identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
200587D4FFB82852FF4DF8BF2C82A107.text	200587D4FFB82852FF4DF8BF2C82A107.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bittacus angrensis : Souza Lopes & Mangabeira 1942	<div><p>Bittacus angrensis Souza Lopes &amp; Mangabeira, 1942</p><p>(Figs. 1a, 8a, 12a)</p><p>Bittacus angrensis: Souza Lopes &amp; Mangabeira, 1942:336; Penny &amp; Byers, 1979b:367; Machado et al., 2009:36; Machado, 2018. Thyridates angrensis: Willmann, 1983:50, Collucci &amp; Amorim, 2000:7.</p><p>Holotype male: MNRJ (examined). Probably destroyed in the fire of 2.ix.2018. Species also known from: Paraná (new record), Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo (new record) (Fig. 12a).</p><p>Bittacus angrensis, B. brunipennis and B. geniculatus form the group of Brazilian species with the apical region of the forewing falcate, referred to as “group angrensis ” by Collucci &amp; Amorim (2000). The relationship between B. angrensis and B. brunipennis needs further investigation; they are very similar and males of the latter are still unknown.</p><p>Examined specimens. Brazil: Paraná: São Luiz do Purunã, 950 m, 28.x.1986, Mielke &amp; Casagrande (1♀ INPA) ; São Paulo: Salesópolis, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-45.8896&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.6543" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -45.8896/lat -23.6543)">Estação Biológica Boracéia</a>, 23.6543 o S 45.8896 o W, 885m, 26.xi.2008, Grossi, Parizotto, Fernandes &amp; Paladini (1♂ INPA) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/200587D4FFB82852FF4DF8BF2C82A107	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Machado, Renato Jose Pires;Mendes, Diego Matheus De Mello;Rafael, José Albertino	Machado, Renato Jose Pires, Mendes, Diego Matheus De Mello, Rafael, José Albertino (2018): The genus Bittacus Latreille (Insecta: Mecoptera) in Brazil: key to species, distribution maps, new synonym, and three new species. Zootaxa 4526 (3): 303-330, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4526.3.2
200587D4FFBB2852FF4DFD902AA5A761.text	200587D4FFBB2852FF4DFD902AA5A761.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bittacus aripuanensis (Penny 1977)	<div><p>Bittacus aripuanensis (Penny, 1977)</p><p>(Figs. 2a, 8b, 12a)</p><p>Neobittacus aripuanensis Penny, 1977:423; Penny &amp; Byers, 1979b:370; Penny &amp; Arias, 1982:271.</p><p>Bittacus aripuanensis Machado et al., 2009:31; Machado, 2018.</p><p>Holotype male, Mato Grosso: INPA (examined). Species also known from Rondônia (new record) (Fig. 12a).</p><p>Bittacus aripuanensis and B. blancheti were the two species previously placed in the genus Neobittacus, which was characterized by the large number of costal crossveins in the forewing. This character, however, is quite variable, as discussed by Machado et al. (2009), who synonymized it with Bittacus . For the same reason, Navás (1929) had synonymized Neobittacus with Thyridates . The species seems to be restricted to the southern border of the Amazon and can be easily identified by the maculation pattern of the wings and the general shape of the male epandrium.</p><p>Examined specimens. Brazil: Rondônia: Nova Mamoré, Parque Estadual Guajará-Mirim, Rio Formoso, 10 o 19’26’’S– 64 o 33’88’’W, 20–27.i.1995, luz [light], JA Rafael &amp; AL Henriques (1♀ INPA) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/200587D4FFBB2852FF4DFD902AA5A761	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Machado, Renato Jose Pires;Mendes, Diego Matheus De Mello;Rafael, José Albertino	Machado, Renato Jose Pires, Mendes, Diego Matheus De Mello, Rafael, José Albertino (2018): The genus Bittacus Latreille (Insecta: Mecoptera) in Brazil: key to species, distribution maps, new synonym, and three new species. Zootaxa 4526 (3): 303-330, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4526.3.2
200587D4FFBB2852FF4DFB3D2F74A442.text	200587D4FFBB2852FF4DFB3D2F74A442.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bittacus blancheti : Pictet 1836	<div><p>Bittacus blancheti Pictet, 1836</p><p>(Figs. 2b, 8c, 12a)</p><p>Bittacus blancheti: Pictet, 1836:403; Machado et al., 2009:36; Machado, 2018.</p><p>Neobittacus blancheti: Esben-Petersen, 1914:131, 1921:155; Penny, 1977:424; Penny &amp; Byers, 1979b:370.</p><p>Thyridates blancheti: Navás, 1929:23 .</p><p>Holotype male? (figure presented in the original description (Pictet 1836) suggests it is a male): MHNG. Species also known from Bahia, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro (Fig. 12a).</p><p>Bittacus blancheti was determined as the type species of Neobittacus (Esben-Petersen 1914), and together with B. aripuanensis were the two species that comprised the genus (see Machado et al. 2009). Bittacus blancheti is probably the most distinctive species of Bittacus in the New World, based on the characteristic color pattern of the wings. The known distributional records of B. blancheti suggest that it is restricted to the Atlantic rain forest region.</p><p>Examined specimens. Brazil: Bahia: Encruzilhada, Bahia, 960m, XI/1972, Alvarenga e Seabra (1? DZUP); idem—xi.1977, O. Ropa (1♂ MZUEFS); Senhor do Bonfim, Serra da Maravilha ( Fazenda Zumbi), UTM: 367691/ 8850126, 24.i.2006, 693 msnm, Vieira, R. e Chagas, C. (1 ♀ MZUEFS) ; Espírito Santo: Linhares, Faz. Caliman Agricola S/A, Santa Terezinha, x.2004, 50 m, P. Grossi (1♂ INPA) ; Córrego do Itá, xi–xii.1959, Zikan col. (1♂ MZSP, 1 ♀ MNRJ) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/200587D4FFBB2852FF4DFB3D2F74A442	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Machado, Renato Jose Pires;Mendes, Diego Matheus De Mello;Rafael, José Albertino	Machado, Renato Jose Pires, Mendes, Diego Matheus De Mello, Rafael, José Albertino (2018): The genus Bittacus Latreille (Insecta: Mecoptera) in Brazil: key to species, distribution maps, new synonym, and three new species. Zootaxa 4526 (3): 303-330, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4526.3.2
200587D4FFBA2853FF4DFF6E2AE7A2F9.text	200587D4FFBA2853FF4DFF6E2AE7A2F9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bittacus boraceiensis : Morgante 1967	<div><p>Bittacus boraceiensis Morgante, 1967</p><p>(Figs. 6b, 8d, 12b)</p><p>Bittacus boraceiensis: Morgante, 1967:57; Penny &amp; Byers, 1979b:367; Machado et al., 2009:36; Machado, 2018.</p><p>Thyridates boraceiensis: Willmann, 1983:50; Collucci &amp; Amorim, 2000:2.</p><p>Holotype: male: MZSP (examined). Species known from São Paulo (Fig. 12b).</p><p>Bittacus boraceiensis is known only by the holotype from the Biological Station of Boracéia in São Paulo state. The species also has heavily spotted wings, but it can be easily separated from other spotted-wing species by the very characteristic shape of the male epandrium (only species with three actniform processes).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/200587D4FFBA2853FF4DFF6E2AE7A2F9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Machado, Renato Jose Pires;Mendes, Diego Matheus De Mello;Rafael, José Albertino	Machado, Renato Jose Pires, Mendes, Diego Matheus De Mello, Rafael, José Albertino (2018): The genus Bittacus Latreille (Insecta: Mecoptera) in Brazil: key to species, distribution maps, new synonym, and three new species. Zootaxa 4526 (3): 303-330, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4526.3.2
200587D4FFBA2853FF4DFDC52F5DA6E1.text	200587D4FFBA2853FF4DFDC52F5DA6E1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bittacus brasiliensis : Klug 1838	<div><p>Bittacus brasiliensis Klug, 1838</p><p>(Figs. 1b, 8e, 12a)</p><p>Bittacus brasiliensis: Klug, 1838:98; Esben-Petersen, 1921:152; Penny &amp; Byers, 1979b:367; Willmann, 1983:53; Machado et al., 2009:36; Machado, 2018.</p><p>Lectotype female (present designation): ZMHB: Casapava, Sello (green label)/ cotype (red label)/ 217 (white label)/ 1. (white label)/ Bittacus brasiliensis Klug (white label). Lectotype represented in figure 1b. There are now two paralectotypes, both females deposited at ZMHB, with labels equal to the lectotype except by the small white label “1.”, present only in the lectotype. High resolution images of the three specimens were examined here. Species also known from Rio Grande do Sul (Fig. 12a), and Argentina: Missiones .</p><p>Bittacus brasiliensis is an enigmatic species, known only by the type series from Brazil and an additional male from Argentina (Kimmins 1939). Its wing venation is distinctive (Fig. 1b) from that of other Brazilian Bittacus (see identification key), so much so that the species was not included in Thyridates by Willmann (1983) and Collucci &amp; Amorim (2000). All of the type series specimens of B. brasiliensis have labels mentioning only Cassapava as the type locality, and Sellow as the collector (Klug 1838). Friedrich Sellow (or Sello) was a famous German insect collector who spent a long time in southern and southeastern Brazil. One of his most famous and longer campaigns (1823–1826) was in Rio Grande do Sul state (RS), where he collected a large number of insects that were all shipped to Berlin (Papavero 1971). During his trips in Brazil, Sellow recorded very extensive and detailed journals, where he mentioned several trips to Cassapava (RS) (Papavero 1971), probably where the type series of B. brasiliensis comes from. Cassapava (RS) corresponds today to the municipality of Caçapava do Sul located in a mountainous region in the central RS. The record of B. brasiliensis from Argentina (Misiones: Loreto) (Kimmins 1939) reinforces the idea that the Brazilian specimens were also collected in the southernmost regions of Brazil. This explanation is needed because the name Cassapava might generate some confusion, since another city located in the Atlantic rain forest in São Paulo state was also named Cassapava (known today as Caçapava). Sellow did spend some time collecting in São Paulo state, but there is no mention of Cassapava in his journals during that time (Papavero 1971).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/200587D4FFBA2853FF4DFDC52F5DA6E1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Machado, Renato Jose Pires;Mendes, Diego Matheus De Mello;Rafael, José Albertino	Machado, Renato Jose Pires, Mendes, Diego Matheus De Mello, Rafael, José Albertino (2018): The genus Bittacus Latreille (Insecta: Mecoptera) in Brazil: key to species, distribution maps, new synonym, and three new species. Zootaxa 4526 (3): 303-330, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4526.3.2
200587D4FFBA2854FF4DF9BD2D07A20C.text	200587D4FFBA2854FF4DF9BD2D07A20C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bittacus brunipennis (Collucci & Amorim 2000)	<div><p>Bittacus brunipennis (Collucci &amp; Amorim, 2000)</p><p>(Figs: 5a, 12a)</p><p>Thyridates brunipennis: Collucci &amp; Amorim, 2000:3 .</p><p>Bittacus brunipennis: Machado et al., 2009:36; Machado, 2018.</p><p>Holotype female: LMED (examined). Brazil: São Paulo (Fig. 12a).</p><p>Bittacus brunipennis is one of the three species of the “group angrensis ” (see comments in B. angrensis) (Collucci &amp; Amorim 2000). The species is known only by the female holotype, which is very similar to specimens of B. angrensis . This similarity was noted by Collucci &amp; Amorim (2000), who mentioned the color of the pterostigma as the main character to distinguish these two species. This character however, does not seem very strong, since it shows some plasticity in other species of Bittacus, suggesting that B. brunipennis might be a synonym of B. angrensis . Because the species was described from a female, the identification of B. brunipennis remains uncertain mainly because the shape of the male epandrium is one of the most important characters to distinguish Bittacus species. The collection of male specimens close to the type locality, Campos do Jordão State Park (São Paulo), will be needed to solve this question.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/200587D4FFBA2854FF4DF9BD2D07A20C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Machado, Renato Jose Pires;Mendes, Diego Matheus De Mello;Rafael, José Albertino	Machado, Renato Jose Pires, Mendes, Diego Matheus De Mello, Rafael, José Albertino (2018): The genus Bittacus Latreille (Insecta: Mecoptera) in Brazil: key to species, distribution maps, new synonym, and three new species. Zootaxa 4526 (3): 303-330, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4526.3.2
200587D4FFBD2855FF4DFE9B2D9AA2E4.text	200587D4FFBD2855FF4DFE9B2D9AA2E4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bittacus cruzi Machado & Mendes & Rafael 2018	<div><p>Bittacus cruzi Machado sp. n.</p><p>(Figs. 8f, 9 a–f, 12b)</p><p>Diagnosis. Wing membrane maculated. One costal crossvein. Hind wing Rs 1+2 not forked. Male epandrium with one medial actiniform process.</p><p>Description. Forewing length 16.7–17.1 mm, hind wing length 13.8–14.2 mm.</p><p>Head (Figs. 9c, d) uniformly dark brown, except area behind ocellar triangle and distal palpomeres slightly paler; covered with yellowish pubescence. Three ocelli, lateral ocelli slightly larger. Antennae long, filiform, with yellowish pubescence; dark brown but lighter towards the apex. Number of flagellomeres undetermined but more than 15. Female frons and antennae pale brown.</p><p>Thorax (Fig. 9d) covered with yellowish pubescence. Pronotum brown with sparse dark spots. Antepronotum and postpronotum with one and two black setae on lateral margins respectively. Mesonotum and metanotum brown but darker laterally. Pleural region dark brown with scattered paler areas (Fig. 9a).</p><p>Legs (Fig. 9a) with coxa and trochanter dark brown, yellowish pubescence (slightly longer than on other segments). Femur and tibia with sparse short black setae. Fore and middle femur long and thin, mostly pale, but base laterally brown and apex dark brown. Hind femur broader and slightly darker than on other legs. Tibia pale with apex dark brown; longer than femur; with two long apical spurs; spurs on fore and middle legs about as long as half-length of basitarsus, but slightly shorter than basitarsus in hind leg. Fore and mid tarsi pale; basitarsi slightly shorter than tibial half-length, and longer than the remaining four tarsomeres combined; tarsomere III about as long as half-length of tarsomere II and slightly longer than tarsomere IV; tarsomere V about as long as tarsomere IV and prehensile. Hind tarsus shorter than half-length of hind tibia; tarsomeres IĪIV about the same length, basitarsus about twice longer than tarsomere II.</p><p>Wings (Figs. 9a, b) narrow with apices rounded. Membrane mostly light brown, but with dark marks around the main forks, apical crossveins, pterostigma, and areas between R and C and R and Rs 1+2; with large hyaline area before the beginning of the pterostigma, thyridium present; longitudinal veins pale and covered by short black setae. Forewing: one subapical costal crossvein; humeral crossvein present; Sc ending beyond first fork of Rs; Rs fork nearly forming a right angle; Rs 1+2 forking after the end of pterostigma; Rs 3+4 forking at the level of mid distance between Sc end and pterostigma; one pterostigmal crossvein; M origin basal to Rs origin; M and Rs first forks at the same level; Cu 1 ending at the level of Rs 3+4 fork; A 1 ending slightly basal to Rs first fork. Hind wing similar to forewing except by Rs 1+2 not forked.</p><p>Abdomen (Fig. 9a) mostly brown with dark spots, mainly in the posterior border of tergites.</p><p>Male terminalia (Figs. 8f, 9e, f) with epandrium pale brown, set with long yellowish setae; in dorsal view, both sides diverging posteriorly; apex slightly thinner than medial area; posterior margin rounded; internal margin set with short black setae (setae getting longer towards the apex); with a medial rectangular lobe at the base (lobe covered by short black spines); in lateral view, ending slightly after the end of basystilus; convex dorsally; posterior margin rounded. Cercus about as long as sternite IX, dark brown with yellowish setae. Basistylus set with long yellowish setae, particularly at the posterior margin; dark brown; ventrally convex in lateral view. Gonostylus short, dark brown, with apex rounded, set with yellowish setae. Penisfilum broad at base, abruptly narrowed medially, tapering towards the apex, curving backwards at the medial region.</p><p>Paratype female terminalia with cercus short, brown, set with yellowish setae. Subanal plate and tergite XI dark brown and set with short yellowish setae. Cercus, subanal plate, and tergite XI ending about at the same level. Gonocoxosternite dark brown, set with yellowish setae and longer black ones at the posterior margin; not fused ventrally.</p><p>Etymology. Named after Mr. Valdir Bernardo Cruz, who owns the property where the holotype was collected and has allowed our collection trips many times over the years.</p><p>Holotype male (present designation): INPA: BRASIL, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-59.827778&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.0152779" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -59.827778/lat -2.0152779)">Amazonas</a>, Presidente Figueiredo, AM 240, Km 24, 2°00’55’’S– 59°49’40’’W, viii/2005, luz mista/mercurio, Xavier-Filho leg.</p><p>Holotype condition. Pinned; in relative good condition, but with some parts missing: left foretarsus, mid legs beyond femur base, left hind leg beyond apex of femur; terminalia in microvial.</p><p>Paratypes. Brazil, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-59.827778&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.0152779" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -59.827778/lat -2.0152779)">Amazonas</a>: Presidente Figueiredo, AM 240, Km 24, 2°00’55’’S– 59°49’40’’W, 6–7.ix.2008, Malaise trap, F.F. Xavier F°, T.K. Krolow, G. Lourido (1♀ INPA) ; Manaus, AM 0 10, km 26, Reserva Ducke, 14.iii.1978, Malaise trap, Jorge Arias coll. (1♀ INPA) .</p><p>Comments. Based on its maculated wings, Bittacus cruzi sp. n. fits in the “group chilensis ” as proposed by Collucci &amp; Amorim (2000). Within the group, it shares with B. ferreirai and B. maculosus the number of costal crossveins in the wings (one). However, the shape of the male epandrium suggests a closer relationship between Bittacus cruzi and B. boraceiensis; both species present a medial actiniform process, but the subapical processes of B. boraceiensis are absent in the new species, easily separating them.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/200587D4FFBD2855FF4DFE9B2D9AA2E4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Machado, Renato Jose Pires;Mendes, Diego Matheus De Mello;Rafael, José Albertino	Machado, Renato Jose Pires, Mendes, Diego Matheus De Mello, Rafael, José Albertino (2018): The genus Bittacus Latreille (Insecta: Mecoptera) in Brazil: key to species, distribution maps, new synonym, and three new species. Zootaxa 4526 (3): 303-330, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4526.3.2
200587D4FFBC2856FF4DFDBE2F31A2BD.text	200587D4FFBC2856FF4DFDBE2F31A2BD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bittacus diversinervis : Souza Lopes & Mangabeira 1942	<div><p>Bittacus diversinervis Souza Lopes &amp; Mangabeira, 1942</p><p>(Figs. 3a, 6a, 8g, 12b)</p><p>Bittacus diversinervis: Souza Lopes &amp; Mangabeira, 1942:340; Penny &amp; Byers, 1979b:367; Penny &amp; Arias, 1982:269; Machado et al., 2009:36, 2010:605; Machado, 2018.</p><p>Thyridates diversinervis: Willmann, 1983:51; Collucci &amp; Amorim, 2000:7.</p><p>Thyridates willmanni: Collucci &amp; Amorim, 2001:2 . New synonym.</p><p>Bittacus willmanni: Machado et al., 2009:37 .</p><p>Holotype male of B. diversinervis: MNRJ (examined). Probably destroyed in the fire of 2.ix.2018. Holotype male of B. willmanni: LMED (high resolution images examined).</p><p>Species also known from: Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Bahia (new record), Espírito Santo, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso (new record), Mato Grosso do Sul (new record), Minas Gerais, Pernambuco, Rondônia, Roraima, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Tocantins (new record) (Fig. 12b).</p><p>Bittacus diversinervis is the most common and widespread hanging fly in Brazil, with records for all regions of the country, except the southern states. The species has been collected in different habitats, including the Amazon and Atlantic rain forest, some dry areas in the Cerrado, and open grassy areas in Roraima state.</p><p>Thyridates willmanni was described based on a male specimen, which until today remains as the only known specimen (Colluci &amp; Amorim, 2001). On its original description the authors mentioned that T. willmanni was very similar to B. diversinervis, but justified the description of a new species based on the different number of costal crossveins (three for T. willmanni and two for B. diversinervis), a character known to be very plastic for a long time as discussed by different authors (e.g. Esben-Petersen 1921; Navás 1929; Machado et al. 2009). Another diagnostic trait suggested by the authors is that the internal margins of the male epandrium are almost straight in T. willmanni (Collucci &amp; Amorim 2001); however, the study of the holotype herein clearly indicates that this character was misinterpreted by the authors. The internal margins of the epandirum are divergent, as in all other specimens of B. diversinervis . The image of the epandrium presented in the original description is inaccurate and suggests that the internal margins are almost straight, but it does not correspond with the actual shape in the specimen. Additionally, the holotype of T. willmanni presents the vein Rs 1 forked in the forewing, one of the major characteristics of B. diversinervis .</p><p>For the reasons mentioned above, we are here synonymizing T. willmanni under B. diversinervis . The two main characters used to distinguish T. willmanni are not robust; the first is based on a historically known plastic character and the second is the result of a misinterpretation.</p><p>Examined specimens. Brazil: Acre: Rio Branco, 24.ii.1979 , Maurício Mendonça (1♀ INPA) ; Amazonas: Humaitá, 22.ii.1980, Penny &amp; Brasil (3♂, 5♀, 2? INPA); Bahia: Aracatu, Fazenda Lagoa do Tamburi, Rodovia BA 262, km 400 sentido Vit. da Conquita / Brumado, coletado na lâmpada da residência, 16.xii.2010, Ferreira, A.S. col.; (4 MZUEFS) ; Vitória da Conquista, UFBA/IMS/CAT, LABZOO, 14.i.2012, Ferreira, A.S. col (1 MZUEFS) ; Espírito Santo: Anchieta, Praia de Ubu, i.2006, luz, SA Vanim (1♀ MZSP) ; Colatina, 20.i.1960, JH Guimarães (1♀ MZSP) ; Guarapari, 9.i.1981, Eloy Castellón (1♀ INPA) ; Minas Gerais: Governador Valadares, 28.xii.1990, Marcio M (1? MZSP) ; Lagoa Santa, 12.i.1965, J.S. Morgante (1♀ MZSP) ; Muriaé, 31.xii.1977, Mirian A.S. Serrano (1♂ INPA) ; Mato Grosso: Nova Mutum, Fazenda Buriti, 15.xii.1996, HF Mendes (1♂, 2♀ MZSP) ; idem— 14.i.1998 (1♂ MZSP); Mato Grosso do Sul: Porto Murtinho, 21–30.i.2008, S. Sigeo et al (1♂ MZSP) ; Pernambuco: Arco Verde, vii.1974, N. Papavero (2♂ MZSP) ; Rio de Janeiro: Guaratiba, iv.1960, JH Guimaraes (1♂ MZSP) ; Rondônia: Vilhena, 7.xi.1979, Norman D. Penny (1♀ INPA) ; Roraima: Boa Vista, 10.viii.1977, ND Penny (8♂, 7♀ INPA) ; Boa Vista, Passarão, 031202 N—603508W, 8.vii.1996, F.F. Xavier, varredura (2♂, 1♀ INPA) ; São Paulo: Barra Bonita, iii.1957, A. Correia (1♂ MZSP) ; Barueri, 26.ii.1959, K. Lenko (1♂ MZSP) ; Campinas, 2.iii.1974, Buhrnheim col. (2♂ 1♀ INPA) ; Campos do Jordão, Parque Estadual, 2.xi.1985, CG Froehlich (1♀ MZSP) ; Salesópolis, Boracéia, 5–9.vi.1948, (1♀ MZSP) ; Santo Amaro, ii.1950, D. Lane (1♀ MZSP) ; São Paulo, Sumaré. ii.1948, M. Carrera (1♀ MZSP) idem—ii.1947 (1? MZSP); Tocantins: Barrolândia, 24–25.xii.2013, TK Krolow (2♀ CEUFT) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/200587D4FFBC2856FF4DFDBE2F31A2BD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Machado, Renato Jose Pires;Mendes, Diego Matheus De Mello;Rafael, José Albertino	Machado, Renato Jose Pires, Mendes, Diego Matheus De Mello, Rafael, José Albertino (2018): The genus Bittacus Latreille (Insecta: Mecoptera) in Brazil: key to species, distribution maps, new synonym, and three new species. Zootaxa 4526 (3): 303-330, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4526.3.2
200587D4FFBF2856FF4DFE062F2DA67B.text	200587D4FFBF2856FF4DFE062F2DA67B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bittacus femoralis : Klug 1838	<div><p>Bittacus femoralis Klug, 1838</p><p>(Figs. 3b, 6c, 8h, 12b)</p><p>Bittacus femoralis: Klug, 1838:98; Esben-Petersen, 1921:152, 1927:13; Souza-Lopes &amp; Mangabeira, 1942:338; Penny &amp; Byers, 1979b:367; Penny &amp; Arias, 1982:269; Machado et al., 2009:36, 2010:605; Machado, 2018. Thyridates femoralis: Willmann, 1983:51; Collucci &amp; Amorim, 2000:7, 2001:4.</p><p>Syntypes: 2 females: ZMHB (high resolution images examined). Species also known from: Bahia (new record), Ceará (new record), Espírito Santo (new record), Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais (new record), Pará (new record), Rondônia (Fig. 12b) .</p><p>Bittacus femoralis is another relatively common species in Brazil, but unlike B. diversinervis it seems to be restricted to open areas. The species is quite abundant in Maranhão state, particularly during the rainy season (Machado et al. 2010). Bittacus femoralis, together with B. omega and another two species from Argentina, B. fritzi Williner and B. golbachi Williner, are the only species in South America known to have an elongated lateral expansion on the male epandrium (Williner 1990). This striking characteristic easily separates these four species from the remaining ones; however, a detailed study of these species will be of great interest in order to assess their respective taxonomic statuses.</p><p>Examined specimens. Brazil: Bahia: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-40.947502&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.576388" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -40.947502/lat -15.576388)">Encruzilhada</a>, 15°34’35’’S– 40°56’51’’W, 15.xii.2012, J.A. Rafael &amp; E.J. Grossi, Arm. Luz, 850m (1♀ INPA) ; Ceará: Ubajara, P N Ubajara, -3.83830 0 /-40.89803 0, 14–19.ii.2013, ML Oliveira (1♂ INPA) ; Espírito Santo: Anchieta, Praia de Ubu, i.2006, luz, SA Vanim (1♀ MZSP) ; Mato Grosso: Cuiabá, 6.xi.1989, Miriam Serrano (1?— CEMT) ; 24.x.1990, Andréa Netto (1♀ CEMT); Campus UFMT, 09.xi.1990, Noraney Almeida (1♀ CEMT) ; 25.xi.1990, Herika Matsunaga (1? CEMT); Minas Gerais: Águas Vermelhas, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-41.39917&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.398889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -41.39917/lat -15.398889)">Faz. Faceiro</a>, 15°23’56’’S– 41°23’57’’W, 12.xii.2012, J.A. Rafael &amp; E.J. Grossi, Ar. Luz, 850m (4♀ INPA) , Pará: São Geraldo do Araguaia, Serra das Andorinhas, Cerrado, 1–10.xii.2001, Malaise, I.S. Gorayeb, et al. (3 ♀ MPEG)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/200587D4FFBF2856FF4DFE062F2DA67B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Machado, Renato Jose Pires;Mendes, Diego Matheus De Mello;Rafael, José Albertino	Machado, Renato Jose Pires, Mendes, Diego Matheus De Mello, Rafael, José Albertino (2018): The genus Bittacus Latreille (Insecta: Mecoptera) in Brazil: key to species, distribution maps, new synonym, and three new species. Zootaxa 4526 (3): 303-330, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4526.3.2
200587D4FFBF2857FF4DFA442AEDA4B4.text	200587D4FFBF2857FF4DFA442AEDA4B4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bittacus ferreirai Machado & Mendes & Rafael 2018	<div><p>Bittacus ferreirai Machado sp. n.</p><p>(Figs. 4c, 8i, 10 a–f, 12c)</p><p>Diagnosis. Head mostly pale. Wing membrane maculated; one costal crossvein. Hind wing Rs 1+2 not forked. Male epandrium without actiniform process, its internal margin converging apically.</p><p>Description. Forewing length 18.2–18.9 mm, hind wing length 16.5–17.0 mm.</p><p>Head (Figs. 10b, c) mostly pale, except for the brown gena and black ocellar triangle; set with pale pubescence, particularly in the vertex; three ocelli, lateral ocelli slightly larger. Antennae long, filiform, pale, with pale pubescence; flagellum generally slightly darker than scape and pedicel. Number of flagellomeres undetermined but with more than 16.</p><p>Thorax (Fig. 10c) covered with yellowish pubescence. Pronotum pale to brown. Antepronotum and postpronotum with one long black seta on each lateral margin. Mesonotum and metanotum dark brown with irregular pale marks mostly on medial area; with two long black setae on the anterior half of each segment. Scutella pale, with two long black setae on posterior margin. Pleural region dark brown with scattered small pale areas.</p><p>Legs (Fig. 4c) with coxae dark brown; yellowish pubescence slightly longer than on other segments. Trochanter pale with small black mark on the femur border. Femur, tibia, and tarsi with sparse short black setae. Fore and middle femora long and thin, pale with apex dark brown. Hind femur broader and slightly darker than anterior femora. Tibia pale with apex slightly darker, longer than femur, with two long apical spurs; spurs in fore and middle leg shorter than half-length of basitarsus, but slightly shorter than basitarsus in hind leg. Fore and mid tarsi pale; basitarsi slightly shorter than tibia half-length, and longer than the remaining four tarsomeres combined; tarsomere III about as long as half-length of tarsomere II and slightly longer than tarsomere IV; tarsomere V about as long as tarsomere IV and prehensile. Hind tarsus darker than the anterior tarsi, slightly longer than half-length of hind tibia; tarsomeres II–V about the same length, basitarsus about three times longer than tarsomere II; tarsomere V prehensile.</p><p>Wings (Figs. 4c, 10a) narrow with apex rounded. Membrane mostly hyaline, but with dark marks around the main forks, apical crossveins, pterostigma, and areas between R and C and R and Rs 1+2; thyridium present; longitudinal veins brown, covered by short black setae. Forewing with one subapical costal crossvein; humeral crossvein present; Sc ending beyond first fork of Rs; Rs fork nearly forming a right angle; Rs 1+2 forking near the level of the pterostigma end (one varying female paratype with Rs 1+2 not forking); Rs 3+4 forking closer to the level of Sc end than pterostigma; one or two pterostigmal crossveins (holotype with one); M origin basal to Rs origin; M and Rs first forks at the same level; Cu 1 ending at the level of Rs 3+4 fork; A 1 ending slightly basal to Rs first fork. Hind wing similar to forewing except Rs 1+2 not forked.</p><p>Abdomen (Fig. 4c) with basal segments pale, apical segments dark brown, particularly the apical sternites. Segments covered by pale pubescence.</p><p>Male terminalia (Fig. 10d; e; f) with epandrium pale, set with pale setae; in dorsal view, internal margin converging apically, posterior margin rounded, internal margin set with short thick black setae; in lateral view, slightly longer than basystilus; in lateral view convex dorsally and concave ventrally; posterior margin almost straight but posterodorsal corner rounded. In posterior view appearing somewhat oval (Fig. 10f). Cercus about as long as sternite IX, pale, set with pale setae. Basistylus set with long yellowish setae, particularly at the posterior margin, dark brown basally but lightening towards the apex; apex acute in lateral view and with a medial dorsal invagination in posterior view. Gonostylus short, brown, with apex rounded, set with long yellowish setae. Penisfilum broad at base, abruptly narrowed medially, tapering towards the apex, curving backwards at the medial region.</p><p>Paratype female terminalia with cercus short, pale, set with yellowish setae. Subanal plate and tergite XI pale and set with short yellowish setae. Cercus, subanal plate, and tergite XI ending about at the same level. Gonocoxosternite dark brown, set with yellowish setae, not fused ventrally; in lateral view with a subapical membranous concavity.</p><p>Etymology. Named after the entomologist and colleague André da Silva Ferreira, who collected the whole type series, and made it available to us.</p><p>Holotype. Male (present designation): MZUEFS: BRASIL: Bahia: Aracatu, Fazenda Lagoa do Tamburi, Rodovia BA 262, km 400 sentido Vit. da Conquista—Brumado, coletado na lâmpada da residência, 11.vi.2011, Ferreira, A.S. leg. / MZFS #56207.</p><p>Holotype condition. in good condition. Left foreleg broken at the femur-tibia articulation but glued onto the label below.</p><p>Paratypes. Brazil: Bahia: Aracatu, Fazenda Lagoa do Tamburi, Rodovia BA 262, km 400 sentido Vit. da Conquista—Brumado, coletado na lâmpada da residência, 16.i.2010, Ferreira, A.S. leg. / MZFS #56208 (1♀ MZUEFS) ; idem — 19.vi.2011 / MZFS #56211 (1♂ MZUEFS); idem —caatinga arbórea, 21–22.xii.2012 / MZFS #56210 (1♀ MZUEFS); idem — 11–12.i.2013 / MZFS #56209 (1♂ MZUEFS) .</p><p>Comments. Because of the maculated wings, Bittacus ferreirai sp. n. is another species that would fit in the “group chilensis ” as proposed by Collucci &amp; Amorim (2000). Within the group, B. ferreirai seems to be closer to B. blancheti; the male epandrium of both species does not present any actiniform process and the internal margins of the lobes converge towards the apex. However, they can be easily separated by the general shape and color of the wings. Based on the wing shape and body color, B. ferreirai sp. n. is similar to B. cruzi sp. n. (1 costal crossvein, Rs 1+2 not forked in the hind wing and legs and antennae not alternating between pale and dark bands), but their head color, mostly pale in B. ferreirai, mostly dark brown in B. cruzi, and male genitalia with internal margin of epandrium converging in B. ferreirai and diverging posteriorly in B. cruzi, easily distinguish them.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/200587D4FFBF2857FF4DFA442AEDA4B4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Machado, Renato Jose Pires;Mendes, Diego Matheus De Mello;Rafael, José Albertino	Machado, Renato Jose Pires, Mendes, Diego Matheus De Mello, Rafael, José Albertino (2018): The genus Bittacus Latreille (Insecta: Mecoptera) in Brazil: key to species, distribution maps, new synonym, and three new species. Zootaxa 4526 (3): 303-330, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4526.3.2
200587D4FFB6285FFF4DFF6E2AE9A0E5.text	200587D4FFB6285FFF4DFF6E2AE9A0E5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bittacus flavescens : Klug 1838	<div><p>Bittacus flavescens Klug, 1838</p><p>(Figs. 1c, 8j, 12c)</p><p>Bittacus flavescens: Klug, 1838:99; Esben-Petersen, 1921:151; Souza-Lopes &amp; Mangabeira, 1942:335; Penny &amp; Byers, 1979b:368; Machado et al., 2009:36; Machado, 2018.</p><p>Klugius flavescens: Navás, 1926:13 .</p><p>Thyridates flavescens: Willmann, 1983:51; Collucci &amp; Amorim, 2000:7.</p><p>Bittacus affinis: Westwood, 1846:194; Esben-Petersen, 1921:151 synonymized.</p><p>Holotype: Bittacus flavescens: male: ZMHB (high resolution images examined); Bittacus affinis sex unknown: NHM (not examined). Species also known from Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina (new record), São Paulo (Fig. 12c).</p><p>Bittacus flavescens seems to be restricted to the region of the Atlantic rain forest in Brazil, but with a wide distribution within this area (Souza Lopes &amp; Mangabeira 1942; Byers 2004; Machado et al. 2009). The species was the only one in Brazil to have a synonym, B. affinis, described based on one specimen with a label only stating Brazil. Walker (1853) mentioned another specimen of B. affinis in the NHM from Pará state; however, it might have been the result of a misidentification based on the current distribution of B. flavescens . Unfortunately, neither specimen was examined during the current study. Another dubious record for B. flavescens was given by Esben- Petersen (1921), one specimen with the abdomen broken, from Puerto Cabello (Venezuela). Navás (1926) erected the genus Klugius and defined B. flavescens as the type species. However, the genus was based on a weak character (pterostigma broad basally and thin apically) and therefore, Klugius was always considered as a synonym of Bittacus by subsequent authors (Souza Lopes &amp; Mangabeira 1942; Penny &amp; Byers 1979a, b; Willmann 1983).</p><p>Examined specimens. Brazil: Rio de Janeiro: Mury, Nova Friburgo, 12.xi.1970, Gred &amp; Guimarães det. (1? MZSP) ; Santa Catarina: Nova Teutonia [Seara today], 27°11’B–52°23’L, x.1969, Fritz Plaumann (1♀ INPA) ; idem—xi.1969 (1♀ INPA); idem—xii.1969 (2♀ INPA); Seara, 16.xii.1977, ND Penny (1♂ INPA) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/200587D4FFB6285FFF4DFF6E2AE9A0E5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Machado, Renato Jose Pires;Mendes, Diego Matheus De Mello;Rafael, José Albertino	Machado, Renato Jose Pires, Mendes, Diego Matheus De Mello, Rafael, José Albertino (2018): The genus Bittacus Latreille (Insecta: Mecoptera) in Brazil: key to species, distribution maps, new synonym, and three new species. Zootaxa 4526 (3): 303-330, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4526.3.2
200587D4FFB6285FFF4DFBBE2CD4A539.text	200587D4FFB6285FFF4DFBBE2CD4A539.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bittacus froehlichi (Collucci & Amorim 2000)	<div><p>Bittacus froehlichi (Collucci &amp; Amorim, 2000)</p><p>(Figs. 5b, 8k, 12c)</p><p>Thyridates froehlichi: Collucci &amp; Amorim, 2000:2 .</p><p>Bittacus froehlichi: Machado et al., 2009:36; Machado, 2018.</p><p>Holotype male: LMED (examined). Known only from São Paulo (Fig. 12c).</p><p>Bittacus froehlichi is another species with maculated wings, and for this reason it was placed in the “group chilensis ” by Collucci &amp; Amorim (2000). Besides B. froehlichi, the authors also included in this group B. andinus Londt &amp; Byers, B. chilensis Klug and B. maculosus Byers, and also discussed the similarities among their male terminalia, but demonstrated that the shape of the epandrium was different in each species (Collucci &amp; Amorim 2000).</p><p>Examined specimens. Brazil: São Paulo: Ribeirão Grande, Pq. Est. Intervales—Barra Grande, 13–16/xii/ 2000, Malaise trap, M. T. Tavares et al (1♀ INPA) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/200587D4FFB6285FFF4DFBBE2CD4A539	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Machado, Renato Jose Pires;Mendes, Diego Matheus De Mello;Rafael, José Albertino	Machado, Renato Jose Pires, Mendes, Diego Matheus De Mello, Rafael, José Albertino (2018): The genus Bittacus Latreille (Insecta: Mecoptera) in Brazil: key to species, distribution maps, new synonym, and three new species. Zootaxa 4526 (3): 303-330, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4526.3.2
200587D4FFB62840FF4DF9852A6AA251.text	200587D4FFB62840FF4DF9852A6AA251.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bittacus geniculatus : Erichson 1848	<div><p>Bittacus geniculatus Erichson, 1848</p><p>(Figs. 1d, 8l)</p><p>Bittacus geniculatus: Erichson, 1848:586; Esben-Petersen, 1921:150, 1927:13; Penny &amp; Byers, 1979b:368; Willmann, 1983:55; Machado et al., 2009:36; Machado, 2018. Thyridates geniculatus: Collucci &amp; Amorim, 2000:2 .</p><p>Holotype male: ZMHB (high resolution images examined). Species known from Guyana and Brazil (not possible to determine the state).</p><p>Bittacus geniculatus is a unique species, and rarely collected. It is known only by the male holotype from Guyana and another specimen from Brazil, reported by Esben-Petersen (1927) and held in the Helsinki museum. This specimen is likely from one of the Amazonian Brazilian states. Willmann (1983) did not include B. geniculatus in Thyridates, mainly because the first fork of Rs in the forewing does not form a right angle. However, the species was transferred to Thyridates by Collucci &amp; Amorim (2000), who includes it in the “group angrensis ”, based on its falcate forewing. Bittacus geniculatus, can be easily distinguished from the remaining species based on its extremely long pterostigma, Rs 1+2 not forking, and by the elongated male epandrium.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/200587D4FFB62840FF4DF9852A6AA251	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Machado, Renato Jose Pires;Mendes, Diego Matheus De Mello;Rafael, José Albertino	Machado, Renato Jose Pires, Mendes, Diego Matheus De Mello, Rafael, José Albertino (2018): The genus Bittacus Latreille (Insecta: Mecoptera) in Brazil: key to species, distribution maps, new synonym, and three new species. Zootaxa 4526 (3): 303-330, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4526.3.2
200587D4FFA82841FF4DFF6E2B38A18D.text	200587D4FFA82841FF4DFF6E2B38A18D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bittacus latreillei (Collucci & Amorim 2000)	<div><p>Bittacus latreillei (Collucci &amp; Amorim, 2000)</p><p>(Figs. 3c, 6d, 8m, 12c)</p><p>Thyridates latreillei: Collucci &amp; Amorim, 2000:5 .</p><p>Bittacus latreillei: Machado et al., 2009:36, 2010:605; Machado, 2018.</p><p>Holotype male: LMED (examined). Species also known from Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso (new record), Pará, Tocantins (new record) (Fig. 12c).</p><p>Bittacus latreillei is a large species, with strongly contrasting colors on the legs (apex of femora and tibiae black), which facilitates its recognition. The unique shape of the male epandrium also helps its identification. Bittacus latreillei is another species in which the adults show an apparent flight activity for the raining seasons (Machado et al. 2010).</p><p>Examined specimens. Brazil: Mato Grosso: Alta Floresta, aeroporto, 4.xi.2017, F Vaz de Mello (1♀ CEMT) ; Tocantins: Miracema, P 2 e RV, 30.x.2001, equipe de resgate UHE lajeado (1♂ CEUFT); Paranã, xi.2009, M. Bragança (1♀ CEUFT) ; Porto Nacional, Campus UFT, 9.xi.2013, coleta manual, HIL Lima (1♂ CEUFT) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/200587D4FFA82841FF4DFF6E2B38A18D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Machado, Renato Jose Pires;Mendes, Diego Matheus De Mello;Rafael, José Albertino	Machado, Renato Jose Pires, Mendes, Diego Matheus De Mello, Rafael, José Albertino (2018): The genus Bittacus Latreille (Insecta: Mecoptera) in Brazil: key to species, distribution maps, new synonym, and three new species. Zootaxa 4526 (3): 303-330, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4526.3.2
200587D4FFA82841FF4DFD162B27A626.text	200587D4FFA82841FF4DFD162B27A626.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bittacus maculosus : Byers 1965	<div><p>Bittacus maculosus Byers, 1965</p><p>(Figs. 2c, 8n, 12d)</p><p>Bittacus maculosus: Byers, 1965:137, 1996:542; Penny &amp; Byers, 1979b:368; Penny &amp; Arias, 1982:269; Machado et al., 2009:36; Machado, 2018. Thyridates maculosus: Willmann, 1983:51; Collucci &amp; Amorim, 2000:7.</p><p>Holotype female: NMNH. Species also known from: Amazonas, Roraima (new record) (Fig. 12d), and Trinidad.</p><p>Bittacus maculosus is another species with highly maculated wings that was placed in the “group chilensis ” by Collucci &amp; Amorim (2000). The species was described based on a female specimen from Trinidad, but the author (Byers 1965) justified it based on its color pattern alternating between pale and dark bands on both legs and antennae, and the pattern of spots in the wings. The later discovery of a male specimen confirmed the distinctiveness of the species (Byers 1996). Until now B. maculosus was known by a single report in Brazil (Manaus) (Penny &amp; Arias 1982), but two specimens have been studied, another female from Manaus and a female from Roraima state.</p><p>Examined specimens. Brazil: Amazonas: Manaus, INPA, 6.xii.1977, Eloy Castellon (1♀ INPA) ; Reserva Ducke, 14.ii.1978, Jorge Arias (1♀ INPA) ; Roraima: Tepequém, 15–31.ii.2016, R. Boldrini (1♀ INPA) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/200587D4FFA82841FF4DFD162B27A626	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Machado, Renato Jose Pires;Mendes, Diego Matheus De Mello;Rafael, José Albertino	Machado, Renato Jose Pires, Mendes, Diego Matheus De Mello, Rafael, José Albertino (2018): The genus Bittacus Latreille (Insecta: Mecoptera) in Brazil: key to species, distribution maps, new synonym, and three new species. Zootaxa 4526 (3): 303-330, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4526.3.2
200587D4FFA82841FF4DFA732A4AA47A.text	200587D4FFA82841FF4DFA732A4AA47A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bittacus omega : Morgante 1967	<div><p>Bittacus omega Morgante, 1967</p><p>(Figs. 5c, 8o, 12d)</p><p>Bittacus omega: Morgante, 1967:55; Penny &amp; Byers, 1979b:368; Machado et al., 2009:36; Machado, 2018.</p><p>Thyridates omega: Willmann, 1983:51, Collucci &amp; Amorim, 2000:7.</p><p>Holotype. Male: MZSP (examined). Species known from Minas Gerais (Fig. 12d).</p><p>Bittacus omega is known only by the holotype from Buritis (Minas Gerais State). It is characterized by the shape of the male epandrium, which resembles the Greek letter omega and inspired the species name (Morgante 1967). This particular shape is shared with B. golbachi, which is known only from two specimens from Tucumán, Argentina (Williner 1990). In this sense, a detailed study of the holotypes of B. golbachi and B. omega is of particular interest to determine their taxonomic status. The inclusion of B. femoralis in this study would be interesting, as well, since the lateral elongation of its epandrium presents a large variation, suggesting that both B. golbachi and B. omega could be only an extreme variation within a complex species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/200587D4FFA82841FF4DFA732A4AA47A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Machado, Renato Jose Pires;Mendes, Diego Matheus De Mello;Rafael, José Albertino	Machado, Renato Jose Pires, Mendes, Diego Matheus De Mello, Rafael, José Albertino (2018): The genus Bittacus Latreille (Insecta: Mecoptera) in Brazil: key to species, distribution maps, new synonym, and three new species. Zootaxa 4526 (3): 303-330, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4526.3.2
200587D4FFAB2842FF4DFF6E2FC9A05F.text	200587D4FFAB2842FF4DFF6E2FC9A05F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bittacus pintoi : Souza Lopes & Mangabeira 1942	<div><p>Bittacus pintoi Souza Lopes &amp; Mangabeira, 1942</p><p>(Figs. 8p, 12d)</p><p>Bittacus pintoi: Souza Lopes &amp; Mangabeira, 1942:332; Penny &amp; Byers, 1979b:369; Machado et al., 2009:36; Dias &amp; Kumagai, 2011:34; Machado, 2018. Thyridates pintoi: Willmann, 1983:52; Collucci &amp; Amorim, 2000:7.</p><p>Holotype. Male: MNRJ (examined). Probably destroyed in the fire of 2.ix.2018. Species also known from: Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso (new record), Tocantins (new record) (Fig. 12d).</p><p>Bittacus pintoi seems to be a very common species in Minas Gerais state, based on the large number of specimens reported in different studies, including this paper (Souza Lopes &amp; Mangabeira 1942; Machado et al. 2009; Dias &amp; Kumagai 2011). The adults of B. pintoi also have a flight preference for the rainy months, as demonstrated by Dias &amp; Kumagai (2011), who collected samples of Malaise trap samples monthly for years, resulting in a large number of specimens all captured between October and January (rainy months). The specimens reported here were also collected during the rainy seasons for their respective areas.</p><p>Examined specimens. Brazil: Minas Gerais: Encruzilhada, 15 0 34’35’’S–40 0 56’51’’W, 15.xii. 2012, 850m, JA Rafael, EJ Grossi, luz (5♂ INPA) ; Mato Grosso: Barra do Tapirapé, xi.1964, B. Malkin (1♂, 5♀ MZSP) ; Idem 13– 16.i.1966 (1♀ MZSP) ; Tocantins: Miracema, P21 E malaise, 29.x.2001, equipe de resgate UHE lajeado (1♂, 3♀ CEUFT); idem—P28 E malaise, 5.xi.2001 (1♀ CEUFT) ; Palmas, P28 D malaise, 10.xii.2001, equipe de resgate UHE lajeado (5♀ CEUFT) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/200587D4FFAB2842FF4DFF6E2FC9A05F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Machado, Renato Jose Pires;Mendes, Diego Matheus De Mello;Rafael, José Albertino	Machado, Renato Jose Pires, Mendes, Diego Matheus De Mello, Rafael, José Albertino (2018): The genus Bittacus Latreille (Insecta: Mecoptera) in Brazil: key to species, distribution maps, new synonym, and three new species. Zootaxa 4526 (3): 303-330, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4526.3.2
200587D4FFAB2847FF4DFC6D2D5DA4FA.text	200587D4FFAB2847FF4DFC6D2D5DA4FA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bittacus varzeanus Machado & Mendes & Rafael 2018	<div><p>Bittacus varzeanus Machado, sp. n.</p><p>(Figs. 4a, b, 8q, 11, 12d)</p><p>Diagnosis. Wing membrane hyaline. Forewing apex not falcate; with 1–2 costal crossveins. Hind wing Rs 1+2 not forked. Male epandrium with two internal lobes and apex emarginated in dorsal view.</p><p>Description. Forewing length 18.4–21.3 mm, hind wing length 15.3–18.0 mm.</p><p>Head (Figs. 11b, c) with labrum and gena dark brown; clypeus, frons and vertex pale; ocellar triangle and palpi black. Set with blackish pubescence, particularly on the vertex. Three distinctive ocelli, lateral ocelli slightly larger. Antennae long, filiform, with yellowish pubescence; scape and pedicel pale; flagellum brown, paler towards the apex. Number of flagellomeres undetermined but with more than 18.</p><p>Thorax (Fig. 11c) covered with blackish pubescence. Pronotum light brown, with anterior margin slightly darker. Antepronotum and postpronotum with one and two black setae on lateral margins respectively. Mesonotum and metanotum pale but margins darker and scutellum slightly paler. Pleural region with scattered short black setae; uniformly pale except the anterior margin of mesoepisternum darker, and by black marks on the dorsal and ventral posterior corners of meso and metameron.</p><p>Legs (Figs. 4a, b) with coxa and trochanter pale, with yellowish pubescence slightly longer than on the other segments. Femur and tibia set with sparse short black setae, particularly numerous on basal half of hind femur. Fore and mid femur long, thin, and pale; hind femur broader and slightly darker than anterior ones. Tibia pale with apex dark brown, longer than femur, with two long apical spurs; spurs in fore and mid leg about as long as half-length of basitarsus, slightly shorter than basitarsus in hind leg. Fore and mid tarsi pale, apical tarsomeres sometimes darker; basitarsi slightly shorter than tibia half-length, and longer than the remaining four tarsomeres combined; tarsomere III about as long as half-length of tarsomere II and slightly longer than tarsomere IV; tarsomere V about as long as tarsomere IV, prehensile. Hind tarsus brown, apex of tarsomeres slightly darker; shorter than half-length of hind tibia; tarsomeres II–IV about the same length, basitarsus about twice longer than tarsomere II.</p><p>Wings (Figs. 4a, b, 11a) narrow with apex rounded. Membrane hyaline, pterostigma and apical margin pale and set with short black setae; thyridium present. Forewing usually with one subapical costal crossvein, a few paratypes with two; humeral crossvein present; Sc ending beyond first fork of Rs; Rs fork nearly forming a right angle; Rs 1+2 forking after end of pterostigma; Rs 3+4 forking at the level of mid distance between Sc end and pterostigma; usually one pterostigmal crossvein, a few paratypes with two; M origin basal to Rs origin; M and Rs first forking at the same level; Cu 1 ending slightly basal to the level of Rs 3+4 fork; A 1 ending basal to Rs first fork. Hind wing similar to forewing except for Rs 1+2 not forked.</p><p>Abdomen (Figs. 4a, b) with yellowish pubescence. Basal tergites pale with posterior margin darker; last three tergites dark brown. Sternites thin and elongated, colors similar to tergites.</p><p>Male terminalia (Figs. 8q, 11 d–f) with epandrium pale brown, set with long blackish setae; in dorsal view, broadening towards apex; posterior margin weakly excavated medially; internal margin set with short thickened black setae becoming more numerous at the apex; inner surface with a subapical rounded lobe on each side (margin of lobes set with short thickened black setae); in lateral view, ending before the end of basistylus, convex dorsally, posterior margin excavated medially. Cercus about as long as sternite IX, dark brown, pale basally, set with yellowish setae. Basistylus set with long black setae, particularly at posterior margin; dark brown, but in ventral view with a thin medial pale line that expands towards apex; ventrally convex in lateral view. Gonostylus short, with apex rounded, set with black setae. Penisfilum broad at base, abruptly narrowed medially, tapering towards apex, curving backwards at the medial region.</p><p>Paratype female terminalia with cercus short; dark brown; set with yellowish setae. Subanal plate and tergite XI pale and set with short yellowish setae. Cercus, subanal plate and tergite XI ending about at the same level. Gonocoxosternite pale, set with yellowish setae and longer black setae at posterior margin, not fused ventrally; in lateral view with a subapical membranous concavity.</p><p>Etymology. Named after the species habitat, the várzea, an area in the Amazon forest seasonally flooded area by white water ( varzeanus = “from várzea ”).</p><p>Holotype. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.68694&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.3291667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.68694/lat -3.3291667)">Male</a> (present designation): INPA: BRASIL, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.68694&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.3291667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.68694/lat -3.3291667)">Amazonas</a>, Tefé, Várzea, 3 o 19’45’’S– 64 o 41’13’’W, 14–28.x.2017, Malaise, J.A. Oliveira, D.M.M. Mendes &amp; J.A. Rafael—Rede Bia (INPA).</p><p>Holotype condition. Excellent, mounted in triangle.</p><p>Paratypes. Brazil: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.68694&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.3291667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.68694/lat -3.3291667)">Amazonas</a>: Tefé, Várzea, 3 o 19’45’’S– 64 o 41’13’’W, 5–15.ix.2016, Arm. Malaise, J.A. Oliveira, D.M.M. Mendes &amp; J.A. Rafael (6♀ — INPA) ; idem, 1–5.xi.2016 (6♀ — INPA); idem, (1♂, 3♀ — CEMT); idem, 1–13.x.2017 (1♂, 3♀ — INPA); idem, 14–28.x.2017 (19♂, 27♀ — INPA); idem (1♂, 3♀ —UFRR); idem (1♂, 3♀ —UFAC); idem (1♂, 3♀ — CZMA); idem (1♂, 1♀ —UNIR); idem (1♂, 3♀ — MZSP); idem, 15–30.xi.2017 (2♂, 10♀ — INPA); idem, 1–22.xii.2017 (5♀ — INPA) .</p><p>Comments. Bittacus varzeanus sp. n. does not fit in any of the species groups proposed by Collucci &amp; Amorim (2000). The shape of the subapical lobes in the inner margin of the male epandrium of B. varzeanus is somewhat similar to B. angrensis; however, the new species lacks the typical falcate apex of the wings of B. angrensis . The general shape of the wings is similar to that of B. flavescens, but the shape of the male epandrium easily distinguishes them. The medial excavation on the posterior margin of the male epandrium of B. varzeanus sp. n. is unique within the South American species of Bittacus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/200587D4FFAB2847FF4DFC6D2D5DA4FA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Machado, Renato Jose Pires;Mendes, Diego Matheus De Mello;Rafael, José Albertino	Machado, Renato Jose Pires, Mendes, Diego Matheus De Mello, Rafael, José Albertino (2018): The genus Bittacus Latreille (Insecta: Mecoptera) in Brazil: key to species, distribution maps, new synonym, and three new species. Zootaxa 4526 (3): 303-330, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4526.3.2
