyon, Kern County, southern California, nine from LACMIP Locality 5654 (Cowlitz Formation, near Vader, Lewis County, southwestern Washington), one from LACMIP Locality 2777 (Llajas Formation, north side Simi Valley, Ventura County, southern California). Emended description — Shell small to medium size (up to 60 mm height); transition at approximately 22 mm height from immature specimens (fusiform with apertural sculpture abundant) to mature specimens (globose quadrate shape with apertural sculpture absent). Spire medium high. Sutural cord can be present. Sutural ramp low. Last whorl with three carinae (anteriormost carina slightly weaker), all with nodes, which become progres- sively stronger toward outer lip. Carina on shoulder with 11 widely spaced spinose tubercles; second carina with 11 nodes; third carina with nine nodes, but nodes can be essentially obsolete toward aperture. Shell surface mostly covered with minute spiral threads generally all same size, but finer threads can be irregularly and randomly present (i. e., not in a repeating pattern); base of last whorl with spiral ribs, becoming stronger anteriorly. Columellar callus moderately thick on immature specimens and bearing lirae in parietal area and bearing granules on posterior part of columella; columellar callus without sculpture and thin on mature specimens, with nodes showing through. Columella on mature specimens bearing faint spiral lines beneath callus. Columella long and overall straight, except at twisted anterior end. Peristome with moderate notch. Anterior siphonal canal with deep groove adajacent to twisted columellar end; fasciole well developed, especially over angulate adaxial side of canal. False umbilicus present. Outer lip on immature specimens thickened, with interior bearing numerous elongate denticles separated by deep grooves on immature specimens. Outer lip on mature specimens narrow, reflected, and with interior denticles or grooves becoming much less apparent with growth. Episodic varices rare. Terminal varix present. Stratigraphic occurrence — Middle Eocene to low- ermost upper Eocene, southwestern Washington to southern California. Lower part of “ Tejon Stage ”: Matilija Sandstone, Pine Mountain area, Ventura County (Givens 1974). Tejon Formation (Anderson and Hanna 1925), probably Liveoak Member, Kern County, southern California. Uppermost part of “ Tejon Stage, ” Cowlitz Formation, Lewis County, southwestern Washington; Tukwila Formation, King County, southwestern Washington (Mc- Williams 1971, Nesbitt 1998).	en	Squires, Richard L. (2019): Revision of Eocene warm-water cassid gastropods from coastal southwestern North America: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal-turnover. PaleoBios 36: 1-22, DOI: 10.5070/P9361043434
2B618785FFF5EC77FC1BC4F7FDA49234.taxon	discussion	Remarks — Specimens from the Cowlitz Formation show the best preservation. Specimens from the Tejon Formation are commonly well preserved fragments, which are missing the anterior canal because of improper removal of the well-indurated rock matrix. Early workers assigned this species to genus Galeodea, and starting with Durham (1942), workers assigned it to genus Echinophoria. Well preserved specimens of Echinophoria are characterized by the presence of a longitudinal spiral cord on the anterior canal (Beu 2008: p. 287), as well as the development of a sutural cord. Development of both of these features on the CSWNA specimens of E. trituberculata can be absent, extremely faint (Tejon Formation specimens), or prominent (Cowlitz Formation specimens). These differences are probably the function of preservation. Some specimens of Echinophoria trituberculata can resemble Galeodea tuberculiformis, but E. trituberculata differs by having a shell with a larger maximum size (up to 60 mm vs. 34 mm), its spire can be less submerged, ramp flatter, sutural cord present on all whorls, spirals stronger on the last whorl and with more spinose tubercles, spirals coarser on neck, fine sculpture not beaded and rarely cancellate or not at all, parietal shield commonly not present or weaker. In addition, E. trituberculata has its anterior siphon more twisted, left side of fasciole angulate (keeled) rather than rounded and with deeper channel, anterior canal notched, longer and also wider with a slight longitudinal indentation, and episodic varices not as common. Echinophoria tritubercula differs from the late Eocene to early Oligocene E. dalli (Dickerson, 1917), found predominantly in the Keasey Formation in the Veronia area of northwest Oregon (Hickman 1980), in having weaker spiral sculpture between carinae, thicker parietal callus, and a thicker outer lip. Echinophoria trituberculata differs from the latest Eocene to early Oligocene Echinophoria fax (Tegland, 1931), found predominantly in the Lincoln Creek Formation in western Washington, by having no fourth carina, fewer (10 versus 14) nodes on shoulder of last whorl, noticeably finer less spiral sculpture between the carinae on the last whorl, and weaker spiral ribs on base of last whorl. Weaver and Kleinpell (1963: p. 190, pl. 25, fig. 11) reported Echinophoria trituberculata (Weaver) from the Matilija Sandstone [“ Tejon Stage ”] in the Pine Mountain area, Santa Barbara County, southern California. Their report is based on a poorly preserved single specimen whose anterior canal is missing, thus identification as to genus and / or species is not possible.	en	Squires, Richard L. (2019): Revision of Eocene warm-water cassid gastropods from coastal southwestern North America: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal-turnover. PaleoBios 36: 1-22, DOI: 10.5070/P9361043434
2B618785FFF7EC68FF08C68FFDA6925B.taxon	discussion	Remarks — This species is based on only its holotype, a specimen whose height is 16 mm. Tegland (1931) mentioned that the holotype has a close resemblance to a cassid from lower Oligocene deposits in Townsend Bay, Washington. Durham (1942: p. 186) commented that the holotype resembles G. tuberculiformis, but the meager material available for crescentensis prevents accurate taxonomic assignment of Weaver and Palmer’s gastropod. A partially crushed questionable specimen of G. crescentensis (hypotype UCMP 31310), which was illustrated by Schenck (1926: p. 85, pl. 15, fig. 8) from the Crescent Formation in Washington, is morphologically very different in shape and sculpture from any other Eocene CSWNA cassid and also different from the holotype of G. crescentensis illustrated by Weaver and Palmer, 1922 from the same formation. This questionable specimen, which is missing some of its shell, might not even be a cassid. “ STRAMONITA ” PETROSA CONRAD, 1855, NOMEN DUBIUM Stramonita petrosa Conrad, 1855. p. 17; 1857. p. 327; pl. 6, figs. 47, 47 a. Remarks — This species has been the source of con- siderable taxonomic confusion. Its two known specimens were found in a float boulder several kilometers from its supposed source, which was assumed to the Tejon Formation in the Grapevine Canyon area, Kern County, southern California. The specimens are very poorly preserved, and their smudged sketches are very inadequate. The curatorial details and whereabouts of these specimens are unknown. The anterior canal of this gastropod is not twisted, therefore it is not a cassid. It is also not the muricid Stramonita Schumacher, 1817, but it might be a ficid. Based on the insufficient knowledge about Stramonita petrosa, Conrad’s (1855) gastropod is regarded herein as a nomen dubium. On the basis of the above-mentioned two incomplete shells, Anderson and Hanna (1924: p. 108, pl. 10, figs. 2, 3 = hypotypes CASG 823 and 824) reported Galeodea petrosa (Conrad, 1855) from Locality CASG 245 in the Tejon Formation, Grapevine Canyon, Kern County, southern California. These two specimens show no diagnostic morphologic characters, which would allow identification as to family, genus, or species. Conrad’s use of the name “ petrosa ” has been confused with Dolium petrosum Conrad (1849), a Miocene cassid species from the Astoria Formation in OreGon. See Moore (1963) for illustrations and synonymy of this Miocene species, now referred to as Liracassis petrosa (Conrad, 1849). “ GALEODEA ” SCHENCKI WEAVER AND KLEINPELL, 1963 NOMEN DUBIUM Galeodea schencki Weaver and Kleinpell, 1963. p. 189; pl. 25, figs. 15, 16. Primary Type Material — Holotype CASG 70173 and paratype CASG 70174 are both from undifferentiated Sacate-Gaviota strata, Santa Barbara County, southern California. Remarks — The holotype is essentially an internal cast. The paratype does not look like a cassid and might be a cymatiid, based on the shell’s high spire, numerous spiral ribs, and narrow and sculptured terminal varix. The paratype is missing also its anterior end, and its aperture is not known. Both parts are needed for proper identification. This gastropod is regarded herein as a nomen dubium. Weaver and Kleinpell (1963: p. 190, pl. 25, fig. 10) reported also a questionable Echinophoria dalli (Dickerson, 1917) from the undifferentiated Gaviota Formation [“ Tejon Stage ”] in Santa Barbara County, southern California. Their report is based, however, on a poorly preserved single specimen whose anterior canal is missing, thus detailed identification is not possible. “ GALEODEA ” SP. BREMNER, 1932 Galeodea sp. Bremner, 1932. p. 17; pl. 2, fig. 9. Remarks — Bremner (1932) reported this gastropod (hypotype CASG 5527) from upper Paleocene (Thanetian) beds in Pozo Canyon, Santa Cruz Island, Santa Barbara County, southern California. This specimen is poorly preserved, and its anterior end is missing. This specimen might be a ficid gastropod.	en	Squires, Richard L. (2019): Revision of Eocene warm-water cassid gastropods from coastal southwestern North America: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal-turnover. PaleoBios 36: 1-22, DOI: 10.5070/P9361043434
