identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
2B618785FFFCEC7CFC6EC021FB24952E.text	2B618785FFFCEC7CFC6EC021FB24952E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cassidae LATREILLE 1825	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> CASSIDAE LATREILLE, 1825</p>
            <p> Strong et al. (2019) recognized two subfamilies of cassids. They are cassines and phaliines, and both are known in the CSWNA Eocene record. Strong et al. (2019: p. 26) reported, furthermore, that based on DNA studies, the cassines  Galeodea and  Cassis Scopoli, 1777 , as well as the phaliine  Echinophoria Sacco, 1890 are supported as being monophyletic genera. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2B618785FFFCEC7CFC6EC021FB24952E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Squires, Richard L.	Squires, Richard L. (2019): Revision of Eocene warm-water cassid gastropods from coastal southwestern North America: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal-turnover. PaleoBios 36: 1-22, DOI: 10.5070/P9361043434
2B618785FFFCEC7CFB91C3C1FAC69474.text	2B618785FFFCEC7CFB91C3C1FAC69474.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gastropoda UNRANKED	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> GASTROPODA UNRANKED</p>
            <p>CAENOGASTROPODA UNRANKED</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2B618785FFFCEC7CFB91C3C1FAC69474	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Squires, Richard L.	Squires, Richard L. (2019): Revision of Eocene warm-water cassid gastropods from coastal southwestern North America: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal-turnover. PaleoBios 36: 1-22, DOI: 10.5070/P9361043434
2B618785FFFCEC7DFB89C18BFE3B90F5.text	2B618785FFFCEC7DFB89C18BFE3B90F5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Galeodea Link 1807	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> GALEODEA LINK, 1807</p>
            <p> Type species— By monotypy.  Buccinum echinophorum Linné, 1758 (=  Morio echinophora Linné, 1758 ). Pliocene to Recent, southern Europe to Mediterranean. </p>
            <p> Geologic range— Late Cretaceous (Santonian to early Campanian) to Recent.  Galeodea is present in middle Miocene to early Pliocene strata, as well as rarely to uncommonly in the modern record; namely, in the Dominican Republic and elsewhere in the Caribbean Sea region (Beu 2010). </p>
            <p>Differential diagnosis— Spire moderately low to moderately high, partially submerged or not. Radial ribs absent on spire. Last-whorl shoulder distinct, tabulate (common) or rounded, and bearing nodes strong (common) or weak. Anterior siphonal canal moderately short to long, twisted (leftward), and unnotched (therefore no siphonal fasciole). Canal reflected leftward and upward (dorsally). Aperture moderately wide; inner lip can have lirae or pustules; posterior end of inner canal can have parietal node and consequent restriction. Shell can have multiple episodic varices, and terminal varix weak to prominent; outer lip can be slightly flared and can bear denticles on its interior.</p>
            <p> Remarks— Dall (1909: p. 64) gave a very detailed synonymy, up to the year 1909, of  Galeodea , and Beu (2010: p. 231) gave nine genus-group names. Beu (2008) demonstrated that  Galeodea belongs in the  Cassinae . He commented that protoconchs of all the Recent  Galeodea species have almost no specific characters. They are like </p>
            <p> Provincial Key Ma Epochs Chrons Polarity / Nannos Stages Molluscan and biozones Stages Stratigraphic Units Taxa/Ranges Climate Events Faunal 30 Olig. Lower C12 CP CP 16 17 Rupelian Matlockian  Liracassis rex Blakeley cooler water 35 Upper C C C C 16 15 17 13 CP15 Priabonian Galvinian  Echinophoria E E..  dalli fax Keasey Cowlitz Tukwila Creek Lincoln sutterensis cooling global turnover fauna turnover 40 Middle C C 18 19 CP14 Bartonian ″Tejon” Tejon  meganosensis Galeodea californica Galeodea Galeodea tuberculiformis warmwater fauna C20 CP13 Lutetian ″Transition” up. Juncal 45 Eocene C21 CP12 ″Domengine” Domengine Llajas  Galeodea louella trituberculata conditions warm 50 Lower C C 22 23 CP CP 10 11 Ypresian ″Capay” Lodo Capay up low Crescent Maniobra Lookingglass. Juncal. Juncal Shale  Galeodea Echinophoria Paleocene- Meganos Eocene C24 CP9 ″Meganos” up.Santa Thermal taxa Influx from of 55 Susana Maximum (PETM) the CP8 Tethyan Paleocene Upper C25 CP CP7 6 Thanetian ″Martinez” cassids cassine phaliine cassids Realm the protoconch of  G. echinophora , the type species of  Galeodea , in that they are all very small, blunt, and paucispiral (Beu 2008: figs. 11A, C, E). Some Eocene species of  Galeodea have a long anterior canal (Gardner 1939), but other species do not. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2B618785FFFCEC7DFB89C18BFE3B90F5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Squires, Richard L.	Squires, Richard L. (2019): Revision of Eocene warm-water cassid gastropods from coastal southwestern North America: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal-turnover. PaleoBios 36: 1-22, DOI: 10.5070/P9361043434
2B618785FFFDEC70FF65C4B3FD5F907B.text	2B618785FFFDEC70FF65C4B3FD5F907B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Galeodea meganosensis VOKES 1939	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> GALEODEA MEGANOSENSIS VOKES, 1939</p>
            <p>FIG. 3A–D</p>
            <p> Galeodea sutterensis “Dickerson. ” Clark and Woodford, 1927. p. 113; pl. 19, fig. 21 [misidentification]. </p>
            <p> Galeodea sutterensis meganosensis Vokes, 1939 . p. 151; pl. 19, fig. 18. </p>
            <p> Galeodea (Gomphopages) meganosensis Vokes. Durham, 1942 . p. 184. Squires, 1987. p. 39; fig. 49. Squires, 1988a. pl. 1, fig. 11. </p>
            <p> Galeodea aff. nodosa carinata (Deshayes, 1835) . Squires, 1988b. p. 13, figs. 30, 31. </p>
            <p> Primary Type Material— Of  G. meganosensis Vokes, 1939 , holotype UCMP 31244, Locality UCMP 3152, Meganos Formation, Deer Valley, Mount Diablo area, Contra Costa County, northern California. Holotype = the specimen misidentified as  G. sutterensis “Dickerson ” Clark and Woodward. </p>
            <p> Material examined—  The ten specimens include: Plaster replica of holotype, hypotypes LACMIP 7474, 7711, 14829, 14830, and five unfigured specimens from LACMIP Locality 40827 . </p>
            <p>Emended description— Shell small to medium size (up to 33 mm height, incomplete). Shape globose with small spire and large subquadrate last whorl. Spire relatively high, last whorl with two carinae; carina on shoul- der strongest with approximately 11 spinose tubercles; second carina noticeably weaker also with approximately 11 tubercles (rounded, not spinose) becoming weaker toward outer lip and unaligned relative to nodes on shoulder. Spiral thread with minute nodes can be present medially in interspace between carinae, and another spiral thread with minute nodes can be present anterior to second carina. Shell surface otherwise covered with very fine spiral threads, with cancellate patches. Anterior siphonal canal broken but shows twisting. Episodic varix uncommon but thick. Terminal varix narrowly thickened.</p>
            <p>Stratigraphic occurrence— Lower Eocene, northern to southern California. “ Meganos Stage ”: Meganos Formation, Deer Valley, north side of Mount Diablo, Contra Costa County, northern California (Vokes 1939, Clark and Woodward 1927). “ Capay Stage ”: Lodo Formation, Cerros Shale Member [=new information: UCMP locality 1817; for locality details, see Squires (1988c)], Urruttia Canyon, north of Coalinga, Fresno County, northern California. Lower Juncal Formation, Whitaker Peak, Los Angeles County, southern California (Squires 1987). “ Domengine Stage ”: Juncal Formation?, northern Lockwood Valley, Ventura County, southern California (Squires 1988b) [for age update, see Squires (2000)].</p>
            <p> Remarks— Vokes (1939) recognized that Clark and Woodford (1927) misidentified a new gastropod as  Galeodea sutterensis Dickerson,1916 . Vokes (1939) named this new gastropod  G. meganosensis and regarded it to be a subspecies of  G. sutterensis . Based on its less submerged spire, only two carinae (never three), more nodes, and shell covered otherwise with fine spiral threads,  G. meganosensis is regarded herein a distinct species. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2B618785FFFDEC70FF65C4B3FD5F907B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Squires, Richard L.	Squires, Richard L. (2019): Revision of Eocene warm-water cassid gastropods from coastal southwestern North America: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal-turnover. PaleoBios 36: 1-22, DOI: 10.5070/P9361043434
2B618785FFF0EC71FC24C2D7FA8E9025.text	2B618785FFF0EC71FC24C2D7FA8E9025.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Galeodea sutterensis DICKERSON 1916	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> GALEODEA SUTTERENSIS DICKERSON, 1916</p>
            <p>FIG. 3E–M</p>
            <p> Galeodea sutterensis Dickerson, 1916 . p. 492; pl. 40, figs. 1a, 1b. Schenck, 1926. p. 84, figs. 1, 2 (both refig- ured from Dickerson 1916). Vokes, 1939. p. 150; pl. 19, fig. 15. Turner, 1938. p. 92; pl. 18, fig. 19. Schenck and Keen, 1940. pl. 12, figs. 3, 4. Weaver, 1942. p. 402; pl. 78, figs. 6, 7. </p>
            <p> Galeodea susanae Schenck, 1926 . p. 85; pl. 15, figs. 3–7. Turner, 1938. p. 92; pl. 18, fig. 18. Schenck and Keen, 1940. pl. 12, figs. 5, 6. Weaver, 1942. p. 402; pl. 78, figs. 2, 3. </p>
            <p> Galeodea (Gomphopages) susanae Schenck. Durham, 1942 . p. 184. Givens, 1974. p. 78; pl. 8, fig. 4. Squires, 1984. p. 27; fig. 7k. </p>
            <p> Galeodea (Gomphopages) sutterensis Dickerson. Durham, 1942 . p. 184; pl. 29, fig. 2. Givens, 1974. p. 78; pl. 8, fig. 4. </p>
            <p> Galeodea cf.  G. susanae Schenck. Givens and Kennedy, 1979 . p. 86. </p>
            <p> Galeodea sp. Squires and Demetrion, 1992. p. 32; fig. 85. </p>
            <p> Galeodea (Mamabrina) [sic] susanae Dickerson. Squires, 2008 . fig. 24. </p>
            <p> [non]  Galeodea sutterensis Dickerson. Clark and Woodford, 1927 . pl. 19, fig. 21 [=  Galeodea meganosensis ]. </p>
            <p> Primary Type Material—   Of  G. sutterensis , holotype UCMP 11782, Locality UCMP 1853, Capay Shale,  Sutter Buttes (=  Marysville Buttes ), Sutter County, northern California  .   Of  G. susanae , holotype CASG 1753, Locality CASG 372, Llajas Formation, north side  Simi Valley , southern California  ;   paratypes CASG 1754, 1755,  Llajas Formation ;   paratype CASG 1756, Lookingglass Formation,  Glide , Douglas County, southwestern Oregon  . </p>
            <p>Material examined— The forty-two specimens include: Hypotypes LACMIP 13425, 14831-14833, and the following unfigured specimens: one from LACMIP Locality L1165, two from LACMIP Locality 2777, three from LACMIP Locality 7206, four from LACMIP Locality 7207,ten from LACMIP Locality7210, three from LACMIP Locality 22362, and fifteen from LACMIP Locality 40371.</p>
            <p>Emended description— Shell small to medium size (up to 55 mm high, complete). Shape globose with small spire and large subquadrate last whorl. Protoconch small and smooth, naticoid, about three whorls. Teleoconch about 3.5 large whorls. Spire partly submerged. No sutural cord. Penultimate whorl commonly unevenly submerged. Last whorl subquadrate, spiral sculpture much stronger than axial sculpture, with posterior two-thirds of whorl having widely spaced two or, less commonly, three carinae (anteriormost carina can become obsolete toward the outer lip). Carinae bear tubercles, either spinose and long or, less commonly, narrow; tu- bercules unaligned between rows; carina on shoulder with 7 to 12 nodes. Teleoconch covered by numerous, closely spaced fine spirals, not necessarily minutely cancellate; fine spirals can alternate in strength and can be strongest on last whorl neck. Inner lip and columellar lip callus merge, with resultant callus extensive, project- ing laterally short distance, creating two false umbilici (one adjacent to neck and one adjacent to anterior end of canal). Neck constricted. Anterior canal long, slender, reflected sideways (laterally to the left) approximately 42°, and unnotched. Aperture moderately wide but constricted (grooved) at posterior end. Episodic varices normally lacking. Terminal varix narrow or phlange-like refection with exterior and interior smooth.</p>
            <p>Stratigraphic occurrence— Lower to middle Eocene, southwestern Oregon to Baja California Sur, Mexico. “ Capay Stage ”: Lookingglass Formation, Douglas County, southwestern Oregon (Turner 1938; Weaver 1942); Capay Shale, Sutter Buttes, Sutter County, northern California (Dickerson 1916); Lodo Formation, Cerros Shale Member, Urruttia Canyon, north of Coalinga, Fresno County, northern California (Vokes 1939) [UCMP Locality 1817, for updated locality details, see Squires (1988c)]; Juncal Formation, Pine Mountain area, Ventura County, southern California (Givens 1974); Juncal Formation, Whitaker Peak (near basement contact), Los Angeles County, southern California (Squires 1987); Juncal Formation, Elsmere Canyon, Los Angeles County, southern California (Squires 2008). Maniobra Formation (near basement contact), Orocopia Mountains, Riverside County, southern California (Squires and Advocate 1986; Squires 1991); Bateque Formation, Baja California Sur, Mexico (Squires and Demetrion 1992). “ Domengine Stage ”: Domengine Formation, Coalinga area, San Benito County, northern California (Vokes, 1939). Llajas Formation (shallow-marine [transgressive] facies), Devil Canyon, Santa Susana Mountains, just east of northern side of Simi Valley, Los Angeles County, southern California (Schenck 1926; Squires 1984). Ardath Shale, San Diego, San Diego County, southern California (Givens and Kennedy 1979). Juncal Formation?, northern Lockwood Valley, Ventura County, southern California (Squires 1988b) [for age update, see (Squires 2000)]. “ Tejon Stage ”: Tejon Fm, probably Liveoak Member [=including new information: LACMIP Locality 22340; for locality details, see Squires (1989: appendix)], Tehachapi Mountains, Kern County, southern California.</p>
            <p> Remarks—  Galeodea sutterensis and  G. susanae are considered to be synonyms because of their closely similar morphology, which is not unique to either one.  Galeodea sutterensis , which has been reported previously from lower Eocene (“Capay Stage”) strata, commonly has three rows of spiral nodes on the last whorl.  Galeodea susanae , which has been reported previously from middle Eocene (“Capay/Domengine” boundary strata and “Domengine Stage”) strata, commonly has two rows of spiral nodes on the last whorl.  Galeodea susanae , however, can have three spiral rows (Fig. 3 K-M). </p>
            <p> The anterior canal is broken on all known specimens of  G. sutterensis , except for a single specimen from the middle Eocene Llajas Formation in northern Simi Valley, southern California. This specimen, which has retained its long anterior canal (Fig. 3H–J), is remarkably similar to  Galeodea turneri Gardner (1939: p. 25 , pl. 8, figs. 1, 4) from lower Eocene strata in Bastrop County, Texas.  Galeodea sutterensis differs by having a less submerged spire and a ramp without weak to moderately weak axial ridges extending to each node on the shoulder of the last whorl. </p>
            <p> Galeodea sutterensis is recognized herein for the first time in the Tejon Formation. It co-occurs there with the cassid  Echinophoria trituberculta (Weaver, 1912) at LACMIP Locality 22340. The Tejon Formation  G. sutterensis specimens are small-medium in size (up to 38 mm height) and can have good preservation, except they are incomplete and most consist of large fragments of the last whorl with widely spaced spines. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2B618785FFF0EC71FC24C2D7FA8E9025	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Squires, Richard L.	Squires, Richard L. (2019): Revision of Eocene warm-water cassid gastropods from coastal southwestern North America: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal-turnover. PaleoBios 36: 1-22, DOI: 10.5070/P9361043434
2B618785FFF1EC72FCECC46CFD6A9093.text	2B618785FFF1EC72FCECC46CFD6A9093.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Galeodea louella (Squires and Advocate 1986)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> GALEODEA LOUELLA (SQUIRES AND ADVOCATE, 1986)</p>
            <p>FIG. 3N–P</p>
            <p> Galeodea sp. cf.  G. sutterensis Dickerson, Crowell and Susuki, 1959 . p. 588; pl. 2, figs. 1, 4. </p>
            <p> Phalium (Semicassis) louella Squires and Advocate, 1986 . p. 858; fig. 2.11, 2.12. Squires, 1991. pl. 2, fig. 2. </p>
            <p> Galeodea cf.  G. gallica Wrigley, 1934 . Squires and Advocate, 1986. p. 857; figs. 2.7, 2.8; Squires, 1991. pl. 2, fig. 1. </p>
            <p> [non]  Phalium (Semicassis) louella Squires and Advocate. Squires and Demetrion, 1994 . p. 130; figs. 10–11 [=  Galeodea tuberculiformis Hanna, 1924 ]. </p>
            <p> Primary Type Material—   Holotype LACMIP 7166 and paratype LACMIP 7167; both from Locality LACMIP 40665,  Maniobra Formation ,  Orocopia Mountains , Riverside County, southern California. </p>
            <p> Material examined—  The four specimens include: Holotype, paratype, hypotype LACMIP 8836, and one unfigured specimen from LACMIP Locality 40662 . </p>
            <p>Emended description— Shell small to medium size (up to 25 mm height, incomplete). Shape ovate to subglobose. Protoconch conial, paucispiral. Uppermost spire whorls rounded. Penultimate whorl partially submerged with carina bearing small, thin and narrow spinose nodes. Last whorl with three carinae; carinae evenly spaced, or second and third carinae can be closer spaced to each other. Carina on shoulder shoulder bearing 12 to 16 small, thin and narrow spinose nodes; second carina with much finer nodes; third carinae smooth. Shell covered otherwise by minute, non-cancellate spiral threads. Aperture narrrow to moderately wide. Several spiral lirae on columella at the anterior end of aperture. Anterior canal region nearly entirely missing, except for short remnant of canal showing evidence of twisting. No varices observed.</p>
            <p>Stratigraphic occurrence— Lower Eocene. Southern California to Baja California Sur, Mexico. “ Capay Stage ”: Maniobra Formation, Orocopia Mountains, Riverside County, southern California (Squires and Advocate 1986; Squires 1991). Bateque Formation, eastern San Ignacio area, Baja California Sur, Mexico (Squires and Demetrion 1994).</p>
            <p> Remarks— Preservation is moderately poor. Specimens are weathered, and the outer lip morphology can- not be determined.  Galeodea louella is removed herein from  Phalium (Semicassis) Mörch, 1852 and placed in  Galeodea because of the overall  Galeodea shape of the last whorl, several carinae with nodes, and absence of parietal columellar shield. The paratype (Fig. 3N) of  G. louella , which is figured for the first time, shows better than its holotype how remarkably similar this species is to  Galeodea gallica Wrigley, 1934 from England, France, and Denmark.  Galeodea louella differs from it by having fewer small nodes on the shoulder of the last whorl. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2B618785FFF1EC72FCECC46CFD6A9093	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Squires, Richard L.	Squires, Richard L. (2019): Revision of Eocene warm-water cassid gastropods from coastal southwestern North America: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal-turnover. PaleoBios 36: 1-22, DOI: 10.5070/P9361043434
2B618785FFF2EC72FE90C511FC2E90F0.text	2B618785FFF2EC72FE90C511FC2E90F0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Galeodea californica Clark 1942	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> GALEODEA CALIFORNICA CLARK, 1942</p>
            <p>FIG. 4A–C</p>
            <p> Galeodea (Caliagaleodea) californica Clark, 1942 . p. </p>
            <p>118; pl. 19, figs. 15–19.</p>
            <p> Galeodea californica Clark. Givens and Kennedy, 1979 . p. 86. </p>
            <p> Galeodea (Caliagaleodea) californica Clark. Squires, 1984 . p. 26; fig. 7j. Squires. 1988a. pl. 1, fig. 12; Squires. 1988b. p. 13, fig. 29. Squires and Demetrion, 1994. p. 130; fig. 9. </p>
            <p> Primary Type Material—   Holotype UCMP 34376 and paratype UCMP 34377, both from UCMP Locality UCMP 7004,  Llajas Formation , north side  Simi Valley , Ventura County, southern California. </p>
            <p> Material examined—  The thirty-one specimens include: Hypotypes LACMIP 6530, 14834, and 28 unfigured topotype specimens . </p>
            <p>Emended description— Shell small to medium size (up to 33 mm height, incomplete), globose with thin shell. Spire very small, low, mostly submerged. Sutural “ramp” flat, between spire and last whorl. Callus thin to absent on parietal region of inner lip. Spiral ribs prominent, numerous, and smooth with wide interspaces, especially on most of last whorl. Spiral ribs on neck much thinner, very weak, and bearing closely spaced minute weak nodes. Interspaces on shell neck narrower and bearing three or four spiral threads. Anterior canal moderately long, twisted leftward (broken on nearly all specimens), and umbilicate. Episodic varices lacking. Terminal varix wide, flange-like, and reflected.</p>
            <p>Stratigraphic occurrence— Lower Eocene to lower middle Eocene, southern California to Baja California Sur, Mexico. “ Capay Stage ”: Bateque Formation, Baja California Sur, Mexico (Squires and Demetrion 1994); “ Domengine Stage ”: Juncal Formation?, northern Lockwood Valley, Ventura County, southern California (Squires 1988c; [for age update, see Squires (2000)]. Llajas Formation, Simi Valley, Ventura County, southern California (Clark 1942; Squires 1984); lower Scripps Formation, San Diego, San Diego County, southern California (Givens and Kennedy 1979).</p>
            <p> Remarks— Most of the specimens are internal molds or nearly so. The anterior canal is broken off on nearly all of them. Clark (1942) named Caliagaleodea as a subgenus of  Galeodea . Beu (2008: p. 288) regarded Caliagaleodea as a synonym. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2B618785FFF2EC72FE90C511FC2E90F0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Squires, Richard L.	Squires, Richard L. (2019): Revision of Eocene warm-water cassid gastropods from coastal southwestern North America: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal-turnover. PaleoBios 36: 1-22, DOI: 10.5070/P9361043434
2B618785FFF2EC75FC3FC4B0FE9893D6.text	2B618785FFF2EC75FC3FC4B0FE9893D6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Galeodea tuberculiformis Hanna 1924	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> GALEODEA TUBERCULIFORMIS HANNA, 1924</p>
            <p>FIGS. 4D–H</p>
            <p> Morio (Sconsia) tuberculatus Gabb, 1864 . p. 104, pl. 19, fig. 57. Arnold, 1907. pl. 39, fig. 9. </p>
            <p> [non]  Cassidaria tuberculata Risso, 1826 . p. 186 (see Dall, 1909. p. 64). </p>
            <p> Cassadaria [sic] (  Phalium ) turberculata [sic] Dall, in Diller (1896. p. 458). </p>
            <p> Galeodea tuberculata (Gabb) . Dickerson, 1916. pl. 42, fig. 2. </p>
            <p> Galeodea (Morio) tuberculata (Gabb) . Waring, 1917. pl. 15, fig. 17. </p>
            <p> Galeodea tuberculiformis Hanna, 1924 . p. 167. Anderson and Hanna, 1925. p 110. Schenck, 1926. p. 83; pl. 14, figs. 12–16. Stewart, 1927. p. 380; pl. 28, figs. 11. Vokes, 1939. p. 149; pl. 19, figs. 19, 21, 23–27. </p>
            <p> Coalingodea tuberculiformis (Hanna) . Durham, 1942. p. 186; pl. 29, figs. 5, 9. Givens, 1974. p. 78; pl. 8, fig. 7. Squires, 1977. table 1. </p>
            <p> Cassis (Coalingodea) tuberculata (Gabb) . Abbott, 1968. p. 59; pl. 34 (three views). </p>
            <p> Phalium tuberculiformis (Hanna) . Givens and Kennedy, 1979. pp. 86, 88. </p>
            <p> Phalium (Semicassis) tuberculiformis (Hanna) . Squires, 1984. p. 27; figs. 7l. Squires, 1987, p. 40; fig. 50. Kappeler et al., 1984. table 2 on p. 17. </p>
            <p> Phalium (Semicassis) louella Squires and Advocate. Squires and Demetrion, 1994 . p. 130; figs. 10–11. </p>
            <p> Phalium (Semicassis) tuberculiformis (Hanna) . Squires, 1999. p. 19; fig. 37. </p>
            <p>Primary Type Material— Lectotype ANSP 4343, designated by Stewart (1927: p. 380), Muir Sandstone, Bull’s Head Point, Martinez, north of Mount Diablo, Contra Costa County, northern California (Weaver 1953).</p>
            <p> Material examined—  The thirty-six specimens include: Hypotypes LACMIP 6532 and 14835, plaster replica of lectotype ANSP 4343, and the following unfigured specimens: eleven from LACMIP Locality 7180, two from LACMIP Locality 40371, nineteen from LACMIP Locality 40374, and one from LACMIP loc. 40764 . </p>
            <p>Emended description— Size moderately small,height up to 34.2 mm height. Immature shell fusiform, early adults can have moderately high spire and tabulate last whorl, whereas late adults can have lower spire and somewhat “rounded-look” on periphery of last whorl or less, commonly, tabulate shoulder. Protoconch low (naticoid) or moderately high, 2.5 smooth whorls, with abrupt contact with earliest sculptured whorl. Teleoconch up to 3.5 whorls. Spire overall low, 0.23 to 0.24 of shell height, partially submerged. Radial ribs present on spire whorls. Suture impressed and somewhat wavy; bordered by sutural cord only on some upper spire whorls. Sutural ramp moderately inclined. Last whorl enlarged, posterior two-thirds of last whorl with widely spaced three (rarely four) carinae bearing spinose nodes (unaligned between carinae); anteriormost carina much weaker and with weaker nodes; carina on shoulder with 10 nodes. Sculpture on rest of shell (including short neck) consisting of many, closely spaced, spiral threads (visible to naked eye) crossed by growth lines and minutely cancellate, commonly producing “beaded” look on well preserved individuals. Parietal/columellar lip callus wide and well developed; separated from shell and forming umbilicus anteriorly. Siphonal canal moderately short, twisted, and unnotched; 7 to 8 transverse lirae on callused columellar lip with lirae becoming more closely spaced toward anterior end of aperture. Siphonal canal dorsally directed, with false umbilicus at posterior end. Episodic varix (or two varices) can be present (rarely none) but only on last whorl; location of varices variable. Terminal varix thick and with well developed denticles on inner edge of varix; posteriormost denticle can be prominent, thereby creating constriction in this region.</p>
            <p>Stratigraphic occurrence— Lower to middle Eocene, southwestern Washington to San Diego, California. “ Meganos Stage ”: Upper Santa Susana Formation, south side Simi Valley, Ventura County, southern California (Squires 1999). “ Capay Stage ”: Bateque Formation, San Ignacio area, Baja California Sur, Mexico (Squires and Demetrion 1994). “ Domengine Stage ”:Domengine Formation, Coalinga area, San Benito County, central California (Vokes 1939); Avenal Sandstone, Reef Ridge area, Kings County, central California (Kappeler et al. 1984). Muir Sandstone, Contra Costa County, northern California (Weaver 1953). Upper Juncal Formation, Pine Mountain area, Ventura County, southern California (Givens 1974). Upper Juncal Formation and Matilija Sandstone?, Whitaker Peak area, Ventura County, southern California (Squires 1987). Llajas Formation, Ventura County, southern California (Squires 1984). Ardath Shale, San Diego County (Givens and Kennedy 1979).</p>
            <p>Remarks— Figure 4D shows the prominent posteriormost denticle on the interior of the outer lip. Although the anterior siphonal canal is damaged or broken on most specimens, a few specimens from the Llajas Formation show that this canal is short, twisted, not notched (Fig. 4H), and with an angular left-lateral edge. At one locality in the Llajas Formation of Simi Valley, southern California, four out of 16 specimens of this species have an episodic varix, and one of these specimens has two episodic varices.</p>
            <p> The strength of the fine-beaded spiral sculpture on  G. tuberculiformis is largely a function of how much a specimen is weathered. Beu (2008: p. 289) reported that  G. tuberculiformis is more like a species of  Cassis , but  Cassis has a well developed siphonal notch, whereas  tuberculiformis is unnotched. </p>
            <p> Galeodea tuberculiformis has the most widespread latitudinal distribution of any of the cassids found in the CSWNA region (Fig. 1). It is found, therefore, in numerous formations, and it is likely the earliest cassid found in this region (Fig. 2). As noted by Durham (1942), it is very similar to  Galeodea coronota (Deshayes, 1830) of middle Eocene (Lutetian) age in England and France (see Wrigley 1934: pl. 17, figs. 36–38). </p>
            <p> For discussions regarding whether or not Hanna (1924) was justified in renaming Gabb’s (1864)  tuberculatus , see Schenck (1926), Stewart (1927), and Abbott (1968: p. 60). The renaming was necessary, however, because Dall (in Diller 1896: p. 458) used the name Cassadaria (  Phalium ) turberculata [sic] (Gabb), which created a secondary homonym of  Cassidaria tuberculata Risso, 1826 . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2B618785FFF2EC75FC3FC4B0FE9893D6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Squires, Richard L.	Squires, Richard L. (2019): Revision of Eocene warm-water cassid gastropods from coastal southwestern North America: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal-turnover. PaleoBios 36: 1-22, DOI: 10.5070/P9361043434
2B618785FFF5EC75FE8EC7FEFA3E90B1.text	2B618785FFF5EC75FE8EC7FEFA3E90B1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Echinophoria Sacco 1890	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> ECHINOPHORIA SAcco, 1890</p>
            <p> Type species— By subsequent designation (Dall, 1909),  Buccinum intermedium Brocchi, 1814 . Oligocene and Miocene of Italy (Abbott 1968: p. 96). </p>
            <p> Geologic range— Middle Eocene to Recent.  Echinophoria is present in middle Miocene to early Pliocene strata, as well as uncommonly in the modern record, in the Dominican Republic and elsewhere in the Caribbean Sea region (Beu 2010). </p>
            <p>Differential diagnosis— Spire height moderately low. Inner lip callus thin or absent and columellar callus absent; no false umbilici created by calluses. Aperture wide. Columella long, anterior siphonal canal strongly twisted, slightly to moderately notched, and fasciolate. Siphonal fasciole very distinct, with posterior edge of anterior canal noticeably producing two long “plica-like” spiral structures extending across ventral surface of siphonal canal and reaching notch area; siphonal fasciole separated from base of last whorl by distinct groove. Previous varices rare (on fossils), absent (on modern specimens). Episodic varices rare on fossils and very rare to absent on modern specimens. Terminal varix on outer lip thin to thickened and reflected (Beu 2010: p. 231).</p>
            <p> Remarks— Beu (2010: p. 242) gave six genus-groups names of  Echinophoria . The protoconch of  Echinophoria is low-turbiniform, with a well-impressed suture and about three strongly inflated, smooth whorls. Beu (2008, 2010) opined that  Echinophoria , with its prominent sculpture resembling that of  Galeodea , is likely to have been the stem group of the  Phaliinae , evolving from  Galeodea late in Cretaceous time. </p>
            <p> Durham (1942) was the first to recognize the presence of  Echinophoria in the CSWNA region, and he used  Echinophoria species to help establish a cassid-biostratigraphic zonation scheme for the Pacific Northwest (PNW). This zonation was developed further and expanded by Armentrout (1975: pp. 18–25). Moore (1984) used the phylogeny of the phaliine genera  Echinophoria and especially  Liracassis for the purpose of also furthering the PNW cassid-biostratigraphic zones. Prothero and Armentrout (1985) used high-resolution, magnetostratigraphy for refining these zones, and this technique was utilized further by Prothero (2001: fig. 2), Prothero (2003: fig. 1.3), Nesbitt (2003: fig. 4.1), and Nesbitt et al. (2010) to update the cassid zonation. The  Galeodea trituberculata zone, which includes the Cowlitz Formation and the tropical-Eocene fauna, is followed, in vertical stratigraphic succession, by the cooler water  Echinophoria dalli ,  E. fax , and  Liracassis zones (Fig. 2).  Liracassis is one of several genera that diverged from  Echinophoria during the Cenozoic but is now extinct (Beu 2008: p. 362).  Echinophoria differs from  Liracassis by having a smaller shell size, absence of strap-like spiral ribs, spiral ribbing never as dominant, nodes never as weak, longer and straighter anterior canal, and weaker development of longitudinal spiral cords on the anterior canal. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2B618785FFF5EC75FE8EC7FEFA3E90B1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Squires, Richard L.	Squires, Richard L. (2019): Revision of Eocene warm-water cassid gastropods from coastal southwestern North America: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal-turnover. PaleoBios 36: 1-22, DOI: 10.5070/P9361043434
2B618785FFF5EC77FC1BC4F7FDA49234.text	2B618785FFF5EC77FC1BC4F7FDA49234.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Echinophoria trituberculata (Weaver 1912)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> ECHINOPHORIA TRITUBERCULATA (WEAVER, 1912)</p>
            <p>FIG. 4I–P</p>
            <p> Morio tuberculatus var. trituberculatus Weaver, 1912 . p. 39; pl. 3, fig. 35. </p>
            <p> Galeodea tuberculata (Gabb) . Dickerson, 1915. pl. 6, figs. 3a, 3b. </p>
            <p> Galeodea trituberculata (Weaver) . Weaver and Palmer, 1922. p. 37; pl. 11, figs. 23, 27. Tegland, 1931; p. 408; pl. 59, fig. 1; pl. 60, figs. 1–4. Weaver, 1942. p. 404; pl. 78, figs. 10–15; pl. 79, figs. 1–4, 8. McWilliams, 1971. pl. 2, fig. 8. Moore, 1984. figs. A, D, E, G, H. Nesbitt, 1998. pl. 1, fig. 5. </p>
            <p> Galeodea petrosa (Conrad, 1855) . Schenck, 1926. p. 82; pl. 14, figs. 5–11. </p>
            <p> Galeodea pretrosa [sic] (Conrad). Clark, 1929. pl. 14, figs. 1, 6. </p>
            <p> Echinophoria trituberculata (Weaver) . Durham, 1942. p. 184; pl. 29, fig. 10. Moore, 1984. figs. 4-A, D, E, G. H. Nesbitt, 1995. table 1. </p>
            <p> “  Galeodea ” tritubreculata [sic] (Weaver). Durham, 1944. p. 166. </p>
            <p> Phalium (Echinophoria) trituberculatum (Weaver) . Abbott, 1968. p. 109; pl. 93 (three views). </p>
            <p> Echinophoria cf.  E. trituberculata (Weaver) . Givens, 1974. p. 79. </p>
            <p> Primary Type Material—   Holotype CASG 7612, UWBM Locality 232, north bank of  Cowlitz River 2.4 km east of  Vader ,  Cowlitz Formation , Lewis County, southwestern Washington. </p>
            <p> Material examined—   The twenty-eight specimens include: Hypotypes (LACMIP 14836–14838) and 25 unfigured specimens: 15 from LACMIP Locality 22430 (  Tejon Formation ,  Grapevine Canyon , Kern County, southern California, nine from LACMIP  Locality 5654 (  Cowlitz Formation , near  Vader ,  Lewis County , southwestern Washington), one from LACMIP  Locality 2777 (  Llajas Formation , north side  Simi Valley ,  Ventura County , southern California). </p>
            <p>Emended description— Shell small to medium size (up to 60 mm height); transition at approximately 22 mm height from immature specimens (fusiform with apertural sculpture abundant) to mature specimens (globose quadrate shape with apertural sculpture absent). Spire medium high. Sutural cord can be present. Sutural ramp low. Last whorl with three carinae (anteriormost carina slightly weaker), all with nodes, which become progres- sively stronger toward outer lip. Carina on shoulder with 11 widely spaced spinose tubercles; second carina with 11 nodes; third carina with nine nodes, but nodes can be essentially obsolete toward aperture. Shell surface mostly covered with minute spiral threads generally all same size, but finer threads can be irregularly and randomly present (i.e., not in a repeating pattern); base of last whorl with spiral ribs, becoming stronger anteriorly. Columellar callus moderately thick on immature specimens and bearing lirae in parietal area and bearing granules on posterior part of columella; columellar callus without sculpture and thin on mature specimens, with nodes showing through. Columella on mature specimens bearing faint spiral lines beneath callus. Columella long and overall straight, except at twisted anterior end. Peristome with moderate notch. Anterior siphonal canal with deep groove adajacent to twisted columellar end; fasciole well developed, especially over angulate adaxial side of canal. False umbilicus present. Outer lip on immature specimens thickened, with interior bearing numerous elongate denticles separated by deep grooves on immature specimens. Outer lip on mature specimens narrow, reflected, and with interior denticles or grooves becoming much less apparent with growth. Episodic varices rare. Terminal varix present.</p>
            <p>Stratigraphic occurrence— Middle Eocene to low- ermost upper Eocene, southwestern Washington to southern California. Lower part of “ Tejon Stage ”: Matilija Sandstone, Pine Mountain area, Ventura County (Givens 1974). Tejon Formation (Anderson and Hanna 1925), probably Liveoak Member, Kern County, southern California. Uppermost part of “Tejon Stage,” Cowlitz Formation, Lewis County, southwestern Washington; Tukwila Formation, King County, southwestern Washington (Mc- Williams 1971, Nesbitt 1998).</p>
            <p> Remarks— Specimens from the Cowlitz Formation show the best preservation. Specimens from the Tejon Formation are commonly well preserved fragments, which are missing the anterior canal because of improper removal of the well-indurated rock matrix. Early workers assigned this species to genus  Galeodea , and starting with Durham (1942), workers assigned it to genus  Echinophoria . Well preserved specimens of  Echinophoria are characterized by the presence of a longitudinal spiral cord on the anterior canal (Beu 2008: p. 287), as well as the development of a sutural cord. Development of both of these features on the CSWNA specimens of  E. trituberculata can be absent, extremely faint (Tejon Formation specimens), or prominent (Cowlitz Formation specimens). These differences are probably the function of preservation. </p>
            <p> Some specimens of  Echinophoria trituberculata can resemble  Galeodea tuberculiformis , but  E. trituberculata differs by having a shell with a larger maximum size (up to 60 mm vs. 34 mm), its spire can be less submerged, ramp flatter, sutural cord present on all whorls, spirals stronger on the last whorl and with more spinose tubercles, spirals coarser on neck, fine sculpture not beaded and rarely cancellate or not at all, parietal shield commonly not present or weaker. In addition,  E. trituberculata has its anterior siphon more twisted, left side of fasciole angulate (keeled) rather than rounded and with deeper channel, anterior canal notched, longer and also wider with a slight longitudinal indentation, and episodic varices not as common. </p>
            <p> Echinophoria tritubercula differs from the late Eocene to early Oligocene  E. dalli (Dickerson, 1917) , found predominantly in the Keasey Formation in the Veronia area of northwest Oregon (Hickman 1980), in having weaker spiral sculpture between carinae, thicker parietal callus, and a thicker outer lip. </p>
            <p> Echinophoria trituberculata differs from the latest Eocene to early Oligocene  Echinophoria fax (Tegland, 1931) , found predominantly in the Lincoln Creek Formation in western Washington, by having no fourth carina, fewer (10 versus 14) nodes on shoulder of last whorl, noticeably finer less spiral sculpture between the carinae on the last whorl, and weaker spiral ribs on base of last whorl. </p>
            <p> Weaver and Kleinpell (1963: p. 190, pl. 25, fig. 11) reported  Echinophoria trituberculata (Weaver) from the Matilija Sandstone [“Tejon Stage”] in the Pine Mountain area, Santa Barbara County, southern California. Their report is based on a poorly preserved single specimen whose anterior canal is missing, thus identification as to genus and/or species is not possible. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2B618785FFF5EC77FC1BC4F7FDA49234	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Squires, Richard L.	Squires, Richard L. (2019): Revision of Eocene warm-water cassid gastropods from coastal southwestern North America: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal-turnover. PaleoBios 36: 1-22, DOI: 10.5070/P9361043434
2B618785FFF7EC68FF08C68FFDA6925B.text	2B618785FFF7EC68FF08C68FFDA6925B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Galeodea Link 1807	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> GALEODEA ?  CRESCENTENSIS WEAVER AND PALMER, 1922 NOMEN INQUIRENDUM </p>
            <p> Galeodea tuberculata (Gabb) var. crescentensis Weaver and Palmer, 1922 . p. 37; pl. 11, figs. 18, 20. </p>
            <p> Galeodea crescentensis (Weaver and Palmer, 1922) . Tegland, 1931. p. 409, pl. 59, figs. 2, 3. Weaver, 1942. p. 403, pl. 78, figs. 4, 5. Durham, 1942. p. 186. </p>
            <p> Cassis (Coalingodea) crescentensis (Weaver and Palm- er). Abbott, 1968. p. 60. </p>
            <p> ?  Galeodea crescentensis (Weaver and Palmer, 1922) . Schenck, 1926. p. 85, pl. 15, fig. 8. </p>
            <p> Primary Type Material—   Holotype CASG 7612 -A, Crescent Formation, in sea cliff on west shore of  Crescent Bay , Clallam County,  Olympic Peninsula , Washington. </p>
            <p> Remarks— This species is based on only its holotype, a specimen whose height is 16 mm. Tegland (1931) mentioned that the holotype has a close resemblance to a cassid from lower Oligocene deposits in Townsend Bay, Washington. Durham (1942: p. 186) commented that the holotype resembles  G. tuberculiformis , but the meager material available for  crescentensis prevents accurate taxonomic assignment of Weaver and Palmer’s gastropod. A partially crushed questionable specimen of  G. crescentensis (hypotype UCMP 31310), which was illustrated by Schenck (1926: p. 85, pl. 15, fig. 8) from the Crescent Formation in Washington, is morphologically very different in shape and sculpture from any other Eocene CSWNA cassid and also different from the holotype of  G. crescentensis illustrated by Weaver and Palmer, 1922 from the same formation. This questionable specimen, which is missing some of its shell, might not even be a cassid. </p>
            <p> “  STRAMONITA ”  PETROSA CONRAD, 1855 , NOMEN DUBIUM </p>
            <p> Stramonita petrosa Conrad, 1855 . p. 17; 1857. p. 327; pl. 6, figs. 47, 47a. </p>
            <p> Remarks— This species has been the source of con- siderable taxonomic confusion. Its two known specimens were found in a float boulder several kilometers from its supposed source, which was assumed to the Tejon Formation in the Grapevine Canyon area, Kern County, southern California. The specimens are very poorly preserved, and their smudged sketches are very inadequate. The curatorial details and whereabouts of these specimens are unknown. The anterior canal of this gastropod is not twisted, therefore it is not a cassid. It is also not the muricid  Stramonita Schumacher, 1817 , but it might be a ficid. Based on the insufficient knowledge about  Stramonita petrosa , Conrad’s (1855) gastropod is regarded herein as a nomen dubium. </p>
            <p> On the basis of the above-mentioned two incomplete shells, Anderson and Hanna (1924: p. 108, pl. 10, figs. 2, 3 = hypotypes CASG 823 and 824) reported  Galeodea petrosa (Conrad, 1855) from Locality CASG 245 in the Tejon Formation, Grapevine Canyon, Kern County, southern California. These two specimens show no diagnostic morphologic characters, which would allow identification as to family, genus, or species. </p>
            <p> Conrad’s use of the name  “ petrosa ” has been confused with  Dolium petrosum Conrad (1849) , a Miocene cassid species from the Astoria Formation in OreGon. See Moore (1963) for illustrations and synonymy of this Miocene species, now referred to as  Liracassis petrosa (Conrad, 1849) . </p>
            <p> “  GALEODEA ”  SCHENCKI WEAVER AND KLEINPELL, 1963 NOMEN </p>
            <p>DUBIUM</p>
            <p> Galeodea schencki Weaver and Kleinpell, 1963 . p. 189; pl. 25, figs. 15, 16. </p>
            <p> Primary Type Material—   Holotype CASG 70173 and paratype CASG 70174 are both from undifferentiated  Sacate-Gaviota strata, Santa Barbara County, southern </p>
            <p>California.</p>
            <p>Remarks— The holotype is essentially an internal cast. The paratype does not look like a cassid and might be a cymatiid, based on the shell’s high spire, numerous spiral ribs, and narrow and sculptured terminal varix. The paratype is missing also its anterior end, and its aperture is not known. Both parts are needed for proper identification. This gastropod is regarded herein as a nomen dubium.</p>
            <p> Weaver and Kleinpell (1963: p. 190, pl. 25, fig. 10) reported also a questionable  Echinophoria dalli (Dickerson, 1917) from the undifferentiated Gaviota Formation [“Tejon Stage”] in Santa Barbara County, southern California. Their report is based, however, on a poorly preserved single specimen whose anterior canal is missing, thus detailed identification is not possible. </p>
            <p> “  GALEODEA ” SP. BREMNER, 1932  Galeodea sp. Bremner, 1932. p. 17; pl. 2, fig. 9. </p>
            <p>Remarks— Bremner (1932) reported this gastropod (hypotype CASG 5527) from upper Paleocene (Thanetian) beds in Pozo Canyon, Santa Cruz Island, Santa Barbara County, southern California. This specimen is poorly preserved, and its anterior end is missing. This specimen might be a ficid gastropod.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2B618785FFF7EC68FF08C68FFDA6925B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Squires, Richard L.	Squires, Richard L. (2019): Revision of Eocene warm-water cassid gastropods from coastal southwestern North America: implications for paleobiogeographic distribution and faunal-turnover. PaleoBios 36: 1-22, DOI: 10.5070/P9361043434
