identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
90E568FB8FB5581081B30227A31044BC.text	90E568FB8FB5581081B30227A31044BC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ptychadena amharensis Smith, Noonan & Colston 2017	<div><p>Ptychadena amharensis Smith, Noonan &amp; Colston, 2017</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype. by original designation. A juvenile (XF140) collected on 18 July 2011 by X. Freilich and S. Boissinot in Dejen, Amhara region, Ethiopia (10.1908°N, 38.140°E, 2425 m a.s.l.). Paratypes. Three adult females (XF141, XF142, XF143) collected by X. Freilich and S. Boissinot on the same date and location. All type specimens and material examined are deposited at ZNHM.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>In addition to the type series, we examined one male (15-313) collected on 17 August 2015 by X. Freilich, J. Reyes-Velasco and S. Boissinot southeast of Debre Markos (10.2745°N, 37.8564°E, 2261 m a.s.l.), one female (15-367) collected on 19 August 2015 by X. Freilich J. Reyes-Velasco and S. Boissinot southwest of Debarq (13.0359°N, 37.799°E, 2583 m a.s.l.), one female (16-175) collected on 15 July 2016 by X. Freilich, J. Reyes-Velasco and S. Boissinot in Debre Markos (10.35195°N, 37.7414°E, 2803 m a.s.l.), one female (SB580) collected on 8 July 2018 by S. Goutte and Y. Bourgeois north-west of Debre Markos (10.3566°N, 37.6571°E, 2589 m a.s.l.), one female (SB584) collected on 8 July 2018 by S. Goutte and Y. Bourgeois in Debre Markos (10.35195°N, 37.7414°E, 2388 m a.s.l.) and five males (SB591, SB592, SB593, SB597 and SB606) collected on 9 July 2018 by S. Goutte and Y. Bourgeois in Debre Markos (10.3520°N, 37.7414°E, 2388 m a.s.l.).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Medium-sized species (male (6) SVL 36.9  ± 2.7 mm, female (7) SVL 42.5  ± 2.0 mm) of the  Ptychadena cooperi species group (Fig. 9). It differs from other members of the  Ptychadena neumanni species complex by the following combination of characters: (1) tibia half of the snout-vent length, (2) eye close to one another (male IOD/HW 0.16  ± 0.02, female IOD/HW 0.17  ± 0.02), (3) vertical light stripe on the tympanum, (4) vocal sacs are light grey to cream, sometimes mottled with light grey, (5) adult  males’ bodies covered in small warts.</p><p>Comparison.</p><p>Ptychadena amharensis is smaller than  P. cooperi and larger than  P. nana and  P. robeensis sp. nov. It has shorter hindlimbs than  P. doro sp. nov.,  P. neumanni,  P. goweri, and  P. harenna .  Ptychadena amharensis has a shorter head than  P. beka sp. nov.,  P. neumanni,  P. harenna and  P. goweri . The  species’ interorbital distance is shorter than in  P. doro sp. nov.,  P. delphina sp. nov.,  P. erlangeri,  P. levenorum,  P. goweri,  P. nana,  P. neumanni, and  P. robeensis sp. nov.</p><p>Description of the holotype.</p><p>Juvenile, in poor condition (Fig. 10). Right hind limb missing. No visible ridges or coloration on the back due to the poor condition of the specimen. Finger formula: 1&lt;2&lt;4&lt;3, hand free of webbing. Toe formula: 1&lt;2&lt;5&lt;3&lt;4. Toe webbing indistinguishable. Tongue bifurcated and free for half is length. Maxillary and premaxillary teeth present, vomerine teeth not visible. Throat cream.</p><p>Measurements of the holotype (mm): SVL 21.4, HW 8.8, HL 9.3, SL 3.7, NS 2.1, IND 2.1, EN 1.8, IOD 1.6, ETD 0.9, TD 1.6, ED 2, UEW 1.1, FLL 3.9, HAL 4.9, F4DW 0.3, THL 9.6, TL 9.7, FL 10.1, T4DW 0.3, MTL 0.9.</p><p>Coloration of the holotype in preservative.</p><p>Dorsal background color is grey, with almost completely faded away dark grey markings in between the eyes and on the upper part of the dorsum. Dark brown canthal stripe from the tip of the snout to the back of the jaw. No vertical stripe or blotch on the tympanum. Upper lip, throat, and posterior part of flanks cream. Irregular dark brown markings on the anterior third of the flanks. Ventrum, ventral side of the thighs and tibias uniformly cream. Faint dark brown bars on the tibia. Thighs posteriorly dark brown with large cream spots.</p><p>Variations.</p><p>In life, background coloration varies from dark orange to light olive or yellowish brown. Small, more or less distinct, dark brown blotches distributed on the dorsal ridges and on the antero-dorsal part of the flanks. Cream or sand-colored thin or wide vertebral stripe present in all examined specimens.</p><p>Iris bicolored, with the upper third silver to sand color, and the lower two thirds brown or copper to dark brown. Upper and lower jaws with light brown irregular markings. Dark brown canthal stripe from the tip of the snout to the back of the upper jaw. More or less distinct cream-colored vertical stripe or blotch on the tympanum. Light thin stripe on the tibia, extending over the lower third of the thigh. Back thighs light yellowish grey to greenish yellow reticulated with dark grey. Ventrum white to light yellow, throat white to bright yellow. Vocal sacs cream or light grey sometimes molted with light grey. Dorsum and hindlimbs of adult males covered in small warts.</p><p>Habitat, distribution, and natural history.</p><p>Ptychadena amharensis is found in the Amhara plateau, at elevations ranging from 1824 m to 2642 m a.s.l. This species is found notably around Debre Markos, Enjebara, Bahar Dar and Gondar. The northern-most individuals were found just south of Debarq (13.1098°N, 37.8637°E), while the southernmost individuals were found around Dejen (10.1908°N, 38.1401°E), just North of the Blue Nile. This species has not been found south of the Blue Nile.</p><p>Males are found calling at night from flooded grass fields, sometimes aggregating in important numbers, in sympatry with  Ptychadena wadei and  Ptychadena pumilio south of Bahar Dar.</p><p>Advertisement call.</p><p>Ptychadena amharensis males produce calls (4 males, 47 calls) of 355  ± 276 ms duration, containing 4  ± 3.5 pulsed notes. Each note is 43  ± 15 ms in duration and pulses are indistinct. Call rate is highly dependent of the social context as  P. amharensis tends to call in large choruses and their motivation to call is linked to the number of acoustically active conspecific males in their direct surroundings. Call dominant frequency is 2224  ± 158 Hz. Notes are frequency modulated, with an increase in dominant frequency within each note.</p><p>Within the  P. neumanni complex, the call of  P. amharensis can be distinguished from those of  P. erlangeri,  P. levenorum,  P. nana,  P. robeensis sp. nov.,  P. beka sp. nov.,  P. delphina sp. nov.,  P. goweri, and  P. neumanni call type 2 by the indistinct pulses of its notes. It is distinct from  P. doro sp. nov. by having calls composed of multiple notes, a higher dominant frequency and wider frequency bandwidth. The call of  P. amharensis is distinguishable from  P. neumanni call type 1 by having frequency-modulated notes and note groups and longer notes. The call of  P. amharensis resemble most the call of its closely related  P. cooperi, although with a higher peak frequency, reflective of the smaller size of the species, and notes grouped within each call while the notes of  P. cooperi calls are regularly spaced.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Neither the holotype designated by Smith et al. (2017), which is a juvenile in poor condition with one missing leg, nor the diagnosis provided in the original description provide characters allowing the distinction between  P. amharensis and other species of the  P. neumanni complex. The SVL values given for males and females in Smith et al. (2017a, b) do not correspond to measurements taken on the type series (holotype: juvenile SVL 21.8 mm, paratypes: adult females, SVL 40.2, 43.3, 43.8 mm) and were taken from a summary table (table 4 in Freilich et al. 2014) with no acknowledgement of the original data, and specimens of the type series have evidently not been examined by the authors. The altitudinal range for the species was taken from the same table, but values were rounded in Smith et al. (2017a, b).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/90E568FB8FB5581081B30227A31044BC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Goutte, Sandra;Reyes-Velasco *, Jacobo;Freilich, Xenia;Kassie, Abeje;Boissinot, Stephane	Goutte, Sandra, Reyes-Velasco *, Jacobo, Freilich, Xenia, Kassie, Abeje, Boissinot, Stephane (2021): Taxonomic revision of grass frogs (Ptychadenidae, Ptychadena) endemic to the Ethiopian highlands. ZooKeys 1016: 77-141, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1016.59699, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1016.59699
BE21FD2A9D415C909D56E7446862297C.text	BE21FD2A9D415C909D56E7446862297C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ptychadena beka Goutte & Reyes-Velasco * & Freilich & Kassie & Boissinot 2021	<div><p>Ptychadena beka sp. nov.</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype. Adult male (SB291) collected by S. Goutte and J. Reyes-Velasco on 5 June 2018 southwest of Nekemte (8.9950°N, 36.4955°E, 2213 m a.s.l.). Paratypes. one male (15-5) collected by X. Freilich, J. Reyes-Velasco and S. Boissinot on 3 August 2015 west of Holeta Genet (9.0508°N, 38.4312°E, 2433 m a.s.l.), one male (15-283) collected by X. Freilich, J. Reyes-Velasco and S. Boissinot on 14 August 2015 southwest of Nekemte (8.9742°N, 36.4906°E, 2243 m a.s.l.), one female (16-1) collected by J. Reyes-Velasco and S. Boissinot on 4 July 2016 west of Holeta Genet (9.05078°N, 38.4312°E, 2386 m a.s.l.), one female (SB268) collected by S. Goutte and J. Reyes-Velasco on 3 June 2018 northwest of Bonga (7.5085°N, 36.0637°E, 2038 m a.s.l.), 3 females (SB270, SB272 and SB276) collected by S. Goutte and J. Reyes-Velasco on 3 June 2018 south of Ambo (8.9671-8.9922°N, 37.7951-37.8471°E, 1945-2170 m a.s.l.), one female (SB282) collected by S. Goutte and J. Reyes-Velasco on 4 June 2018 southwest of Nekemte (8.9950°N, 36.4955°E, 2213 m a.s.l.), one female (SB287) and one male (SB292) collected by S. Goutte and J. Reyes-Velasco on 5 June 2018 southwest of Nekemte (8.9950°N, 36.4955°E, 2213 m a.s.l.), one male (SB387) collected by S. Goutte and J. Reyes-Velasco on 11 June 2018 south of  Gech’a (7.5544°N, 35.4148°E, 1936 m a.s.l.), one male (SB471) collected by S. Goutte and Y. Bourgeois on 21 June 2018 east of Iteya (8.1275°N, 39.2732°E, 2138 m a.s.l.), one female (SB566) collected by S. Goutte and Y. Bourgeois north of Gohatsion (10.01967°N, 38.2494°E, 2448 m a.s.l.), one male (SB576) collected by S. Goutte and Y. Bourgeois on 7 July 2018 north of Gebre Guracha (9.8664°N, 38.3758°E, 2596 m a.s.l.), two males (SB614, SB617) collected by S. Goutte and Y. Bourgeois on 14 July 2018 east of Holeta Genet (9.0682°N, 38.5214°E, 2397 m a.s.l.). All specimens are deposited at ZNHM.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>A medium-sized species (male (9) SVL 37.9  ± 2.6 mm, female (8) SVL 43.2  ± 2.9 mm) of the  Ptychadena neumanni species group (Fig. 18), distinguished by the following combination of characters: (1) relatively short hind limbs (male TL/SVL 0.51  ± 0.03, female TL/SVL 0.57  ± 0.03), (2) tympanum with a light vertical bar, (3) medium or wide vertebral stripe always present, (4) vocal sacs of most males are bicolored, from light to dark grey posteriorly and from yellow to cream anteriorly, rarely, they are light grey, (5) forearms of adult males not thickened.</p><p>Comparison.</p><p>Ptychadena beka sp. nov. is smaller than  P. cooperi and  P. goweri and larger than  P. nana and  P. robeensis sp. nov. Hand, feet, tibias, thighs and snout are of similar dimensions than  P. amharensis and shorter than those of  P. delphina sp. nov. and  P. goweri .  Ptychadena beka sp. nov. can be distinguished from  P. amharensis by a wider inter-orbital distance. It can be distinguished from  P. erlangeri by a larger tympanum, the light stripe or blotch on the tympanum and the bicolored vocal sacs in adult males.  Ptychadena beka sp. nov. differs from  P. levenorum by longer thighs, larger tympanum and longer snout. The head is wider and the tibias are longer than in  P. doro sp. nov.</p><p>Description of the holotype.</p><p>A medium-sized (SVL 36.3 mm) adult male (Fig. 18). Head slightly wider than long. Snout projecting beyond the lower jaw. Interorbital distance 0.62  × the eye diameter. Internarial distance 1.12  × interorbital distance. Tympanum 0.67  × eye diameter. Finger tips not expanded but rounded, with very small subarticular tubercles. Finger formula: I&lt;II&lt;IV&lt;III. Hand free of webbing, palmar tubercle absent. Nuptial pads light grey. Hindlimbs moderately elongated, with tibia length 0.51  × snout-vent length. Foot as long as thigh and shorter than tibia (FL/TL0.97). Toe tips rounded. Subarticular tubercles extremely small. Inner metatarsal tubercle present, external absent. Toe formula: I&lt;II&lt;V&lt;III&lt;IV. Foot webbing formula: Ie(1), IIi/e(1-1), IIIi/e(1-2), IVi/e(2-2), Vi(2). Two light brown, continuous lateral ridges, two continuous and four interrupted dorsal ridges. No vertebral nor sacral ridges. No warts on the body. Small and round light brown warts on tibias and thighs.</p><p>Coloration of the holotype in life.</p><p>Dorsal ground color brown with a few small, elongated dark brown blotches symmetrically distributed on the dorsolateral ridges. Wide light brown vertebral stripe, doubled with a thin, clearer line from the tip of the snout to the vent. Dark brown canthal stripe from the tip of the snout to the back of the jaw. Faint light vertical stripe on the otherwise brown tympanum. Upper and lower lip cream with irregular brown markings.</p><p>Iris bicolored, with upper third light silver-grey, and the lower two thirds dark brown. Small irregular dark olive brown blotches on greyish flanks. Throat and chest cream, ventrum, ventral sides of the thighs and of the tibias light yellow. Two small symmetrical dark brown blotches on the antero-ventral side of the shoulders. Thin, light longitudinal stripe on the tibias. Few white round warts on the tibias. Hind limbs brown with dark olive bars over the thighs, tibias, and feet. A few very small round white dots around the groin. Back of the thighs dark brown irregularly molted with yellow. Vocal sacs dark grey anteriorly, yellow posteriorly.</p><p>Coloration of the holotype in preservative.</p><p>Dorsal ground color grey with a few oval dark brown blotches symmetrically distributed on the dorsolateral ridges. Wide light brown vertebral stripe, doubled with a lighter thin line from the tip of the snout to the vent. Dark brown canthal stripe from the tip of the snout to the back of the jaw. Faint vertical stripe on the otherwise brown tympanum. Upper lip and lower lip cream heavily blotched with grey. Flanks brown with a few black blotches underlined with a cream bar. Throat, ventrum, ventral side of the thighs and tibias cream, with the chest and throat dusted with grey. Two symmetrical dark brown blotches on the ventral side of the shoulders. Faint, thin longitudinal stripe on the tibias. Faint brown bars on the thigh and tibia. A few small round white spots forming a line on the posterior side of tibia and foot. Back of thighs molted light and dark brown. Vocal sacs dark grey anteriorly, cream posteriorly. Nuptial pads light grey.</p><p>Variations.</p><p>In life, background color varies from yellowish brown to greyish brown. Dorsal ridges vary in number and definition. In all examined specimens, median ridges were continuous from the back of the head to the groin. Postpalpebral fold usually interrupted in the middle of the back, sometimes continuing on the lower back by a ridge or multiple aligned warts. Short latero-dorsal fold almost always present, sometimes fractioned. Lateral ridges, briefly interrupted in a few specimens, most often continuous, from orange-brown to cream. All specimens examined had small dark brown or black blotches distributed symmetrically on the dorsal ridges, in very few specimens, those blotches were very small or barely visible. All examined individuals have a wide, generally around a lighter thin stripe. The light blotch on the tympanum is generally small and more conspicuous in some specimens than in others. The thin cream longitudinal stripe on the tibia may be more or less conspicuous and extended to half of the thigh in some individuals. Tibias, thighs and feet posteriorly barred with more or less defined brown or light brown markings. Yellow and brown marbling on the posterior side of the thighs more or less contrasted and almost absent in some individuals. Ventrum and throat uniformly white to light yellow. Vocal sacs grey, bicolored cream to yellow and light grey to grey. Small warts over the back and flanks in ca. 10% of adult males examined.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific name corresponds to the translation of the word  “enough” or  “that’s it" in Amharic (በቃ), in reference to the controversial taxonomic history of the group that we hope has come to an end. It is an invariable noun used in apposition.</p><p>Habitat, distribution, and natural history.</p><p>Ptychadena beka sp. nov. has a wide distribution range extending both sides of the Great Rift Valley, although most records were made west of the GRV (6.14-10.01°N, 35.41-39.27°E). It is restricted to moderate altitudes, from 1695 m to 2596 m a.s.l. (based on 106 barcoded individuals). In the north, its range is limited by the Blue Nile valley and the northernmost specimens have been found just north of Gohatsion. The westernmost population has been found in  Gech’a . Two populations have been found southeast of the GRV, near Iteya and south of Irba Muda. GPS coordinates for all examined specimens are given in Suppl. material 3: Table S1.  Ptychadena beka sp. nov. is found in syntopy with  P. erlangeri at the higher end of its altitudinal range, notably near Fitche, Holeta, between Ambo and Wonchi, and possibly near Assela. Within the genus,  P. beka sp. nov. is also sympatric with  P. neumanni,  P. delphina, and  P. doro in the west.</p><p>Males are found calling at in shallow roadside puddles or agricultural fields. Males can be found vocalizing very close from one another, sometimes in important numbers. Calling activity depends on rainfall and is highest during rainy months. Calling usually starts after 22:00, and sometimes as late as 02:00 in dry weather, and ceases before dawn. Numerous, small bicolored eggs are laid in the same water body.</p><p>Advertisement call.</p><p>The call of  Ptychadena beka sp. nov. (5 males, 128 calls) is composed of a single pulsed note of 447  ± 112 ms in duration, containing 31  ± 10.6 pulses. Within calls, pulses are grouped by 3-5 pulses, with the first and the last pulses of each pulse group notably lower in amplitude than the other pulses. Low-amplitude single pulses are sometimes present between pulse groups. Amplitude increases gradually during the call, peaking at 266  ± 78 ms, after which it drops. Call dominant frequency is 2491  ± 129 Hz.</p><p>The call of  P. beka sp. nov. can be distinguished from those of  P. cooperi,  P. amharensis,  P. doro sp. nov., and  P. neumanni (type A and B) by the distinguishable pulses composing the calls. It is also distinct from the calls of  P. delphina sp. nov. and  P. robeensis sp. nov. by its short inter-pulse intervals. The call of  P. beka sp. nov. differs from the calls of  P. delphina sp. nov.,  P. erlangeri,  P. levenorum, and  P. goweri by its higher dominant frequency. Finally, the call of  P. beka sp. nov. differs from the call of  P. nana and  P. erlangeri by its longer duration.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BE21FD2A9D415C909D56E7446862297C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Goutte, Sandra;Reyes-Velasco *, Jacobo;Freilich, Xenia;Kassie, Abeje;Boissinot, Stephane	Goutte, Sandra, Reyes-Velasco *, Jacobo, Freilich, Xenia, Kassie, Abeje, Boissinot, Stephane (2021): Taxonomic revision of grass frogs (Ptychadenidae, Ptychadena) endemic to the Ethiopian highlands. ZooKeys 1016: 77-141, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1016.59699, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1016.59699
C980B0B63C5C503AA82FC846A6ECF097.text	C980B0B63C5C503AA82FC846A6ECF097.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ptychadena delphina Goutte & Reyes-Velasco * & Freilich & Kassie & Boissinot 2021	<div><p>Ptychadena delphina sp. nov.</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype. Adult male (SB310) collected on 7 June 2018 by S. Goutte and J. Reyes-Velasco between Dembi and Gechi, Oromia, Ethiopia (8.2195°N, 36.446°E, 2064 m a.s.l.). Paratypes. One female (16-242) and one male (16-241) collected 22 July 2016 by X. Freilich, J. Reyes-Velasco and S. Boissinot west of Bedele (8.3746°N, 36.2596°E, 1876 m a.s.l.), one female (SB295) collected on 6 June 2018 by S. Goutte and J. Reyes-Velasco west of Bedele (8.4330°N, 36.3176°E, 1942 m a.s.l.), two males (SB313 and SB314) collected on 7 June 2018 by S. Goutte and J. Reyes-Velasco between Dembi and Gechi (8.2195°N, 36.4460°E, 2064 m a.s.l.), one female (SB341) collected on 9 June 2018 by S. Goutte and J. Reyes-Velasco west of Gore (8.1769°N, 35.3627°E, 1612 m a.s.l.), 3 females(SB355, SB356 and SB357) and two males (SB354 and SB363) collected on 10 June 2018 by S. Goutte and J. Reyes-Velasco south of Gore (8.0802°N, 35.5239°E, 1903 m a.s.l.). All specimens are deposited at ZNHM.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Large member (male (6) SVL 40.1  ± 2.9 mm, female (6) SVL 47.2  ± 2.3 mm) of the  Ptychadena neumanni species group (Fig. 19) distinguished by the following combination of characters: (1) moderately long hind limbs (male TL/SVL 0.53  ± 0.02, female TL/SVL 0.55  ± 0.03), (2) long forearms (FLL/SVL 0.20  ± 0.01), (3) eye close to one another (male IOD/HW 0.17  ± 0.02, female IOD/HW 0.20  ± 0.03), (4) light vertical stripe on the tympanum, (5) vocal sacs are dark grey or dark grey posteriorly and lighter anteriorly.</p><p>Comparison.</p><p>Ptychadena delphina sp. nov. is smaller than  P. cooperi and larger than  P. nana,  P. erlangeri,  P. levenorum, and  P. robeensis sp. nov. This species has shorter hind limbs and feet than  P. goweri but longer than  P. beka sp. nov. and  P. amharensis (see Suppl. material 3: Table S2). The length of its forearms is also greater than in  P. beka sp. nov. and  P. amharensis .  Ptychadena delphina sp. nov. can be distinguished from  P. goweri by shorter hands, shorter snout, and pigmented vocal sacs in adult males. Eyes are closer to one-another than  P. goweri, but further apart than in  P. amharensis . Tympanum larger than  P. doro sp. nov.</p><p>Description of the holotype.</p><p>Relatively large (SVL 44.2 mm) male (Fig. 19). Head wider than long (HL/HW 0.87). Snout projecting beyond the lower jaw. Interorbital distance 0.54  × eye diameter. Internarial distance 1.68  × interorbital distance. Tympanum 0.71  × eye diameter. Finger tips not expanded but rounded, with small subarticular tubercles.</p><p>Finger formula: I&lt;II&lt;IV&lt;III. Hand free of webbing. Hindlimbs elongated, with tibia length 0.55  × snout-vent length. Foot longer than thigh (FL/THL 1.27) and slightly longer than tibia (FL/TL 1.02). Toe tips rounded. Subarticular tubercles small and round. Inner metatarsal tubercle present, external absent. Fourth toe on the left foot amputated. Toe formula: I&lt;II&lt;V&lt;III&lt;IV. Foot webbing formula: Ie(minimal), IIi/e(minimal-1), IIIi/e(2-2), IVi/e(2-2), Vi(2). Two light lateral ridges, continuous on the right side and discontinuous on the left side. Two continuous dorsal ridges and two interrupted dorsolateral ridges. No vertebral nor sacral ridges. Body and eyelids covered with minute transparent warts. Nuptial pad developed along finger I. Tongue longer than wide, free for half of its length, bifurcated at the end. Vomerine, maxillary and premaxillary teeth present.</p><p>Coloration of the holotype in life.</p><p>Dorsal ground color brown with elongated dark brown blotches symmetrically distributed on the dorsal ridges. Wide light grey-brown vertebral stripe, doubled with a thin, clearer stripe from the tip of the snout to the vent. Dark brown canthal stripe from the tip of the snout to the back of the jaw. Light vertical blotch on the otherwise brown tympanum. Upper and lower lip cream to light brown with irregular brown markings. Iris dark brown on the lower two thirds, light golden brown above, separated by a cream horizontal stripe.</p><p>A few irregular dark brown blotches on the light grey flanks. Throat and ventrum cream with a few small light grey dots under the chin. Two small symmetrical dark brown blotches on the antero-ventral side of the shoulders. Thin light longitudinal stripe on the tibias and lower half of the thighs. Hind limbs brown with dark bars over the thighs, tibias, and feet. A few small round white dots around the groin. Back of the thighs dark brown irregularly molted with yellow. Vocal sacs uniformly dark grey.</p><p>Coloration of the holotype in preservative.</p><p>Dorsal ground color dark brown with a few small, oval dark brown blotches symmetrically distributed on the dorsolateral ridges. Wide lighter brown vertebral stripe, doubled with a thin, clearer line from the tip of the snout to the vent. Dark brown canthal stripe from the tip of the snout to the back of the jaw. Light vertical stripe on the otherwise brown tympanum. Upper lip grey on the anterior half and cream on posterior half. Lower lip grey with irregular cream spots. Flanks brown with a few irregular small dark brown blotches. Throat, ventrum, ventral side of the thighs and tibias uniformly cream with the throat and chest lightly dusted with grey. Two symmetrical dark brown blotches on the ventral side of the shoulders. Thin, light longitudinal stripe on the tibias. Faint brown bars on the thighs. Back of thighs molted light grey and brown. Vocal sacs dark grey. Nuptial pads cream.</p><p>Variations.</p><p>In life, background color varies from light to dark brown. Dorsal ridges vary in number and definition. Median ridges may be continuous from eye level to the groin, or interrupted and be present only along half the back. Postpalpebral fold interrupted in the middle of the back, sometimes continuing on the lower back. Short laterodorsal fold almost always present. Lateral ridges generally non-interrupted until the lower third of the back and from orange to cream. All specimens examined had small dark brown or black blotches distributed symmetrically on the dorsal ridges. Inguinal area more or less conspicuously yellow. Vertebral stripe may be thin or wide, generally around a lighter thin stripe. Tympanum blotch may be more or less conspicuous depending on the individual.</p><p>The thin cream longitudinal stripe on the tibia may be extended to the thigh or half of the thigh and the foot in some individuals. Tibias, thighs, and feet posteriorly barred with more or less defined brown or light brown markings. Thighs posteriorly marbled with light to dark brown and yellow. Ventrum and throat uniformly white to light yellow. Vocal sacs grey to dark grey or bicolored cream and grey. Small warts over the back and flanks in ca. 20% of adult males.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific name originates from the Latin delphinus, dolphin, in reference to the advertisement call of the species resembling a  dolphin’s clicking sound. We have Latinized delphinus into the adjective  Ptychadena delphina to be in accordance with the gender of genus  Ptychadena . The advertisement call best distinguishes  P. delphina sp. nov. from  P. doro sp. nov.</p><p>Habitat, distribution, and natural history.</p><p>The distribution range of  Ptychadena delphina sp. nov. is mostly restricted to mid-elevation forests (1612 to 2064 m a.s.l.), west of the GRV and north of the Geba River (tributary of the Baro River). However, two individuals (XF13-283 and XF13-285) collected in 2013 by X. Freilich and S. Boissinot in Asgori, between Addis Ababa and Ambo (8.9799°N, 38.0241°E, 2370 m a.s.l.) clustered with  Ptychadena delphina in phylogenetic analyses based on four molecular markers (Freilich et al. 2016). If the molecular results are not caused by introgression between  P. delphina sp. nov. and  P. beka sp. nov, which occurs in the area, and if these two individuals represent a real population, this is the easternmost and highest known population of  P. delphina sp. nov. The habitat at this locality is also quite different from the rest of  P. delphina sp. nov. distribution range, as it is composed of open agricultural fields and not forest. No other individual of the species was collected in the multiple sampling campaigns subsequently conducted, and this population remains to be confirmed. Beside these two individuals, the easternmost populations have been found south of Bedele, while, in the west, Individuals have been collected by Uka, west of Gore. The southernmost individuals were found in Bichano, just north of the Geba River.</p><p>Males of  P. delphina sp. nov. call at night in flooded grassland ponds or puddles, or in rainwater-filled holes on the road. Within the genus,  P. delphina sp. nov. is found in sympatry with  P. beka sp. nov.,  P. doro sp. nov., and  P. neumanni . Males of  P. delphina sp. nov. have been found calling jointly with  P. doro sp. nov.</p><p>Advertisement call.</p><p>To the human ear, the call of  Ptychadena delphina sp. nov. (4 males, 33 calls) resembles a  dolphin’s series of clicks. It is composed of a single note of 504  ± 92 ms in duration, containing 8.4  ± 1.4 pulses, which are clearly distinct and at regular intervals. Amplitude increases regularly within the note until 384  ± 129 ms, where it decreases. As in other Ethiopian  Ptychadena species, call repetition rate is highly variable and dependent of the social context. Call dominant frequency is 2327  ± 147 Hz, with a gradual increase in dominant frequency within the call.</p><p>The call of  Ptychadena delphina sp. nov. is easily distinguishable from the calls of all other  Ptychadena from the Ethiopian highland by its well defined and regularly spaced pulses, except for the call of  P. robeensis, which presents a similar structure. The call  P. robeensis can however be distinguished by its higher dominant frequency (2876  ± 74 Hz), related to the  species’ smaller body size. It is worth noting that the call of the closely related syntopic species  P. doro sp. nov. is remarkably different both in temporal and spectral features, while the two species are morphologically extremely similar. The two species were thus named after their respective calls, which constitute their most distinguishable traits.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C980B0B63C5C503AA82FC846A6ECF097	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Goutte, Sandra;Reyes-Velasco *, Jacobo;Freilich, Xenia;Kassie, Abeje;Boissinot, Stephane	Goutte, Sandra, Reyes-Velasco *, Jacobo, Freilich, Xenia, Kassie, Abeje, Boissinot, Stephane (2021): Taxonomic revision of grass frogs (Ptychadenidae, Ptychadena) endemic to the Ethiopian highlands. ZooKeys 1016: 77-141, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1016.59699, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1016.59699
0705404D7B4056A188565655B54204C3.text	0705404D7B4056A188565655B54204C3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ptychadena doro Goutte & Reyes-Velasco * & Freilich & Kassie & Boissinot 2021	<div><p>Ptychadena doro sp. nov.</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype. An adult male (SB328) collected on 8 June 2018 by S. Goutte and J. Reyes-Velasco between Dembi and Gechi, Oromia, Ethiopia (8.2195°N, 36.446°E, 2064 m a.s.l.). Paratypes. 14 males: one male (15-260) collected on 15 August 2015 by X. Freilich, J. Reyes-Velasco and S. Boissinot south of  Gech’a (7.4213°N, 35.3993°E, 2316 m a.s.l.), two males (16-198, 16-200) collected on 17 July 2016 by J. Reyes-Velasco and S. Boissinot northwest of Jimma (7.7307°N, 36.6926°E, 2218 m a.s.l.), two females (16-344, 16-350) and 3 males (16-352, 16-353, 16-361) collected on 21 July 2016 by J. Reyes-Velasco and S. Boissinot south of  Gech’a (7.4212°N-7.4393°N, 35.3992-35.4047°E, 2240-2304 m a.s.l.), one male (SB247) collected on 24 April 2018 by S. Goutte and J. Reyes-Velasco west of Jimma (7.5449°N, 36.582°E, 2272 m a.s.l.), two females (SB298, SB309) and 3 males (SB299, SB311, SB312) collected on 7 June 2018 by S. Goutte and J. Reyes-Velasco between Dembi and Gechi (8.2195-8.2524°N, 36.446-36.4465°E, 2064-2198 m a.s.l.), one female (SB327) collected on 8 June 2018 by S. Goutte and J. Reyes-Velasco between Dembi and Gechi (8.2195°N, 36.446°E, 2064 m a.s.l.), one female (SB346) collected on 9 June 2018 by S. Goutte and J. Reyes-Velasco west of Gore (8.1645°N, 35.3819°E, 1654 m a.s.l.), one male (SB386) collected on 11 June 2018 by S. Goutte and J. Reyes-Velasco south of  Gech’a (7.5544°N, 35.4148°E, 1936 m a.s.l.), one male (SB408) collected on 13 June 2018 by S. Goutte and J. Reyes-Velasco south of  Gech’a (7.5532°N, 35.4158°E, 1940 m a.s.l.). All specimens are deposited at ZNHM.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Moderately large (male (13) SVL 35.8  ± 2.2 mm, female (6) SVL 42.4  ± 5.7 mm) member of the  Ptychadena neumanni species group (Fig. 20) distinguished by the following combination of characters: (1) long hind limbs (male TL/SVL 0.58  ± 0.03, female TL/SVL 0.64  ± 0.11), (2) long hands (male HAL/SVL 0.24  ± 0.02, female HAL/SVL 0.25  ± 0.05), (3) long snout (male SL/SVL 0.16  ± 0.01, female SL/SVL 0.16  ± 0.02), (4) relatively small tympanum (male TD/ED 0.64  ± 0.09, female TD/ED 0.63  ± 0.1), (5) light vertical stripe on the tympanum, (6) vocal sacs are grey or dark grey posteriorly and lighter anteriorly,</p><p>Comparison.</p><p>Ptychadena doro sp. nov. can be distinguished from all medium sized Ethiopian  Ptychadena by its long feet and smaller tympanum. It can be further distinguished from  P. beka sp. nov. by a narrower head and longer tibias. Snout is longer, inter-nares distance is greater and hands are longer than in  P. erlangeri and  P. levenorum . It can be distinguished from  P. amharensis and  P. levenorum by its larger inter-orbital distance.  Ptychadena doro sp. nov. can be distinguished from  P. delphina sp. nov. by a smaller body, a narrower head and shorter inter-orbital distance.</p><p>Description of the holotype.</p><p>A medium-sized (SVL 36.4 mm) adult male with long hind limbs (TL/SVL 0.58; Fig. 20, Suppl. material 3: Table S1). Head as long as wide. Snout projecting beyond the lower jaw. Interorbital distance 0.60  × the eye diameter. Internarial distance 1.08  × interorbital distance. Tympanum 0.63  × eye diameter. Finger tips not expanded but rounded, with very small subarticular tubercles. Finger formula: I&lt;II&lt;IV&lt;III. Hand free of webbing, palmar tubercle absent. Nuptial pads light grey to cream, extending dorsally to the second finger. Hindlimbs elongated, with tibia length 0.57  × snout-vent length. Foot longer than thigh and slightly longer than tibia (FL/THL 1.20, FL/TL 1.01). Toe tips rounded. Subarticular tubercles extremely small. Inner metatarsal tubercle present, external absent. Toe formula: I&lt;II&lt;V&lt;III&lt;IV. Foot webbing formula: Ie(1), IIi/e(1-1), IIIi/e(1-2), IVi/e(2-2), Vi(2). Two light brown, continuous lateral ridges, two continuous and four interrupted dorsal ridges. No vertebral nor sacral ridges. Very small, translucent warts on the body and small round warts on tibias and feet. Tongue free for half of its length, bifurcated at the end. Vomerine, maxillary and premaxillary teeth present.</p><p>Coloration of the holotype in life.</p><p>Dorsal ground color brown with a few elongated dark brown blotches symmetrically distributed on the dorsolateral ridges. Wide light grey-brown vertebral stripe, doubled with a thin, clearer stripe from the tip of the snout to the vent. Dark olive brown canthal stripe from the tip of the snout to the back of the jaw. Light vertical stripe on the otherwise brown tympanum. Upper and lower lip cream to light brown with irregular brown markings.</p><p>Iris bicolored, with upper third light silver-grey, and the lower two thirds dark brown. Irregular dark olive brown blotches fused into a large undefined mark on the flanks. Throat, ventrum, ventral side of the thighs and tibias uniformly light yellow. Two small symmetrical dark brown blotches on the antero-ventral side of the shoulders. Thin, barely visible, light longitudinal stripe on the tibias. Few white round warts on the tibias. Hind limbs brown with dark olive bars over the thighs, tibias, and feet. A few very small round white dots around the groin. Back of the thighs dark brown irregularly molted with yellow. Vocal sacs uniformly dark grey.</p><p>Coloration of the holotype in preservative.</p><p>Dorsal ground color grey with a few oval dark brown blotches symmetrically distributed on the dorsolateral ridges. Wide lighter brown vertebral stripe from the tip of the snout to the vent. Dark brown canthal stripe from the tip of the snout to the back of the jaw. Faint vertical stripe on the otherwise brown tympanum. Upper lip and lower lips cream heavily blotched with grey. Flanks brown with a few irregular small dark brown blotches. Throat, ventrum, ventral side of the thighs and tibias uniformly cream. Two symmetrical grey blotches on the ventral side of the shoulders. Faint, thin longitudinal stripe on the tibias. No distinct bars on the thighs or tibias. A few small round white spots forming a line on the posterior side of tibias. Back of thighs molted yellowish cream and brown. Vocal sacs dark grey. Nuptial pads light grey.</p><p>Variations.</p><p>In life, background color varies from yellowish brown to dark brown. Dorsal ridges vary in number and definition. In all examined specimens, median ridges were continuous from eye level to the groin. Postpalpebral fold usually interrupted in the middle of the back, sometimes continuing on the lower back by a ridge or multiple aligned warts. Short laterodorsal fold almost always present, sometimes fractioned. Lateral ridges generally briefly interrupted once or twice and from orange to cream. All specimens examined had small dark brown or black blotches distributed symmetrically on the dorsal ridges. Inguinal area yellowish in some individuals. Most individuals have a wide, generally around a lighter thin stripe, some individuals have a thin vertebral stripe only. All examined specimens had a very conspicuous cream blotch on the tympanum.</p><p>The thin cream longitudinal stripe on the tibia may be more or less conspicuous and extended to the thigh or half of the thigh and the foot in some individuals. Tibias, thighs, and feet posteriorly barred with more or less defined brown or light brown markings. Yellow and brown marbling on the posterior side of the thighs almost absent in some individuals. Ventrum and throat uniformly light yellow, sometimes very lightly dusted with light grey on the throat. Vocal sacs grey, bicolored cream and grey in some individuals, and rarely light grey. Small warts over the back and flanks in ca. 50% of adult males.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The species name is the Amharic translation of chicken (ዶሮ), in reference to the advertisement call of the species resembling a  chicken’s song. The advertisement call distinguishes best  Ptychadena doro sp. nov. from the syntopic species  P. delphina sp. nov.</p><p>Habitat, distribution, and natural history.</p><p>The distribution range of  Ptychadena doro sp. nov. is restricted to mid-elevations (1654 to 2318 m a.s.l.), west of the GRV. The easternmost populations have been found around Jimma and south of Bedele. Individuals have been collected west of Metu and between Metu and Tippi. Males of  P. doro sp. nov. call at night in flooded grassland ponds or puddles, or in rainwater-filled holes on the road. Within the genus  Ptychadena,  P. doro sp. nov. is found in sympatry with  P. beka sp. nov.,  P. delphina sp. nov. and  P. neumanni . Males of  P. doro sp. nov. have been found calling jointly with males of  P. delphina sp. nov.</p><p>Advertisement call.</p><p>The call of  Ptychadena doro sp. nov. (3 males, 21 calls) is reminiscent of a chicken call. It is composed of a single, pulsed note of 411  ± 41 ms in duration. Pulses are partly fused without any silent intervals between them. Amplitude increases during most of the note (peak amplitude at 295  ± 39 ms) and decreases abruptly at the end of the note. As in other Ethiopian  Ptychadena species, call repetition rate is highly variable and dependent of the social context. Call dominant frequency is 1966  ± 105 Hz, with a gradual increase in frequency within the note. Frequency bandwidth is remarkably narrower than that of the calls of the other species of the  P. neumanni complex (415  ± 31 Hz), resulting in a more tonal sound. The call of  P. doro sp. nov. is easily distinguishable from the call of all other species of the  P. neumanni complex by its single note, tonal call composed of indistinct pulses.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0705404D7B4056A188565655B54204C3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Goutte, Sandra;Reyes-Velasco *, Jacobo;Freilich, Xenia;Kassie, Abeje;Boissinot, Stephane	Goutte, Sandra, Reyes-Velasco *, Jacobo, Freilich, Xenia, Kassie, Abeje, Boissinot, Stephane (2021): Taxonomic revision of grass frogs (Ptychadenidae, Ptychadena) endemic to the Ethiopian highlands. ZooKeys 1016: 77-141, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1016.59699, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1016.59699
87B773BC7FF35B5B818DA5DB58E809FC.text	87B773BC7FF35B5B818DA5DB58E809FC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ptychadena erlangeri (Ahl 1924)	<div><p>Ptychadena erlangeri (Ahl, 1924)</p><p>Rana erlangeri Ahl, 1924: 4.</p><p>Ptychadena erlangeri - Perret 1980: 151-168.</p><p>Rana (Ptychadena) erlangeri - Dubois 1981: 233.</p><p>Ptychadena (Ptychadena) erlangeri - Dubois 1992: 316.</p><p>Ptychadena largeni Perret 1994: 67.</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype. A gravid female (ZMB-26887) collected by C. von Erlanger in December 1900 at lake Abaya, Ethiopia (likely the eastern shore of the lake, 1300 m a.s.l., see remarks below).</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Except for the type specimen and the type series of  P. largeni, all the material examined is deposited at ZNHM. One female (15-47) collected by X. Freilich, J. Reyes-Velasco and S. Boissinot south of Assela (7.9068°N, 39.1238°E, 2520 m a.s.l.), one male (15-400) collected by X. Freilich, J. Reyes-Velasco and S. Boissinot on 22 August 2015 north of Fitche (9.7877°N, 38.6974°E, 2821 m a.s.l.), two males (15-417 and 15-420) collected by X. Freilich, J. Reyes-Velasco and S. Boissinot on 26 August 2015 north (6.3844°N, 38.5927°E, 2655 m a.s.l.) and south (6.3256°N, 38.6645°E, 2684 m a.s.l.) of Bore, respectively, one male (16-6) collected by J. Reyes-Velasco and S. Boissinot on 4 July 2016 between Addis Ababa and Ambo, eight males (16-6, 16-10, 16-11, 16-12, 16-14, 16-16, 16-17 and 16-24) collected by J. Reyes-Velasco and S. Boissinot on 5 July 2016 south of Assela (7.7776-7.8431°N, 39.1384-39.1529°E, 2553-2637 m a.s.l.), one female (16-131) and six males (16-99, 16-106, 16-112, 16-113, 16-114 and 16-118) collected by J. Reyes-Velasco and S. Boissinot on 12 July 2016 southeast of Mehal Meda (9.9894-10.3316°N, 39.7452-39.8092°E, 3017-3394 m a.s.l.), one female (16-142) and one male (16-155) collected by J. Reyes-Velasco and S. Boissinot on 13 July 2016 north of Debre Birhan (9.6822-9.6979°N, 39.5505-39.5628°E, 2833-2837 m a.s.l.), one male (16-166) collected by J. Reyes-Velasco and S. Boissinot on 14 July 2016 south of Fitche (9.7502°N, 38.7445°E, 2726 m a.s.l.), one female (SB231) and one male (SB232) collected by S. Goutte and J. Reyes-Velasco on 23 April 2018 south of Gumer (7.9125°N, 38.0644°E, 2831 m a.s.l.), two males (SB552 and SB553) collected by S. Goutte and Y. Bourgeois on 3 July 2018 east of Mehal Meda (10.3247°N, 39.8092°E, 2795 m a.s.l.), one male (SB562) collected by S. Goutte and Y. Bourgeois on 4 July 2018 east of Mehal Meda (10.3247°N, 39.8092°E, 2795 m a.s.l.), three males (SB570, SB571 and SB577) collected by S. Goutte and Y. Bourgeois on 7 July 2018 north of Gebre Guracha (9.8818°N, 38.3660°E, 2558 m a.s.l.), one male (SB615) collected by S. Goutte and Y. Bourgeois on 14 July 2018 near Holeta (9.0692°N, 38.5214°E, 2397 m a.s.l.),  P. largeni male holotype (MHNG-2513.31),  P. largeni male paratypes (MHNG-2513.38, MHNG-2513.42, MHNG-2513.44, MHNG-2513.45, MHNG-2513.49, MHNG-2513.52),  P. largeni female paratypes (MHNG-2513.56, MHNG-2513.57, MHNG-2513.58, MHNG-2513.59 and MHNG-2513.60) collected by M. Largen on 12 June 1977 in Addis Ababa, Shewa (Shoa) (9.03°N, 38.75°E, 2500 m a.s.l.).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>A medium-sized (male (35) SVL 34.1  ± 2.5 mm, female (10) SVL 34.6  ± 1.7 mm) member of the  Ptychadena erlangeri species group (Fig. 11).  Ptychadena erlangeri differs from other members of the  P. neumanni complex by the following combination of characters: (1) relatively short hind limbs (male TL/SVL 0.53  ± 0.04, female TL/SVL 0.54  ± 0.05), (2) tympanum translucent, without any light bar or blotch, (3) vocal sacs light in color, from cream to light grey, very rarely with a bit of grey, (4) adult males with robust forelimbs, (5) adult males often covered in small warts.</p><p>Comparison.</p><p>Species very variable in body size across its range, but always smaller than  P. cooperi,  P. goweri and larger than  P. nana and  P. robeensis sp. nov.  Ptychadena erlangeri can be distinguished from  P. beka sp. nov.,  P. delphina sp. nov.,  P. doro sp. nov.,  P. amharensis,  P. neumanni, and  P. robeensis sp. nov. by the absence of light bar or blotch on the tympanum. Furthermore, adult males can be distinguished by their cream or light-yellow vocal sac from  P. beka sp. nov.,  P. neumanni,  P. robeensis sp. nov.,  P. doro sp. nov., and  P. delphina sp. nov.  Ptychadena erlangeri has a shorter snout than  P. amharensis,  P. harenna,  P. beka sp. nov.,  P. delphina sp. nov.,  P. goweri,  P. cooperi, and  P. doro sp. nov. Finally,  P. erlangeri can be distinguished from  P. levenorum by longer eye-nostril and inter-orbital distances and longer hind limbs.</p><p>Description of the holotype.</p><p>Medium sized (SVL 37.6 mm), slender, gravid female with long hind limbs (TL/SVL 0.63, Fig. 12, Suppl. material 3: Table S1). Head longer than wide (HW/HL 0.94). Snout pointed, projecting beyond the lower jaw. Interorbital distance 0.58  × eye diameter. Nostril half-way between the tip of the snout and the eye. Internarial distance 1.2  × interorbital distance. Tympanum 0.61  × eye diameter. Finger tips not expanded but rounded, with moderate subarticular tubercles. Finger formula: I&lt;II&lt;IV&lt;III. Hand free of webbing. Hindlimbs elongated, with tibia length 0.63  × snout-vent length. Rounded white warts irregularly spread on the dorsal side of tibia. Foot as long as thigh and almost as long as tibia (FL/TL 0.98). Toe tips rounded. Subarticular tubercles small and round. Inner metatarsal tubercle present, external absent. Toe formula: I&lt;II&lt;III&lt;V&lt;IV (right foot) and I&lt;II&lt;VIII&lt;IV (left foot). Foot webbing formula (toe internal/external sides, number of phalanges webbed): Ie(1), IIi/e(1-2), IIIi/e(2-2), IVi/e(2-2), Vi(2). Two light, continuous lateral ridges, four interrupted dorsal ridges. No vertebral nor sacral ridges. Note that we did not see the nasal ridges that Perret (1980) noted as the single major diagnostic character for the species.</p><p>Coloration of the holotype in preservative.</p><p>Although the holotype is in overall very good condition, the coloration seems to have faded away with time and some dark markings noted by Ahl (1924) in the original description and Perret (1980) are now barely visible or have vanished altogether. Dorsal ground color light brown with irregular oval dark brown blotches symmetrically distributed on the dorsolateral ridges. Thin, cream vertebral stripe from the tip of the snout to the vent. Dark brown canthal stripe from the tip of the snout to the back of the jaw. Upper lip and flanks cream. The dark markings on the upper and lower lips noted by Ahl (1924) are no longer visible. Throat, ventrum, ventral side of the thighs, and tibias uniformly cream without any melanization. A thin, cream longitudinal stripe on the tibias and half of the thighs. Dark brown bars on the tibias and brown markings on the thighs.</p><p>Variations.</p><p>Ptychadena erlangeri shows important variations in body size, morphology, and coloration across its large distribution range. South of the GRV, individuals of  P. erlangeri are generally larger (male (9) SVL 36.8  ± 1.9 mm, female (1) SVL 35.6) than north of the GRV (male (17) SVL 33.5  ± 1.9 mm, female (3) SVL 35.4  ± 1.2). Morphometric variations are summarized in Table 1.</p><p>In life, dorsum coloration varies from dark brown to grey-brown, olive and golden, sometimes with irregular green blotches. All specimens examined had small dark brown or black blotches distributed symmetrically on the dorsal ridges. A few additional dark brown or black blotches are found in the anterior part of the flanks. A vertebral stripe is always present, either thin or wide and may be white, cream, or green.</p><p>Iris bicolored, the upper third silver and lower two thirds dark brown. Upper and lower jaws featuring irregular light grey or brown markings but no barring. All specimens examined featured a dark brown canthal stripe from the tip of the snout to the back of the upper lip, with the tympanum uniformly colored and lacking any light stripe of blotch. A thin cream longitudinal stripe on the tibia extends to a fifth to the whole length of the thigh. Tibias, thighs, and feet more or less regularly barred with dark brown. Thighs posteriorly marbled with dark brown and yellowish brown. Ventrum and throat uniformly cream to yellow. Vocal sacs cream, yellowish or light grey, very rarely with a bit of grey. Small warts over the body and forelimbs present in 80% of adult males examined.</p><p>Habitat, distribution, and natural history.</p><p>Ptychadena erlangeri has a wide distribution range extending on both sides of the Great Rift Valley (6.23-10.33°N, 38.06-39.81°E). It is restricted to higher altitudes, from 2387 m to 3394 m a.s.l. (based on 156 barcoded individuals). West of the Great Rift Valley, its range is limited by the Blue Nile valley and specimens have been found just north of Gebre Guracha. Its northernmost locality is Mehal Meda. Southeast of the GRV, populations have been found near Assela, Kofele and Irba Moda. A few individuals have been found in the southwest, between Tippi and  Gech’a, and at lower elevation than any other population (7.4512°N, 35.3992°E, 2270 m a.s.l.). GPS coordinates for all examined specimens are given in Suppl. material 3: Table S1.  Ptychadena erlangeri is found in syntopy with  P. beka sp. nov. at the lower end of its altitudinal range, notably near Fitche, Holeta, between Ambo and Wonchi, and possibly near Assela. It is also found in sympatry with  P. cooperi across its range.</p><p>Males are found calling in shallow puddles, flooded grasslands, or agricultural fields. Males can be found vocalizing very close to one another, sometimes in important numbers. Calling activity depends on rainfall and is highest during rainy months. Calling usually starts after 22:00, and sometimes as late as 02:00 in dry weather, and ceases before dawn. Numerous, small bicolored eggs are laid in the same water body.</p><p>Advertisement call.</p><p>The call of  Ptychadena erlangeri (5 males, 226 calls) is composed of a single pulsed note of 290  ± 35 ms in duration, containing 46.5  ± 1.6 pulses. Within calls, pulses are grouped, with 4.1  ± 2.5 pulses per group and the first pulse typically notably lower in amplitude than the other pulses of the pulse group. Amplitude of the call increases gradually during most of the call, peaking at 230  ± 14 ms, and decreases abruptly afterwards. Call dominant frequency is 2343  ± 454 Hz.</p><p>The call of  P. erlangeri can be differentiated from those of  P. cooperi,  P. amharensis,  P. doro sp. nov. and  P. neumanni (type A and B) by the distinguishable pulses composing the calls. It is also distinct from the calls of  P. delphina sp. nov. and  P. robeensis sp. nov. by its short inter-pulse intervals. The call of  P. erlangeri differs from the calls of  P. delphina sp. nov.,  P. robeensis sp. nov.,  P. levenorum,  P. beka sp. nov. and  P. goweri by its short duration. Finally, the call of  P. erlangeri differs from the call of  P. nana by its longer duration and lower pulse rate.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Confusion and difficulty to distinguish  P. erlangeri from  P. neumanni arose from the original descriptions of the species themselves, both published by Ahl in 1924 in the same article. The original description of  P. neumanni, based on 35 syntypes, most likely contained three distinct species (Perret 1980), while  P. erlangeri was described based on a single gravid female. Perret (1980) restricted  P. neumanni to three male syntypes. Comparing the two closely related species was thus rendered near impossible due to the low sample size and the fact that each species was represented by specimens of different sexes. Adding to the confusion, in 1994, Perret described  Ptychadena largeni from 30 specimens from Addis Ababa, Shewa (Shoa) sent to him by Largen as  Ptychadena erlangeri . Largen (1997) then considered that the morphological diagnostic characters found by Perret in the 30 specimens were due to conservation artefacts as these individuals were fixed in alcohol rather than in formalin, and subsequently synonymized  P. largeni with  P. neumanni in 2001, even though he had originally considered those specimens to belong to  P. erlangeri . Recently, molecular phylogenetic analyses grouped the holotype of  P. largeni with that of  P. erlangeri (Reyes-Velasco et al. in review).</p><p>Largen (2001) thus included a population of  P. erlangeri ( P. largeni) in  P. neumanni, along with specimens from Debre Markos, Gondar, the Bale Mountains, etc. and included specimens from the Harenna forest and Debre Markos in  P. erlangeri . The two groupings thus comprised specimens of several species, many of which placed in both groups (Fig. 1). As a result, Largen (2001) failed to give satisfactory diagnostic characters distinguishing  P. erlangeri from  P. neumanni as all the given characters largely overlapped, and later authors relied heavily on the distribution ranges given by Largen to assign species names to the populations they sampled. Notably, the photos presented in Largen and Spawls (2010) for  P. erlangeri is in fact most likely a  P. goweri (Yadot River, close to Dolo Mena described as the  “large” form occurring in Bale Mountain by Largen 1997), and the specimens presented as  P. neumanni are in fact  P. erlangeri .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/87B773BC7FF35B5B818DA5DB58E809FC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Goutte, Sandra;Reyes-Velasco *, Jacobo;Freilich, Xenia;Kassie, Abeje;Boissinot, Stephane	Goutte, Sandra, Reyes-Velasco *, Jacobo, Freilich, Xenia, Kassie, Abeje, Boissinot, Stephane (2021): Taxonomic revision of grass frogs (Ptychadenidae, Ptychadena) endemic to the Ethiopian highlands. ZooKeys 1016: 77-141, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1016.59699, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1016.59699
D81C7126345D57D4A71B845C742CC2E5.text	D81C7126345D57D4A71B845C742CC2E5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ptychadena goweri Smith, Noonan & Colston 2017	<div><p>Ptychadena goweri Smith, Noonan &amp; Colston, 2017</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype. An adult male (TJC224) collected on 10 December 2012 by T. J. Colston in Katcha, Bale National Park, Ethiopia (6.71779°N, 39.72572°E, 2375 m a.s.l.). Paratypes. Three juveniles (XF781, XF782, XF783) collected 7 August 2011 by X. Freilich and S. Boissinot north of Hagere Mariam, Oromia, Ethiopia (5.8027°N, 38.2705°E, 2323 m a.s.l.). All type specimens and examined material are deposited at ZNHM.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>In addition to the holotype, we examined one male (TJC218) collected by T. J. Colston, one female (15-85) and two males (15-103, 15-105) collected on 7 August 2015 by X. Freilich, J. Reyes-Velasco and S. Boissinot in the Harenna forest (6.5866°N, 39.7417°E, 1778 m a.s.l.), one male (15-121) collected on 7 August 2015 by X. Freilich, J. Reyes-Velasco and S. Boissinot in the Harenna forest (6.6634°N, 39.7302°E, 2002 m a.s.l.), one female (15-425) and two males (15-426, 15-427) collected on 27 September 2015 by X. Freilich, J. Reyes-Velasco and S. Boissinot northwest of Kibre Mengist (5.9055-6.04546°N, 38.837-38.9334°E, 1745-2238 m a.s.l.), two males (15-448, 15-449) collected on 28 September 2015 by X. Freilich, J. Reyes-Velasco and S. Boissinot in Harenna forest (6.71925 N, 39.7202 E), two males (SB99 and SB100) collected on 10 April 2018 by S. Goutte and J. Reyes-Velasco in the Harenna forest (6.6634°N, 39.7302°E, 2440 m a.s.l.), two females (SB158, SB159) and two males (SB160, SB161) collected on 17 April 2018 by S. Goutte and J. Reyes-Velasco northwest of Kibre Mengist (6.0093°N, 38.8576°E, 2105 m a.s.l.), one female (SB807) collected on 7 May 2019 by S. Goutte in the Harenna forest (6.6640°N, 39.7301°E, 1992 m a.s.l.), one female (SB808) collected on 10 May 2019 by S. Goutte in the Harenna forest (6.7164°N, 39.7257°E, 2375 m a.s.l.).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Large species (male (15) SVL 42.4  ± 2.7 mm, female (6) SVL 51.2  ± 4.2 mm) from the  Ptychadena neumanni species group (Fig. 21) distinguished by the following combination of characters: (1) long hind limbs (male TL/SVL 0.60  ± 0.05, female TL/SVL 0.59  ± 0.02), (2) long feet (male FL/SVL 0.61  ± 0.05, female FL/SVL 0.58  ± 0.02), (3) long hands (male HAL/SVL 0.24  ± 0.03, female HAL/SVL 0.23  ± 0.01), (4) long head (male HL/SVL 0.38  ± 0.04, female HL/SVL 0.36  ± 0.04), (5) long snout (male SL/SVL 0.16  ± 0.02, female SL/SVL 0.15  ± 0.01), (6) vocal sacs light grey, cream or yellow, sometimes mottled with light grey, (7) male skin smooth.</p><p>Comparison.</p><p>Except for  P. cooperi, the largest species of the  Ptychadena neumanni complex. Body size alone distinguishes  Ptychadena goweri from  P. nana,  P. robeensis sp. nov.,  P. levenorum,  P. erlangeri, and  P. doro sp. nov. Compared to the larger  Ptychadena species of Ethiopian highlands, it has longer thigh, tibia, feet, hands, head, snout, and inter-orbital distance than  P. delphina sp. nov.,  P. beka sp. nov., and  P. amharensis . The light-colored vocal sacs of adult males distinguish  P. goweri from  P. beka sp. nov.,  P. delphina sp. nov., and  P. neumanni and  P. cooperi . The almost complete dorsal ridges distinguish further  P. goweri from  P. cooperi, which presents rows of short glandular folds on the dorsum.</p><p>Description of the holotype.</p><p>Relatively large (SVL 41.9 mm) male (Fig. 22) with long hind limbs (TL/SVL 0.58, Suppl. material 3: Table S3). Head as long as wide. Snout projecting beyond the lower jaw. Interorbital distance almost equal to the eye diameter. Internarial distance 0.88  × interorbital distance. Tympanum 0.85  × eye diameter. Finger tips not expanded but rounded, with moderate subarticular tubercles. Finger formula: I&lt;II&lt;IV&lt;III. Hand free of webbing. Hindlimbs elongated, with tibia length 0.58  × snout-vent length. Foot slightly longer than thigh and tibia (FL/THL 1.14, FL/TL 1.05). Toe tips rounded. Subarticular tubercles small and round. Inner metatarsal tubercle present, external absent. Toe formula: I&lt;II&lt;V&lt;III&lt;IV. Foot webbing formula: Ie(1), IIi/e(1-1.5), IIIi/e(1.5-2), IVi/e(2-2), Vi(2). Two continuous lateral ridges, brown anteriorly and light brown posteriorly, barely visible, six interrupted dorsal ridges. No vertebral, nor sacral ridges. No wart on body or limbs. Tongue free for less than a third of its length, divided in two lobes. Vomerine, maxillary and premaxillary teeth present.</p><p>Coloration of the holotype in preservative.</p><p>Dorsal ground color brown with a few small, irregular oval dark brown blotches symmetrically distributed on the dorsolateral ridges. Wide light brown vertebral stripe, doubled with a thin, clearer stripe from the tip of the snout to the vent. Dark brown canthal stripe from the tip of the snout to the back of the jaw. Light vertical stripe on the otherwise brown tympanum. Upper and lower lip brown with irregular dark brown molting. Flanks grey anteriorly to light brown posteriorly with irregular dark brown blotches on the anterior half. Throat, ventrum, ventral side of the thighs and tibias uniformly cream with very light grey dusting on the throat. Two symmetrical dark brown blotches on the ventral side of the shoulders. Thin, barely visible, light longitudinal stripe on the tibias. Irregular and undefined brown markings on the thighs, tibias, and feet. Back of thighs molted light grey and brown. Vocal sacs mostly white, with slight grey dusting posteriorly.</p><p>Variations.</p><p>In life, background coloration varies from light brown, olive grey to dark brown. The vertebral stripe may be thin or wide doubled with a thin lighter stripe within it, and from cream to grey and light yellowish brown. The dark brown to black blotches on the dorsum vary in size and number but are always organized along the dorsal ridges. Some individuals present small, irregular black markings in between ridges. Dark markings on the flanks are quite variable between individuals, from a few large dark blotches to a multitude of smaller ones, covering mostly the antero-dorsal part of the flank. Dorsolateral ridges can be discontinued once or twice and can be cream, yellow, or brown-orange. Some individuals present a reddish-brown marking on top of the eyelid.</p><p>Iris bicolored, with upper third silver to golden and lower two thirds dark golden to dark brown. Cream or golden vertical blotch on the dark brown tympanum always present. The thin stripe on the tibia may extend on the thigh in some individuals. Forearms, thighs, tibias and feet are more or less clearly marked with dark brown bars. Vocal sacs always light in color (yellow, cream, or light grey), more or less dusted with grey on their dorsoposterior sides. Dorsal ridges may be more or less discontinuous.</p><p>Habitat, distribution, and natural history.</p><p>The distribution range of  Ptychadena goweri is restricted to the southeast of the GRV, at elevation ranging from 1745 m to 2550 m a.s.l. The species is found in clearings in the Harenna forest, south of the Sanetti plateau, from Kibre Mengist to Irba Muda, and north of Hagere Mariam (5.8027- 6.7193°N, 28.2705°E). Males are found calling at night in shallow puddles in clearings or grassy meadows. Within the genus,  Ptychadena goweri is found in sympatry with  P. harenna,  P. levenorum,  P. neumanni, and  P. erlangeri .</p><p>Advertisement call.</p><p>The call of  Ptychadena goweri (4 males, 32 calls) is composed of a single pulsed note of 634  ± 74 ms in duration, containing 33.5  ± 2.9 pulses. Pulses are grouped by 3.3  ± 1.5 pulses within each note and increase in amplitude up to 404  ± 65 ms, after what the amplitude decreases. Within pulses groups, the first pulse has the lowest, while the second pulse has generally the greatest amplitude. Call repetition rate is highly variable and dependent on the social context. The individuals we recorded produced calls in  “bursts”, where several males were forming a short chorus, spaced by long silent intervals. Call dominant frequency is 2318  ± 86 Hz with a slight increase in frequency within notes.</p><p>Within the  P. neumanni complex, the call of  P. goweri can be distinguished from those of  P. cooperi,  P. amharensis,  P. doro sp. nov., and  P. neumanni (type A and B) by the distinguishable pulses composing the calls. Grouped pulses and short inter-pulses intervals (9  ± 2 ms within pulse groups) distinguish the call of  P. goweri from those of  P. robeensis sp. nov. and  P. delphina sp. nov. The call of  P. goweri can be further distinguished from those of  P. nana and  P. erlangeri by a longer duration.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D81C7126345D57D4A71B845C742CC2E5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Goutte, Sandra;Reyes-Velasco *, Jacobo;Freilich, Xenia;Kassie, Abeje;Boissinot, Stephane	Goutte, Sandra, Reyes-Velasco *, Jacobo, Freilich, Xenia, Kassie, Abeje, Boissinot, Stephane (2021): Taxonomic revision of grass frogs (Ptychadenidae, Ptychadena) endemic to the Ethiopian highlands. ZooKeys 1016: 77-141, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1016.59699, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1016.59699
18DEDED7345456FAA395B2D2793E692D.text	18DEDED7345456FAA395B2D2793E692D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ptychadena levenorum Smith, Noonan & Colston 2017	<div><p>Ptychadena levenorum Smith, Noonan &amp; Colston, 2017</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype. Male, TJC219, collected in Katcha, Bale Moutains National Park, Ethiopia (6.7165°N, 39.7248°E, 2326 m a.s.l.) by T. Colston on 8 December 2012. Paratypes. XF923 and XF927, collected by X. Freilich and S. Boissinot on the 9 August 2011 west of Dinsho (7.1112°N, 39.7430°E, 3024 m a.s.l.). All type specimens and material examined are deposited at ZNHM.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Beside the male holotype (TJC219) we examined one female (15-155) and one male (15-158) collected by X. Freilich, J. Reyes-Velasco, and S. Boissinot on 9 August 2015 east of Dinsho (7.1061°N, 39.8181°E, 3058 m a.s.l.), one female (15-482) collected by X. Freilich, J. Reyes-Velasco and S. Boissinot on 3 October 2015 south of Dodola (6.8465°N, 39.1933°E, 3404 m a.s.l.), one female (16-89) and one male (16-90) collected by J. Reyes-Velasco and S. Boissinot on 10 July 2016 east of Dinsho (7.1065°N, 39.8184°E, 3065 m a.s.l.), one male (SB43) collected by S. Goutte and J. Reyes-Velasco on 6 April 2018 south of Dodola (6.8632°N, 39.1948°E, 3260 m a.s.l.), two males (SB66 and SB67) collected by S. Goutte and J. Reyes-Velasco on 8 April 2018 south of Dinsho, one female (SB85) and two males (SB90 and SB94) collected by S. Goutte and J. Reyes-Velasco on 9 April 2018 east of Dinsho.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>A small species (male (8) SVL 34.3  ± 2.3 mm, female (4) SVL 37.0  ± 2.5 mm) of the  Ptychadena erlangeri species group (Fig. 13) with variable coloration, distinguished by the following combination of characters: (1) short hindlimbs (male TL/SVL 0.49  ± 0.06, female TL/SVL 0.51  ± 0.04), (2) head as long as wide, (3) snout short (male SN/SVL 0.13  ± 0.02, female SN/SVL 0.13  ± 0.01), (4) vocal sacs cream, light grey, or bicolored cream and grey.</p><p>Comparison.</p><p>Smaller than  P. goweri,  P. delphina sp. nov., and  P. cooperi and larger than  P. nana and  P. robeensis sp. nov. Snout shorter than all species of the  P. neumanni complex except for  P. nana,  P. robeensis sp. nov., and  P. erlangeri . Inter-orbital and eye-nostril distances shorter than  P. erlangeri . Thigh and tibia of  P. levenorum are shorter than those  P. erlangeri,  P. doro sp. nov.,  P. harenna,  P. goweri, and  P. neumanni, and longer than those of  P. nana and  P. robeensis sp. nov. Shorter feet than  P. neumanni and  P. doro sp. nov. Shorter hands than  P. amharensis . Tympanum larger than in  P. nana and  P. robeensis sp. nov.</p><p>Description of the holotype.</p><p>Small sized (SVL 33.3 mm) male (Fig. 14). Head longer than wide (HW/HL 0.93). Snout slightly rounded, projecting beyond the lower jaw. Interorbital distance shorter than eye diameter (IOD/ED 0.78) and internarial distance (IOD/IND 0.93). Nostril closer to the eye than the tip of the snout. Tympanum 0.72  × eye diameter. Finger tips not expanded but rounded. Finger formula: I&lt;II&lt;IV&lt;III. Hand free of webbing. Hindlimbs moderately long, with tibia length 0.54  × snout-vent length. Thigh shorter than tibia. Foot 1.3  × tibia length. Toe tips rounded. Inner metatarsal tubercle present, outer absent. Toe formula: I&lt;II&lt;V&lt;III&lt;IV. Foot webbing formula (toe internal/external sides, number of phalanges webbed): Ie(1), IIi/e(1-1.5), IIIi/e(1.5-2), IVi/e(2-2), Vi(2). Four discontinuous dorsal ridges and two discontinuous cream lateral ridges.</p><p>Coloration of the holotype in preservative.</p><p>Dorsal ground color brown with few small irregular oval dark brown blotches symmetrically distributed on the dorsolateral ridges. Very faint wide light grey-brown vertebral stripe from the tip of the snout to the vent. One faint interrupted dorsolateral cream ridge on each side. Dark brown canthal stripe from the tip of the snout to the back of the jaw. Upper lip cream dusted with brown and with irregular dark brown markings. Flanks cream with a few large and irregular dark brown spots. Throat, ventrum, ventral side of the thighs and tibias uniformly cream without any melanization, except for a couple of small irregular brown blotches on the upper ventrum. Barely visible dark brown bars on the tibias and feet. Irregular dark brown markings on the thighs, arms and forearms. Back of the thighs light brown marbled dark brown. Tympanum uniformly dark brown. Vocal sacs cream with some grey markings.</p><p>Variations.</p><p>Ptychadena levenorum shows important variations in coloration. In life, dorsum coloration varies from light yellowish brown to dark reddish brown, dark brown and bright green. All specimens examined had black blotches distributed symmetrically on the dorsal ridges, and for some of them the blotches were black with a green iridescence. A few additional dark brown or black blotches are found in the anterior part of the flanks. A vertebral stripe is always present, either thin, medium, or wide and may be cream, yellow, pale brown or bright green.</p><p>Iris bicolored, the upper third silver to golden and lower two thirds dark brown. Upper and lower jaws white to golden with few irregular light grey or brown markings but no barring. All specimens examined featured a dark brown or iridescent green canthal stripe from the tip of the snout to the back of the upper lip. Tympanum dark brown, sometimes with golden-iridescent green undefined blotch or dusting. A thin cream or green longitudinal stripe on the tibia is present in some individuals and may extend to the foot and to part or the entire length of the thigh. Tibias, thighs and feet more or less visibly barred with dark brown. Thighs posteriorly dark brown marbled with yellow. Ventrum and throat uniformly white to light yellow. Vocal sacs cream or light grey, very rarely with a bit of grey anteriorly. Small warts over the body and forelimbs present in 40% of adult males examined.</p><p>Habitat, distribution, and natural history.</p><p>The relatively restricted distribution range of  Ptychadena levenorum extends on both the northern and southern sides of the Sanetti plateau (6.72-9.42°N, 38.66-39.82°E), although there is no record of its presence on the plateau itself. This species occurs mostly at elevation higher than 3000 m a.s.l. (3015 to 3404 m a.s.l.), except for the population living at the type locality Katcha (6.72°N, 39.72°E, 2410 m a.s.l.). The westernmost population was found south of Dodola, near Garamba (6.86°N, 39.19°E, 3260 m a.s.l.).</p><p>Individuals have been found, generally in small numbers, calling at night from shallow puddles in grassy meadows or forest clearings. Within the genus, this species is found in sympatry with  Ptychadena cooperi and  P. robeensis sp. nov. in the northern part of its range, and  Ptychadena harenna and  P. goweri at the type locality. Genetic analyses have shown that  P. levenorum and  P. robeensis sp. nov. hybridize where their ranges overlap.</p><p>Advertisement call.</p><p>The call of  Ptychadena levenorum (2 males, 30 calls) is composed of a single pulsed note of 465  ± 98 ms in duration, containing 23.5  ± 4.3 pulses. Within a call, pulses are grouped, with 4.1  ± 1.5 pulses per group and sometimes with a lower-amplitude single pulse between pulse groups. The duration of inter-pulse intervals within pulse groups is 12  ± 2 ms. Call peak frequency is 2223  ± 90 Hz.</p><p>The call of  P. levenorum differs from those of  P. cooperi,  P. amharensis,  P. doro sp. nov. and  P. neumanni (type A and B) by the distinguishable pulses composing the calls. Grouped pulses and short inter-pulses intervals distinguish the call of  P. levenorum from those of  P. robeensis sp. nov. and  P. delphina sp. nov. The call of  P. levenorum can be further distinguished from those of  P. nana and  P. erlangeri by a longer duration and from  P. goweri by a shorter duration and fewer pulses.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/18DEDED7345456FAA395B2D2793E692D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Goutte, Sandra;Reyes-Velasco *, Jacobo;Freilich, Xenia;Kassie, Abeje;Boissinot, Stephane	Goutte, Sandra, Reyes-Velasco *, Jacobo, Freilich, Xenia, Kassie, Abeje, Boissinot, Stephane (2021): Taxonomic revision of grass frogs (Ptychadenidae, Ptychadena) endemic to the Ethiopian highlands. ZooKeys 1016: 77-141, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1016.59699, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1016.59699
A4613A6C39D755EF81344DEF810341F6.text	A4613A6C39D755EF81344DEF810341F6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ptychadena nana Perret 1980	<div><p>Ptychadena nana Perret, 1980</p><p>Ptychadena nana Perret, 1980: 160.</p><p>Rana (Ptychadena) nana - Dubois 1981: 233.</p><p>Ptychadena (Ptychadena) nana - Dubois 1992: 316.</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype. A female (ZMB-26878 H) collected by O. Neumann and C. von Erlanger between June and mid-August 1900 (see Neumann 1902) in  “Somaliland”, which corresponds to Didda, East Arussi plateau, Ethiopia, 2000-3000 m a.s.l. according to Largen and Perret (Largen 1975, 1977; Perret 1980) [Coordinates estimated by Largen (1997): 7.83°N, 39.50°E]. Paratypes. From the 20 paratypes included in the original description (Perret 1980), 16 specimens (ZMB-26877, ZMB-57185 up to and including ZMB-57199) collected by O. Neumann and C. von Erlanger at the same time and location are in the collections of the Berlin Museum and four have either been lost or placed in another collection.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Except for the type series, all the material examined is deposited at ZNHM. Beside the female holotype (ZMB-26878 H), we examined four female paratypes (ZMB-57189, ZMB-57190, ZMB-57193, ZMB-57199) and four male paratypes (ZMB-26877, ZMB-57191, ZMB-57192, ZMB-57195) collected by C. von Erlanger and O. Neumann in 1900 likely between June and mid-August in Didda, East Arussi plateau, one female (SB488) and two males (SB486, SB487) collected by S. Goutte and Y. Bourgeois on 26 June 2018 west of  Ch’ange (8.1303°N, 39.3985°E, 2357 m a.s.l.), one female (SB493) and two males (SB494, SB495) collected by S. Goutte and Y. Bourgeois on 27 June 2018 between  Robé and Sedika (7.7307°N, 39.7133°E, 2377 m a.s.l.), five females (SB508, SB510, SB512, SB515, SB516) and four males (SB523, SB524, SB525, SB526) collected by S. Goutte and Y. Bourgeois on 29 June 2018 southeast of  Ch’ange (8.1086°N, 39.4486°E, 2573 m a.s.l.).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>The smallest species (male (12) SVL 28.3  ± 3.3 mm, female (12) SVL 29.6  ± 3.2 mm) of the  P. neumanni complex (Fig. 15), distinguished by the following combination of characters: (1) short hind limbs (male TL/SVL 0.45  ± 0.03, female TL/SVL 0.44  ± 0.03), (2) short hands (HAL/SVL 0.20  ± 0.02), (3) short feet (male FL/SVL 0.49  ± 0.04, female FL/SVL 0.48  ± 0.04), (4) reduced foot webbing, (5) no stripe or blotch on the tympanum, (6) adult males almost always covered in small warts during the breeding season.</p><p>Comparison.</p><p>Distinguished from all Ethiopian  Ptychadena, except for  P. robeensis sp. nov., by a considerably smaller size. Very similar to  P. robeensis sp. nov.,  P. nana has relatively shorter hand, shorter head, a shorter eye-tympanum distance and shorter feet than  P. robeensis sp. nov. The tympanum lacks any light marking, as opposed to  P. robeensis sp. nov. Small warts almost always present in males, whereas they are absent in  P. robeensis sp. nov.</p><p>Description of the holotype.</p><p>Small sized (SVL 26.9 mm) gravid female with short hind limbs (TL/SVL 0.43, Fig. 16, Suppl. material 3: Table S1). Head longer than wide (HW/HL 0.95). Snout rounded, slightly projecting beyond the lower jaw. Interorbital distance 0.58  × eye diameter. Nostril half-way between the tip of the snout and the eye. Internarial distance 1.4  × interorbital distance. Tympanum 0.65  × eye diameter. Finger tips not expanded but rounded. Finger formula: III&lt;IV&lt;III. Hand free of webbing. Hindlimbs short, with tibia length 0.42  × snout-vent length. Foot 1.2  × tibia length and 1.3 thigh length. Toe tips rounded. Outer metatarsal tubercle absent. Toe formula: I&lt;II&lt;V&lt;III&lt;IV. Foot webbing formula (toe internal/external sides, number of phalanges webbed): Ie(1), IIi/e(1-1), IIIi/e(1-2), IVi/e(2-2), Vi(2). Ridges hardly distinguishable due to the state of preservation of the specimen.</p><p>Coloration of the holotype in preservative.</p><p>Dorsal ground color brown with irregular oval dark brown blotches symmetrically distributed, presumably on the dorsolateral ridges. One dark brown blotch on each upper eyelid. No vertebral stripe. One fainted dorsolateral cream ridge on each side. Dark brown canthal stripe from the tip of the snout to the back of the jaw. Upper lip cream. Flanks brown to dark brown with numerous cream spots which merge ventrally. Throat, ventrum, ventral side of tibias uniformly cream without any melanization. Ventral side of the thighs light brown. Dark brown bars on the thighs, tibias and feet. Back of the thighs brown marbled with cream. Dark brown irregular markings on the arms and forearms. No stripe or blotch on the tympanum.</p><p>Variations.</p><p>As the other members of the  Ptychadena erlangeri species group,  Ptychadena nana shows color polymorphism. In life, dorsum coloration varies from light grey to sand and brown. The dark blotches disposed more or less symmetrically on the dorsum vary in size and number, sometimes covering more than half the dorsum. Their colors vary from olive-brown, with some green iridescence, to black. One or several blotches of the same color, sometimes fused into a large irregular shape, were present on the anterior part of the flank in all examined specimens. The vertebral stripe, when present, may be thin, medium or wide and cream, light brown or bright green. Some individuals lack any vertebral stripe.</p><p>Iris bicolored, the upper third silver to golden and lower two thirds brown to dark brown. Upper and lower jaws cream, golden or light brown, often with irregular light grey or light brown markings but no barring. All specimens examined featured a dark brown canthal stripe from the tip of the snout to the back of the upper lip, sometimes dusted with small green spots. Tympanum uniformly colored and lacking any light stripe of blotch. A thin cream or light green longitudinal stripe on the tibia extending the complete length of the thigh is present in some individuals. Barring on the tibias, thighs, and feet may be very distinct or almost completely absent. Thighs posteriorly marbled with dark brown and yellow or cream. Ventrum uniformly white. Throat white in females and pale yellow to deep yellow in adult males. Vocal sacs bicolored grey anteriorly and cream posteriorly, rarely completely grey. Small warts over the body and forelimbs present in 90% of adult males examined.</p><p>Habitat, distribution, and natural history.</p><p>Ptychadena nana is found on the eastern half of the Arussi plateau (7.64-8.30°N, 39.39-39.87°E, Oromia, Ethiopia from 2380 to 2850 m a.s.l. In the south, its range is limited by the Shebelle River, while in the northeast it is bordered by the Great Rift Valley. The westernmost individuals were found around four kilometers west of  Ch’ange . The steep terrain just east of Huruta may serve as geographic barrier for dispersal in this species, as it has not been found further southeast. In the southwest end of its range,  P. nana has been found just north of Dibe, but presumably occurs all the way down to Barbari as there is no physical barrier that would prevent its dispersal on this side of the plateau.</p><p>Males are found calling at night in large numbers from shallow roadside puddles, usually overgrown by grass. Within the genus,  P. nana is found in sympatry with  Ptychadena cooperi .</p><p>Advertisement call.</p><p>The call of  Ptychadena nana (5 males, 56 calls) is composed of a single pulsed note of 205  ± 47 ms in duration, containing 16.9  ± 2.8 pulses. Inter-pulses intervals are very short (9  ± 2 ms) and irregular, forming few irregular pulse groups and resulting in a high pulse rate (84  ± 10.2 pulses s-1). Call peak frequency is 2461  ± 26 Hz.</p><p>The call of  P. nana can be differentiated from those of  P. cooperi,  P. amharensis,  P. doro sp. nov. and  P. neumanni (types A and B) by the distinguishable pulses composing the calls. It is also distinct form the calls of  P. delphina sp. nov. and  P. robeensis sp. nov. by its short inter-pulse intervals. Finally, the call of  P. nana differs from the calls of  P. delphina sp. nov.,  P. robeensis sp. nov.,  P. erlangeri,  P. levenorum,  P. beka sp. nov., and  P. goweri by its short duration and high pulse rate.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A4613A6C39D755EF81344DEF810341F6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Goutte, Sandra;Reyes-Velasco *, Jacobo;Freilich, Xenia;Kassie, Abeje;Boissinot, Stephane	Goutte, Sandra, Reyes-Velasco *, Jacobo, Freilich, Xenia, Kassie, Abeje, Boissinot, Stephane (2021): Taxonomic revision of grass frogs (Ptychadenidae, Ptychadena) endemic to the Ethiopian highlands. ZooKeys 1016: 77-141, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1016.59699, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1016.59699
F94186280C5155C0B4CA4F978B36CC5E.text	F94186280C5155C0B4CA4F978B36CC5E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ptychadena neumanni (Ahl 1924)	<div><p>Ptychadena neumanni (Ahl, 1924)</p><p>Rana neumanni Ahl, 1924: 4.</p><p>Ptychadena neumanni - Perret 1980: 157.</p><p>Rana (Ptychadena) neumanni - Dubois 1981: 233.</p><p>Ptychadena (Ptychadena) neumanni - Dubois 1992: 316.</p><p>Lectotype by present designation.</p><p>One adult male (ZMB26879-1) collected on 2 February 1901 by Oscar Neumann in Gadat (Gofa), south Ethiopia. [Coordinates estimated by Largen (2001): 6.33°N, 36.83°E, 2000 m a.s.l., but see remarks below]. Paralectotypes. Two adult males (ZMB-57183 = ZMB26879-2 and ZMB-57184 = ZMB26879-3) collected by Oscar Neumann on the same date and location as the lectotype (ZMB26879-1).</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Except for the type series, all examined specimens are deposited at ZNHM. In addition to the type series, we examined one male (15-173) collected by X. Freilich, J. Reyes-Velasco and S. Boissinot on 9 August 2015 in Wondo Genet (7.0833°N, 38.6381°E, 1896 m a.s.l.), one female (15-181) and four males (15-183, 15-191, 15-208, 15-209) collected by X. Freilich, J. Reyes-Velasco and S. Boissinot on 12 August 2015 northwest of Bonga (7.3076°N, 36.1226°E, 1861 m a.s.l.), one female (16-203) collected on 18 July 2016 by J. Reyes-Velasco and S. Boissinot southwest of Bonga (7.2542°N, 36.2628°E, 1963 m a.s.l.), one female (16-302) and two males (16-303, 16-305) collected on 19 July 2016 by J. Reyes-Velasco and S. Boissinot north of Maji (6.2365°N, 35.5712°E, 1936 m a.s.l.), one female (16-326) and one male (16-313) collected on 20 July 2016 by J. Reyes-Velasco and S. Boissinot northeast of Machi (6.3780°N, 35.6659°E, 2063 m a.s.l.), two males (16-327, 16-329) collected on 20 July 2016 by J. Reyes-Velasco and S. Boissinot northeast of Mizan Teferi (7.0203°N, 35.7545°E, 2449 m a.s.l.), two females (SB333, SB334) collected on 9 June 2018 by S. Goutte and J. Reyes-Velasco northwest of Gore (8.2014°N, 35.3772°E, 1666 m a.s.l.), one male (SB388) collected on 11 June 2018 by S. Goutte and J. Reyes-Velasco south of  Gech’a (7.5544°N, 35.4148°E, 1936 m a.s.l.), one female (SB405) collected on 13 June 2018 by S. Goutte and J. Reyes-Velasco south of  Gech’a (7.5185°N, 35.4163°E, 1917 m a.s.l.), one female (SB462) collected on 20 June 2018 by S. Goutte and J. Reyes-Velasco northeast of Shebe (7.5423°N, 36.5732°E, 2240 m a.s.l.).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Medium-sized species (male (20) SVL 35.7  ± 2 mm, female (8) SVL 45.6  ± 1.4 mm) of the  Ptychadena neumanni species group (Fig. 23) distinguished by the following combination of characters: (1) long hind limbs (male TL/SVL 0.58  ± 0.02, female TL/SVL 0.57  ± 0.01), (2) vertical cream bar on the tympanum, (3) vocal sacs uniformly dark grey.</p><p>Comparison.</p><p>Smaller than  P. cooperi and  P. goweri and larger than  P. nana and  P. robeensis sp. nov. Head wider than  P. erlangeri and  P. levenorum but narrower than  P. beka sp. nov., Head and snout longer than  P. erlangeri and  P. levenorum . Wider inter-orbital distance than  P. doro sp. nov.,  P. beka sp. nov.,  P. erlangeri,  P. levenorum, and  P. amharensis . Wider inter-nares distance and longer eye-nostril distance than  P. erlangeri and  P. levenorum . Tympanum larger than  P. doro sp. nov.,  P. erlangeri, and  P. levenorum . Larger hands than  P. erlangeri and  P. levenorum . Longer thighs and feet than  P. erlangeri,  P. levenorum,  P. amharensis, and  P. beka sp. nov.</p><p>Description of the lectotype.</p><p>The lectotype is very desiccated (Fig. 24A) and the description of some characters is hindered by the state of conservation of the specimen. Medium sized (SVL 32.2 mm), slender adult male. Snout pointed, projecting beyond the lower jaw. Interorbital distance 0.83  × eye diameter. Head longer than wide (HW/HL 0.80). Nostril half-way between the tip of the snout and the eye. Internarial distance 1.1  × interorbital distance. Tympanum 0.64  × eye diameter. Finger tips not expanded but rounded, with moderate subarticular tubercles. Finger formula: I&lt;II&lt;IV&lt;III. Hand free of webbing. Hindlimbs elongated, with tibia length 0.57  × snout-vent length. Foot longer than thigh (FL/THL 1.1) and as long as tibia. Toe tips rounded. Subarticular tubercles small and round. Inner metatarsal tubercle present, external absent. Toe formula: I&lt;II&lt;III&lt;V&lt;IV. Foot webbing formula: Ie(1), IIi/e(1-2), IIIi/e(2-2), IVi/e(2-2), Vi(2). Two light, continuous lateral ridges, six dorsal ridges difficult to see due to preservation of the specimen. No vertebral nor sacral ridges. Small warts on the body. No sacral, femoral, or crural folds.</p><p>Coloration of the lectotype in preservative.</p><p>Coloration has faded away with time and some patterns are now hardly distinguishable. Dorsal background color is brown, with irregular elongated dark brown blotches distributed along the dorsal ridges and on the antero-dorsal part of the flanks. A wide light vertebral line from snout to vent is present. Dark brown canthal stripe from the tip of the snout to the back of the jaw. Vocal sacs dark grey. Upper lip, throat, and posterior part of flanks cream. Ventrum, ventral side of the thighs and tibias uniformly cream in type 1. Barely distinguishable irregular dark brown bars on the tibias and on the thighs.</p><p>Variations.</p><p>In life, background color varies from light to dark brown. Dorsal ridges vary in number and definition. Lateral ridges may be sand or dark orange. All specimens examined had small dark brown or black blotches distributed symmetrically on the dorsal ridges. Flanks more or less heavily colored with black or dark brown blotches. Vertebral stripe absent in some individuals. When present, the vertebral stripe may be thin or wide, sand-color or brown-orange.</p><p>Iris bicolored, the upper third silver and lower two thirds dark brown sometimes marbled with light yellow or copper on the bottom half. Upper jaw cream, lower jaws featuring irregular light grey or brown markings but no barring. All specimens examined featured a dark brown canthal stripe from the tip of the snout to the back of the upper jaw and a with a cream vertical stripe. A thin cream longitudinal stripe on the tibia present in some individuals. Tibias, thighs, and feet posteriorly barred with more or less defined brown or light brown markings. Some individuals have dark irregular markings on the posterior side of the arms and anteroventral sides of the thighs and tibias. Thighs posteriorly marbled with dark brown and yellowish brown. Ventrum and throat uniformly cream to yellow. Vocal sacs grey to dark grey. Small warts over the back and flanks in adult males.</p><p>Habitat, distribution, and natural history.</p><p>Ptychadena neumanni is found on both sides of the Great Rift Valley (GRV) and limited to the south and southwestern highlands of Ethiopia (5.80-8.20°N, 35.36-38.64°E). This species is found at elevations ranging from 1409 m to 2449 m a.s.l. The southernmost individuals were found north of Hagere Mariam (east of the GRV) and Maji (west of the GRV). In the west, populations are found west of Gore,  Gech’a, Bonga and Jimma.  Ptychadena neumanni has also been found between Sodo and Bonga. East of the GRV it has been found in the vicinity of Wondo Genet. In the southwest,  P. neumanni is found in syntopy with multiple  Ptychadena species:  P. doro sp. nov.,  P. delphina sp. nov.,  P. beka sp. nov., and the lowland species  P. anchietae . In the southeast, it is found in sympatry with  P. goweri . Males are found calling at night in shallow puddles on or beside the road, or in flooded grassy meadows.</p><p>Advertisement call.</p><p>Ptychadena neumanni produces two types of call, hereafter referred to as call type A and call type B. Based on our video recordings and observations in the field, we believe that call type A corresponds to the advertisement call, while call type B may be a territorial call. Notably, while calling in chorus, males were producing call type A, whereas call type B seem to be employed in two-individuals vocal battles. However, our data are insufficient to categorize with confidence these two calls with regard to their respective function and we describe both call types below. The call type and call rate produced is highly dependent on the social context.</p><p>Ptychadena neumanni call type A (3 males, 78 calls) is 307  ± 149 ms long and contains 5.8  ± 2.4 pulsed notes. Notes are 32  ± 14 ms in duration and are produced at regular intervals (19.1  ± 3.5 notes s-1) within each call. Amplitude modulation is very low within the call. Call type  A’s dominant frequency is 2406  ± 339 Hz, with no frequency modulation within notes or calls.</p><p>Ptychadena neumanni call type B (1 male, 13 calls) is composed of one initial long (437  ± 54 ms) pulsed note (note B1), followed by 3  ± 0.6 distinct pulses (note B2). The peak frequency of note B1 is 2207  ± 129 Hz while note B2 has a dominant frequency of 2337  ± 191 Hz.</p><p>Call type A of  P. neumanni can be distinguished from those of all other species of the  P. neumanni complex, except for  P. cooperi and  P. amharensis, by its composition of multiple pulsed notes with indistinguishable pulses. It differs from the call of  P. cooperi and  P. amharensis by the absence of frequency modulation, shorter notes, and shorter inter-note intervals.</p><p>Call type B of  P. neumanni is unique within the  P. neumanni complex in its composition of two different types of notes and can easily be distinguished from those of all other species of the group.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Ahl (1924) described  Rana neumanni based on 35 syntypes collected in Didda (one specimen), Somaliland (23 specimens), Gadat (Gofa) (three specimens), and Uba (eight specimens). Perret (1980) examined the type series, split the collection, and assigned the specimens to three distinct species. Perret designated the three specimens from Gadat (ZMB-26879 type 1, ZMB-26879 type 2 and ZMB-26879 type 3) as syntypes of  Ptychadena neumanni (sensu stricto) as they were the only specimens with individual tags. Additionally, those specimens were the only ones of the original type series to have a collection date: 2 February 1901. Gadat (Gofa), south Ethiopia thus became Terra typica restricta of  Ptychadena neumanni . Perret (1980) then revised the description of the species and gave measurement values for the three syntypes. When we examined the type series in the collection of the Museum of Berlin, we realized that the syntypes 2 and 3 had been attributed new collection numbers: ZMB-57183 (ZMB-26879 type 2) and ZMB-57184 (ZMB-26879 type 3) and the jar containing ZMB-26879 type 1 bears the label " lectotypus ". To our knowledge, no designation of ZMB-26879 type 1 as lectotype for  P. neumanni has been published. Given that the original description of the species by Ahl (1924) included 35 syntypes and that the restriction by Perret (1980) is not valid according to the Code as it does not designate an individual specimen, we hereby designate ZMB-26879 (type 1) as a lectotype according to Article 74 of the International Zoological Code of Nomenclature (ICZN 1999). The specimens ZMB-57183 (ZMB-26879 type 2) and ZMB-57184 (ZMB-26879 type 3) thus become paralectotypes.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F94186280C5155C0B4CA4F978B36CC5E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Goutte, Sandra;Reyes-Velasco *, Jacobo;Freilich, Xenia;Kassie, Abeje;Boissinot, Stephane	Goutte, Sandra, Reyes-Velasco *, Jacobo, Freilich, Xenia, Kassie, Abeje, Boissinot, Stephane (2021): Taxonomic revision of grass frogs (Ptychadenidae, Ptychadena) endemic to the Ethiopian highlands. ZooKeys 1016: 77-141, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1016.59699, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1016.59699
45EEF9BCD0515803A1CF764921588C18.text	45EEF9BCD0515803A1CF764921588C18.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ptychadena robeensis Goutte & Reyes-Velasco * & Freilich & Kassie & Boissinot 2021	<div><p>Ptychadena robeensis sp. nov.</p><p>Type material.</p><p>Holotype. Adult male (SB81) collected on 9 April 2018 by S. Goutte and J. Reyes-Velasco between Robe and Ali (7.2111°N, 39.9672°E, 2374 m a.s.l.). Paratypes. Three males (15-139, 15-140 and 15-147) and one female (15-138) collected on 8 August 2015 northwest of Robe (7.1720°N, 39.9722°E; 2431 m a.s.l.), one male (15-163) collected on 9 August 2015 east of Dinsho (7.1061°N, 39.8182°E; 3058 m a.s.l.), one male (16-92) and one female (16-77) collected by J. Reyes-Velasco and S. Boissinot 10 July 2016 east of Dinsho (7.1065°N, 39.8184°E, 3065 m a.s.l.), one male (SB65) collected by J. Reyes-Velasco and S. Goutte on 8 April 2018 south of Dinsho (7.0915°N, 39.7834°N, 3079 m a.s.l.), three males (SB82, SB83, SB84) collected by J. Reyes-Velasco and S. Goutte on 9 April 2019 between Robe and Ali (7.2111°N, 39.9672°E, 2374 m a.s.l.), three males (SB88, SB92, SB93) and two females (SB87, SB89) collected by J. Reyes-Velasco and S. Goutte on 9 April 2019 east of Dinsho (7.1056°N, 39.8168°E, 3015 m a.s.l.). All specimens are deposited at ZNHM.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Small species (male (13) SVL 30.3  ± 0.7 mm, female (4) SVL 31.6  ± 2.9 mm) of the  Ptychadena erlangeri species group (Fig. 17), distinguishable from other species of the  P. neumanni complex by the following combination of characters: (1) short hind limbs (male TL/SVL 0.45  ± 0.0.03, female TL/SVL 0.44  ± 0.02), (2) short forearms (male FLL/SVL 0.18  ± 0.02, female FLL/SVL 0.18  ± 0.00), (3) short feet (male FL/SVL 0.5  ± 0.03, female FL/SVL 0.49  ± 0.05), (4) reduced foot webbing, (5) a vertical cream or golden stripe or blotch on the tympanum (sometimes faint), (6) warts absent in adult males during the breeding season.</p><p>Comparison.</p><p>Distinguished from all Ethiopian  Ptychadena, except for  P. nana, by a considerably smaller size. Compared to  P. nana, it has relatively longer hands, greater eye-tympanum distance and longer feet.  Ptychadena robeensis sp. nov. also presents a more or less distinct cream or golden blotch on the tympanum, which is absent in  P. nana . Finally, the bodies of adult male  P. robeensis sp. nov. are not covered in warts as opposed to  P. nana .</p><p>Description of the holotype.</p><p>Small sized (SVL 29.3 mm) male with short hind limbs (TL/SVL 0.45, Fig. 17, Suppl. material 3: Table S1). Head longer than wide (HW/HL 0.96). Snout slightly rounded, projecting beyond the lower jaw. Interorbital distance equal to the eye diameter and to the internarial distance. Nostril half-way between the tip of the snout and the eye. Tympanum 0.77  × eye diameter. Finger tips not expanded but rounded. Finger formula: I&lt;II&lt;IV&lt;III. Hand free of webbing. Hindlimbs short, with tibia length 0.45  × snout-vent length. Tibia and thigh lengths equal. Foot 1.3  × tibia length. Toe tips rounded. Inner metatarsal tubercle present, outer absent. Toe formula: I&lt;II&lt;V&lt;III&lt;IV. Foot webbing formula (toe internal/external sides, number of phalanges webbed): Ie(1), IIi/e(1-1), IIIi/e(1-1), IVi/e(1-1), Vi(1). Four continuous dorsal ridges and one faint cream lateral ridge, interrupted on one side and continuous on the other.</p><p>Coloration of the holotype in life.</p><p>Dorsal ground color grey with a few, elongated dark brown blotches symmetrically distributed on the dorsolateral ridges. Thin cream stripe on the dorsum from the tip of the snout to the vent, on the foot, tibia, and half of the thigh. Dark olive brown canthal stripe from the tip of the snout to the back of the jaw. Small cream blotch on the otherwise dark brown tympanum. Upper and lower lip cream to light brown towards the tip of the snout with irregular small brown markings.</p><p>Iris bicolored, with upper third light cream, and the lower two thirds dark brown with golden freckles. Irregular dark brown blotches on the flanks. Ventrum cream, reticulated with light brown on its lower part. Throat light yellow. Two small symmetrical dark brown blotches on the antero-ventral side of the shoulders. Hind limbs brown with dark brown bars over the thighs, tibias and feet. A few very small round white dots around the groin. Back of the thighs dark brown irregularly molted with yellow. Vocal sacs dark grey anteriorly and light grey posteriorly.</p><p>Coloration of the holotype in preservative.</p><p>Dorsal ground color grey with a few large oval black blotches symmetrically distributed on the dorsolateral ridges. Thin cream vertebral stripe from the tip of the snout to the vent. Dark brown canthal stripe from the tip of the snout to the back of the jaw. Faint vertical stripe on the otherwise brown tympanum. Upper lip and lower lips cream dusted with light grey. Flanks light with a few irregular small dark brown blotches. Throat, ventrum, ventral side of the thighs and tibias uniformly cream. Two symmetrical brown blotches on the ventral side of the shoulders. Faint, thin longitudinal stripe on the tibia, foot and half of the thigh. Foot, tibia and thigh barred with brown. Back of thighs molted light grey and brown. Vocal sacs dark grey anteriorly and light grey posteriorly. Nuptial pads cream.</p><p>Variations.</p><p>As the other members of the  Ptychadena erlangeri species group,  Ptychadena robeensis sp. nov. shows color polymorphism. In life, dorsum coloration varies from grey-brown to reddish or yellowish brown, or bright lime green. The dark blotches disposed more or less symmetrically on the dorsum vary in size and number and are either dark brown or black. A few individuals completely lack melanization on the dorsum, resulting in an almost uniform light brown or bright lime green coloration. The limbs of these individuals, however, have melanization patterns comparable to other individuals.</p><p>One or a few dark blotches is present on the anterior part of the flank of some individuals.</p><p>The vertebral stripe, when present, may be thin or wide and cream, sand, yellow or bright lime green. Wide stripes may be doubled with a thin, lighter line. Some individuals lack any vertebral stripe and individuals lacking dorsal melanization generally have a barely visible thin light vertebral stripe.</p><p>Iris bicolored, the upper third cream, silver or golden and lower two thirds brown to dark brown. Upper and lower jaws cream, golden or light green, often with irregular light grey or light brown markings but no barring. Most individuals feature a dark brown canthal stripe from the tip of the snout to the back of the upper lip, sometimes dusted with small green spots. Individuals lacking dorsal melanization have a golden canthal stripe covered with small dark grey spots. Interestingly, the nostrils of these individuals are outlined in black. Tympanum dark brown with a more or less defined cream to golden vertical blotch. A thin cream or light green longitudinal stripe on the tibia extending to half or the whole length of the thigh is present in some individuals. Barring on the tibias, thighs and feet may be very distinct or almost completely absent. Thighs posteriorly marbled with dark brown and light brown, yellow or light green. Ventrum uniformly white. Throat white or very pale yellow in females and pale to deep yellow in adult males. Vocal sacs dark grey in 70% of examined specimens, bicolored dark grey anteriorly and light grey posteriorly in some individuals, and rarely light grey. Warts were absent from all adult males examined.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific name refers to the town of Robe, near the type locality.</p><p>Habitat, distribution and natural history.</p><p>Ptychadena robeensis sp. nov. occupies a very small range (7.05-7.23°N, 39.78-39.98°E) around the town of Robe, Bale zone, Oromia, Ethiopia. It is found at elevations ranging from 2375 m to 3120 m a.s.l. The westernmost individuals were found near Dinsho, which is also the highest elevation point of the species range. In the south,  P. robeensis sp. nov. is found between Robe and Goba, while it is known up to just west of Ali in the north. The species presumably occurs further north on the plateau as elevation and habitat seem rather homogeneous up to the Shebelle River.</p><p>Males are found calling at night from shallow grassy puddles or flooded cultivated fields. Calling activity typically starts after 22:00, even though males may be at calling sites earlier. Males have been found calling in syntopy with  P. cooperi and  P. levenorum . Genetic analyses have shown that  P. levenorum and  P. robeensis sp. nov. hybridize where their ranges overlap.</p><p>Advertisement call.</p><p>The call of  Ptychadena robeensis sp. nov. (5 males, 101 calls) is composed of a single pulsed note of 534  ± 53 ms in duration, containing 9.8  ± 1 regularly-spaced pulses. Pulse amplitude increases gradually until 292  ± 19 ms, after what it decreases. Call peak frequency is 2876  ± 74 Hz with a slight increase in frequency within the call.</p><p>The call of  P. robeensis sp. nov. can be distinguished from the calls of all other members of the  P. neumanni complex, except for  P. delphina sp. nov., by its regularly spaced pulses and long inter-pulses intervals (57  ± 5 ms). A higher frequency allows discriminating the calls of  P. robeensis sp. nov. and  P. delphina sp. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/45EEF9BCD0515803A1CF764921588C18	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Goutte, Sandra;Reyes-Velasco *, Jacobo;Freilich, Xenia;Kassie, Abeje;Boissinot, Stephane	Goutte, Sandra, Reyes-Velasco *, Jacobo, Freilich, Xenia, Kassie, Abeje, Boissinot, Stephane (2021): Taxonomic revision of grass frogs (Ptychadenidae, Ptychadena) endemic to the Ethiopian highlands. ZooKeys 1016: 77-141, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1016.59699, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1016.59699
