identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
2620F071FFA7AC19FF0AF8D3FF1E43A3.text	2620F071FFA7AC19FF0AF8D3FF1E43A3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leptothrips Hood 1909	<div><p>Leptothrips Hood</p><p>Leptothrips Hood, 1909: 249 . Type species Cryptothrips aspersus Hinds 1902, by monotypy; synonym of Phloeothrips mali Fitch.</p><p>Members of this genus share character states with other Phlaeothripinae species in the Tribe Haplothripini (Mound &amp; Minaei 2007): antennae usually 8-segmented; head usually with maxillary bridge present; prosternum with paired basantra (praepectal plates); fore wings usually slightly constricted medially. From other Haplothripini the genus is distinguished by the presence of longitudinally striate sculpture on the metanotum (Figs 25–30). Prior to this study a total of 38 species were listed in this genus (ThripsWiki 2017), but nine of these species are here placed into synonymy. Moreover, a recently described species, based on a single male specimen, L. texcosensis Johansen- Naime et al. (2017), is here recognised as a species of Haplothrips . It shares with two other species that also were described as members of Leptothrips Group Primarius (see discussion above) the presence of equiangular reticulate sculpture on the metanotum. This species is thus referred to as Haplothrips texcosensis Johansen-Naime et al. comb.n.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2620F071FFA7AC19FF0AF8D3FF1E43A3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mound, Laurence;O’Donnell, Cheryle	Mound, Laurence, O’Donnell, Cheryle (2017): Predation, phytophagy and character state confusion among North American species of the genus Leptothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripinae). Zootaxa 4294 (3): 301-315, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4294.3.1
2620F071FFA6AC19FF0AF9DFFCCA45A7.text	2620F071FFA6AC19FF0AF9DFFCCA45A7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leptothrips cassiae (Watson) Watson	<div><p>Leptothrips cassiae (Watson)</p><p>Haplothrips cassiae Watson, 1920: 23</p><p>Known only from Florida, this is one of the species that lacks transverse striae medially on the pronotum. Johansen (1987) placed cassiae in his “ Group Obesus ” and thus distinguished it from mali on the basis of the claimed differences in the shape of the tube discussed and illustrated above. Almost no structural difference has been detected between specimens identified as cassiae from Southeastern USA, and specimens identified as oribates from Southwestern USA. These two species have the mesonotal transverse striae (Fig. 1) more widely spaced than in mali . However, a single female (in ERMR) from Venezuela has been studied that has the mesonotum closely striate but otherwise shares the character states of cassiae .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2620F071FFA6AC19FF0AF9DFFCCA45A7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mound, Laurence;O’Donnell, Cheryle	Mound, Laurence, O’Donnell, Cheryle (2017): Predation, phytophagy and character state confusion among North American species of the genus Leptothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripinae). Zootaxa 4294 (3): 301-315, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4294.3.1
2620F071FFA6AC19FF0AFDE1FA724466.text	2620F071FFA6AC19FF0AFDE1FA724466.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leptothrips Hood 1909	<div><p>Key to the Leptothrips species from North America</p><p>1. Fore tarsus of female with small or minute tooth on inner margin................................................ 2</p><p>- Fore tarsus of female without a tooth on inner margin......................................................... 4</p><p>2. Fore wing with 6–10 duplicated cilia; antennal segment III with one sense cone; pronotal mid-lateral setae present... distalis</p><p>- Fore wing without duplicated cilia; combination of other characters different......................................3</p><p>3. Pronotum without any lines of sculpture medially; antennal segment III with one sense cone; antennal segments IV–VI uni- formly brown; pronotal mid-lateral setae present (Fig. 22)............................................ fasciculatus</p><p>- Pronotum medially with closely spaced transverse sculpture lines; antennal segment III with no sense cone; antennal segments IV–VI largely yellow; pronotal mid-lateral setae absent (Fig. 24)........................................ purpuratus</p><p>4. Pronotum medially with prominent sculpture lines...........................................................5</p><p>- Pronotum with a few striae laterally and near posterior margin, but sculpture lines medially either absent or very weak.... 1 1</p><p>5. Antennal segment II asymmetric with apical margin oblique (Fig. 6)........................................ opimus</p><p>- Antennal segment II symmetric, apex transverse.............................................................6</p><p>6. Antennal segment III with no sense cone, length of segment III usually no more than sub-equal to length of segment II; length of antennal segments III+IV no more than 125 microns [fore wing with number of duplicated cilia varying from 0–6]; appar- ently host specific to Larrea tridentata ................................................................ larreae</p><p>- Antennal segment III with one sense cone; length of antennal segments III+IV usually more than 140 microns............ 7</p><p>7. Antennal segment IV with four major sense cones............................................................8</p><p>- Antennal segment IV with three major sense cones..........................................................10</p><p>8. Maxillary stylets retracted into head to level of postocular setae, and close together medially (Fig. 5).......... occidentalis</p><p>- Maxillary stylets retracted about half way to postocular setae and wide apart (Figs 1–3)..............................9</p><p>9. Fore wing with 5 or more duplicated cilia; pronotal striae weak and widely spaced medially....................... mali</p><p>- Fore wing usually without, or with very few duplicated cilia; pronotal striae strongly developed............... heliomanes</p><p>10. Fore wing with duplicated cilia present............................................................. mcconelli</p><p>- Fore wing not known to have any duplicated cilia....................................................... papago</p><p>11. Antennal segment IV with 2 sense cones................................................................. 12</p><p>- Antennal segment IV with 3 or 4 sense cones............................................................. 13</p><p>12. Pronotum as dark as head, hind tibiae uniformly dark brown................................................. pini</p><p>- Pronotum paler than head, hind tibiae yellow distally................................................. singularis</p><p>13. Antennal segment IV with three major sense cones................................................ macroocellatus</p><p>- Antennal segment IV with four major sense cones...........................................................14</p><p>14. Antennal segment IV without a small ancillary sense cone............................................... oribates</p><p>- Antennal segment IV with a small ancillary sense cone on outer margin..................................... cassiae</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2620F071FFA6AC19FF0AFDE1FA724466	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mound, Laurence;O’Donnell, Cheryle	Mound, Laurence, O’Donnell, Cheryle (2017): Predation, phytophagy and character state confusion among North American species of the genus Leptothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripinae). Zootaxa 4294 (3): 301-315, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4294.3.1
2620F071FFA5AC1AFF0AFF3EFD6A4089.text	2620F071FFA5AC1AFF0AFF3EFD6A4089.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leptothrips distalis (Hood) Hood	<div><p>Leptothrips distalis (Hood)</p><p>Haplothrips distalis Hood, 1925: 103 .</p><p>Zygothrips californicus Mason, 1926: 156 . Synonymy in Cott, 1956: 101. Leptothrips pristinus Johansen, 1987: 33 . Syn. n.</p><p>This is another member of the genus known only from the western States. It is one of the few species in the genus with a small tooth on the inner margin of the fore tarsus, but is distinguished from two other species with this structure by the presence of several duplicated cilia on the fore wing. The pronotum bears transverse striae, the pronotal mid-lateral setae are present as in fasciculatus, but the mesonotum is closely striate in contrast to that species (Fig. 28). Cott (1956: 103) indicated that distalis had been found breeding in large numbers on a species of Atriplex at Firebaugh (near Fresno) in California. He stated that the plants were severely damaged by this thrips, and made no reference to the possibility that it might be predatory. Johansen described pristinus from Baja California, and distinguished it because of the presence on antennal segment IV of a small accessory sense cone on the external margin. However, as discussed above, the presence of these minute sensilla coeloconica appears to be unstable in some species, and examination of a paratype of pristinus (in USNM) suggests that this species cannot be distinguished satisfactorily from distalis .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2620F071FFA5AC1AFF0AFF3EFD6A4089	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mound, Laurence;O’Donnell, Cheryle	Mound, Laurence, O’Donnell, Cheryle (2017): Predation, phytophagy and character state confusion among North American species of the genus Leptothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripinae). Zootaxa 4294 (3): 301-315, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4294.3.1
2620F071FFA5AC1AFF0AFC9BFEAD4770.text	2620F071FFA5AC1AFF0AFC9BFEAD4770.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leptothrips fasciculatus	<div><p>Leptothrips fasciculatus (Crawford DL)</p><p>Phyllothrips fasciculata Crawford DL, 1909: 105.</p><p>Phyllothrips fasciculata var. stenoceps Crawford DL, 1909: 108. Anthothrips nigricornis Jones, 1912: 17 .</p><p>Haplothrips jonesi Karny, 1912: 344 . Replacement name for nigricornis Jones, a homonym of nigricornis Bagnall, 1910 . Leptothrips russelli Morgan, 1913: 39 .</p><p>Described from both sexes on Eriogonum fasciculatum [ Polygonaceae] at Claremont, California, this species is known to breed in the flowers of this plant with no evidence that it is predatory (Wiesenborn 2012). Specimens have also been studied from Nevada and Arizona. Despite sharing with purpuratus the presence of a fore tarsal tooth and the absence of duplicated wing cilia, the pronotum of fasciculatus has no prominent sculpture lines but has well-developed mid-lateral setae (Fig. 22). Moreover, the sculpture lines on the mesonotum are not closely spaced, but form an almost reticulate pattern (Fig. 28). The fore tarsal tooth of males is considerably larger than that of females.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2620F071FFA5AC1AFF0AFC9BFEAD4770	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mound, Laurence;O’Donnell, Cheryle	Mound, Laurence, O’Donnell, Cheryle (2017): Predation, phytophagy and character state confusion among North American species of the genus Leptothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripinae). Zootaxa 4294 (3): 301-315, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4294.3.1
2620F071FFA5AC1AFF0AFAD3FADF459B.text	2620F071FFA5AC1AFF0AFAD3FADF459B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leptothrips heliomanes Hood 1927	<div><p>Leptothrips heliomanes Hood</p><p>Leptothrips heliomanes Hood, 1927a: 202 .</p><p>Described from an unspecified number of both sexes taken from an unknown plant near Palm Springs, California, a Lectotype was designated for this species by Pitkin (1978: 282). The number of major sense cones on antennal segment IV was stated by Johansen (1987: 78) to be three plus a minor one. However, re-examination of the lectotype and seven specimens bearing the same data has confirmed that all of them bear four sensilla basiconica (= major sense cones) on this segment. In May, 2015, heliomanes was found in large numbers at Big Morongo Canyon, 50 miles east of Riverside. It was breeding on grasses in association with unidentified mites. Adults collected at the same site but on the leaves of Prosopis trees have shorter antennae with only three sense cones on segment IV and possibly represent papago . Series of heliomanes typically have few or no duplicated cilia on the fore wing, but individuals sometimes have up to 6 cilia on one but not on both fore wings. Moreover, the duplicated cilia on some wings are unusually slender. Samples sometimes include individuals with three major sense cones on segment IV, and if such individuals were collected alone they would be identified as either papago or primigenus, depending on the presence or absence of duplicated cilia. Despite this, judging from the many specimens in ERMR, it appears that heliomanes is a valid species and probably the Western version of the Eastern species mali .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2620F071FFA5AC1AFF0AFAD3FADF459B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mound, Laurence;O’Donnell, Cheryle	Mound, Laurence, O’Donnell, Cheryle (2017): Predation, phytophagy and character state confusion among North American species of the genus Leptothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripinae). Zootaxa 4294 (3): 301-315, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4294.3.1
2620F071FFA4AC14FF0AF9B4FB184332.text	2620F071FFA4AC14FF0AF9B4FB184332.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leptothrips larreae Hood 1939	<div><p>Leptothrips larreae Hood</p><p>Leptothrips larreae Hood, 1939: 207 .</p><p>Described from Arizona, with paratypes from California, all associated with Larrea tridentata [ Zygophyllaceae], this species probably feeds on mites within cecidomyiid galls on this plant (Wiesenborn 2015). More than 100 slide mounted specimens from Larrea have been studied (from ERMR), mainly collected in California. When the head is truly horizontal, the compound eyes are clearly longer ventrally than dorsally (but see caveat above). The postocular setae are short, 20–25 microns in length, scarcely reaching the posterior margin of the eye. The number of duplicated cilia on the fore wing is variable within any given population, with bilateral asymmetry in the number being common. At least 10% of adults have no duplicated cilia on one or both fore wings. Antennal segment IV usually has three sense cones, but a very few specimens have been seen with only two on one antenna. Moreover, the small ancillary sense cone (= sensillum coeloconicum) on the external margin of segment IV is present in most examined specimens, but cannot be seen on one or both antennae of a substantial minority of specimens. Despite this variation, the specimens from Larrea consistently have antennal segments III and IV rather short, and antennal segment III with no sense cone. However, not all Leptothrips individuals collected from Larrea are identifiable as larreae . Three specimens from Larrea at Banning, California, have a sense cone on antennal segment III, and antennal segments III+IV more than 160 microns long; the two females have four sense cones on segment IV but the male only three, and the number of duplicated cilia varies from 1 to 4 on these three specimens.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2620F071FFA4AC14FF0AF9B4FB184332	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mound, Laurence;O’Donnell, Cheryle	Mound, Laurence, O’Donnell, Cheryle (2017): Predation, phytophagy and character state confusion among North American species of the genus Leptothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripinae). Zootaxa 4294 (3): 301-315, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4294.3.1
2620F071FFAAAC15FF0AFF3EFF0341EA.text	2620F071FFAAAC15FF0AFF3EFF0341EA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leptothrips macroocellatus Watson	<div><p>Leptothrips macroocellatus Watson</p><p>Leptothrips aspersus macro -ocellatus Watson, 1913: 148. Leptothrips confusus Johansen, 1987: 89 . Syn. n.</p><p>The Code of Zoological Nomenclature (http://www.iczn.org/iczn/index.jsp) specifies that a hyphen should be deleted from any compound name, except where the first of the two names is a single letter. Watson described this species from an unspecified number of specimens taken from orange leaves at Gainesville, Florida, in January, 1913. Johansen (1987: 93) stated that he had designated a Lectotype of macroocellatus, but no such specimen has been found in either USNM or FSAC. The only slides found that bear original data are in FSAC, and these include two larvae and six adults, of which only one has an antenna. Based on these specimens, this species is interpreted as having sculpture lines on the pronotum posteriorly and laterally but not medially (Fig. 21), and in having antennal segment IV with three sense cones. Moreover, the external margin of segment IV bears a small ancillary sense cone (= sensillum coeloconicum), although this is not always visible. The compound eyes are large, but the extent to which they are longer ventrally than dorsally depends on the orientation of the head on slide mounted specimens. Samples of this species have been studied (in ERMR) from Florida ( Orlando) and South Carolina ( Colleton Cty), also (in USNM) from Ft Garland ( Colorado). However, a few unidentified specimens mentioned by Mound et al. (2016) that were collected from Jatropha curcas at Chiapas, Mexico can now be identified as this species, together with 50 specimens representing both sexes collected by Francisco Infante in March and April, 2014, at various sites in the Southern parts of Chiapas State. The species confusus was based on a single female from Homestead, Florida (in USNM), and placed in a key between mali and macroocellatus . This specimen was distinguished from macroocellatus because it has the eyes scarcely prolonged ventrally and the major setae rather shorter.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2620F071FFAAAC15FF0AFF3EFF0341EA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mound, Laurence;O’Donnell, Cheryle	Mound, Laurence, O’Donnell, Cheryle (2017): Predation, phytophagy and character state confusion among North American species of the genus Leptothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripinae). Zootaxa 4294 (3): 301-315, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4294.3.1
2620F071FFAAAC16FF0AFBA6FD6C434B.text	2620F071FFAAAC16FF0AFBA6FD6C434B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leptothrips mal	<div><p>Leptothrips mal i (Fitch)</p><p>Phloeothrips mali Fitch, 1855: 806 .</p><p>Cryptothrips aspersus Hinds, 1902: 205 . Synonym in Hood, 1914: 162. Cryptothrips californicus Daniel, 1904: 293 . Synonym in Hood, 1914: 162. Cryptothrips adirondacks Watson, 1921: 83 . Synonym in Hood, 1927b: 112. Leptothrips gurdus Johansen, 1987: 45 . Syn. n.</p><p>Leptothrips septemtrionalis Johansen, 1987: 55 . Syn. n.</p><p>Leptothrips maliaffinis Johansen, 1987: 61 . Syn. n.</p><p>Johansen distinguished maliaffinis and septemtrionalis from mali on the grounds that specimens of mali lack a major sense cone on the external apical margin of antennal segment IV - that is, he claimed that mali has only three major sense cones on this segment. However, all available specimens of mali, including specimens identified as this species by Johansen himself, have on segment IV four well-developed sensilla basiconica, even though one of these is sometimes smaller than the others. Johansen further distinguished septemtrionalis from maliaffinis on the basis that the former lacks a small accessory sense cone (sensillum coeloconicum) on the external margin of antennal segment IV, whereas the latter has such a sense cone. However, although this structure is visible on the right antenna of the holotype female of maliaffinis it is not visible on the left antenna, nor on either of the antennae of two available paratypes of maliaffinis . Similarly, this small sense cone is not visible on the holotype of septemtrionalis nor one male paratype from Virginia, but is clearly visible on the left (but not the right) antenna of a female paratype of septemtrionalis from near Blacksburg. There is no evidence from any of the available slides that the small sense cone has been broken off during slide preparation, and the assumption here is therefore that its presence is variable (or that its visibility is variable on slide-mounted specimens). One female from Colorado, identified by Johansen as californicus, has this minute sense cone visible on the left antenna but not the right. As discussed above, gurdus was described by Johansen as having the tube short and conical, but that wording does not seem appropriate to the tube of either the holotype female (Fig. 14) or the paratype male, and these specimens cannot be distinguished from the common species mali . Johansen also placed mcconelli in the same group with mali as having only three major sense cones on antennal segment IV, but placed californicus in the group with maliaffinis as having four such sense cones. The first of these is here considered a valid species, but the second is returned to synonymy with mali . As interpreted here, mali is variable in the colour and length of antennal segments III and IV, with some individuals having these segments largely brown and slender, but others having them shorter and yellow in the basal half. Similar variation in the colour and shape of these antennal segments occurs in the closely related western species, heliomanes .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2620F071FFAAAC16FF0AFBA6FD6C434B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mound, Laurence;O’Donnell, Cheryle	Mound, Laurence, O’Donnell, Cheryle (2017): Predation, phytophagy and character state confusion among North American species of the genus Leptothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripinae). Zootaxa 4294 (3): 301-315, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4294.3.1
2620F071FFA9AC16FF0AFAA5FCDB444D.text	2620F071FFA9AC16FF0AFAA5FCDB444D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leptothrips occidentalis Johansen 1987	<div><p>Leptothrips occidentalis Johansen</p><p>Leptothrips occidentalis Johansen, 1987: 59 .</p><p>This species remains known only from the original specimens: two females and one male collected at Bridgeland, Utah. It is remarkable for the long and deeply retracted maxillary stylets that are close together medially in the head (Fig. 5). Despite this, the species is similar to heliomanes in having the pronotum with particularly strong transverse striae, and the fore wing lacking duplicated cilia.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2620F071FFA9AC16FF0AFAA5FCDB444D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mound, Laurence;O’Donnell, Cheryle	Mound, Laurence, O’Donnell, Cheryle (2017): Predation, phytophagy and character state confusion among North American species of the genus Leptothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripinae). Zootaxa 4294 (3): 301-315, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4294.3.1
2620F071FFA9AC16FF0AF9C4FCC14595.text	2620F071FFA9AC16FF0AF9C4FCC14595.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leptothrips opimus Johansen 1987	<div><p>Leptothrips opimus Johansen</p><p>Leptothrips opimus Johansen, 1987: 43 .</p><p>This species is based on a single female that is labelled “ Colorado, Allenspark, Pine, 1950”. The specimen is slidemounted in Clarite, and as a result it is crushed and distorted, with crumpled wings, and the sense cones eroded and faint. The pronotum has strong transverse striae at least on the anterior third, the mesonotum is transversely striate, the basal pores of four major sense cones are visible on antennal segment IV, but the head is too distorted to decide if the eyes are prolonged ventrally. Antennal segment II is asymmetric and presumably aberrant (Fig. 6), and the specimen is possibly a deformed individual of heliomanes .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2620F071FFA9AC16FF0AF9C4FCC14595	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mound, Laurence;O’Donnell, Cheryle	Mound, Laurence, O’Donnell, Cheryle (2017): Predation, phytophagy and character state confusion among North American species of the genus Leptothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripinae). Zootaxa 4294 (3): 301-315, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4294.3.1
2620F071FFA9AC16FF0AFEC6FDA346EF.text	2620F071FFA9AC16FF0AFEC6FDA346EF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Liothrips mcconelli Crawford	<div><p>Liothrips mcconelli Crawford DL</p><p>Liothrips mcconelli Crawford DL, 1910: 163.</p><p>Leptothrips primigenus Johansen, 1987: 72 . Syn. n.</p><p>Although at one time placed as a synonym of mali, the presence of only three major sense cones (sensilla basiconica) on the fourth antennal segment distinguishes this species. It was collected and described by Crawford from four females and four males taken in Guadalajara, Mexico. From these specimens Johansen (1987) designated a female lectotype (in California Academy of Sciences), and listed many specimens of the species from Mexico and also a few in USA from Utah, Idaho and California . He then described primigenus from a single female taken at Yosemite, California, distinguishing it because antennal segment IV of the holotype lacks a small ancillary sense cone (= sensillum coeloconicum) on the external surface. This five micron long ancillary sense cone is present on most of the 150 specimens (in ERMR) that are here identified as mcconelli, although it is certainly absent on both antennae of a few of them, and mcconelli is here interpreted as a common species in California . It is distinguished from larreae by the presence of a sense cone on antennal segment III, and the greater length, 130 microns, of antennal segments III+IV, and distinguished from mali by the presence on segment IV of three not four major sense cones (sensilla basiconica). However, the number of fore wing duplicated cilia is variable amongst the specimens examined. For example, in a series of 14 individuals taken from Sycamore at Riverside (30.vi.1958) the number varies from 0 to 7, two of these specimens have no duplicated cilia on either wing, and one male has antennal segment IV with four sense cones. As indicated above, character state variation amongst the five species, heliomanes, larreae, mali, mcconelli and papago is very confusing, with the occasional individual intermediate in structure between two or more of these. Specimens identified as mcconelli have been studied from Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Texas, and Utah from various plants, particularly tree species in the genera Acer, Alnus, Fraxinus, Prunus, and Quercus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2620F071FFA9AC16FF0AFEC6FDA346EF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mound, Laurence;O’Donnell, Cheryle	Mound, Laurence, O’Donnell, Cheryle (2017): Predation, phytophagy and character state confusion among North American species of the genus Leptothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripinae). Zootaxa 4294 (3): 301-315, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4294.3.1
2620F071FFA8AC10FF0AF9C7FD3A43A2.text	2620F071FFA8AC10FF0AF9C7FD3A43A2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leptothrips oribates Hood 1939	<div><p>Leptothrips oribates Hood</p><p>Leptothrips oribates Hood, 1939: 205 .</p><p>Leptothrips oregonensis Hood, 1939:213; Synonymised by O’Neill, 1972: 272. Leptothrips brevicapitis Johansen, 1987: 52 . Syn. n.</p><p>Described from Colorado, Arizona and New Mexico, with one synonym from Oregon, specimens of this species have also been seen from Nevada and California . It is closely associated with species of Pinus, and has been taken several times from immature pine cones. It is distinguished from pini, with which it shares this host association, by the presence on antennal segment IV of four sense cones. Both species lack pronotal sculpture and have the fore wings pale at the base, but the available distribution records suggest that they are adapted to rather different ecological conditions, with pini mainly from the Florida area, but oribates from the Western states . Johansen described brevicapitis from a few specimens associated with Pinus from California and Arizona . He stated that these specimens have the eyes prolonged ventrally, in contrast to those of oribates . However, the difference between the dorsal and ventral surfaces in the holotype (see Fig. 73 in Johansen, 1987) is trivial, and involves a difference of no more than the diameter of a single ommatidium. The extent to which the eyes are longer ventrally than dorsally in the available specimens of oribates is here interpreted as being associated with the orientation of the head in slide-mounted specimens (see discussion above). More than 40 specimens of oribates have been studied from various sites in California (in ERMR); two of these were noted to have only three sense cones on segment IV of one antenna (but not on both), and in all of them segment IV lacked a small ancillary sense cone (= sensillum coeloconicum) on the external surface.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2620F071FFA8AC10FF0AF9C7FD3A43A2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mound, Laurence;O’Donnell, Cheryle	Mound, Laurence, O’Donnell, Cheryle (2017): Predation, phytophagy and character state confusion among North American species of the genus Leptothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripinae). Zootaxa 4294 (3): 301-315, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4294.3.1
2620F071FFAFAC10FF0AFDEEFD1A479A.text	2620F071FFAFAC10FF0AFDEEFD1A479A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leptothrips papago Hood 1939	<div><p>Leptothrips papago Hood</p><p>Leptothrips papago Hood, 1939: 209 .</p><p>Leptothrips acaciae Hood, 1939: 211 . Synonymised by Johansen, 1987: 79. Leptothrips robustus Johansen, 1987: 47 . Syn. n.</p><p>Leptothrips arizonensis Johansen, 1987: 76 . Syn. n.</p><p>This species was based on a female holotype, with three female and one male paratypes, all collected from cottonwood, at Tucson, Arizona. Measurements of the antennae in the four species listed in the synonymy above are remarkably different. The length of antennal segments III+IV is 145 in the holotype of papago, whereas the measurements provided by Hood indicate only 107 for the holotype of acaciae . The similar measurement for the holotype of robustus is 130, and 110 for the holotype of arizonensis . No other character state differences have been found that correlate with this variation in antennal segment lengths. A further species in which these segments are unusually short is larreae, but in that species antennal segment III lacks a sense cone. Hood described acaciae from Wickenburg, Arizona, based on 17 females and one male collected from Acacia or Prosopis . Johansen described robustus from two specimens from Wyoming and one from Colorado, all three being mounted in Clarite. These specimens are thus seriously distorted, with the antennal sense cones almost completely eroded, and the fore wings of the holotype not available. However, one fore wing of the paratype from Wyoming clearly has no duplicated cilia. Johansen distinguished arizonensis from papago in a key, indicating that the eyes were not prolonged ventrally in the first but prolonged in papago . However, the difference in dorsal and ventral lengths of the eyes in the available specimens is largely dependent on how horizontal the head is on a slide-mounted specimen. Johansen placed robustus in his Group Obesus, presumably because the tube of the holotype is wide at the base (Fig. 16). However, this specimen is mounted in clarite, and is thus crushed with the tube distorted. Individuals identified here as papago have been seen from a wide range of unrelated plants at sites between Utah and California, based on 100 slides in ERMR; the recorded plants include members of the following genera: Adenostema, Ceanothus, Chrysothamnus, Hymenochloa, Purshia and Quercus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2620F071FFAFAC10FF0AFDEEFD1A479A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mound, Laurence;O’Donnell, Cheryle	Mound, Laurence, O’Donnell, Cheryle (2017): Predation, phytophagy and character state confusion among North American species of the genus Leptothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripinae). Zootaxa 4294 (3): 301-315, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4294.3.1
2620F071FFAFAC10FF0AF988FBEA45C1.text	2620F071FFAFAC10FF0AF988FBEA45C1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leptothrips pini (Watson) Watson	<div><p>Leptothrips pini (Watson)</p><p>Cryptothrips pini Watson, 1915: 49 .</p><p>Zygothrips floridensis Watson, 1922: 22 . Synonymised by Johansen (1987: 97).</p><p>Described from Florida, and recorded from Virginia and Maryland, in association with species of Pinus, there are specimens in ERMR from Texas, taken on Pinus taeda at Smithville, and on Pinus sp. at Blossom. The following have also been studied (in USNM): one specimen from Arizona, one from Georgia, five from New York and three from South Carolina. This species shares with singularis the presence of only two sense cones on the fourth antennal segment. The pronotum lacks sculptured striae medially but is strongly striate anterolaterally, the fore wing is pale at the base, but the apex of antennal segment III is shaded brown.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2620F071FFAFAC10FF0AF988FBEA45C1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mound, Laurence;O’Donnell, Cheryle	Mound, Laurence, O’Donnell, Cheryle (2017): Predation, phytophagy and character state confusion among North American species of the genus Leptothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripinae). Zootaxa 4294 (3): 301-315, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4294.3.1
2620F071FFAEAC11FF0AFF3EFF114045.text	2620F071FFAEAC11FF0AFF3EFF114045.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leptothrips purpuratus (Hood) Hood	<div><p>Leptothrips purpuratus (Hood)</p><p>Haplothrips purpuratus Hood, 1925: 101 .</p><p>Described from one female and one male, taken on a species of Atriplex at Tempe, Arizona, this species was described as having antennal segments III–VI “bright yellow”. The fore tarsus bears a small tooth on the inner margin, as in distalis and fasciculatus, and it shares with distalis the presence of strong transverse striae on the pronotum but lacks mid-lateral setae. In contrast, fasciculatus has a smooth pronotum, and purpuratus is unique among the three species of the distalis group in lacking a sense cone on antennal segment III. Specimens have been studied from Arizona (Sacaton), California (Tecopa, Thermal, Victorville), New Mexico (Rodeo) and Texas (Ysleta).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2620F071FFAEAC11FF0AFF3EFF114045	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mound, Laurence;O’Donnell, Cheryle	Mound, Laurence, O’Donnell, Cheryle (2017): Predation, phytophagy and character state confusion among North American species of the genus Leptothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripinae). Zootaxa 4294 (3): 301-315, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4294.3.1
2620F071FFAEAC11FF0AFDCCFC004125.text	2620F071FFAEAC11FF0AFDCCFC004125.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leptothrips singularis Hood 1941	<div><p>Leptothrips singularis Hood</p><p>Leptothrips singularis Hood, 1941: 149 .</p><p>Described from three females and five males collected at Pine Key, Florida, this species is similar to pini but has the pronotum and hind tibiae paler. These two both have only two sense cones on antennal segment IV, but both are known from too few specimens to be sure that this character state is constant. A further species from Florida that is similar in structure and lacks sculpture lines across the pronotum is cassiae .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2620F071FFAEAC11FF0AFDCCFC004125	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Mound, Laurence;O’Donnell, Cheryle	Mound, Laurence, O’Donnell, Cheryle (2017): Predation, phytophagy and character state confusion among North American species of the genus Leptothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripinae). Zootaxa 4294 (3): 301-315, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4294.3.1
