identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
266887BDFF9CA13C0135FADCFC14B2FA.text	266887BDFF9CA13C0135FADCFC14B2FA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Onthophagus osculatii Guerin-Meneville 1855	<div><p>Onthophagus osculatii Guérin-Méneville, 1855</p> <p>(Figures 1 (a), 1(b), 1(g), 1(h), 1(k – m), 5(a))</p> <p>Onthophagus osculatii Guérin-Méneville, 1855: 589</p> <p>Onthophagus osculatii Guérin-Méneville: Harold 1869: 1034; Harold 1880: 30; Boucomont and Gillet 1927: 207; Boucomont 1932: 305; Blackwelder 1944: 212; Balthasar 1951: 338; Vulcano and Pereira 1967: 564; Martínez 1987: 69 (erroneously cited) 1; Zunino and Halffter 1997: 161; Escobar 2000 b: 209; Vaz-de-Mello 2000: 194; Medina et al. 2001: 140; Pulido-Herrera and Zunino 2007: 112; Hamel-Leigue et al. 2008: 43; Medina and Pulido-Herrera 2009: 61; Ratcliffe et al. 2015; Silva et al. 2017: 4</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Onthophagus osculatii has the clypeus triangular, obtuse to slightly truncate at middle, elytral punctation distinct. Male with cephalic horns not carinate at the base, anteromedial pronotal protuberance narrowly rounded between horns. This species appears to be related to the Onthophagus included in the rubrescens complex but differs in having the elytral surface distinctly and finely microreticulated and slightly opaque.</p> <p>Redescription</p> <p>Body length 6 – 8 mm. Colour. Body completely black and weakly shining, pronotum sericeous on the posteromedial region, elytra slightly duller with faint metallic green iridescence, pygidium brownish, ventral side of the body dark-brown, mahogany coloured, femurs slightly lighter, last two abdominal sternites brownish. Mouthparts, antennal articles and tarsi brownish, antennal club brownish and opaque. Head. Clypeus elongated forward, triangular-shaped and obtusely truncated at middle, clypeal margin very weakly reflexed, genal and clypeal margins continuous, barely sinuated at the clypeo-genal junction. Fronto-clypeal region without transversal carina but feebly and transversally swollen, frontal horns straight and parallel, slightly higher than upper side of pronotum, tips of horns slightly curved backward. Surface of head with a dense and simple punctation, clypeus more distinctly punctated. Thorax. Anteromedial pronotal protuberance hump-like and rounded between cephalic horns, superior side of protuberance weakly convex (in lateral view). Pronotum slightly convex, lateral margins evenly curved, anterior angles obtusely acuminated, posterior margin of pronotum with border evanescent near posterior angles, pronotal punctation dense, very close (punctures separated by one diameter or less) and shallow, most of the punctures with a central pit, anterior angles with simple and fine punctures, punctation of the posteromedial region of pronotum obsolete and shallow.</p> <p>Elytra slightly swollen, striae very shallow, interstriae flat to weakly convex at the base and apex. Elytral surface very finely microreticulated, interstrial punctation shallow and simple, punctures sparse and devoid of conspicuous setae, lateral interstriae (VI – VII) and apex of interstriae V and III with deeper punctures associated to short, straight and brownish setae. Propleuron feebly convex to very slightly concave on the anterior side, ventral side of the anterior angles of pronotum with a weak and rounded tubercle. Propleural carina thin, sides of propleuron with strong punctures associated with long and brownish setae curved upward (setae visible from above). Prosternum obtusely acuminated at middle, surface finely microreticulated and with long setae at middle. Mesosternal surface with coarse and deep punctures, and very short and light setae, central region of mesosternum smooth and slightly swollen, mesosternal margins smooth. Metasternum swollen and hump-like between middle legs, metasternal disc flattened, punctation fine, dense and widespread, punctures slightly deeper near the inferior margin of metasternum. Abdomen. Pygidium weakly convex and completely bordered, shining, with basal region finely microreticulated. Pygidial punctures of different sizes and evenly distributed across the surface, most of the punctures with a central pit. Legs. Foretibiae with four external teeth separated by small denticles, basal and external margin of protibiae with a series of serrate denticles, internoapical margin of protibiae with an obtuse and curved tooth, apical spur weakly curved downward and obtuse at the apex. Middle and hind legs unmodified. Male genitalia. In dorsal view, distal-superior area of the paramerites curved at the apex, external margin straight to very feebly curved. In lateral view, distal-inferior area straight to barely sinuate near the apex, tip of the paramerites slightly curved downward (Figure 1 (g), 1(h)). Superior margin of the lamella copulatrix widely curved, especially on the right side. Superior left lobe narrow and slightly curved, external margin widely excavated. Basolateral margin of the inferior left lobe with a longitudinal, curved carina (Figure 1 (k)), inferior right lobe slightly longer than inferior left lobe. Secondary lamella longitudinally elongated and sub-trapezoidal, with a complex keel on the superior margin. Female genitalia. Ventral sclerotization of the vagina distinct, central and inferior margin almost straight, very slightly excavated upward at middle (Figure 1 (m)).</p> <p>Minor males and females differ from major males by the following combination of characters: fronto-clypeal region of minor male with a very feeble carina or simply swollen as in major male, cephalic horns shorter, pronotal and elytral punctures stronger; female with clypeal margin either evenly curved or more distinctly truncated at middle, clypeo-genal junction more distinct, even though always feebly indicated, fronto-clypeal carina low and evenly developed, frons with a very low and sub-trapezoidal carina between eyes, either weakly curved backward or straight at middle (from above), pronotal and elytral punctation stronger and denser.</p> <p>Distribution and ecology</p> <p>Onthophagus osculatii encompasses a large geographic area, which comprises Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Venezuela, Guyana, French Guiana and Surinam (Figure 5 (a)). Within its geographical range, O. osculatii appears to be mostly associated with Amazonian forests. However, this species also penetrates the Bolivian Chaco (Pando, Santa Cruz) and Brazilian cerrado (Mato Grosso), but it appears to maintain strong association with forested areas (e.g. semideciduous forests). According to the collection data reported on the labels of the specimens here examined, O. osculatii is mainly captured with pitfall traps baited with human excrement and carrion.</p> <p>Morphological variation</p> <p>Onthophagus osculatii exhibits a considerable and distinct chromatic variation, which appears to match the geographical distribution of different populations. Most of the specimens collected in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil (Amazonas, Acre, Rondônia and Mato Grosso) and Bolivia have pygidium distinctly lighter (brownish, alutaceous or yellowish) than individuals collected in Venezuela, north-eastern Brazilian Amazonia (Roraima, Pará and Amapá) and the Guianas, where the pygidium is normally dark brown. The ground colour of the body can be variable too, but apparently does not follow any geographical pattern. Specimens can be either completely black and feebly shining or with pronotum shining and metallic green. Seldom pronotal surface either bronze-coloured or metallic green with cupreous to bronze sheen (Bolivia: Pando). The elytra are reddish to mahogany-brown, with strong greenish to cupreous iridescence on the interstriae. Some individuals collected in north-eastern Brazilian Amazonia (Pará: Monte Dourado) have body completely brownish, with pronotum distinctly darker.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>In 1847 – 1848, the Italian naturalist Gaetano Osculati (1808 – 1894) undertook a long voyage in Equatorial America across the Napo and Amazonas rivers, departing from Guayaquil and reaching Belém, Pará. At the Yanayacu river (Ecuador), right in the middle of the rain forest, Osculati was abandoned by the local guides, who took away most of his possessions. Over the following 14 days, the Italian entomologist carried on his collecting, but his poor health conditions and the bad weather forced Osculati to look for help, losing most of the collected specimens. Finally, he managed to reach Baeza, Archidona and Puerto Napo, where he recovered his health. Osculati stayed for about three months at the house of Dr Villavicencio, an amateur naturalist with whom he collected several birds and insects throughout this period. At the end of October 1847, Osculati left again to complete his trip, reaching the easternmost regions of Brazil on 30 March 1848 (Papavero 1973).</p> <p>According to this information, it is very likely that most of the still available specimens collected by Osculatii need to be referred to the second part of his trip, from Rio Misahualli (Ecuador) to Belém (Brazil).</p> <p>Guérin-Méneville (1855) examined and identified the beetles collected by the Italian entomologist, describing several new species. Among them, he provides a very vague description of O. osculatii, whose diagnostic characters might actually lead one to any of the Onthophagus species included in the hircus group. And, more importantly, in no part of his work did Guérin-Méneville (1855) cite the geographical provenance of the examined specimens of O. osculatii.</p> <p>Throughout our research, we visited several European natural history collections, including those where it was likely to find Osculati and Guérin-Méneville ’ s specimens. To date, information on the entomological collection of G. Osculati are very scarce. Horn et al. (1990) but also Rondani (1850, p. 357 – 358) state that the Diptera collected by Osculati during his South American voyage are housed at the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale of Milan. In addition, according to Bottoni (1929, p. 8, quoting Calidoni 1924), Osculati donated to this institute only the European Coleoptera included in his natural history collection. Our visit to the Coleoptera section of the Museum of Milan did not yield any scarab beetles attributable to the voyage of G. Osculati nor to the description of O. osculatii subsequently provided by Guérin-Méneville (1855). The curators of the Museum of Milan suppose the Osculati collection could have been destroyed and lost in the bombardments of the Second World War, as already reported by Pulido-Herrera and Zunino (2007) discussing the taxonomy of O. compressus Guérin-Méneville. However, the question about the collection of this Italian entomologist is still rather unclear.</p> <p>As Guérin-Méneville (1855) worked directly on the Neotropical beetles collected by G. Osculati, the syntypes of the newly described species should be deposited in his collection. However, over the years the Guérin-Méneville collection was broken up and distributed to several institutes and probably private collections. Cambefort (2006) states that most of the Coleoptera specimens originally included in the Guérin-Méneville collection ended up in Paris (MNHN) through different natural history collections (René Oberthür, Félix Monchicourt, Charles Jacob Piochard de La Brûlerie and Maurice Sédillot). According to Horn et al. (1990), the Lamellicornia beetles are today held in the Monchicourt collection, whose first choice was sold by Emile Deyrolle to Roger Comte de Bonneuil. Part of the Bonneuil collection was bought by Eugène Le Moult and is currently incorporated in the collection of the Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Brussels.</p> <p>We visited the Coleoptera section of the MNHN but we did not find any type specimens of O. osculatii. However, in a recent visit to the IRSNB, FZVM rediscovered in the Bonneuil collection some Scarabaeinae specimens belonging to the syntypic series of species described by Guérin-Méneville (1855). However, even among these specimens there were no syntypes of O. osculatii.</p> <p>Thus, according to the information provided above, specimens belonging to the type series of O. osculatii are considered lost, like most of the insect specimens supposed to be in the Guérin-Méneville collection. Therefore, in order to provide an objective identification of O. osculatii Guérin-Méneville, 1855, we decided to fix a name-bearing type specimen by designating a neotype (ICZN 1999, Art. 75, Recommendation 75A). This nomenclatural act will allow researchers interested in South American Onthophagus to easily distinguish O. osculatii from sympatric and morphologically very similar species.</p> <p>The specimen designated as neotype was selected according to the following criteria: (i) it is a well-preserved male specimen, as the high morphological similarity between female specimens belonging to different species could introduce further taxonomic confusion; (ii) it matches as much as possible the description provided by Guérin- Méneville (1855); and (iii) it was collected in a locality as close as possible to the ones reached by G. Osculati in the second part of his South American expedition (see Papavero 1973). Indeed, as the type locality of O. osculatii was not mentioned by Guérin-Méneville (1855), at the moment it is not possible to identify the exact locality of collection of this species. So, on the basis of the available material, a male specimen collected in Amazonas (Brazil) was designated as neotype (see below). The neotype has been kindly donated by the curator of the CEMT (FZVM) and is now deposited at the Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Brussels.</p> <p>Type specimens examined</p> <p>Neotype here designated (♂ IRSNB): 1: Brasil. Amazonas. BR319. Km350. 05°12 ’ 56.4 “ S, 61°50 ’ 22.6 “ W. 30.vii. 07 -2.viii.2007. H. Gasca leg. (printed on white label with black border). 2: NEOTYPE, Onthophagus osculatii Guérin-Méneville, 1855, Des. M. Rossini, 2016 (printed on red label with black border).</p> <p>Additional material examined</p> <p>COLOMBIA: Amazonas: W Leticia. Tarapacá-Monila-Amena (1 ♂ CEMT). Leticia. 700 ’. 20- 25-1972 (2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ CMNC). Same locality. Los Alpes. 215 m (13 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ CMNC). Guaviare: between San José del Guaviare and El Retorno. Elí farm. 02°21 ’ 46 ” N, 72° 38 ’ 29 ” W. 15-VII-2007 (1 ♂ CEMT). BOLIVIA: Pando: Santa Rosa in Manuripi National Wildlife Reserve. 12°00 ’ S, 68°52 ’ W. 180- 190 m. 24-X-2004 (2 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀ OUMNH). Cobija. Reserva San Sebastian Tahuamanu. Distb Amaz frst. 11°24 ’ 27 ” S, 69°01 ’ 04 ” W. 20-XII-2003 (4 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀ OUMNH). Santa Cruz: Pua Sara. Santa Rosa. XI-1972 (1 ♂ CMNC). BRAZIL: Acre: Xapuri. Reserva Chico Mendes. Floresta amazônica. 10°18.199 ’ S, 68°41.479 ’ W. 16-X-2008 (1 ♀ CEMT). Same locality. 10°18.337 ’ S, 68°41.564 ’ W. 18-X-2008 (2 ♀♀ CEMT). Same locality. 10°18.199 ’ S, 68°41.479 ’ W. 16-X-2008 (1 ♀ CEMT). Amapá: Serra do Navio. Cava Urucum - Amapari. 00°53 ’ 06 ” S, 51°52 ’ 53 ” W. 05-VII-2000 (1 ♂, 1 ♀ CEMT). Same locality. X-1957 (1 ♂ CMNC). Amazonas: Manaus. Reserva Adolpho Ducke. 16-V-2012 (1 ♂, 1 ♀ CEMT). BR 319</p> <p>Km 350. 05°12 ’ 56.4 ” S, 61°50 ’ 22.6 ” W. VII-VIII-2007 (1 ♂, 1 ♀ CEMT). Mato Grosso: Alta Floresta. Ceplac. 24-V-2009 (12 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀ CEMT). Same locality. Frag. FAH. 09°52 ’ 52 ” S, 56° 06 ’ 12 ” W. III-2008 (6 ♂♂, 1 ♀ CEMT). Same locality. Frag. 7. 09°56 ’ 48 ” S, 56°06 ’ 33 ” W. III-2008 (8 ♂♂, 9 ♀♀ CEMT). Same locality. Frag. 16. 09°41 ’ 24 ” S, 55°56 ’ 28 ” W. VI-2008 (15 ♂♂, 13 ♀♀ CEMT). Same locality. Frag. 26. 09°53 ’ 40 ” S, 56°16 ’ 34 ” W. VI-2008 (3 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀ CEMT). Same locality. Frag. 27. 09°49 ’ 44 ” S, 55°19 ’ 51 ” W. V-2008 (8 ♂♂, 9 ♀♀ CEMT). Same locality. Frag. 29. 09°56 ’ 52 ” S, 56°03 ’ 02 ” W. V-2008 (1 ♂ CEMT). Same locality. Frag. 42. 09°46 ’ 55 ” S, 56°02 ’ 13 ” W. IV-2008 (7 ♂♂, 1 ♀ CEMT). Same locality. Frag. 48. 09°58 ’ 46 ” S, 56°05 ’ 31 ” W. V- 2008 (3 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀ CEMT). Same locality. Frag. 61. V-2008 (13 ♂♂, 11 ♀♀ CEMT). Same locality. Frag. 62. 09°53 ’ 15 ” S, 55°59 ’ 43 ” W. V-2008 (33 ♂♂, 36 ♀♀ CEMT). Same locality. Frag. 67. 09°46 ’ 22 ” S, 56°11 ’ 48 ” W. VI-2008 (30 ♂♂, 36 ♀♀ CEMT). Same locality. Frag. 94. 09° 51 ’ 59 ” S, 55°54 ’ 02 ” W. IV-2008 (1 ♀ CEMT). Same locality. Frag. 114. 09°45 ’ 19 ” S, 55°58 ’ 19 ” W. VI-2008 (1 ♂, 3 ♀♀ CEMT). Same locality. Frag. 143. 09°54 ’ 27 ” S, 56°03 ’ 18 ” W. III-2008 (2 ♀♀ CEMT). Same locality. Frag. 150. 09°35 ’ 54 ” S, 55°56 ’ 09 ” W. IV-2008 (68 ♂♂, 51 ♀♀ CEMT). Same locality. Frag. 151. 09°44 ’ 55 ” S, 56°01 ’ 41 ” W. IV-2008 (12 ♂♂, 21 ♀♀ CEMT). Same locality. Frag. 152. 09°56 ’ 33 ” S, 55°55 ’ 33 ” W. V-2008 (4 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀ CEMT). Same locality. Frag. 153. 09°50 ’ 22 ” S, 56°00 ’ 21 ” W. IV-2008 (22 ♂♂, 21 ♀♀ CEMT). Same locality. Frag. 154. 09° 49 ’ 27 ” S, 55°53 ’ 34 ” W. IV-2008 (3 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ CEMT). Same locality. Frag. 155. 10°01 ’ 13 ” S, 56° 26 ’ 11 ” W. VI-2008 (4 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀ CEMT). Same locality. Frag. 156. 09°54 ’ 24 ” S, 56°02 ’ 39 ” W. VI- 2008 (1 ♂ CEMT). ContriguaÇu. Faz. São Nicolau. Prainha. 09°51 ’ 36 ” S, 58°12 ’ 53 ” W. X-2009 (4 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀ CEMT). Same locality. 09°49 ’ 27.15 ” S, 58°16 ’ 15.99 ” W. 10-XI-2010 (2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ CEMT). Same locality. 09°51 ’ 18 ” S, 58°13 ’ 20 ” W. X-XII-2009 (3 ♀♀ CEMT). Same locality. 09° 50 ’ 24 ” S, 58°15 ’ 10 ” W. X-2009 (1 ♂, 1 ♀ CEMT). Same locality. Castanheira. 09°49 ’ 18 ” S, 58° 17 ’ 18 ” W. XII-2009 (10 ♂♂, 11 ♀♀ CEMT). Same locality. 09°52 ’ 05 ” S, 58°13 ’ 35 ” W. XII-2009 (1 ♂ CEMT). Same locality. 09°49 ’ 08 ” S, 58°15 ’ 40 ” W. X-2009 (1 ♀ CEMT). Same locality. Matinha. Borda da mata. 09°50 ’ 19 ” S, 58°15 ’ 03 ” W. 13-XII-2009 (8 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀ CEMT). Same locality. Ilha do Rio Juruena. 09°53 ’ 42.1 ” S, 58°13 ’ 28.64 ” W. X-2010 (3 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ CEMT). Diamantino. Vale da Solidão. 14°32 ’ 13 ” S, 56°07 ’ 12 ” W (5 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ CEMT). Same locality. Alto Rio Arinos. I-2001 (6 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀ CEMT). Same locality. Fazenda São João. 14°14 ’ 10 ” S, 56°08 ’ 11 ” W. 400 m. 11-I-2001 (9 ♂♂, 7 ♀♀ CMNC). Porto Estrela. ESEC Serra das Araras. Trilha da Boca do José. 15°39 ’ 00 ” S, 57°12 ’ 31 ” W. (22 ♂♂, 30 ♀♀ CEMT). Same locality. Mata ciliar. 15-X-2011 (7 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀ CEMT). Same locality. Olho d ’ Água. 14-X-2011 (5 ♀♀ CEMT). Same locality. 15°21 ’ 49 ” S, 56°57 ’ 32 ” W. 12-X-2011 (1 ♀ CEMT). Same locality. 15°38 ” 25 ” S, 57°12 ’ 17 “ W (2 ♂♂ CEMT). Same locality. Vale do Saloba. (5 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ CEMT). Same locality. 15°38 ’ 50 ” S, 57°12 ’ 27 ” W (11 ♂♂ CEMT). Same locality. 15°39.10 ’ S, 57°12.80 ’ W (3 ♂♂, 1 ♀ CEMT). Same locality. 15°38 ’ 56 ” S, 57°12 ’ 34 ” W (1 ♂ CEMT). Same locality. 15°38 ’ 59 “ S, 57° 12 ’ 38 ” W (8 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀ CEMT). Same locality. 15°38 ’ 53 ” S, 57°12 ’ 30 ” W (3 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ CEMT). Novo Mundo. Parque Estadual do Cristalino. 09°27 ’ 60 ” S, 55°50 ’ 02 ” W. V-2013 (1 ♂ CEMT). Same locality. 09°27 ’ 38 ” S, 55°48 ’ 26 ” W. V-2013 (1 ♂ CEMT). Same locality. 09°27 ’ 31 ” S, 55° 47 ’ 54 ” W. V-2013 (1 ♂ CEMT). Same locality. 09°28 ’ 16 ” S, 55°48 ’ 47 ” W. V-2013 (1 ♂ CEMT). Same locality. 09°28 ’ 01 ” S, 55°47 ’ 43 ” W. V-2013 (1 ♂ CEMT). Same locality. 09°28 ’ 16 ” S, 55° 48 ’ 47 ” W. V-2013 (2 ♂♂ CEMT). Nova Mutum. Trivelato. XII-1995 (7 ♂♂, 10 ♀♀ CEMT). Querência. Faz. São Luiz. 12°41.692 ’ S, 52°30.354 ’ W. II-2009 (1 ♂♂ CEMT). Same locality. 12° 40.49 ’ S, 52°21.94 ’ W (BF 1-500 m). 09-VII-2009 (5 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀ CEMT). Same locality. 12°41.09 ’ S, 52°30.28 ’ W (UF 4-500 m). 09-VII-2009 (2 ♂♂, 1 ♀ CEMT). Same locality. 12°39.72 ’ S, 52° 22.74 ’ W (UF 2-200 m). 17-VII-2009 (8 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ CEMT). Nova Mutum. 13°48 ’ 07 ” S, 56° 05 ’ 22 ” W. 19-I-2011 (2 ♂♂ CEMT). Tangará da Serra. Sitio Boa Vista. 14°36 ’ 42 ” S, 57°50 ’ 12 ” W. 328 m. 09-11-II-2012 (1 ♂ CEMT). Same locality. Faz. Sudamata. 14°37 ’ 34 ” S, 57°58 ’ 24 ” W. 10- 17-III-2012 (7 ♂♂, 1 ♀ CEMT). Same locality. 14°38 ’ 13 ” S, 57°56 ’ 08 ” W. 20-22-II-2012 (8 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀ CEMT). Same locality. 14°37 ’ 18 ” S, 57°58 ’ 01 ” W (22 ♂♂, 21 ♀♀ CEMT). Same locality. 14° 37 ’ 19 ” S, 57°58 ’ 04 ” W (3 ♂♂, 1 ♀ CEMT). Same locality. 14°37 ’ 32 ” S, 57°58 ’ 12 ” W (15 ♂♂, 11 ♀ CEMT). Same locality. Fazenda Paraiso. 14°41 ’ 46 ” S, 57°24 ’ 40 ” W. 13-15-I-2011 (1 ♂ CEMT). Same locality. Fazenda Fontosa. 14°35 ’ 52 ” S, 57°50 ’ 13 ” W (2 ♂♂, 1 ♀ CEMT). Same locality. Fazenda Rosa Branca. 14°33 ’ 50 ” S, 57°52 ’ 16 ” W. 25-27-II-2011 (1 ♂ CEMT). Same locality. 14° 34 ’ 00 ” S, 57°52 ’ 24 ” W. 18-20-II-2011 (4 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ CEMT). Same locality. Fazenda Netolândia. 14°39 ’ 54 ” S, 57°55 ’ 08 ” W. 12-14-III-2012 (7 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀ CEMT). Same locality. 14°39 ’ 48 ” S, 57° 54 ’ 13 ” W. 19-21-III-2012 (6 ♂♂, 9 ♀♀ CEMT). Same locality. 14°41 ’ 05 ” S, 57°54 ’ 08 ” W. 25-27- III-2012 (2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ CEMT). Same locality. 14°39 ’ 56 ” S, 57°54 ’ 08 ” W. 20-22-III-2012 (2 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀ CEMT). Araputanga. Fazenda Bandeirantes. 15°22 ’ 14 ” S, 58°26 ’ 02 ” W. 20-22-I-2013 (6 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀ CEMT). Indiavai. Fazenda Alto Jaurú. 15°27 ’ 18 ” S, 58°33 ’ 12 ” W. 14-16-I-2013 (1 ♂, 1 ♀ CEMT). Mirassol d ’ Oeste. Faz. Sta. Helena. 15°36 ’ 34 ” S, 57°58 ’ 12 ” W. 25-27-I-2013 (1 ♀ CEMT). Cláudia. Fazenda Continental. 11°36 ’ 29 ” S, 55°15 ’ 01 ” W. 20-II-2010 (4 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀ CEMT). Nova Bandeirante. Margem do rio Juruena. 09°52 ’ 47 ” S, 58°14 ’ 07 ” W. X-2010 (2 ♂♂, 1 ♀ CEMT). Sinop. X-1976 (1 ♂ CNCI). Pará: Belém. IPEAN (Instituto de Pesquisa e ExperimentaÇão Agropecuárias do Norte). X-1984 (2 ♀♀ CEMT). Novo Progresso. Faz. Florentino. 06°51 ’ 58.61 ” S, 55°29 ’ 23.28 ” W. 12-I-2011 (2 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀ CEMT). Monte Dourado. Jari Cellulose Area 95. Eucalyptus plantation. 00°41 ’ S, 52°48 ’ W. III-IV (2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ CEMT). Same locality. 00°36 ’ S, 52°39 ’ W (2 ♀♀ CEMT). Same locality. 00°42 ’ S, 52°46 ’ W (2 ♀♀ CEMT). Same locality. 00°35 ’ S, 52°39 ’ W (1 ♂, 2 ♀♀ CEMT). Same locality. 00°80 ’ S, 52°66 ’ W (1 ♀ CEMT). Same locality. 01°01 ’ S, 52°44 ’ W (1 ♀ CEMT). Same locality. Reserva do Pacanari. 00° 38 ’ S, 52°34 ’ W (2 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀ CEMT). Bituba. 01°11 ’ S, 52°38 ’ W. 180 m. VII-2004 (1 ♂, 2 ♀♀ CEMT). Same locality. 00°50 ’ S, 53°02 ’ W (1 ♂, 1 ♀ CEMT). Km 27 Altamira-Marabá. II-III-2001 (1 ♀ CEMT). RedenÇão. Pinkaití-Aik. 07°46 ’ S, 51°58 ’ W (2 ♀♀ CEMT). São Felix do Xingú. Pinkaití Reserve. 07°45 ’ S, 51°57 ’ W. 11-XI-1998 (1 ♀ CEMT). Pau d ’ Arco. Faz. Marajoara. 07° 50 ’ S, 50°16 ’ W. 11-X-1998 (1 ♂ CEMT). Jacareacanga. Rio Teles Pires. Sete Quedas. 09° 18 ’ 40 ” S, 56°46 ’ 10 ” W. 08-VI-2009 (1 ♂, 3 ♀♀ CEMT). Paranaíta. Rio Teles Pires. Faz. Argão. 05°13 ’ 37 ” S, 56°59 ’ 56 ” W. 09-VI-2009 (2 ♂♂ CEMT). Santarém. Reserva Tapajós. 02°46.075 ’ S, 55°40.438 ’ W. 25-XII-2008 (2 ♂♂, 1 ♀ CEMT). Serra Norte. Carajás. X-XI-1984 (3 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀ CEMT). Tucurui. 09-17-XII-1985 (1 ♂ CMNC). Rondônia: Guajará Mirim. 10°22 ’ 16.05 ” S, 64° 44 ’ 47.11 ” W. 27-I-2010 (2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ CEMT). Same locality. Fazenda Agropecuária. 10° 37 ’ 47.59 ” S, 64°59 ’ 52.58 ” W. 15-I-2010 (2 ♂♂ CEMT). Porto Velho. ESEC-Cuniã. 08° 04 ’ 11.82 ” S, 63°28 ’ 34.64 ” W. 14-16-VIII-2012 (13 ♂♂, 7 ♀♀ CEMT). Roraima: Apiaú. VII- 1997 (3 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, CEMT). Amajari. Ilha de Maracá. 03°30.762 ’ S, 61°35.261 ’ W. 09-V-2009 (2 ♂♂ CEMT). Same locality. 03°30.211 ’ S, 61°35.000 ’ W. 09-V-2009 (4 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ CEMT). Same locality. 03°31.930 ’ S, 61°36.302 ’ W. 10-V-2009 (2 ♂♂, 1 ♀ CEMT). Same locality. 03° 21.951 ’ S, 61°27.601 ’ W. 16-V-2009 (1 ♂, 4 ♀♀ CEMT). Same locality. 03°31.722 ’ S, 61° 36.486 ’ W. 10-V-2009 (2 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀ CEMT). Vila Pacaraima. 04°27 ’ N, 61°07 ’ W. 820 m. IX- 1996 (12 ♂♂, 13 ♀♀ CEMT). Cantá. Serra Negra. IX-1996 (1 ♂, 1 ♀ CEMT). Caracaraí. VII- 1997 (1 ♂, 2 ♀♀ CEMT). ECUADOR: Pastaza: Villano. 01°29 ’ 48 ” S, 77°28 ’ 53 ” W. 03-VII-1996 (2 ♂♂, 1 ♀ CEMT). Napo: Yasuní. 250 m. 03-IV-1995 (1 ♀ CEMT). 20 Km S Tena. 09-11-VII- 1976 (2 ♀♀ CMNC). Estación Cientifica Yasuní. 215 m. 05-10-IX-1999 (6 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀ TAMU). Jatun Sacha Biological Station. 01°04 ’ S, 77°36 ’ W. 450 m. 10-12-II-1995 (1 ♀ BGc). Same locality (21 Km E Puerto Napo). 400 m. 08-VII-1994 (2 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀ CMNC). Orellana: Tiputini Biodiversity Station. VII-VIII-2008 (1 ♀ CMNC). FRENCH GUIANA: Cayenne: Cayenne. Paracou Field Station. 05°02 ’ N, 53°00 ’ W (18 ♂♂ CEMT). Same locality. La Chaumière. IV- 1978 (5 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀ CMNC). Mont Grand Matoury (1 ♂ CEMT; 1 ♂ BGc). 20 Km SW Cayenne. 04°48 ’ 18 ” N, 52°28 ’ 41 ” W (2 ♂♂ CMNC). Roura (8.4 Km SSE). 04°40 ’ 41 ” N, 52°13 ’ 25 ” W. 200 m (4 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ CMNC). Same locality (7 Km N). Same locality (39.4 Km SSE). 04°32 ’ 43 ” N, 52° 08 ’ 26 ” W. 270 m (5 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀ CMNC). Kaw road. PK-38. 19-20-VIII-1995 (1 ♀ CMNC; 1 ♂ FSCA). Crique Plomb. 24-25-IX-1992 (1 ♂ BGc). Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni: Saint Laurent du Maroni. IV-1976 (2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ BGc). Saül. 03°37 ’ 55 ” N, 53°11 ’ 52 ” W. VII-1977 (2 ♂♂ CEMT). Same locality (2 ♂♂ MSNM). 1 Km NW Les Eaux Claires. 03°39 ’ 46 ” N, 53°13 ’ 19 ” W. 220-280 m (7 ♀♀ CMNC). Wanaboo (near Nason). Marowijne river. 04°43 ’ 35 ” N, 54°26 ’ 36 ” W. 05-VI- 1999 (5 ♀♀ CMNC). D-5 4k SE Tngmd Jct. 25-27-VIII-1995 (3 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀ CMNC). No locality: VII-1973 (1 ♂ CEMT). GUYANA: Potaro-Siparuni: Iwokrama Forest Reserve. 04°40 ’ 19 ” N, 58°41 ’ 04 ” W. 100- 200 m. V-VI-2001 (10 ♂♂, 1 ♀ CMNC). Sandstone. 4°23 ’ 13.2 “ N, - 58° 55 ’ 12 ” W (37 ♂♂, 13 ♀♀ MRc) Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo: Mazaruni. Potaro District. Takutu Mountains. 06°15 ’ N, 58°55 ’ W. 08-10-XII-1983 (2 ♂♂, 1 ♀ CMNC). Kanuku Mountains. 05-II-1993 (1 ♂ BGc). PERU: Loreto: 1.5 Km N Teniente López. 02°35 ’ 39.6 ” S, 76° 06 ’ 55 ” W. 230- 305 m. 18-26-VII-1993 (2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ CMNC). Compamento San Jacinto. 02° 18 ’ 44.85 ” S, 75°51 ’ 46 ” W. 175- 215 m. 03-12-VII-1993 (2 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀ CMNC). Madre de Dios: Rio Palma Real Grande. Limón camp. 12°32 ’ 20 ” S, 68°51 ’ 41 ” W. 400 m 05-06-IV-1999 (1 ♂ CMNC). Parque Manu. Pakitza. 11°53 ’ S, 70°58 ’ W. 400 m. 16-XI-1990 (1 ♂ CEMT). Pantiacolla Lodge. 5.5 Km NW El Mirador trail. Alto Madre de Dios River. 12°39 ’ 10 ” S, 71°15 ’ 28 ” W. 500 m. 23-26-X-2000 (1 ♀ CMNC). Tambopata. 200 m. X-1983 (6 ♂♂, 8 ♀♀ MZc). Rio Tambopata. Ccolpa de Guacamayos. 13°8,5 ’ S, 69°36,4 ’ W. 300 m X-1995 (1 ♂ BGc). SURINAM: Para: Saramacca W. Suriname Road. 108 Km WSW Zanderij Airport. 05° 13 ’ 37 ” N, 55°52 ’ 54 ” W. 10-14-VI-1999 (5 ♀♀ CMNC). 11 Km SE Zanderij Airport. 18-20-VI- 1999 (1 ♂ CMNC). Commewijne: Akintosoela. CELOS. Road to Redi Doli. 05°16 ’ 17 ” N, 54° 55 ’ 15 ” W. 40-50 m (4 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ CMNC). VENEZUELA: Bolívar: 20 Km E El Palmar. 18-VI- 1996 (1 ♀ CMNC). Anacoco. 09-VIII-2005 (1 ♂ CEMT). Gransabana. San Francisco de Yuruani. 19-I-1988 (1 ♂, 1 ♀ CMNC). Santa Elena. Icabaru Road. 04-06-VIII-1986. 1000 m (2 ♀♀ CMNC; 1 ♂, 1 ♀ MZc). 105 Km S El Dorado. 17-VII, 07-VIII-1986 (1 ♂, 1 ♀ BGc). 120 Km S El Dorado. 20-27-XII-1987 (1 ♂ BGc). 10 Km S El Dorado. 17-VII, 07-VIII-1986 (1 ♂ BGc). 20 Km S El Dorado. 20-23-VII-1986 (3 ♂♂, 1 ♀ CMNC; 1 ♀ BGc). 22 Km SE El Dorado. VI-VII- 1987 (4 ♀♀ CMNC). Guri. (2 ♂♂, 1 ♀ CMNC; 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀ MZc). Rio Chicanán. 40 Km SW El Dorado. 22-23-VII-1986 (1 ♂ CMNC). Nuria. 550 m. 30-V-1975 (2 ♂♂, 1 ♀ MZc). 10 Km E Icabaru. 700 m. 06-VII-1987 (1 ♀ CMNC). 10 Km E San Francisco de Yuruaní. Gransabana. 1300 m. 08-10-VII-1987 (1 ♂, 7 ♀♀ CMNC). Caicara. Rio Suapure. 150 Km S Caicara. 03-10- IV-1977 (1 ♂, 1 ♀ CMNC). Yaracuy: Aroa. 600 m. 21-V-1985 (1 ♂ MZc).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/266887BDFF9CA13C0135FADCFC14B2FA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rossini, Michele;Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z.;Zunino, Mario	Rossini, Michele, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z., Zunino, Mario (2018): A taxonomic revision of the New World Onthophagus Latreille, 1802 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) of the osculatii species-complex, with description of two new species from South America. Journal of Natural History 52 (9 - 10): 541-586, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1437230, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2018.1437230
266887BDFF85A13F0189FA61FEB9B46A.text	266887BDFF85A13F0189FA61FEB9B46A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Onthophagus chacoensis Rossini & Vaz-de-Mello & Zunino 2018	<div><p>Onthophagus chacoensis sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figures 1 (c – f), 1(i), 1(j), 1(n – p), 5(a))</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>This species is distinguished from other species of the osculatii complex in having the metasternal disc strongly and densely punctated (punctures separated by less than one diameter). Furthermore, specimens of O. chacoensis normally have reddish spots on the humeral umbones and at the apex of the elytra. The pronotum is usually metallic green, while the elytra are dark brown with strong metallic iridescence.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Body length 6.5 mm. Colour. Head and pronotum shining, metallic green with strong cupreous sheen, disc and posterior region of pronotum slightly more opaque, posteromedial region finely sericeous, elytra dark brown and opaque, with reddish spots in proximity of the humeral umbones and apex, interstriae with cupreous and green iridescence, lateral interstriae slightly shinier (VII and part of the VI), pygidium metallic green and dark, sides reddish. Forelegs and ventral side of the body dark brown, meso- and metafemurs and last abdominal sternite reddish. Tarsi, mouthparts, scape and antennal articles I – V brownish, antennal club yellow. Head. Clypeus evenly curved, margin reflexed and slightly sinuated at middle, genal margin slightly expanded beyond the clypeus, clypeo-genal junction barely indicated. Fronto-clypeal carina absent, frons with two horns beside eyes, horns weakly curved and clearly inclined backward (in lateral view), head finely and evenly punctated. Thorax. Anteromedial pronotal protuberance hump-like and rounded between cephalic horns, protuberance flanked by two wide and shallow depressions, lateral margins of pronotum evenly curved, anterior angles obtusely acuminated, border of posterior margin distinct at middle and evanescent near the posterior angles. Posteromedial region of pronotum widely and shallowly depressed, pronotal punctation very shallow and widespread across the surface, dorsal punctures of pronotum with a central pit, anterior angles with punctures very fine and simple, pronotum finely microreticulated on the posterior and central region. Elytra slightly swollen, striae distinct but very shallow, interstriae flat, punctation obsolete (only visible at high magnitude, 40× – 50×), lateral interstriae (VI – VII) with stronger punctures associated to very short and straight setae. Propleuron slightly excavated in proximity of the anterior angles of pronotum, propleural carina sinuated and thin, distal part reaches the external margin of propleuron, propleural lateral margin with strong and coarse punctures associated with long setae visible from above. Prosternum weakly swollen at middle and with few straight setae, mesosternum deeply and coarsely punctated, central region smooth and swollen. Metasternum weakly convex between mesocoxae, superior side of metasternum with stronger punctures and straight setae, metasternal disc densely and strongly punctated (Figure 1 (e)), some punctures with a central pit, inferior side of metasternum with a shallow sulcus at middle. Abdomen. Pygidium completely bordered, with punctures of different sizes, bigger punctures with a central pit, some punctures with a short and light seta. Legs. Foretibiae slender, with four external teeth separated by small denticles, basal and external margin of protibiae serrate, internoapical margin of protibiae with a very obtuse and curved tooth, apical spur slightly curved downward, with blunt apex. Middle and hind legs unmodified. Male genitalia. In dorsal view, distal-superior area of the paramerites obtusely angled, lateral margin straight to barely excavated. In lateral view, distal-inferior area sinuate, tip of the paramerites strongly curved downward (Figure 1 (i), 1(j)). Superior margin of the lamella copulatrix swollen on the right side, superior left lobe very narrow and slightly curved at the base, acuminate at the apex, external margin deeply and widely excavated. Inferior right lobe distinctly longer than the inferior left lobe. Secondary lamella quite narrow and elongated, curved near the base, superior margin transversally truncate (Figure 1 (n)). Female genitalia. Ventral sclerotization of the vagina distinct, central and inferior margin distinctly curved upward (Figure 1 (p)).</p> <p>Females differ from major males by the following combination of characters: head margins evenly curved to sub-trapezoidal with clypeus barely truncated at middle, clypeo-genal junction externally not depressed, fronto-clypeal carina distinct and low, frontal carina sub-trapezoidal (from above), straight to barely curved backward at middle, head and pronotum with stronger and denser punctures, anteromedial pronotal protuberance very feebly indicated and hump-like, foretibiae unmodified and slightly larger, last abdominal sternite evenly large at middle.</p> <p>Minor males can be distinguished from major males by the cephalic horns shorter, anteromedial pronotal protuberance very feeble, pronotal punctures stronger and foretibiae unmodified (like in female).</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>The name of this species refers to the Gran Chaco region, extending from Bolivia to south-western Brazil, Paraguay and northern Argentina.</p> <p>Distribution and ecology</p> <p>Onthophagus chacoensis sp. nov. is today known from the region of the Gran Chaco: central and eastern Bolivia, south-western Brazil, north and central Paraguay and northern Argentina (Figure 5 (a)). According to the collection data of the material examined, this species appears to be common in dry forests. However, we also examined some specimens collected in the Bolivian and Argentinian yungas (moist forests). Onthophagus chacoensis is normally collected with pitfall traps baited with human excrement.</p> <p>Type specimens examined</p> <p>Holotype (♂ OUMNH): 1: BOLIVIA, Dept. Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz de La Sierra, Jardin Botanico, 420m alt. 17°46 ’ 00 ” S, 63°04 ’ 13 ” W. 05-06.xi.2006, baited PF, coll. Mann &amp; Hameli (printed on white label). 2: human faeces, baited PF 7/5, Dry semi-decid. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-63.07028&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -63.07028/lat -17.766666)">Chiquitano Forest</a>, Sandy /loam soils, OUMNH-2007-004 (printed on white label). 3: HOLOTYPE, Onthophagus chacoensis Rossini, Vaz-de-Mello &amp; Zunino, 2018 (printed on red label with black border).</p> <p>Paratypes (all the specimens listed below bear a yellow label with black border that contains the following information: PARATYPE, Onthophagus chacoensis Rossini, Vaz-de- Mello &amp; Zunino, 2018):</p> <p>ARGENTINA: Jujuy: Calilegua Natural Park. 600 m. 18-28-XII-1987 (25 ♂♂, 25 ♀♀ CMNC). Yuto. X-1981 (1 ♂, 1 ♀ CMNC). 6 Km W Yuto. INTA. 13-14-II-1982 (11 ♂♂, 21 ♀♀ CMNC). Ledesma. XII-1986 (1 ♀ CMNC). Salta: Oran-Tablillas. II-1944 (2 ♂♂ CMNC). Chaco: 1000 Km NW Resistencia. Chaco National Park. 12-17-XII-1990 (3 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀ CMNC; 3 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ BGc). BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz: Murcielago camp. Tucavaca dry forest. 18°03,5 ’ S, 59°01,6 ’ W. 420 m. X-1994 (1 ♀ BGc). Andrés Ibañez. Lomas de Arena. Forest remnant. 17°55.360 ’ S, 63°09.637 ’ W, 413m. 05-XII-2008 (1 ♂ TAMU). Bermejo. Refugio Los Volcanes. Research Station grounds. 18°06 ’ 41 ” S, 63°36 ’ 05 ” W. 1000 m. 14-XII-2004 (1 ♂ OUMNH). Chiquitos. 20 Km NE Santiago de Chiquitos. 18°08 ’ 45 ” S, 59°16 ’ 45 ” W. 215 m. XI- 2008 (2 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀ CEMT). Parque Regional Lomas de Arena. 17°33 ’ 13 ” S, 63°05 ’ 47 ” W. 413 m. 05-XII-2008 (3 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀ CEMT). Ciudad Santa Cruz. Jardin Botanico Rio Pirai. 20-XI- 1969 (1 ♂ CMNC). Santa Cruz Botanic Garden. 17°47 ’ 02 ” S, 63°03 ’ 47 ” W. 400 m. 07-08-XI- 2006 (20 ♂♂, 18 ♀♀ TAMU). Same locality. 17°46 ’ 00 ” S, 63°04 ’ 13 ” W. 420 m. 05-09-XI-2006 (14 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀ OUMNH). Cochabamba: Chapare. Chimore. 250 m. I-1972 (1 ♂, 2 ♀♀ CMNC). BRAZIL: Mato Grosso do Sul: Bonito. Fazenda Brasil. 21°06.274 ’ S, 56°38.148 ’ W. XI-2009 (13 ♂♂, 8 ♀♀ CEMT). Same locality. Fazenda Palmeirinhas. 21°11.269 ’ S, 56° 33.701 ’ W. XI-2009 (1 ♂, 1 ♀ CEMT). Same locality. Fazenda Remanso. 21°47.309 ’ S, 56° 43.737 ” W. IX-2009 (10 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀ CEMT). Same locality. Cabanas. 21°10 ’ 15 ” S, 56°26 ’ 22 ” W. XII-2010 (6 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀ CEMT). Same locality. Fazenda Morro Alto. 20°02 ’ 25 ” S, 56°37 ’ 47 ” W. XI-2009 (2 ♂♂, 1 ♀ CEMT). Same locality. Fazenda Pitangueiras. 20°52 ’ 14 ” S, 56°35 ’ 19 ” W. XI-2009 (2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ CEMT). Same locality. Fazenda Arco-Íris. 20°42.138 ’ S, 56°52.655 ’ W. XI-2009 (1 ♂ CEMT). Bodoquena. Fazenda Califórnia. 20°41 ’ 06 ” S, 56°51 ’ 33 ” W. III-2011 (3 ♂♂, 8 ♀♀ CEMT). Same locality. Cabanas. 20°41 ’ 51 ” S, 56°52 ’ 50 ” W. III-2011 (1 ♂, 4 ♀♀ CEMT). Same locality. Ass Canaã. 20°46.267S, 56°46.038 ’ W. XI-2009 (4 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀ CEMT). Corumbá. Passo do Lontra. XII-2005 (1 ♂, 2 ♀♀ CEMT). Same locality. Rio Vermelho. 19° 36 ’ 44 ” S, 56°56 ’ 50 ” W (2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ CEMT). Jardim Rio da Prata. 21°25 ’ 39 ” S, 56°27 ’ 04 ” W. III- 2011 (1 ♂, 3 ♀♀ CEMT). PARAGUAY: Amambay: Pedro Juan Caballero. XI-1998 (4 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ CEMT).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/266887BDFF85A13F0189FA61FEB9B46A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rossini, Michele;Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z.;Zunino, Mario	Rossini, Michele, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z., Zunino, Mario (2018): A taxonomic revision of the New World Onthophagus Latreille, 1802 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) of the osculatii species-complex, with description of two new species from South America. Journal of Natural History 52 (9 - 10): 541-586, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1437230, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2018.1437230
266887BDFF86A132010AFCF1FDECB29F.text	266887BDFF86A132010AFCF1FDECB29F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Onthophagus transisthmius , Howden and Young 1981	<div><p>Onthophagus transisthmius Howden and Young, 1981</p> <p>(Figures 2 (a – d), 2(h – l), 5(b))</p> <p>Onthophagus transisthmius Howden and Young, 1981: 106</p> <p>Onthophagus transisthmius Howden and Young: Zunino and Halffter 1997: 161; Escobar 2000: 209; Medina et al. 2001: 140; Ratcliffe 2002: 17; Pulido-Herrera and Zunino 2007: 117; Delgado and Curoe 2014: 65</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Onthophagus transisthmius can be distinguished from O. chacoensis by the following combination of morphological characters: clypeus sub-trapezoidal, with sides rather straight and convergent, central margin transversely truncated to slightly depressed (clypeus widely curved in O. chacoensis). Pronotal anterior angles with exterior margin straight to slightly curved (widely curved in O. chacoensis); metasternal disc finely punctated (strongly and densely punctated in O. chacoensis (see Figure 1 (e))).</p> <p>Redescription</p> <p>Medium-sized species, body length 6 – 8.5 mm. Colour. Head and pronotum shining, metallic bronze, green, dark brown to black, sometimes with reddish or cupreous sheen on the head and sides of pronotum, elytra completely testaceous, tan brown or black, pygidium shining, metallic green, bronze or dark brown. Ventral side of the body dark brown with strong metallic-green sheen, scape, antennal articles I – V, mouthparts and tarsi brown, antennal club yellow to orange. Head. Clypeus of male sub-trapezoidal, with sides almost parallel near the clypeo-genal junction, straight and convergent towards the apex, transversally truncated at middle. Clypeal margin slightly reflexed, head margin clearly sinuated at the clypeo-genal junction. Fronto-clypeal carina absent, cephalic horns long, straight and parallel. Thorax. Anteromedial pronotal protuberance hump-like and not distinctly wide between cephalic horns, laterally with two weak excavations, pronotum polished and evenly punctated, punctures small, shallow and with a central pit. Elytra polished and dull, striae very shallow, interstriae weakly convex, lateral interstriae (VI – VII) slightly shinier, discal intervals finely microreticulated. Elytral punctation inconspicuous and sparse (only visible at high magnitude), easier to see in specimens with black elytra, interstria VII and base of VI with stronger punctures associated with short and straight setae. Abdomen. Pygidium completely bordered, at least basal region very finely microreticulated, weakly shining and almost sericeous, apical region shinier. Pygidial surface feebly convex, shallowly and evenly punctated, most of the points with a central pit. Legs. Foretibiae slender, with four external teeth, external and basal margin serrate, internoapical tooth obtuse, apical spur slightly curved downward. Middle and hind legs unmodified. Male genitalia. In dorsal view, distal-superior area of the paramerites obtusely acuminated at the apex, lateral margin straight to slightly curved. In lateral view, distal-inferior area straight to slightly sinuate near the apex, tips of the paramerites curved downward (Figure 2 (h), 2(i)). Lamella copulatrix square-shaped, with superior margin slightly swollen on the right side, this part of the superior margin often indistinct. Superior left lobe usually shorter than inferior left lobe, narrow and obliquely oriented, apex larger with margin angled, external margin of the superior left lobe excavated. Inferior right lobe as long as the inferior left lobe, sometimes slightly longer, basolateral carina of the inferior left lobe very reduced. Secondary lamella quite narrow and longitudinally elongated, superior side narrower (Figure 2 (j)). Female genitalia. Ventral sclerotization of the vagina distinct, central and inferior margin obtusely angled upward, infundibulum very short (Figure 2 (i)).</p> <p>Females have two cephalic carinae, frontal carina usually straight and strong at middle, fronto-clypeal carina straight to feebly curved forward (Figure 2 (b)). Clypeal surface finely and transversally wrinkled. Anteromedial pronotal protuberance very weak and curved, pronotal punctation stronger than male and foretibiae larger. Minor males have short frontal horns or a frontal carina slightly elevated at both sides, pronotal protuberance weaker than major males, pronotal punctation similar to female.</p> <p>Distribution and ecology</p> <p>Panama, Colombia, western Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia (Figure 5 (b)). Onthophagus transisthmius seems to be mostly associated with South American forest habitats, from dense to open ombrophilous formations. This species is often captured with human excrement, carrion and light traps (label data).</p> <p>Morphological variation</p> <p>Individuals from Panama, Colombia and Venezuela show a different pattern of colours compared to specimens collected farther south (Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia). Indeed, northern specimens usually have the pronotum metallic bronze and elytra alutaceous to light brown, while southern specimens have the pronotum darker (metallic green, brown or black) with elytra black to tan-brown. Nonetheless, the external morphology and shape of the genital organs of the specimens here examined did not show any significant variation to justify the taxonomic separation of these populations.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>Pulido-Herrera and Zunino (2007) reported O. transisthmius from Panama (type locality) and Colombia. The Colombian distribution of this species is very vague, as the authors relied upon two inventories in which O. transisthmius was mentioned without exact localities (Escobar 2000; Medina et al. 2001). The examination of multiple specimens deposited in several collections allowed us to update the geographical distribution of this species. Onthophagus transisthmius is indeed widely distributed across the eastern side of the Andes, from north-western Venezuela to central Bolivia. It has also been collected in central and eastern Ecuador, as well as central and southern Peru (Figure 5 (b)). According to these data, it is therefore very probable that this species occurs also in south-western Colombia and north-western Peru.</p> <p>Type specimen examined</p> <p>Holotype (♂ USNM): 1: Canal Zone, Gamboa, 23,24- X-1975, TAPIR FECES TRAP, Col. O. P. Young, LIMBO HUNT CLUB (printed and handwritten on white label). 2: Type Number, 104485, U. S. N. M. (printed and handwritten on light-red label). 3: HOLOTYPE, Onthophagus transisthmius, H. Howden &amp; O. Young (printed and handwritten on darkred label). Allotype (♀ USNM): 1: Canal Zone, Gamboa, 23,24- X-1975, TAPIR FECES TRAP, Col. O. P. Young, LIMBO HUNT CLUB (printed and handwritten on white label). 2: ALLOTYPE, Onthophagus transisthmius, H. Howden + O. Young (printed and handwritten on red label). Paratypes (♂ CMNC): 1: Canal Zone, Frijoles, 2,3- XI-1975, TAPIR FECES TRAP, Col. O. P. Young, BUENA VISTA P. (printed and manuscripted in white label). 2: H. &amp; A. Howden collection (printed in white label). 3: H. &amp; A. Howden collection, ex. A. Martínez coll. (printed in white label). 4: PARATYPE, Onthophagus transisthmius, H. Howden &amp; O. Young (printed and manuscripted in yellow label). 5: Canadian Museum of Nature barcode (printed in white label). (1 ♂, 2 ♀♀ CMNC): 1: Canal Zone, Gamboa, 23,24- X-1975, TAPIR FECES TRAP, Col. O. P. Young, LIMBO HUNT CLUB (printed and manuscripted in white label). 2: H. &amp; A. Howden collection (printed in white label). 3: PARATYPE, Onthophagus transisthmius, H. Howden &amp; O. Young (printed and manuscripted in yellow label). 4: Canadian Museum of Nature barcode (printed in white label). (1 ♂, 1 ♀ CMNC): 1: Canal Zone, Gamboa, 23,24- X-1975, HUMAN FECES TRAP, Col. O. P. Young (printed and manuscripted in white label). 2: H. &amp; A. Howden collection (printed in white label). 3: SEM (printed in yellow label). 4: PARATYPE, Onthophagus transisthmius, H. Howden &amp; O. Young (printed and manuscripted in yellow label). 5: Canadian Museum of Nature barcode (printed in white label).</p> <p>Additional material examined</p> <p>BOLIVIA: Beni: Ballivián. Rio Negro. 13°45 ’ S, 67°17 ’ W. 140 m. Bosque várzea. 20-XI-2004 (1 ♂, 1 ♀ OUMNH). Rurrenabaque (1 ♂ MSNM). Cochabamba: Parque Dep. Altemachi. 16°02 ’, 66° 40 ’ W. 700 m. Bosque pie de monte. 20-IX-2004 (1 ♂ OUMNH). Valle Sacta. 17°07S, 64°45 ’ W. 230 m. Bosque Amazónico. 1-III-2005 (1 ♂, 1 ♀ OUMNH). Chiapare. Chimoré. 250 m. 1952-1972 (6 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀ CMNC). 124 Km E Cochabamba. Rio Espirito Santo. 17°03 ’ 45 ” S, 65°38 ’ 38 ” S. 700 m. 01-06-II-1999 (3 ♂♂, 7 ♀♀ CMNC). 117 Km E Cochabamba. Lagunitas. 17°06 ’ 22 ” S, 65°40 ’ 57 ” S. 1000 m. 01-06-II-1999 (1 ♀ CMNC). Yungas. Cochabamba-Villa Tunari road. 17°06 ’ 32 ” S, 65° 41 ’ 12 ” W. 1040 m. 10-12-II-1999 (1 ♀ CMNC). 67.5 Km E Villa Tunari. Estacion Biologica Valle Sajta. Universidad San Simon. 17°06 ’ 19 ” S, 64°46 ’ 57 ” S. 300 m. 07-09-II-1999 (4 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀ CMNC). 16.7 Km E Cochabamba. Villa Tunari. Avispas. 17°01 ’ 13 ” S, 65°32 ’ 46 ” S. 500 m. 10-12- II-1999 (3 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀ CMNC). Villa Tunari. Hotel El Puente. 16°59.02 ’ S, 65°24.5 ’ W. 357 m. 15-27- XII-2005 (1 ♂, 1 ♀ CMNC). La Paz: Parque Nacional Madidi. 13°38 ’ S, 68°44 ’ W. 260 m. Bosque Amazónico. 27-VIII-2004 (4 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ OUMNH). Santa Cruz: 5 Km Buena Vista Hotel Flora y Fauna. 17°29.925 ’ S, 63°39.128 ’ S. 440 m (1 ♂ CMNC). Los Fierros. 14°46 ’ S, 61°02 ’ W. X-1994 (1 ♂ BGc). COLOMBIA: Antioquia: San Luis. Rio Claro. 1440 m. 02-III-1994 (1 ♂, 3 ♀♀ CMNC). Santander: Serrania de las Quinches. Reserva El Paujíl. IX-2006 (1 ♂, 2 ♀♀ CEMT). Meta: Mozambique. Franja de bosque de galeria. IV-1996 (1 ♂ CEMT). Norte de Santander: 3 Km N Chinacota. 1000 m. 10-V-1974 (4 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀ CMNC). 30 Km S Cúcuta. Quebrada Honda. 13-V- 1974 (3 ♀♀ CMNC). La Garita. 07°45 ’ 0 ” N, 72°32 ’ 0 ” W. 08-V-1974 (1 ♀ CMNC). ECUADOR: Pastaza: Villano. VII-1996 (3 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀ CEMT). Morona Santiago: Via Mendez-Paute. 23- VIII-1997 (1 ♀ CEMT). Sucumbíos: Limoncocha. 250 m. 18-24-VI-1976 (1 ♂ CMNC). Napo: La Joya de los Sachis. 290 m. 18-19-I-1986 (15 ♂♂, 23 ♀♀ MZc). Jatun Sacha Biological Station. 01°04 ’ S, 77°37 ’ W. 450 m. 24-26-VII-1998 (1 ♂ CMNC). Same locality. 21 Km E Puerto Napo. 400 m. 09-VII-1994 (2 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀ CMNC). Tena. 400 m (2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ CMNC). Tungurahua: 6 Km W Rio Negro. 1200 m. 18-VII-1994 (1 ♂, 1 ♀ CMNC). PANAMA: Colón: 14 Km N junction Escobal Road and Piña Road. 20 m. 02-13-VI-1996 (1 ♂, 3 ♀♀ CMNC). San Lorenzo Forest. 09°17 ’ N, 79° 58 ’ W. V-2004 (1 ♂, 1 ♀ CEMT). 2 Km Pipeline Road. 80 m. 29-31-V-1995 (5 ♀♀ CMNC). Panamá-Colón: Parque Nacional Soberania. 12-15-II-1999 (1 ♂, 1 ♀ CMNC). Darién: Estacion Ambiental Cana. 07°45.32 ’ N, 77°41.07 ’ W. 500 m. 07-10-VI-1996 (3 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀ CMNC; 1 ♂, 1 ♀ OUMNH). Canal Zone: 4.1 mi NW Gamboa. Rio Frijoles. 19-II-1976 (2 ♀♀ MCZ). 6.1 Km Pipeline Road. Near Gamboa. 40 m. 07-21-VI-1995 (3 ♂♂, 7 ♀♀ CMNC). Pipeline road. K 1-12 (5 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀ FSCA). PERU: Ayacucho: Sivia. 520 m. 15-V-1936 (1 ♂, 1 ♀ NMPC). Huánuco: Pachitea (1 ♂, 2 ♀♀ NHRS). Junín: 11°8 ’ S, 75°17 ’ W. 1000 m. 03-21-X-06 (2 ♂♂, 1 ♀ ZMHB). Madre de Dios: Rio Tambopata. Ccolpa de Guacamayos. 13°8,5 ’ S, 69°36,4 ’ W. 300 m X-1995 (1 ♂ BGc). 15 Km NE Puerto Maldonado. Reserva Cuzco Amazonica. 12°33 ’ S, 69°03 ’ W. 200 m. 24- VI-1989 (5 ♂♂, 7 ♀♀ CMNC). Manu National Park. 15-30-VIII-1986 (16 ♂♂, 11 ♀♀ CMNC; 1 ♂, 1 ♀ BGc). Cocha Salvador. Reserved Zone. Manu National Park. 12°00 ’ 13 ” S, 71°31 ’ 36 ” W. 310 m. 20-21-X-2000 (4 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀ CMNC). Cocha Cashu Biological Station. Manu National Park. 11° 53 ’ 45 ” S, 71°24 ’ 24 ” W. 350 m. (6 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ CMNC; 3 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ BGc). Ucayali: Boca Rio Tarahuacá. Rio Aguaytía. 15-VIII-1984 (1 ♀ CMNC). No Department: Callanga (2 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀ SMTD; 1 ♀ NMPC). VENEZUELA: Táchira: Rio Frio. 500 m. 11-18-VIII-1983 (1 ♂, 1 ♀ CMNC; 4 ♂♂, 1 ♀ BGc). San Cristobal. 1200 m. 10-18-VIII-1983 (2 ♂♂, 1 ♀ BGc). 42 Km SE San Cristobal. 700 m. 19-V-1974 (3 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀ CMNC). Navay. 200 m. 30-X-1978 (3 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀ MZc). Parque Nacional Tamá. Rio Negro. 600 m. 30-VII-1984 (1 ♀ MZc). Santo Domingo. 300 m. 11-16-VIII- 1983 (1 ♂ BGc). Portuguesa: Guanare. 400 m. 15-X-1975 (3 ♂♂, 1 ♀ MZc). Zulia: Macniques. El Tucuco. 400 m. 21-XI-1984 (3 ♂♂ MZc).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/266887BDFF86A132010AFCF1FDECB29F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rossini, Michele;Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z.;Zunino, Mario	Rossini, Michele, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z., Zunino, Mario (2018): A taxonomic revision of the New World Onthophagus Latreille, 1802 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) of the osculatii species-complex, with description of two new species from South America. Journal of Natural History 52 (9 - 10): 541-586, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1437230, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2018.1437230
266887BDFF8BA13501F9F98FFB23B65D.text	266887BDFF8BA13501F9F98FFB23B65D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Onthophagus basicarinatus Rossini & Vaz-de-Mello & Zunino 2018	<div><p>Onthophagus basicarinatus sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figures 2 (e – g), 2(m – q), 5(b))</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Males of O. basicarinatus are easily recognized by the frontal horns carinated at the base (Figure 2 (g)), clypeus triangular and truncated at middle. The anteromedial pronotal protuberance of male is triangular and very narrow between the cephalic horns. The female has two cephalic carinae, the frontal carina is entire and straight at middle, the clypeus is triangular and distinctly narrower towards the apex, the pronotal disc is strongly and densely punctated (separated by less than one diameter).</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Body length 6 – 8 mm. Colour. Body reddish-brown to dark brown and shining, sides of pronotum, and humeral umbones paler, ventral side of the body brownish, pygidium, last abdominal sternite, middle-, metafemurs, scape, antennal articles I – V and mouthparts brownish-orange, antennal club orange-yellow. Head. Clypeus triangular and elongated forward, clypeal margin narrowly and transversally truncated at middle and slightly reflexed, head margin barely sinuated at the clypeo-genal junction. Fronto-clypeal region without carina, frons with two strong horns, slightly and evenly curved inward, internobasal side of the horns strongly expanded and carinate (Figure 2 (g)). Clypeus very finely punctated, fronto-clypeal region and frons with deeper punctures. Thorax. Pronotum with lateral margins evenly curved, anterior angles acuminated, anterior and lateral margins bordered, posterior margin with border evanescent near posterior angles. Anteromedial pronotal protuberance narrowly rounded between cephalic horns (almost triangular-shaped), protuberance flanked by two wide concavities, superior side of protuberance flattened to slightly depressed. Pronotal surface densely and evenly punctated, punctures shallow and with a central pit, main punctation mixed with secondary punctures, anterior angles simply punctated, posteromedial region of pronotum widely sulcate, sulcus long (sometimes reaches the anterior protuberance), depressed region finely microreticulated and shallowly punctated. Elytral striae shallow, stria VII slightly more impressed near the base, interstriae flat and finely microreticulated, punctation dense, sparse and shallow, interstria VII and base of interstria VI with setiferous punctures, setae very short, straight and yellow, scattered setae even at the apex of elytra. Propleuron with a very small and triangular tubercle in proximity of the anterior angles of pronotum (visible at high magnitude, 40× – 50×), propleural carina thin and sinuated near external margin, setiferous and asperous punctures in front of the propleural carina, setiferous and coarse punctures along the external margin of propleuron, setae long and straight. Prosternum distinctly and obtusely acuminated at middle, with short and straight setae, mesosternal surface crowded with setiferous punctures, setae short and light. Metasternum simply swollen between mesocoxae, metasternal surface polished, setiferous punctures along the inner margin of mesocoxae, metasternal disc with very fine points. Abdomen. Pygidium feebly convex to flat and completely bordered, surface densely and coarsely punctated, punctures with a central pit, several punctures associated with a short and straight seta. Legs. Foretibiae slender, with four external teeth separated at most by two small denticles, basal and external margin with a series of serrate denticles, anterior and internoapical margin of protibiae with an obtuse tooth and few straight setae, apical spur curved downward, tip obtuse. Middle and hind legs unmodified. Male genitalia. In dorsal view, distal-superior area of the paramerites obtusely acuminated at the apex, lateral margin slightly but clearly excavated. In lateral view, distalinferior area of the paramerites swollen and sinuated near the apex, tip of the paramerites slightly curved downward (Figure 2 (m), 2(n)). Superior margin of the lamella copulatrix straight to feebly concave at middle, superior left lobe narrow and slightly longer than inferior left lobe, narrow and evenly curved outward at the apex, apical margin obtuse. Inferior right lobe distinctly longer than inferior left lobe. Secondary lamella pear-like, with right margin sinuate and narrower at middle and left margin slightly curved, inferior margin widely curved, superior margin truncate. Female genitalia. Ventral sclerotization of the vagina very feeble, central and inferior margin more sclerotized and abruptly curved upward at middle (Figure 2 (q)).</p> <p>Females differ from males by the following combination of characters: clypeal margin narrowly curved to clearly sub-trapezoidal and elongated forward, fronto-clypeal carina low, frons with a distinct and sub-trapezoidal carina, which is straight to weakly curved backward at middle. Clypeal surface transversely wrinkled, fronto-clypeal region and frontal surface very densely and more strongly punctated than male. Foretibiae of the female unmodified and larger, anteromedial pronotal region weakly but clearly swollen, last abdominal sternite evenly large at middle.</p> <p>Minor males are very similar to females and they can often be distinguished in having the frontal carina slightly elevated at both sides and the last abdominal sternite narrower at middle.</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>Refers to the distinctive character observed at the base of the cephalic horns of major males.</p> <p>Distribution and ecology</p> <p>To date, only known from north-eastern Ecuador, northern and central Peru, southern Colombia and northern Brazil (Figure 5 (b)). Species associated with Amazon forests.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>Although the external morphology of O. basicarinatus may lead one to consider this species to be a close relative of species assigned to the rubrescens complex (e.g. O. rubrescens, O. haematopus and O. onorei), the examination of the genital organs of both sexes led us to include this species within the osculatii complex. Specifically, the shape of the superior left lobe of the lamella copulatrix, which is very narrow, with sides parallel and apex distinctly acuminated are clear diagnostic signals that suggest close relationships between O. basicarinatus and the remain- der species assigned to the osculatii complex.</p> <p>Type specimens examined</p> <p>Holotype (♂ CMNC): 1: COLOMBIA: AMAZONAS. Leticia, Isla Santa Sofia, 215m, 23-II-2- III-1974, J. Kukalova-Peck (printed on white label). 2: HOLOTYPE: Onthophagus basicarinatus Rossini, Vaz-de-Mello &amp; Zunino, 2018 (printed on red label with black border).</p> <p>Paratypes (all the specimens listed below bear a yellow label with black border that contains the following information: PARATYPE, Onthophagus basicarinatus Rossini, Vazde-Mello &amp; Zunino, 2018):</p> <p>COLOMBIA: Amazonas: Leticia. Isla Santa Sofia. 215 m. II-III-1974 (53 ♂♂, 50 ♀♀ CMNC; 11 ♂♂, 9 ♀♀ CNCI). BRAZIL: Acre: Cruzeiro do Sul. I-II-1988 (1 ♂ CMNC). Pará: Abaetetuba. 04-25-VII-1994 (9 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀ CEMT). Belém. IPEAN. X-1984 (2 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀ CEMT). Serra dos Carajás. XI-1984 (1 ♂ CEMT). Mocajuba. Mangabeira. X-XII-1952 (5 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀ CMNC). ECUADOR: Napo: Estación Cientifica Yasuní. 215 m. 05-10-IX-1999 (1 ♂ TAMU). PERU: Loreto: Miguel Grau. 06°37 ’ 27.4 ” S, 75°3 ’ 54.1 ” W. 140 m (2 ♂♂ IEXA). San Lorenzo. 17-20-VII (1 ♂, 1 ♀ CEMT). Ucayalli: San Lorenzo. X-XI-1992 (2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ CEMT).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/266887BDFF8BA13501F9F98FFB23B65D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rossini, Michele;Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z.;Zunino, Mario	Rossini, Michele, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z., Zunino, Mario (2018): A taxonomic revision of the New World Onthophagus Latreille, 1802 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) of the osculatii species-complex, with description of two new species from South America. Journal of Natural History 52 (9 - 10): 541-586, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1437230, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2018.1437230
266887BDFF8CA13701F6FECCFF4AB2D4.text	266887BDFF8CA13701F6FECCFF4AB2D4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Onthophagus nyctopus , Bates 1886	<div><p>Onthophagus nyctopus Bates, 1886</p> <p>(Figures 3 (a – d), 3(i – m), 5(b))</p> <p>Onthophagus nyctopus Bates 1886: 68</p> <p>Onthophagus nyctopus Bates: Boucomont and Gillet 1927: 207; Boucomont 1932: 305; Blackwelder 1944: 211; Howden and Young 1981: 103; Solís 1987: 97; Gill 1991: 215; Zunino and Halffter 1997: 161; Escobar 2000: 209; Kohlmann and Solís 2001: 225; Medina et al. 2001: 140; Ratcliffe 2002: 17; Zunino 2003: 71; Aguilar-Amuchastegui and Henebry 2007: 65; Kohlmann et al. 2007: 33; Noriega et al. 2007: 83; Pulido- Herrera and Zunino 2007: 111; Pulido-Herrera et al. 2007: 307; González-Maya and Mata-Lorenzen 2008: 460; Delgado and Curoe 2014: 66</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Within the osculatii complex, O. nyctopus can be recognized by the following combination of characters, which are in part shared with O. steinheili: body completely black with strong green iridescence on the anterior half of the pronotum, posteromedial region of pronotum distinctly sericeous with silver iridescence (same exoskeletal texture observed on the body of O. steinheili). The male has a fronto-clypeal carina (shared only with O. steinheili), the superior metasternal keel is very weak and swollen (strong and keel-like in O. steinheili). The female exhibits the same pattern of colour observed in male, frontal carina of female sub-trapezoidal, either depressed or curved backward at middle.</p> <p>Redescription</p> <p>Medium to small-sized species, 4 – 6 mm in length. Colour. Body completely black to dark brown, head with reddish and metallic green casts, pronotum with a strong metallic green to cupreous sheen, posteromedial region distinctly sericeous and opaque, with silver iridescence, elytra silky to sericeous, with faint greenish iridescence, pygidium black to reddish brown. Ventral side of the body, femurs, mouthparts, scape and antennal articles I – V reddish-brown, antennal club tan-brown. Head. Margins evenly curved, clypeus barely truncated and reflexed at middle, clypeal and genal margins continuous. Male with a fronto-clypeal carina slightly curved forward, frons with two straight to very weakly curved and convergent horns, head surface with fine and sparse punctation. Thorax. Anteromedial pronotal protuberance of male narrowly and obtusely triangular between the cephalic horns, anterior side always curved, protuberance flanked by two wide depressions, superior side of protuberance convex to weakly depressed at middle, central region of pronotum longitudinally and shallowly sulcate. Pronotal punctation very shallow and evenly distributed, discal punctures larger, with a small central pit (visible at high magnitude, 40× – 50×), posteromedial region with shallower and obsolete punctures. Elytral striae distinct but always shallow, discal interstriae flat, lateral interstriae (VI – VII) slightly more convex and shining. Elytral punctures scattered and shallow, sometimes very obsolete, elytra completely bare (even on the lateral interstriae). Propleuron with an acuminated tooth in proximity of the anterior angles of pronotum, propleural carina distinct and sinuate near external margin. Superior side of the metasternum either simply swollen between mesocoxae or with a very obtuse keel. Abdomen. Pygidium shining and completely bordered, pygidial surface with shallow and evenly distributed punctures. Legs. Foretibiae of male slender, internoapical margin with an obtuse to curved tooth, tip of the apical spur obtuse and slightly curved downward. Middle and hind legs unmodified. Male genitalia. In dorsal view, distal-superior area of the paramerites with apical margin obtuse, lateral margin straight to slightly curved. In lateral view, distal-inferior area sinuate, tips of the paramerites slightly curved downward (Figure 3 (i), 3(j)). Superior margin of the lamella copulatrix curved on the left side, straight to feebly excavated on the right side. Superior left lobe narrow and sinuate, with apical part curved outward, apex acuminated, external margin widely excavated. Inferior right lobe obliquely developed, slightly longer than the inferior left lobe, basolateral carina of the inferior left lobe present but hardly visible (Figure 3 (k)). Secondary lamella rounded, left margin widely curved, right margin indistinct, superior margin rather straight (Figure 3 (k)). Female genitalia. Ventral sclerotization of the vagina distinct, with central and inferior margin more sclerotized, deeply and abruptly excavated at middle (Figure 3 (m)).</p> <p>Female differs from male in having two cephalic carinae, fronto-clypeal carina straight to very feebly curved forward, frontal carina sub-trapezoidal, central part slightly bilobed and depressed at middle (Figure 3 (b)). Anteromedial pronotal protuberance very weak and curved, pronotal and elytral punctation stronger and denser. Minor male is very similar to female, but can be distinguished by the frontal carina often more elevated at both sides, foretibiae slender and last abdominal sternite narrower at middle.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>From northern Costa Rica (Guanacaste) to central and western Colombia (Valle del Cauca).</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>In this study, we add a new Colombian locality to the distribution of O. nyctopus, extending the distributional range of this species farther South (central region of Valle del Cauca; see ‘ Additional material examined ’). Noriega et al. (2007) reported O. nyctopus from the biogeographical province of Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, in north-eastern Colombia. We could not confirm the identity of those specimens, but it seems to be completely plausible that O. nyctopus also colonized the northern regions of Colombia.</p> <p>Howden and Young (1981) were the first authors to mention O. nyctopus from Mexico. Subsequently, even Zunino (2003) and Pulido-Herrera and Zunino (2007) reported this species from the same country. However, none of these authors provided exact localities of collection. On studying the genus Onthophagus in Costa Rica, Kohlmann and Solís (2001) considered O. nyctopus to be a Central American species (Costa Rica and Panama), suggesting the possible occurrence of this species also in the southern territories of Nicaragua. Nonetheless, they did not elaborate upon the Mexican records reported by Howden and Young (1981).</p> <p>Throughout our extensive research we found only one specimen, apparently collected in northern Mexico (Sonora) in 1914. If this locality is correct then a big distributional gap of O. nyctopus is still waiting to be filled in with further data from more intensive sampling in these regions. However, since the lack of sound geographical data to support the Mexican distribution of O. nyctopus, we prefer to maintain our Mexican locality as a doubtful point (Figure 5 (b)). Therefore, northern Costa Rica (Guanacaste) is considered here to be the northernmost boundary of the geographic distribution of this species.</p> <p>Type specimen examined</p> <p>Lectotype designated by Kohlmann and Solís (2001: 225) (♂ BMNH): 1: Syntype (printed on rounded label, white with light-blue border). 2: Type (printed on rounded label, white with red border). 3: V. De Chiriqui, 25 – 4000 ft., Champion. (printed on white label). 4: B.C.A., 68. 6. (printed and handwritten on brown label). 5: Onthoph. nyctopus, Bates, ♂ (handwritten in italic on white label). 6: LECTOTYPUS, Onthophagus nyctopus, Bates, por Kohlmann &amp; Solís (printed on red label). Paralectotype (♀ BMNH): 1: Syntype (printed on rounded label, white with light-blue border). 2: Paratype (printed on rounded label, white with red border). 3: V. De Chiriqui, 25 – 4000 ft, Champion. (printed on white label). 4: B.C.A., 68. 6. (printed and handwritten on brown label). 5: Onthophag. nyctopus, Bates, ♀ (handwritten in italic on white label). 6: PARALECTOTYPUS, Onthophagus nyctopus, Bates, por Kohlmann &amp; Solís (printed on yellow label).</p> <p>Additional material examined</p> <p>COLOMBIA: Valle del Cauca: Alto Anchicaya. 500 m. 29-31-VII-1983 (1 ♀ BGc). COSTA RICA: Alajuela: San Ramon. Rio San Lorencito. 800 m. X-XI-1986 (1 ♂, 1 ♀ CMNC). Cartago: Turrialba. 650 m. 28-II-1980 (16 ♂♂, 12 ♀♀ CMNC). Guanacaste: Maritza Biological Station. 550 m. 22-V-1993 (7 ♂♂, 11 ♀♀ CMNC). Heredia: La Selva. Near Puerto Viejo. 50 m. 19-II-1980 (1 ♂, 1 ♀ CMNC). La Selva. 80 m. 19-V-1993 (6 ♂♂, 11 ♀♀ CMNC) Puerto Viejo. Finca La Selva. VI-1979 (5 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ MCZ). Puntarenas: Coto Brus. Estación Biologica Las Cruces. 08°47 ’ N, 82°57 ’ W. 1000-1100 m. III-IV-2002 (1 ♂, 2 ♀♀ CEMT). San Vito. Las Cruces. 1200 m. II-III-1983 (37 ♂♂, 26 ♀♀ CMNC; 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ BGc). MEXICO: Sonora: Rio Mayo. VII-1914 (1 ♂ CMNC). PANAMA: Colón: Gatun Lake. Pipeline road. 01-20-VIII-1982 (1 ♂ BGc). Darien: Estación Ambiental Cana. Cerro Pirré. 07°45.32 ’ N, 77°41.07 ’ W. 1300-1450 m. 06-07-VI-1996 (1 ♂, 3 ♀♀ CMNC). Panama: Cerro Campana. 30-VI-1997 (2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ FSCA). Same locality. 3000 m. 01-VIII-1970 (1 ♀ CEMT). Same locality. 2.3 Km W Capira. 10.3 Km N Panamerican Highway. 825 m. 01- 05-VI-1995 (1 ♂, 1 ♀ CMNC). Chepo-Carti road. 400 m. VII-VIII-1982 (1 ♂, 1 ♀ BGc). Chiriquí: 2 Km N Santa Clara. Hartmann ’ s Finca. VI-VII-1981 (1 ♂, 4 ♀♀ CMNC). 15 Km NW H. Volcan. Hartmann Finca. 1200 m. 20-31-V-1977 (2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ CMNC). No data (1 ♂ NMPC)</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/266887BDFF8CA13701F6FECCFF4AB2D4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rossini, Michele;Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z.;Zunino, Mario	Rossini, Michele, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z., Zunino, Mario (2018): A taxonomic revision of the New World Onthophagus Latreille, 1802 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) of the osculatii species-complex, with description of two new species from South America. Journal of Natural History 52 (9 - 10): 541-586, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1437230, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2018.1437230
266887BDFF8EA10901FEFA43FE13B2F9.text	266887BDFF8EA10901FEFA43FE13B2F9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Onthophagus steinheili Harold 1880	<div><p>Onthophagus steinheili Harold, 1880</p> <p>(Figures 3 (e – h), 3(n – r), 5(a))</p> <p>Onthophagus steinheili Harold 1880: 34</p> <p>Onthophagus steinheili Harold: Boucomont and Gillet 1927: 208; Boucomont 1932: 305; Blackwelder 1944: 212; Vulcano and Pereira 1967: 563; Zunino and Halffter 1997: 161; Escobar 2000: 209; Medina et al. 2001: 140; Pulido-Herrera and Zunino 2007: 116; Concha-Lozada et al. 2010: 47; Pardo-Locarno and Camero 2014: 210, 223 Diagnosis</p> <p>Pronotal and elytral surface completely sericeous, with strong silver iridescence. Male with fronto-clypeal carina and frontal horns. Superior metasternal keel strong and sharp. Female with two cephalic carinae, frontal carina distinctly interrupted at middle or entire, and always slightly elevated at both sides. Anteromedial protuberance of female callus-like and transverse.</p> <p>Redescription</p> <p>Medium-sized species, body length 6 – 7 mm. Colour. Body completely black, opaque to very feebly shining, anterior side of pronotum often with a weak metallic green sheen, body sericeous with silver iridescence. Ventral side of the body dark brown to black, middle-, metafemurs, sides of metasternum (on the inferior side and close to the inner margin of mesocoxae), mouthparts, scape and antennal articles I – V reddish brown, antennal club tan-brown. Head. Clypeus sub-trapezoidal, with sides very weakly curved, clypeal margin widely truncated at middle, clypeo-genal junction barely indicated. Fronto-clypeal carina thin and distinct at middle, carina curved forward, frontal horns long and slightly convergent at the apex, more distinctly curved at the base, surface of head finely punctated, punctures evenly distributed. Thorax. Anteromedial pronotal protuberance narrowly and obtusely triangular between the cephalic horns, superior side of pronotum flattened (in lateral view), dorsal and medial region with a very shallow, wide and longitudinal sulcus. Pronotal punctures obsolete, discal punctures only visible at high magnification (40× – 50×). Elytral striae large and shallow, interstriae flattened, lateral interstriae (VI – VII) with setiferous punctures, setae very short and straight, discal interstriae more opaque and sericeous, punctation inconspicuous. Propleuron with an acuminated tubercle in proximity of the anterior angles of pronotum. Superior side of metasternum with a strong, sharp and longitudinal keel between mesocoxae, metasternal punctation very fine and sparse. Abdomen. Pygidium flat, basal region sericeous and dull, apical half usually shinier, distinct punctures evenly distributed, basal half of pygidium with stronger punctures, apex with smaller points. Legs. Foretibiae slender, internoapical margin with an obtuse to more acuminate tooth, apical spur curved downward, tip obtuse. Male genitalia. In dorsal view, distal-superior area with apical margin transversally truncate, lateral margin acuminated. In lateral view, distal-inferior area widely excavated, tips of the paramerites distinctly curved downward. Lamella copulatrix square-shaped, superior margin transversally straight. Superior left lobe of the lamella copulatrix narrow and obtusely acuminated at the apex. Apical part of the superior left lobe clearly bent outward, external margin widely excavated. Inferior right lobe slightly longer than inferior left lobe. Secondary lamella quite rounded, with left margin curved and right margin distinctly notched at middle (Figure 3 (n – q)). Female genitalia. Ventral sclerotization of the vagina wide, central and inferior margin of the sclerotization widely and evenly curved upward (Figure 3 (r)).</p> <p>Females have two distinct cephalic carinae, the fronto-clypeal carina is slightly curved forward and low, while the frontal carina is often interrupted at middle, with both sides elevated. Foretibiae of females are slightly larger than male, while the anteromedial pronotal protuberance is callus-like. Minor males are very similar to females but can be distinguished in having two small frontal horns and last abdominal sternite distinctly narrower at middle.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Known from Colombia and Ecuador (Figure 5 (a)).</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>Onthophagus steinheili is a fairly rare species in collections and so far it is known only from a few Colombian localities, such as Fusagasugá, San Antonio and Cauca. We report here a new Colombian locality and a first record from southern Ecuador (Figure 5 (a)). This latter finding led us to suggest that O. steinheili might also occur in central and northern Ecuador.</p> <p>As specified in Harold ’ s (1880) title, the type series of O. steinheili was collected by the German naturalist Eduard Steinheil (1830 – 1879) during his trip to Colombia between 1872 and 1873 (Papavero 1973). Two females housed at the MNHN are clearly part of the syntypic series, as they bear labels indicating they were part of Steinheil ’ s collection and they were collected in the Colombian town of Fusagasugá (Cundinamarca), which perfectly matches the type locality given by Harold (1880).</p> <p>To maintain the nomenclatural stability, we designate a well-preserved female as the lectotype of O. steinheili (ICZN 1999, Art. 74). The other female of the type series has been properly labelled as paralectotype. Label data are provided below.</p> <p>Type specimens examined</p> <p>Lectotype here designated (♀ MNHN): 1: Ex Musaeo E.Steinheil (printed on cream label with black border). 2: Steinheili, Harold (handwritten in italics on cream label). 3: Fusagasugá (handwritten in italics on cream label). 4: Muséum Paris, 1952, Coll. R. Oberthur (printed on light-green label with black border). 5: LECTOTYPE: Onthophagus steinheili Harold, des. F.Z. Vaz-de-Mello, 2014, ♀ (printed and handwritten on red label with black border). Paralectotype (♀ MNHN): 1: Ex Musaeo E.Steinheil (printed on cream label with black border). 2: Fusagasugá (handwritten in italics on cream label). 3: Muséum Paris, 1952, Coll. R. Oberthur (printed on light-green label with black border). 4: PARALECTOTYPE: Onthophagus steinheili Harold, des. F.Z. Vaz-de-Mello, 2014, ♀ (printed and handwritten on yellow label with black border)</p> <p>Additional material examined</p> <p>COLOMBIA: Caquetá: PNN Picachos. 02°47 ’ 51 ” N, 74°51 ’ 18 ” W. 1560-1770 m. XI-XII-1997 (2 ♂♂, 1 ♀♀ CMNC). Cauca: 16 Km E Silvia. 22-II-1970 (1 ♂ CMNC). No data: (1 ♂ NHRS). Tolima: San Antonio (1 ♂ NMPC; 1 ♂ MZc). No department: Rio Cauca (1 ♀ NMPC). ECUADOR: Zamora-Chinchipe: Chito. Rio San Francisco. 723925E-9457364N. 1540 m. 17-II-2008 (2 ♂♂ CEMT).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/266887BDFF8EA10901FEFA43FE13B2F9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rossini, Michele;Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z.;Zunino, Mario	Rossini, Michele, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z., Zunino, Mario (2018): A taxonomic revision of the New World Onthophagus Latreille, 1802 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) of the osculatii species-complex, with description of two new species from South America. Journal of Natural History 52 (9 - 10): 541-586, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1437230, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2018.1437230
266887BDFFB0A10D0110FA60FBC7B1E2.text	266887BDFFB0A10D0110FA60FBC7B1E2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Onthophagus confusus Boucomont 1932	<div><p>Onthophagus confusus Boucomont, 1932 stat. nov.</p> <p>(Figures 4 (a – d), 4(j – n), 5(a))</p> <p>Onthophagus ophion var. confusus Boucomont 1932: 306</p> <p>Onthophagus nabeleki Balthasar 1939: 43 syn. nov. (Figure 4 (e), 4(f))</p> <p>Onthophagus nabeleki Balthasar: Martínez 1947: 112; Zunino &amp; Halffter 1997: 161; Escobar 2000: 209; Medina et al. 2001: 140; Pulido-Herrera et al. 2007: 307 Diagnosis</p> <p>Onthophagus confusus is undoubtedly related to O. insularis, from which it can be distinguished by the following combination of characters: foretibiae of male with a distinct internoapical tooth, posterolateral margins of pronotum slightly flattened, anteromedial pronotal protuberance conical and slightly extended forward. The male ’ s frontal horns are flattened (the transversal section of the horns is not circular as in many other American Onthophagus), strongly curved and encircling the pronotal protuberance.</p> <p>Redescription</p> <p>Medium-sized species, body length 6 – 8 mm. Colour. Head and pronotum usually metallic green to bronze and shining, sometimes reddish with strong cupreous and metallic-green sheen, elytra opaque, completely black or testaceous, often with paler spots at the base and apex, pygidium metallic green, testaceous or bicoloured (disc dark, sides clearly paler). Ventral side of the body light to dark brown, femurs and metasternal surface, along the inner margins of mesocoxae yellowish, tibiae black to brownish, tarsi, mouthparts, scape and antennal articles I – V brownish to dark brown, antennal club yellow to testaceous. Head. Clypeus of male sub-trapezoidal, with anterior margin truncated to feebly curved and slightly reflexed, genae always clearly expanded beyond clypeus. Fronto-clypeal region without carina, frons with two horns strongly curved and embracing the pronotal protuberance, apexes of horns almost in contact, head surface very finely and evenly punctated. Thorax. Anteromedial pronotal protuberance of male low (close to the pronotal anterior margin) and horizontally protruded between cephalic horns, apex curved to obtusely conical, posterolateral margin of pronotum slightly flattened (in dorsal view) near posterior angles, pronotal punctation simple and evenly distributed across the surface. Elytra opaque, lateral interstriae (VI – VII) shinier, surface very finely microreticulated, striae shallow, interstriae flat and faintly punctated, punctures sparse, interval VII with few short and straight setae associated with the basal punctures, epipleura with setae longer. Abdomen. Pygidium flat to very weakly convex, completely bordered, surface feebly shining to opaque and completely microreticulated, punctures very shallow and evenly distributed. Legs. Foretibiae distinctly elongated and slender, evenly curved inward, with four external teeth separated by very small denticles, internoapical margin of protibiae with an acuminated and distinct tooth, apical spur of foretibiae with apex obtuse and curved downward. Middle and hind legs unmodified. Male genitalia. In dorsal view, distal-superior area of the paramerites obtusely acuminated at the apex, lateral margin straight and abruptly angled on the posterior side. In lateral view, distal-inferior area straight to barely excavated near the apex of the paramerites, tip of the paramerites very feebly curved downward (Figure 4 (j), 4(k)). Superior margin of the lamella copulatrix excavated at middle but often hardly visible, superior left lobe narrow and rather straight, apical margin curved, external margin deeply excavated. Inferior right lobe slightly longer than inferior left lobe. Secondary lamella square-shaped and wide, margins often indistinct. Female genitalia. Ventral sclerotization of the vagina distinct, central and inferior margin deeply and abruptly excavated (Figure 4 (n)).</p> <p>Females differ from males in having the fronto-clypeal region very finely carinate, carina evenly curved forward and interrupted at the clypeo-genal suture, frons with a straight and transverse, ridge-like carina, which appears sub-trapezoidal from above, carina always depressed at middle. Clypeus finely wrinkled, fronto-clypeal region, vertex and genae with simple but stronger punctures than male. Anteromedial pronotal protuberance obsolete, feebly swollen to transversally truncated, foretibiae larger than male and unmodified. Minor males have cephalic horns shorter and straight, anteromedial pronotal protuberance weakly curved and slightly swollen.</p> <p>Distribution and ecology</p> <p>Known from the western side of the Ecuadorian Andes and northern Peru (new record) (Figure 5 (a)), from the Pacific coast to higher elevations (ca. 2000 m). According to the collection data reported in the labels of the specimens here examined, O. confusus is normally collected with pitfall traps baited with human excrement in primary and secondary rain forests.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>Boucomont (1932) proposed confusus as a new variety of O. ophion Erichson, which made the first name available as the subspecific category (nec infrasubspecific; ICZN 1999, Art. 45.6.4). However, on examining the external and genital morphology of the type specimens of O. ophion (ZMHB) and O. ophion confusus, we could confirm they belong to distinct species. The shape of the horns in male adult specimens of confusus are strongly curved and encircling the anteromedial pronotal protuberance, the posterolateral pronotal angles are slightly flattened, while the anterior angles are obtusely acute, with lateral margin straight to slightly curved (often slightly excavated in O. ophion). Furthermore, strong differences were identified in the male genital lamellae, and especially in the shape of the superior left lobe of the lamella copulatrix. Therefore, maintaining the subspecific name originally proposed by Boucomont, we elevate confusus at species level under the following new status: O. confusus Boucomont, 1932.</p> <p>As mentioned by Boucomont (1932, p. 328), within the type series of O. confusus, which is today incorporated in the René Oberthür collection at the MNHN, we found two males labelled ‘ Bolivie, Suapi ’. Both specimens were here identified as O. ophion Erichson (compared with the syntype of this species, which is deposited at the ZMHB) and for this reason excluded from the geographic distribution of O. confusus.</p> <p>On discussing the relationships of O. transisthmius, Howden and Young (1981) mentioned O. ophion confusus and O. nabeleki as close relatives, alluding to the possible synonymy between these two names. Throughout our research, we examined the type specimens of all the American Onthophagus so far assigned to the hircus group, and among them, O. nabeleki Balthasar, 1939, described from Ecuador. The detailed analysis of the morphology of its type specimens led us to confirm this species name as junior synonym under O. confusus (ICZN 1999, Art. 23). So, to maintain the nomenclatural stability for O. confusus and O. nabeleki, we designated two well-preserved male specimens as lectotypes of both species names. These name-bearing type specimens are deposited at the MNHN and NMPC, respectively.</p> <p>Type specimens examined</p> <p>Of O. confusus: Lectotype here designated (♂ MNHN): 1: TYPE (printed on red label). 2: MUSÉUM PARIS, 1936, COLL. A. BOUCOMONT (printed on light green label with black</p> <p>border). 3: Huigra, 1000 m, F. Ohs, 10.7.05 (printed in purple on white label) 4: O. ophion Er., V. confusus Bouc. (handwritten in italics on white label). 5: LECTOTYPE, Onthophagus ophion var. confusus Bouc., ♂, des. F.Z. Vaz-de-Mello, 2014 (printed and handwritten on red label with black border). 6: LECTOTYPE, Onthophagus confusus Bouc., Des. M. Rossini, 2016 (printed on red label with black borded). Paralectotypes (1 ♂, 1 ♀ MNHN): 1: Huigra, 1000 m, F. Ohs, 10.7.05 (printed in purple on white label). 2: MUSÉUM PARIS, 1936, COLL. A. BOUCOMONT (printed on light green label with black border). 3: PARALECTOTYPE, Onthophagus ophion var. confusus Bouc., des. F.Z. Vaz-de- Mello, 2014 (printed and handwritten on yellow label with black border). 4: PARALECTOTYPE, Onthophagus confusus Bouc., Des. M. Rossini, 2016 (printed on yellow label with black borded). (♀ MNHN): 1: ECUADOR, Loja, E.W. (printed on white label). 2: MUSÉUM PARIS, 1936, COLL. A. BOUCOMONT (printed on light green label with black border). 3: PARALECTOTYPE, Onthophagus ophion var. confusus Bouc., des. F.Z. Vaz-de- Mello, 2014 (printed and handwritten on yellow label with black border). 4: PARALECTOTYPE, Onthophagus confusus Bouc., Des. M. Rossini, 2016 (printed on yellow label with black borded). (♂ MNHN): 1: Balzapamba (Ecuad.), R.Haensch S. (printed in black on cream label with black border). 2: MUSÉUM PARIS, 1936, COLL. A. BOUCOMONT (printed on light green label with black border). 3: PARALECTOTYPE, Onthophagus ophion var. confusus Bouc., des. F.Z. Vaz-de-Mello, 2014 (printed and handwritten on yellow label with black border). 4: PARALECTOTYPE, Onthophagus confusus Bouc., Des. M. Rossini, 2016 (printed on yellow label with black borded). (1 ♂, 1 ♀ MNHN): 1: BOLIVIE, SUAPI (printed on cream label). 2: EX MUSEO N. VAN DE POLL (printed on cream label with black border). 3: MUSÉUM PARIS, 1936, COLL. A. BOUCOMONT (printed on light green label with black border). 4: PARALECTOTYPE, Onthophagus ophion var. confusus Bouc., des. F.Z. Vaz-de-Mello, 2014 (printed and handwritten on yellow label with black border). 5: PARALECTOTYPE, Onthophagus confusus Bouc., Des. M. Rossini, 2016 (printed on yellow label with black borded). (♀ MNHN): 1: S. Ecuador, Landangui M. W. (printed on white label). 2: MUSÉUM PARIS, 1936, COLL. A. BOUCOMONT (printed on light green label with black border). 3: PARALECTOTYPE, Onthophagus ophion var. confusus Bouc., des. F.Z. Vaz-de-Mello, 2014 (printed and handwritten on yellow label with black border). 4: PARALECTOTYPE, Onthophagus confusus Bouc., Des. M. Rossini, 2016 (printed on yellow label with black borded).</p> <p>Of O. nabeleki: Lectotype here designated (♀ SMTD): 1: Ecuador (printed on green label). 2: TYPUS (printed on red label with black border). 3: Onthophagus nabeleki, ♂, n. sp., Typ, Dr. V. Balthasar det. (printed and handwritten on white label). 4: Muesum für Tierkunde, Dresden (SMTD) (printed on white label). Paralectotypes (♂ NMPC): 1: W Ecuador. Guayaquil, F. Ohaus S. (printed on white label). 2: TYPUS (printed on red label with black border). 3: Onthophagus nabeleki n.sp., Dr. V. Balthasar det. (printed and handwritten on white label). 4: Mus. Nat. Pragae, 26225, Inv. (printed and handwritten on orange label). 5: ex. coll. V. Balthasar, National Museum Prague, Czech Republic (printed on white label). 6: PARALECTOTYPE, Onthophagus nabeleki Balth., des. F.Z. Vaz-de-Mello, 2013 (printed and handwritten on yellow label with black border). (♂ NMPC): 1: S. Ecuador, Ciano M.W. (printed on white label). 2: TYPUS (printed on red label with black border). 3: Mus. Nat. Pragae, 26226, Inv. (printed and handwritten on orange label). 4: nabeleki m. (handwritten on green label with black border). 5: ex. coll. V. Balthasar, National Museum Prague, Czech Republic (printed on white label). 6: PARALECTOTYPE, Onthophagus nabeleki Balth., des. F.Z. Vaz-de-Mello, 2013 (printed and handwritten on yellow label with black border). (♀ NMPC): S Ecuador, Huairapongo, F. Ohs., 17.10.05 (printed in purple on white label). 2: Typus (handwritten on red label). 3: Onthophagus nabeleki n.sp., Dr. V. Balthasar det. (printed and handwritten on white label). 4: Mus. Nat. Pragae, 26227, Inv. (printed and handwritten on orange label). 5: ex. coll. V. Balthasar, National Museum Prague, Czech Republic (printed on white label). 6: PARALECTOTYPE, Onthophagus nabeleki Balth., des. F.Z. Vaz-de-Mello, 2013 (printed and handwritten on yellow label with black border). (♀ NMPC): 1: Ecuador (printed on green label). 2: TYPUS (printed on red label with balck border). 3: Onthophagus nabeleki n.sp., Dr. V. Balthasar det. (printed and handwritten on white label). 4: Mus. Nat. Pragae, 26228, Inv. (printed and handwritten on orange label). 5: ex. coll. V. Balthasar, National Museum Prague, Czech Republic (printed on white label). 6: PARALECTOTYPE, Onthophagus nabeleki Balth., des. F.Z. Vaz-de-Mello, 2013 (printed and handwritten on yellow label with black border). (♂ NMPC): 1: W Ecuador, Huigra, F. Ohaus S. / 10.7.05 (printed and handwritten on white label). 2: Huigra, 1000 m., F. Ohs. 16.7.05 (printed in purple on white label). 3: Typus (handwritten on red label). 4: Onthophagus nabeleki n.sp., Dr. V. Balthasar det. (printed and handwritten on white label). 5: PARALECTOTYPE, Onthophagus nabeleki Balth., des. F.Z. Vaz-de-Mello, 2013 (printed and handwritten on yellow label with black border).</p> <p>Type specimens examined</p> <p>ECUADOR: Cotopaxi: Otonga. 00°25 ’ S, 79°00 ’ W. 1800 m (1 ♂, 3 ♀♀ CEMT). Las Pampas. 1800 m (1 ♂ MECN; 13 ♂♂, 12 ♀♀ MZc). Esmeraldas: Esmeraldas. I-1956 (1 ♂, 1 ♀ CMNC). San Mateo (9 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀ TAMU). El Oro: Piñas. 1200 m (12 ♂♂, 18 ♀♀ CEMT; 3 ♂♂, 1 ♀ MZc). 10 Km S Portovelo. 750 m. 10-V-1998 (1 ♂ CEMT). Arenillas. 03°34.24 ’ S, 80°08.86 ’ W. 13 m. 15- VI-2012 (1 ♂, 2 ♀♀ CEMT). Manabí: Chone. V-1976 (5 ♀♀ CMNC). 20 Km N Chone. 300 m. 06- 09-VI-1976 (12 ♂♂, 17 ♀♀ CMNC). Guayas: W Ecuador. Rio Pucay. Bucay. 300 m. 21-VI-1905 (1 ♂ NHRS). Palestina. 25 Km N Daule. 30 m. 22-27-VII-1976 (18 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀ CMNC). 30 Km NNE Playas. Tinalandia. 680 m. 24-25-VII-1975 (3 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ CMNC). B.P. Cerro Blanco. 350 m. 06- IX-1997 (12 ♂♂, 13 ♀♀ CEMT). Loja: Jimbura. 2000-2100 m (3 ♂♂, CEMT). Gonzamaná. 2000 m (3 ♂♂ CEMT). 5 Km N Zambi. 1300 m. 10-V-1998 (1 ♀ CEMT). Landangui (1 ♂ NHRS). Macará. Catacocha. 650 m. 14-VIII-1977 (4 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ CMNC). Pichincha: San José de Minas. “ Quito ”. 00°10 ’ 17 ” S, 78°24 ’ 42 ” W. 2400 m. 21-V-2014 (5 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀ CEMT). 5 Km SE Nanegalito. 24-IV-1998 (1 ♂, 1 ♀ CEMT). Nanegalito. 00°03 ’ S, 78°42 ’ W. 1500 m. 10-VII-1998 (1 ♀ CEMT). Mindo. 1200 m. 08-VII-1995 (3 ♀♀ CEMT). Santo Domingo de Los Colorados. IX-1981 (7 ♂♂, 11 ♀♀ MZc). 34 Km Santo Domingo de los Colorados. 2000 m. 13-16-X-1986 (4 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀ MZc). 47 Km S Santo Domingo. Rio Palenque Station. 230- 250 m. 1975-1976 (49 ♂♂, 73 ♀♀ CMNC). 4 Km SE Santo Domingo. 500 ’. 08-22-VI-1976 (1 ♂ CMNC). Tinalandia. 780 m. 13-16- X-1986 (1 ♀ MZc). Los Rios: Quevado. Pichilingue. I-1977 (6 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀ CMNC). Mindo. Santiago Espinosa. 1500 m. 08-VII-1995 (1 ♂ CEMT). Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas: Puerto Limón. 00°17 ’ 14 ” S, 79°16 ’ 28 ” W. 397 m (1 ♂, 1 ♀ CEMT). Santa Elena: 27 Km S Puerto López. 76 Km N Santa Elena. 500 ’. 25-27-VII-1976 (13 ♂♂, 8 ♀♀ CMNC). Manglar Alto. 08-IX- 1981 (1 ♂ CMNC). Olón. 01°47 ’ 46 ” S, 80°45 ’ 25 ” W. 20-XII-2012 (136 ♂♂, 163 ♀♀ CEMT). Same locality. 01°46 ’ 54 ” S, 17°82 ’ 05 ” W. 20-XII-2012 (incorrect coordinates; 6 ♂♂, 21 ♀♀ CEMT). PERU: Piura: Morropón. Cacerio de Caracucho. 560 m. 12-XII-2007 (4 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀ CEMT).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/266887BDFFB0A10D0110FA60FBC7B1E2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rossini, Michele;Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z.;Zunino, Mario	Rossini, Michele, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z., Zunino, Mario (2018): A taxonomic revision of the New World Onthophagus Latreille, 1802 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) of the osculatii species-complex, with description of two new species from South America. Journal of Natural History 52 (9 - 10): 541-586, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1437230, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2018.1437230
266887BDFFB7A10001E9FF0AFD21B3AF.text	266887BDFFB7A10001E9FF0AFD21B3AF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Onthophagus insularis Boheman 1858	<div><p>Onthophagus insularis Boheman, 1858</p> <p>(Figures 4 (g – i), 4(o – r), 5(b))</p> <p>Onthophagus insularis Boheman, 1858: 47</p> <p>Onthophagus insularis Boheman: Harold 1869: 1031</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>This species is very similar to O. confusus but can be distinguished in having the posterolateral margins of the pronotum not flattened superiorly and the foretibiae of male lack the internoapical tooth (distinct and acuminated in O. confusus).</p> <p>Redescription</p> <p>Small-sized species, body length 5 – 6 mm. Colour. Body reddish brown with sides of pronotum reddish, apex and base of elytra with reddish to paler spots, pronotum with faint green or cupreous sheen. Middle-, metafemurs, first and last sternites yellowish to alutaceous, medial sternites brownish with yellowish spots. Tarsi, mouthparts, scape and antennal articles I – V reddish brown, antennal club yellow. Head. Clypeus sub-trapezoidal, largely truncated anteriorly, genal margin slightly but clearly expanded beyond the clypeus. Fronto-clypeal region without carina, vertex of male with two short and parallel horns, head surface finely microsculptured and densely punctated, punctures shallow. Thorax. Anteromedial pronotal protuberance very weak and low (located near the anterior pronotal margin), pronotum with lateral margins very feebly curved to almost straight near anterior angles. Pronotal surface finely microreticulated, punctation simple and very fine, punctures evenly distributed. Elytral surface distinctly microreticulated, opaque to very weakly shining, elytral striae very weakly impressed, interstriae flat to feebly convex, interstrial punctures obsolete, interstria VII with short and straight setae, intervals VI with a single row of setae. Propleuron without tubercles in proximity of the anterior angles of pronotum, propleural carina thin. Metasternum almost flattened, without keel between mesocoxae, with a very thin sulcus at middle, metasternal surface finely and evenly punctated. Abdomen. Pygidium weakly convex, surface yellowish and alutaceous, finely and entirely microreticulated, punctation very small and shallow, lateral punctures associated to short and straight setae. Legs. Foretibiae with four external teeth, internoapical margin of protibiae without a distinct and acuminated tooth. Middle and hind legs unmodified. Male genitalia. In dorsal view, distal-superior area of the paramerites widely curved, external margin slightly curved. In lateral view, distal-inferior area sinuate, with apex distinctly curved downward. Lamella copulatrix with superior right margin swollen, superior left lobe narrow and elongated, apical margin curved, external margin of the superior left lobe deeply excavated. Inferior right lobe longer than inferior left lobe. Secondary lamella wide and sub-trapezoidal, superior margin evenly concave, inferior margin convex, lateral margins straight and convergent towards the superior side (Figure 4 (o – r)).</p> <p>Female with clypeus sub-trapezoidal, genal margin slightly expanded beyond the clypeus, fronto-clypeal carina transverse and weakly curved forward, frontal carina sub-trapezoidal (from above) and feebly depressed at middle. Anteromedial pronotal protuberance very weak, pronotal punctures slightly stronger than male, elytra finely microreticulated, with paler to reddish spots at the base and apex (like in male), foretibiae of female larger than male.</p> <p>Distribution</p> <p>Doubtful; to date known only from one supposedly Ecuadorian locality (see Remarks below).</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>To our knowledge, O. insularis is today known only on the type specimens (one male and two females), which are deposited at the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet of Stockholm. This species was collected during the voyage of the Swedish frigate Eugenie around the globe (1851 – 1853). Although the aim of the expedition was primarily to maintain Swedish commercial connections, the Royal Swedish Academy of Science sent some naturalists on board the Eugenie to collect natural history specimens throughout their travels, and among them Johan Gustaf Hjalmar Kinberg (1820 – 1908) was the recruited zoologist (Persson 1970). In 1851, the expedition left from the port of Karlskrona (SE Sweden) and firstly reached the Portuguese Island of Madeira, from where the Eugenie headed straight to Brazil. From Rio de Janeiro, the Eugenie started the circumnavigation of South America, stopping at Montevideo (Uruguay) and Buenos Aires (Argentina), then through the Strait of Magellan to arrive at the Pacific side of the continent. On March 1852 they arrived in Valparaiso (Chile), then farther north in Peru (Callao and San Lorenzo Island) and Ecuador (Port of Guayaquil and Puna Island). After a short staying in Guayaquil, the crew headed to the Pearl Islands (Panama), and then straight to the Galapagos Islands. On 29 July 1852, the frigate arrived in San Francisco (California) and remained there until August to get some repairs and provisions. On September 1852, after visiting Hawaii, the Eugenie reached Tahiti, where they stayed for just a few hours before heading to Sydney, which was the only stop made in Australia.</p> <p>Once back in Sweden, Carl Henrik Boheman (1796 – 1868), then-curator of the Riksmuseet, was the entomologist in charge to study the specimens collected during the voyage of the Eugenie. From that material, in 1858 he described the new O. insularis, allegedly from Tahiti. However, according to the recent catalogue of insects of that Pacific island (Paulian 1998), no scarabaeinae dung beetles occur in Tahiti. Furthermore, since 1858, this species name was only mentioned in Harold ’ s (1869) catalogue and never included in any other study. So, this led us to investigate in more depth the real identity of O. insularis.</p> <p>At first sight, the external morphology of O. insularis led us to believe in a possible Australian Onthophagus related to the species of the posticus group (see Monteith and Storey 2013). However, the examination of the genital organs of the only male belonging to the syntypic series of O. insularis and the comparison with the genital structures of some of the Australian Onthophagus assigned to the posticus group (e.g. O. incornutus and O. kiambram) allowed us to exclude any direct phyletic relationship between O. insularis and Australian species. Instead, the shape of the parameres and endophallic pieces revealed immediately that O. insularis is actually an American species belonging to the osculatii complex of the hircus group. Importantly, the external morphology and the shape of the superior left lobe of the lamella copulatrix (Figure 4) suggest a close relationship between O. insularis and O. confusus.</p> <p>The question about the type locality of O. insularis appears to be yet rather uncertain. Nevertheless, considering the above information on the Swedish expedition of the Eugenie and the geographic distribution of closely related species (especially O. confusus), we can only hypothesize that O. insularis has been collected around Guayaquil, Ecuador. Indeed, the genus Onthophagus is absent in Chile (González-Chang et al. 2015) and the occurrence of O. insularis in arid and xeric areas like those around Callao (Peru) seems to be quite doubtful.</p> <p>Throughout our research, we analysed specimens of O. confusus collected around Guayaquil (e.g. Bosque Protector Cerro Blanco, Ecuador) and it was very interesting to find individuals that exhibited nearly the same pattern of colours as observed in O. insularis (see Figure 4 (a)). Nevertheless, the external morphology (e.g. the presence of a distinct apical tooth on the foretibiae) and importantly the shape of the male genital pieces unquestionably excluded the possibility to identify these specimens as O. insularis. So, at the moment we believe Guayaquil to be the most probable type locality of O. insularis (Figure 5 (b)).</p> <p>In order to maintain the nomenclatural stability we designate a male syntype as lectotype of O. insularis (ICZN 1999, Art. 74). The remaining two females belonging to the syntypic series have been properly labelled as paralectotypes. Label data are provided below.</p> <p>Type specimens examined</p> <p>Lectotype here designated (♂ NHRS): 1: Taiti. (printed on white label). 2: Kinb. (printed in italics on white label). 3: Type. (printed on white label). 4: insularis Bhn (handwritten in italics on white label). 5: Typus (printed on red label with black border). 6: 5807, E92 + (printed on blue label). 7: Syntype, Identified by F. Vaz-de-Mello, 2014 (printed on red label). 8: NHRS-JLKB000025273 (printed on white label). 9: LECTOTYPE, Onthophagus insularis Boe., Des. M. Rossini, 2016 (printed and handwritten on red label with black border). Paralectotypes (♀ NHRS): 1: Taiti. (printed on white label). 2: Kinb. (printed in italics on white label). 3: 5808, E92 + (printed on blue label). 4: Syntype, Identified by F. Vaz-de-Mello, 2014 (printed on red label). 5: NHRS-JLKB000025274 (printed on white label). 6: PARALECTOTYPE, Onthophagus insularis Boe., Des. M. Rossini, 2016 (printed and handwritten on yellow label with black border). (♀ NHRS): 1: Taiti. (printed on white label). 2: Kinb. (printed in italics on white label). 3: 5809, E92 + (printed on blue label). 4: insularis Boh. (handwritten in italics on white label). 5: Syntype, Identified by F. Vaz-de- Mello, 2014 (printed on red label). 6: NHRS-JLKB000025275 (printed on white label). 7: PARALECTOTYPE, Onthophagus insularis Boe., Des. M. Rossini, 2016 (printed and handwritten on yellow label with black border).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/266887BDFFB7A10001E9FF0AFD21B3AF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rossini, Michele;Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z.;Zunino, Mario	Rossini, Michele, Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z., Zunino, Mario (2018): A taxonomic revision of the New World Onthophagus Latreille, 1802 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) of the osculatii species-complex, with description of two new species from South America. Journal of Natural History 52 (9 - 10): 541-586, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1437230, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2018.1437230
