taxonID	type	description	language	source
234087FCFF8DFFBEFF3D29F8FE79FCF4.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Ochotona minor Link, 1795 (= Lepus dauuricus Pallas, 1776) by original designation (see Hoffmann & Smith [2005] for details).	en	Čermák, Stanislav, Rekovets, Leonid I. (2010): Early Pliocene ochotonids (Mammalia, Lagomorpha) from Southern Ukraine. Geodiversitas 32 (1): 107-120, DOI: 10.5252/g2010n1a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/g2010n1a3
234087FCFF8DFFB4FEC7283AFDFCFEFE.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY AND AGE. — Novopetrovka (Odessa province, Ukraine); Early Pliocene (Ruscinian, MN 14) (Fig. 1). MATERIAL EXAMINED. — In addition to the lectotype (no. 2616) and paralectotype (no. 2618), the following specimens of O. antiqua from Novopetrovka (NOP, N = 70) and Frunzovka- 1 (FRA, N = 18) were examined: 35 mandibles in various conditions with various teeth, or without them (NOP 21, 22; NOP 27 - 59), 11 maxilla fragments with various teeth, or without them (NOP 60 - NOP 70), 42 isolated p 3 (NOP 1 - 20, NOP 23 - 26; FRA 1 - 10, FRA 12 - 19). Th e fossil remains of ochotonids are well preserved, mostly brownish and / or blackish coloured. EMENDED DIAGNOSIS. — A medium sized ochotonid; alveolar length of p 3 - m 3 is 8.40 - 9.41 - 10.8, length of p 3 is 1.39 - 1.53 - 1.76. The p 3 anteroconid is large and wide, generally with a simple morphology and sharp anterior margin; the anteroconid-posteroconid junction is narrow and placed symmetrically to the tooth. The mandibular ramus is rather long and slight; its ventral margin is convex. Th e coronoid process is well developed.	en	Čermák, Stanislav, Rekovets, Leonid I. (2010): Early Pliocene ochotonids (Mammalia, Lagomorpha) from Southern Ukraine. Geodiversitas 32 (1): 107-120, DOI: 10.5252/g2010n1a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/g2010n1a3
234087FCFF8DFFB4FEC7283AFDFCFEFE.taxon	description	MEASUREMENTS. — See Tables 1 and 2. REDESCRIPTION Ochotona antiqua is a medium sized ochotonid (Tables 1, 2). Th e p 3 possesses a relatively large and wide anteroconid, generally with a simple morphology and a sharp top. Non-plicated para- and protoflexids are nearly of the same depth, thus the very narrow (M of ccd is 0.06, N = 25) anteroconid-posteroconid junction is placed symmetrically to the tooth. The hypoflexid is rather short, generally less than half of the p 3 width. The occlusal outline of P 3 is trapezoidal, the mesial hyperloph is narrow (M = 65 % of tooth width, N = 7). Th e p 4 - m 3, as well as P 4 - M 2, do not differ morphologically from the corresponding teeth of Ochotona species. The mandible is relatively long, and in ventral view rather slight; it is higher below the p 4 than below the m 3. Th e mandibular diastema is relatively short (DR is M = 60, OR = 51 - 67, N = 18). The lower incisor extends posteriorly along the ventral border to the level of the area bounded by dividing lines of p 4 / m 1 and m 1 / m 2 alveoli and forms distinct tubercles on both the lingual and buccal sides of the horizontal ramus. The ventral margin of the mandible is convex. At the base of horizontal ramus, a relatively short groove extends anteriorly from the end of the tooth row along the close proximity of the lingual face (Fig. 3 B-D). The posterior mental foramen is located ventrally to the area between m 2 talonid and m 3, or even more posteriorly. Th e ascending ramus is high, its coronoid process is well developed (Fig. 3 A, A’). Th e dorsal outline of mandibular condyle is triangular in shape, wide in anterior part and sharply narrower posteriorly. VARIABILITY The specimens of O. antiqua analyzed showed a great variability in some characters, without signifi cant differences between the localities under study. The anteroconid and paraflexid are the most variable	en	Čermák, Stanislav, Rekovets, Leonid I. (2010): Early Pliocene ochotonids (Mammalia, Lagomorpha) from Southern Ukraine. Geodiversitas 32 (1): 107-120, DOI: 10.5252/g2010n1a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/g2010n1a3
234087FCFF8DFFB4FEC7283AFDFCFEFE.taxon	description	In side views, the outline morphology of mandible is not variable; the ventral margin of horizontal ramus is always convex (Fig. 3 A, A’). In ventral view (Fig. 3 B-D), the buccal and lingual tubercles are developed in varying degree (viz. 57 %, 30 %, and 13 % for morphotypes figured on Figure 3 B, C, and D, respectively) and form the thickest part of the mandible. The general outlines of the p 3 alveoli show the same structures (Fig. 3 E-N) and proportions as the studied p 3 s; P 3 R is 97 (N = 28) for alveoli and 96 (N = 33) for related teeth. The posterior mental foramen is located mostly (52 %, N = 32) below the m 3. The root end of lower incisor extends mostly (41 %, N = 32) below the trigonid / talonid boundary of m 1. Because of the overlap of morphological characters between subadults and adults, we were able to reliably distinguish juveniles from adults only. Nevertheless, concerning the size of cheek teeth, values near the lower margin of size variation (see Tables 1, 2) are regarded here as indicative of the size boundary between subadults and adults, although the influence of subadults in measurements is possible. In any case, all specimens smaller than related size ranges (see Tables 1, 2) still retain their conical structure of teeth and were not taken into account in metric analysis. COMPARISON The newly re-described features as well as the variation range of the species allow us to provide here a more detailed comparison with relevant ochotonid taxa. Ochotona antiqua under study differs from stratigraphically and geographically close taxa especially in its p 3 morphology and / or in its size.	en	Čermák, Stanislav, Rekovets, Leonid I. (2010): Early Pliocene ochotonids (Mammalia, Lagomorpha) from Southern Ukraine. Geodiversitas 32 (1): 107-120, DOI: 10.5252/g2010n1a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/g2010n1a3
234087FCFF8DFFB4FEC7283AFDFCFEFE.taxon	description	The description of Ochotona pseudopusilla, conforming Article 13 of ICZN (1999), given by Gureev & Schevtschenko in Gureev (1964), is insufficient to provide a proper comparison with O. antiqua. Unfortunately, neither holotype (No. M 1 - 1) nor other ochotonid specimen from Schevtschenko’s collection, or at least an additional relevant ochotonid material from the type locality is available in the Institute of Geological Sciences (Gureev 1964) or National Natural History Museum of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in Kiev. Based on measurements given by Gureev & Schevtschenko (in Gureev 1964) in the original description of the species, the mandible of O. pseudopusilla should be smaller and slightly more gracile than that of O. antiqua; OR of the p 3 - m 3 length and height at m 2 is 8.00 - 9.00 and 5.00 - 5.70, respectively, in the former compared to 8.40 - 10.60 and 6.50 - 7.00 in the latter (see Gureev 1964: 231 for details). Nevertheless, our measurements (see Table 2) as well as data provided by Argyropulo & Pidoplichko (1939) and Erbajeva & Shushpanov (1988) do not fully support their conclusions. In its size variation, O. pseudopusilla closely corresponds with O. antiqua. The morphological features of mandible in O. pseudopusilla stressed by Gureev & Schevtschenko (in Gureev 1964: 231, 232) do not allow a closer comparison with the relevant taxa. In any case, in our opinion, these characters (as e. g., the position of posterior mental foramen at mandible, etc.) suggest a closer affinity to O. antiqua rather than to O. pusilla. The studied O. antiqua differs from all Villányian-Biharian species of Ochotona known from Central-West Europe in its larger size and / or p 3 ratio (see Sych 1980; Erbajeva et al. 2001; Čermák 2004). The other forms, supposedly related to Ochotona antiqua, are known from the Ruscinian localities Nurnus, Armenia (MN 14 / 15, Kuchurganian / Moldavian sensu Melik-Adamyan et al. 1988), and Kosyakino, Stavropol Region, Russia (MN 14 sensu Averianov & Tesakov 1998). The former one was reported by Melik-Adamyan (1986) as Ochotona ex gr. antiqua, the latter one by Averianov & Tesakov (1998) as Ochotona cf. antiqua. The p 3 s reported by Melik-Adamyan (1986: figs 4 - 7) are notably smaller (L × W of p 3 is M = 1.38 × 1.35, OR = 1.24 - 1.50 × 1.25 - 1.47, N = 4; inferred from the figures 4 - 7) than those of typical O. antiqua. Moreover, the Armenian ochotonid differs from O. antiqua under study in its distinctively more trilobate appearance of p 3 anteroconid as well as in its more evolved and wider p 3 paraflexid. The ochotonid from Kosyakino is more similar to the studied O. antiqua (see Tables 1, 2; Fig. 2) than the Armenian form. Its size (L × W of p 3 are 1.50 × 1.60 and 1.75 × 1.90; height of mandibles at p 3 is 5.30 and 6.50) and the morphology of p 3 (see Averianov & Tesakov 1998: fig. 1 a, b) fit with that of O. antiqua (see Tables 1, 2; Fig. 2). Nevertheless, it differs slightly from O. antiqua in having narrower and more rounded anteroconid; AR is M = 50, OR = 43 - 56, N = 35 for O. antiqua from Novopetrovka and Frunzovka- 1 in contrast to 44 and 39 for ochotonids from Kosyakino.	en	Čermák, Stanislav, Rekovets, Leonid I. (2010): Early Pliocene ochotonids (Mammalia, Lagomorpha) from Southern Ukraine. Geodiversitas 32 (1): 107-120, DOI: 10.5252/g2010n1a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/g2010n1a3
234087FCFF8DFFB4FEC7283AFDFCFEFE.taxon	description	The name “ antiqua ” was firstly used by Pidoplichko (1938: 124). Based on the material from Andriashevka, the new form of Ochotona was referred there to a new subspecies of O. pusilla. Although many authors, such as Argyropulo & Pidoplichko (1939), Gureev (1964), Agadjanian & Erbajeva (1983), Erbajeva (1988), Erbajeva & Shushpanov (1988), or Čermák (2004), considered this work as a description, this first usage of the name fails to conform to Article 13 of ICZN (1999); therefore it must be regarded as a nomen nudum. The name was made available by Argyropulo & Pidoplichko (1939); based on the analysis of the material from Pidoplichko’s collections (mainly from explorations in 1934, see Pidoplichko [1938] for details), they described a new species – Ochotona antiqua and designated syntypes (they used the term “ types ”, see Article 73.2) from Novopetrovka (no. 2616) and Grebenniky (no. 2618). Unfortunately, from the following relevant publications (i. e. Gureev 1964; Agadjanian & Erbajeva 1983; Erbajeva 1988), it is not fully clear which specimen of the type series was subsequently designated as the single name-bearing type (i. e. lectotype). Agadjanian & Erbajeva (1983: 75) followed the terminology used by Argyropulo & Pidoplichko (1939). Gureev (1964: 231) used the term “ type ” for the specimen from Grebenniky (mandible without p 3, no. 2618), but undoubtedly within the meaning of “ holotype ” (compare his usage of the terms “ type ” and “ type (lectotype) ” in Gureev [1964: 83 and 106], or his subsequent usage of the term “ holotype ” for the above mentioned specimen [i. e. no. 2618] in Gromov & Baranova [1981: 70], etc.). Since Gureev (1964) did not mention the remaining specimen of the type series (i. e. the act of the explicit indication that he was selecting from the type series the particular specimen to serve as the name-bearing type; Article 74.5), we cannot consider it as a valid designation of the lectotype. In this sense of Article 74.5, we accept the work of Erbajeva (1988) as valid designation of the lectotype, insomuch she also wrongly used the terms, nevertheless, we consider here the strict combination of the terms “ type ” and “ paratype ” as the act of the explicit indication of specimens within the type series. Summing up the above mentioned facts, in agreement with Erbajeva (1988) and Erbajeva & Shushpanov (1988), we consider here the syntype from Novopetrovka (no. 2616) to be the lectotype of the nominal taxon Ochotona antiqua and the remaining specimen, from Grebenniky (i. e. no. 2618), to be the paralectotype. The place of origin of the lectotype (i. e. Novopetrovka) is then the type locality of Ochotona antiqua (see Article 76.2).	en	Čermák, Stanislav, Rekovets, Leonid I. (2010): Early Pliocene ochotonids (Mammalia, Lagomorpha) from Southern Ukraine. Geodiversitas 32 (1): 107-120, DOI: 10.5252/g2010n1a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/g2010n1a3
234087FCFF87FFB4FEF42A3DFEB9F949.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — One isolated left p 3 (FRA 11) of black colour. LOCALITY. — Frunzovka- 1 (Odessa province, Ukraine); Early Pliocene (Ruscinian, MN 14) (Fig. 1).	en	Čermák, Stanislav, Rekovets, Leonid I. (2010): Early Pliocene ochotonids (Mammalia, Lagomorpha) from Southern Ukraine. Geodiversitas 32 (1): 107-120, DOI: 10.5252/g2010n1a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/g2010n1a3
234087FCFF87FFB4FEF42A3DFEB9F949.taxon	description	MEASUREMENTS. — L = 1.73, ccd = 0.11, anteroconid (L = 1.11, W = 0.74), posteroconid (L = 1.00, W = 1.85). DESCRIPTION Among the studied ochotonids from Frunzovka- 1, there is one p 3 which is strongly different from all specimens under study. The related p 3 belongs to a medium-large sized ochotonid. The tooth is unique in its long and markedly narrow anteroconid with cement free depressions on its anterior sides. Together with short and wide posteroconid, they form a distinctly triangular appearance of the occlusal outline. The proto- and paraflexid are oriented notably posteriorly; the latter is slightly longer and more curved. COMPARISON The specimen under study differs from all the above mentioned taxa in its distinctly narrower p 3 anteroconid, and in its para- and protoflexid development. The specimen is smaller than Bellatonoides kalfense, Pliolagomys species, and Ochotona eximia; at the same time, it is larger than Pseudobellatona relicta, Ochotonoma species, Ochotona antiqua, O. pseudopusilla, O. ursui, and Villányian-Biharian species of Ochotona known from Central Europe (see above for the measurements). It might well be that this individual represents a new species of Ochotona. However, the intraspecific variability of p 3 in O. antiqua is high. Therefore, based on one distinct p 3 only, the above mentioned differences may represent an unusual morphologic variation of O. antiqua ’ s p 3. In any case, the lack of additional p 3 s does not allow us to a new species assignment here, thus we assign this p 3 tentatively to Ochotona sp. 1.	en	Čermák, Stanislav, Rekovets, Leonid I. (2010): Early Pliocene ochotonids (Mammalia, Lagomorpha) from Southern Ukraine. Geodiversitas 32 (1): 107-120, DOI: 10.5252/g2010n1a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/g2010n1a3
234087FCFF87FFB4FCE82BB3FB2BFE80.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE SPECIES. — Pseudobellatona relicta Topachevsky, Nesin & Topachevsky, 1993 by original designation.	en	Čermák, Stanislav, Rekovets, Leonid I. (2010): Early Pliocene ochotonids (Mammalia, Lagomorpha) from Southern Ukraine. Geodiversitas 32 (1): 107-120, DOI: 10.5252/g2010n1a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/g2010n1a3
234087FCFF87FFB7FD682ADEFC17FEDF.taxon	materials_examined	MATERIAL EXAMINED. — One isolated left p 3 (No. 37 - 2542) of brownish colour (the holotype and only known specimen). LOCALITY. — Krasnopol (Odessa province, Ukraine); Early Pliocene (Ruscinian, MN 14) (Fig. 1).	en	Čermák, Stanislav, Rekovets, Leonid I. (2010): Early Pliocene ochotonids (Mammalia, Lagomorpha) from Southern Ukraine. Geodiversitas 32 (1): 107-120, DOI: 10.5252/g2010n1a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/g2010n1a3
234087FCFF87FFB7FD682ADEFC17FEDF.taxon	description	EMENDED MEASUREMENTS. — L × W of p 3 is 1.56 × 1.69 (measurements of the specimen taken by the authors) compared with 1.65 × 1.90 after Topachevsky et al. (1993). REDESCRIPTION The only available hypselodont p 3, without traits of conical structure, belongs to a medium-large sized ochotonid. The occlusal surface is wider than long, it is cut by proto- and hypoflexids; the paraflexid is absent – only a slight depression is visible on its anterolingual enamel wall. The top of the anteroconid is sharp and buccally moved. The protoflexid is long, narrow, and curved posteriorly; it reaches the longitudinal axis of the tooth. The hypoflexid is also narrow; it penetrates lingually half of the posteroconid width; in its distal part it is bent anteriorly. COMPARISON AND REMARKS In its general occlusal pattern, the tooth is somewhat similar to some advanced (non rooted) representatives of Sinolagomyinae, particularly to the Early-Middle Miocene species of the genus Bellatona Dawson, 1961 known from Central and Eastern Asia (Dawson 1961; Erbajeva 1988; Zhou 1988; Qiu 1996). Nevertheless, the studied p 3 sharply differs from them in its much longer and cemented protoflexid. The other p 3 features (i. e. long and narrow hypoflexid, anteroconid with concave enamel walls and sharp tops) are much more developed and indicate a more advanced degree of evolution typical rather for the Pliocene species of Ochotoninae than for the Miocene clades of Sinolagomyinae. In its buccaly situated anteroconid and little developed paraflexid, the specimen from Krasnopol also resembles Bellatonoides eroli Sen, 2003 known from the Early Vallesian (MN 9) localities 8 A and 120 of the Sinap Tepe area (Turkey) and B. kalfense known from the Vallesian (MN 9 or 10) locality Kalfa (see above for details). The former species of Bellatonoides differs from the specimen under study in its more developed paraflexid (in two specimens filled with cement, N = 6, loc. 8 A of the Sinap Tepe) and in its rounded anteroconid (in two specimens its outline is rather triangular, N = 9, loc. 8 A and 120 of the Sinap Tepe). The latter species, B. kalfense, differs from the Krasnopol ochotonid (in addition to above mentioned characters for Bellatonoides from Turkey) in its notably larger size (L of p 3 is 1.65 - 2.15 sensu Lungu 1981). Among the relevant Ochotona species, the studied specimen is the most similar to O. antiqua; particularly in its size and anterior morphology of anteroconid. Nevertheless, it distinctively differs from this species in lacking the paraflexid of p 3. Most of the above discussed characteristics fit with those of the ochotonids, although based on the available material, the evaluation of their actual meaning is very difficult. In our opinion, this specimen cannot be attributed to Hypolagus (compare with Averianov 1998) because of its much smaller size, its much longer and narrower protoflexid (some extreme p 3 morphotypes of Hypolagus from the Biharian of the Czech Republic possess similarly developed protoflexid; Čermák unpublished data), and its different morphology of the buccal part of hypoconid (compare with Dawson 1958; Averianov 1996; Fladerer & Reiner 1996; Fladerer & Fiore 2003). It is probable that this only available p 3 from Krasnopol belongs to an aberrant individual of O. antiqua. In any case, its more precise taxonomic determination is still impossible. In conclusion, based on the available combination of the all above discussed characters in the only available (type) specimen, it is not possible to unequivocally discriminate it from all other ochotonid genera / species and to attribute it to any taxonomic level lower than Ochotonidae clade sensu Sen (2003). Thus, we assign herein taxon Pseudobellatona relicta as incertae sedis within Ochotonidae clade sensu Sen (2003).	en	Čermák, Stanislav, Rekovets, Leonid I. (2010): Early Pliocene ochotonids (Mammalia, Lagomorpha) from Southern Ukraine. Geodiversitas 32 (1): 107-120, DOI: 10.5252/g2010n1a3, URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.5252/g2010n1a3
