taxonID	type	description	language	source
1D368786FFB58618FD26FBFBC57A81F4.taxon	description	J. Delabie (CEPLAC, Itabuna, Bahia state, Brazil) sent me for study material collected in three localities in eastern Bahia state, Brazil: 3 alate gynes and a worker (# 4733) in Cachoeira, collected by G. Santos, in December 11, 1993, a worker from Ubatã (14 ° 13 ’ 32 ” S, 39 ° 27 ’ 56 ” W), collected by J. C. S. Carmo in December 27, 1996, and a worker from Ilhéus (# 4544 B), collected by A. B. Casimiro in August 25, 1992. Workers of these three samples fit the definition of M. ayri since they show a clear suture between anepisternun and katepisternun. However, the Cachoeira gynes are problematically assigned as they present smooth mandibles. Also all other M. ayri samples come from Amazonian localities. For this reason, it is preferable to wait for more Bahian material before applying a name to these samples.	en	Brandão, Carlos Roberto F. (2003): Further Revisionary Studies On The Ant Genus Megalomyrmex Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Solenopsidini) C R F. B Abstract. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia (São Paulo) 43 (8): 145-159, DOI: 10.1590/S0031-10492003000800001, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0031-10492003000800001&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en
1D368786FFB68618FF60FDBBC57A8395.taxon	description	F. Fernández (IHVL) kindly loaned me the third known Colombian sample of M. cupecuara: 2 workers collected at Valle by R. F. Escalerete, 180 m, Bo (sque), August, 1995 [Usma & Aldaria, RSC- 46].	en	Brandão, Carlos Roberto F. (2003): Further Revisionary Studies On The Ant Genus Megalomyrmex Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Solenopsidini) C R F. B Abstract. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia (São Paulo) 43 (8): 145-159, DOI: 10.1590/S0031-10492003000800001, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0031-10492003000800001&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en
1D368786FFB68619FF09FB9BC61582D4.taxon	description	I failed to notice any difference between workers of this sample and those of queenright colonies workers from southern localities. It is interesting to note that these are the only colonies from which ergatoids are known, and they come from the periphery of the species distribution, northern in this case. Later on, J. Diniz visited the same locality (but in a specific location called Parque Zoobotânico) and found a Megalomyrmex goeldii colony with several ergatoids (voucher workers at MZSP). Unfortunately, we do not know if all of them were inseminated, as is the case for many other Megalomyrmex species. Queenright colonies from southern localities may have several inseminated dealated gynes (see Brandão, 1990: 424). I studied, from the same locality but unfortunately not from the same colony series, seven males collected by P. Terra in March 3, 1988 (# 4587). In these specimens the pronotum is strongly depressed, representing one extreme of the tendency already noticed in southern samples. Jones et al. (1999) compared the amount of different venom alkaloids present in M. goeldii ergatoid gynes and workers. In July 1987, I collected 30 foraging workers of M. goeldii on a rotten stump in a dense evergreen primary Atlantic Forest reserve, Parque Municipal Baepi, Ilha de São Sebastião, São Paulo state, Brazil, 500 m of altitude (23 ° 50 ’ S, 45 ° 18 ’ W). Although I failed to locate the nest, this sample helped to confirm that, in workers from the southern end of the species distribution, the epipetiolar carina is not complete over the foramen (Brandão, 1990: 424). From the Los Angeles County Museum (LACM), I received three workers of M. goeldii from “ Brazil ” mounted on one pin, from the U. S. Quarantine at Hobboken, New Jersey, collected in July 16, 1947 by McMaster & Adams in wild Cattleya purpurata (# 47 - 10233). I studied three workers of M. goeldii collected by M. Queiroz in a coffee plantation in Viçosa, Minas Gerais state, Brazil, in April 26, 1988 (20 ° 45 ’ S, 42 ° 53 ’ W), deposited in the MZSP. Soares et al. (1998) collected M. goeldii visiting sardine / honey baits set in a secondary growth semideciduous forest in the same locality. Megalomyrmex goeldii seems to be fairly common in the localities where it has been recorded, but populations seem to be widely scattered. This may be related to the fact that in some populations of this species, the female reproductives are ergatoids, and hence dispersion is severely limited. These ants are easily attracted to baits, so it may be reasonable to conclude that they do not occur in places where they have never been found using baits. However, Yamamoto (1999) surveyed the litter ant fauna in the Estação Biológica de Boracéia, Salesópolis, São Paulo state, Brazil (23 ° 39 ’ 26 ” S, 45 ° 53 ’ 36 ” W), 843 m above sea level, an Atlantic Forest reserve pertaining to the MZSP. The author collected 132 individually sifted 1 m 2 litter samples submitted to Winkler extractors, obtaining a total of 95 ant species in 1304 records (record in this case means a species recorded in a given sample). M. goeldii was recorded 14 times in the survey (1.1 % of all records), in a locality previously surveyed by several ant researchers and where specimens of M. goeldii were never found so far. Notwithstanding, M. iheringi (see below) has not been found recently in the E. B. Boracéia, a locality where it was still fairly common in the beginning of the twentieth century. As part of an ongoing leaf litter ant fauna survey along the Atlantic forest, financed by FAPESP, A. A. Tavares (2002) collected 50 individually sifted 1 m 2 litter samples submitted to Winkler extractors for 48 hours, in Ribeirão Grande, Parque Estadual Intervales, Base Barra Grande, São Paulo state, Brazil, in February 5, 1999. Megalomyrmex goeldii was recorded four times in the survey. In Parque Estadual Serra do Mar, Núcleo Cunha-Indaiá Cunha, São Paulo state, Brazil (23 ° 15 ’ 03 ” S, 45 ° 00 ’ 26 ” W), Tavares repeated the procedure and recorded M. goeldii 20 times. The species seems to be one of the most common litter inhabiting ants in these localities.	en	Brandão, Carlos Roberto F. (2003): Further Revisionary Studies On The Ant Genus Megalomyrmex Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Solenopsidini) C R F. B Abstract. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia (São Paulo) 43 (8): 145-159, DOI: 10.1590/S0031-10492003000800001, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0031-10492003000800001&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en
1D368786FFB78619FF7CFCDBC4738174.taxon	description	I also studied a worker (CPDC collection # 143) from Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho, São Paulo state, Brazil (24 ° 00 ’ - 20 ’ S, 47 ° 44 ’ - 48 ’ W) collected with “ Taz ” (sic) bait by Y. M. B. Neptume in January 13, 1991. This collection was made probably around the headquarters of the Park. The latter covers parts of Eldorado Paulista, Sete Barras, Tapirai and São Miguel Arcanjo counties. This is an additional record of M. iheringi with consistently larger measurements of Weber’s length of thunk than in any M. goeldii. Recently, Tavares (2002) collected a worker of M. iheringi at 750 m of altitude from sea level in Base Barra Grande, Parque Estadual Intervales (24 ° 17 ’ 02 ” S, 47 ° 45 ’ 20 ’ 30 ” W), São Paulo state, Brazil, syntopic with M. goeldii, also from 1 m 2 litter samples subjected to Winkler extractor. This is the southernmost record for this species.	en	Brandão, Carlos Roberto F. (2003): Further Revisionary Studies On The Ant Genus Megalomyrmex Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Solenopsidini) C R F. B Abstract. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia (São Paulo) 43 (8): 145-159, DOI: 10.1590/S0031-10492003000800001, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0031-10492003000800001&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en
1D368786FFB7861EFD36FE3BC56C81D4.taxon	description	Three workers of this species, from Rio Toro Amarillo, near Guapiles, Alajuela province, belonging to the MZSP collection, were erroneously listed in the 1990 revision as gynes. Also from Costa Rica, I received from the LACM two workers of M. modestus collected in La Selva, Heredia province (10 ° 26 ’ N, 83 ° 59 ’ W), March 1974 and August 4, 1974 (# 0515 - 1740) in pitfall traps set at the forest litter by Talbot & Van Devender. From the INBC collection, I received several workers of M. modestus collected at Río Peñas Blancas, Alajuela province (10 ° 19 ’ N, 84 ° 43 ’ W), 800 - 950 m, by J. Longino (different acc. numbers and dates), including a gyne and a male (# 2019) collected in April 27, 1988. J. Longino also sent me two M. modestus workers from Reserva Biologica Hitgi-Cerere, Limón province, Costa Rica (09 ° 40 ’ N, 83 ° 02 ’ W), 200 m of altitude, collected in August 29, 1985, # 942 - S. From Venezuela, John Lattke kindly sent me two samples of M. modestus workers (24 an 13 workers respectively) from, Ayan Tepui, 1500 m of altitude (ca. Salto Angel) Estado Bolivar (5 ° 57 ’ N, 62 ° 30 ’ W), collected in November 19, 1984 by J. Lattke & K. Jaffé (leg. # 611), and southwestern Kamarcabarai Tepui, 1800 m, 50 ° 53 ’ N, 62 ° 01 ’ W, collected in May 24, 1986 by J. Lattke (leg. # 853). From Instituto Humboldt, I recently studied four workers collected in October 28, 2000 at Parque Nacional Farallones de Cali, Embalses de Alto Anchicaya Valle del Cauca, Colombia (03 26 ’ N, 76 ° 48 ’ W), 650 m of altitude (W 1), by S. Barrio and others. From the same locality and collection (altitude 900 m), I studied another sample of nine workers collected using Malaise traps in November 8 to 21, 2000 by S. Sarria (samples M. 1105, 1111, and 1114). From the IHVL collection, I studied a very tiny dealated gyne collected in Reserva Nacional La Planada, Nariño, 1850 m, in July to August 1995, by C. Estrada. The sculpturation on the head disk and mandibles is very much effaced, while in the mesopleura and over the propodeum the sculpture is much stronger than in the other studied gynes. However, this Colombian specimen agrees in all other characters with M. modestus, and could represent a microgyne, expected in a genus like Megalomyrmex where female reproductives vary in size and development from typical alate gynes. A worker from the same sample agrees with other M. modestus workers. I also studied another worker of the same species, from the same locality (01 09 ’ N, 77 ° 68 ’ W), collected by F. Escobar in 1994 (leg. # 39).	en	Brandão, Carlos Roberto F. (2003): Further Revisionary Studies On The Ant Genus Megalomyrmex Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Solenopsidini) C R F. B Abstract. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia (São Paulo) 43 (8): 145-159, DOI: 10.1590/S0031-10492003000800001, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0031-10492003000800001&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en
1D368786FFB0861FFF1AFDDBC4608374.taxon	description	From the Brazilian state of Amazonas I studied the following new material: twelve workers from Lago Jacaré, Manacapuru (3 ° 28 ’ S, 45 ° 18 ’ W), collected by Boris Malkin in March 26 to 28, 1963, (MZSP); four workers from Rio Tarumã-Mirim, Igapó (3 ° 02 ’ S, 60 ° 11 ’ W), collected by Joaquim Adis in January 6, 1977 (pitfall traps BoF-TM # 42 and 32) (determined as M. wallacei by Roy R. Snelling) (LACM), two workers, one collected in Novo Airão, Rio Unini, right margin of Igarapé Acajuri (01 ° 38 ’ 25 ” S, 61 ° 39 ’ 19 ” W), “ mata primária ”, in November, 20 to 23, of 1995 by Bindá & Alencar (pit-fall trap # 8), and the other from the same locality, date and collectors, at the left margin of a lake (Lago Pedras, 01 38 ’ 25 ” S, 61 ° 39 ’ 19 ” W), also in “ mata primária ” (pit-fall trap # 10) (INPA). From the CPDC collection (# 794), I studied a worker collected by Dr. Forbes Benton in Reserva Ducke, Manaus, in April, 1991. From Pará state, I studied two workers from Tucurui (Berro d’Água) (3 42 ’ S, 49 ° 27 ’ W), collected in August 18, 1979 by W. L. Overal. I collected several workers, four gynes and three males (see description below) from four colonies, in September 27, 1987, Maracá Island (3 ° 25 ’ S, 61 40 ’ W), near “ Furo do Igarapé Firmino ”, more precisely near the mouth of this small creek into the Uraricoera river, state of Rodônia, Brazil. The colonies with up to 300 workers, one gyne, and immatures, live under dead leaves of the litter. Workers keep the larvae in between the mandibles. When disturbed, they spread out to rejoin after some minutes under a different leaf. R. R. da Silva and N. L. de Albuquerque obtained three workers of M. wallacei from a 1 m 2 sample of litter, submitted to Winkler extractor, taken from a gallery forest inside the savanna (cerrado) in Palmeirante, Tocantins state (formerly the northern half of Goiás state), Brazil (07 52 ’ 25 ” S, 47 ° 57 ’ 07 ” W) in December 10 to 15, 2001. This sample represents the eastern record of the species and shows the smallest values in all measurements for workers of M. wallacei. From J. Longino, I received ten workers and a male from Estación Biologica La Selva, Heredia, Costa Rica, 50 to 150 m of altitude (10 26 ’ N, 84 ° 01 ’ W); eight workers with the same label: “ Apr. 1994, INBIO-OET (N. Barger & J. Longino baiting study NNB / PLT 02) ”; one worker bears the label “ J. Longino # 3733 ”, and the male label says: “ 17 Ene 1993 bosque secundario M / 00 / 002 ”. Longino has also collected 2 workers from Rupununi, Karanambo, Guyana (3 45 ’ N, 59 ° 20 ’ W), 100 m elevation, in January 16, 1981. From the CPDC collection (# 991), I studied a worker collected in Cerro Pirre, Darien, Panamá in August 26 - 30, 1991 by R. Ruiz. F. Fernández (IHVL) kindly loaned me the first Colombian samples of M. wallacei: four workers collected in Parque Nacional Utria, Chocó province (06 01 ’ 01 ” N 77 ° 20 ’ 66 ” W) Ensenada, Bosque Abierto, in May 21, 1991 by M. Baena (labels says 77 ° 20 ’ 66 ” N, instead of W), and Caparu Igapo, Vaupes province 100 m elevation, “ Ex humus 1 cm ”, by D. Forero in December 1, 1995. One additional worker from the same locality bears a label saying: Colombia, Guajira?, collected from March to June, 1981 by J. Rincón. Also from IHVL collection, I studied a worker from Valle del Cauca, Parque Nacional Farallones de Cali, Embalses de alto Anchicaya (03 26 ’ N, 76 ° 48 ’ W), 750 m, W 2, collected in October 13, 2000 by S. Sarria and others. The integument of the specimen is completely smooth and it is rather small for a M. wallacei. However, the specimens show all the other characters diagnosing this species, being now also known from Eastern Colombia. Megalomyrmex modestus from the Modestus species group was recorded at this site, but M. modestus workers are easily separated from M. wallacei workers by the characters discussed by Brandão (1990). Gynes In the 1990 revision, I stated that the gyne bodies are totally covered by rough punctures. However the samples studied and described herein furnished gynes with bodies mostly smooth and shining, while other individuals from other localities have bodies totally sculptured, or with intermediates between these conditions. In general, workers and gynes from the same colony share the same sculpturing pattern. In Maracás, for instance, the propodeal faces of both workers and gynes are covered by coarse transverse reticulations. Males (first description) Clypeus not swollen, smooth; mandibles smooth with four large teeth in the cutting edge, with some small denticles superimposed on the large ones; three equally developed ocelli with surrounding coarse sculpture; head otherwise smooth and shining, as the rest of the body; 2 nd to 5 th funicular segments darker than the others; mesonotum with parapsidial furrows, and notaulus; propodeum declivity much longer than basal face, declivity bears 3 - 4 concentric rugosities over the foramen and a complete epipetiolar carina; petiolar node compressed antero-posteriorly, with the lateral angles produced laterally; ventral process of postpetiole globose. Leoninus group In my 1990 paper, I said that instead of true winged gynes, members of this group present gamergates as the sole female reproductives. Although true winged gynes of the Megalomyrmex of the Leoninus group of species have never been found, yet the current nomenclature for wingless gynes in the Myrmicinae applies the term “ ergatoids ” to similar cases, meaning they are modified evolutionary descendants of winged gynes (see revision in Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990). However, until now I am not aware of any detailed study of the reproductive biology of any species of Myrmicinae in which the female reproductives are similar in size and shape to the sterile workers – a phenomenon that seems to be more common than previously believed. In any case, permanent wingless female reproductives affect speciation, dispersion rates, and intraspecific variation, making the specific recognition rather problematic in this group of species. I would like to point out what I consider to be one of the most important results of wingless females, namely that colonies of Megalomyrmex of the Leoninus group of species do not construct or excavate nests, but rather occupy pre-formed spaces among rocks, under bark or within the leaf litter, readily moving away immatures when disturbed. This behavior also prevents their establishment in laboratory nests; in my experience there are no other myrmicine ants as difficult to keep in laboratory conditions as the species belonging to this group. As soon as they are transferred to artificial nests, each worker grabs an immature (or a group of them [if they are small enough]), and runs away to the nearest hiding place without any apparent coordinated behavior, to join nestmates only by chance afterwards. In relation to the brief characterization provided in 1990 for females of this group, I should add that in larger specimens it is often possible to observe the small mesonotum spiracle openings, at the anterolateral dorsal border of the metapropodeal sulcus. Jones et al. (1999) described the pyrrolidine alkaloids found in extracts of two species in this group, M. cyendyra Brandão and M. latreillei Emery. Pyrrolidines are well known venom components of other myrmicine ants in general and have been detected also in M. leoninus.	en	Brandão, Carlos Roberto F. (2003): Further Revisionary Studies On The Ant Genus Megalomyrmex Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Solenopsidini) C R F. B Abstract. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia (São Paulo) 43 (8): 145-159, DOI: 10.1590/S0031-10492003000800001, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0031-10492003000800001&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en
1D368786FFB1861CFD37FC3BC7B38234.taxon	description	Megalomyrmex acauna is the only Leoninus group species recorded in the “ cerrados ”. The Leoninus group is otherwise an entirely Amazonian group. In fact, Prof. Marcelo Tavares sent me recently a sample from the Indian Reserve Tadarimana, Rondonópolis, state of Mato Grosso state, Brazil (16 ° 28 ’ S, 54 ° 38 ’ W). I collected in May 6 to 29, 1996, two colonies of M. acauna in Uruaçu, northwestern Goiás, Brazil (14 ° 17 ’ 06 ” S, 48 ° 55 ’ 01 ” W). Both localities are situated within the “ cerrado ” biome. The ants live in fairly large colonies that occupy spaces among stones, in a way that is very similar to the most closely related species, M. balzani. In both cases the colonies were found along gallery forests and all attempts to rear them in the lab failed. From LACM, I received a male of M. acauna (undescribed) collected by F. S. Truxal in June 13, 1956, in a locality 24 Km East of Formoso (13 ° 37 ’ S, 48 ° 54 ’ W), Goiás state, Brazil. Male (first description) Clypeus smooth without anterior denticle; cephalic integument smooth next to the compound eyes: first funicular segment similar in size to scape, second and third smaller; mesonotum with parapsidal furrows impressed, but no notaulus; epipetiolar carina complete; dorsal face of propodeum smooth; petiole compressed dorso-ventrally; petiolar spiracles laterally produced; petiolar and postpetiolar nodes almost indistinct; postpetiole without ventral process; genual plates rounded.	en	Brandão, Carlos Roberto F. (2003): Further Revisionary Studies On The Ant Genus Megalomyrmex Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Solenopsidini) C R F. B Abstract. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia (São Paulo) 43 (8): 145-159, DOI: 10.1590/S0031-10492003000800001, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0031-10492003000800001&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en
1D368786FFB2861CFF1AFDFBC7B88635.taxon	description	P. Ward sent me a worker of M. balzani he collected in Fazenda Esteio, 80 Km northeast of Manaus (02 ° 25 ’ S, 59 ° 46 ’ W) (80 m), in September 15, 1987, (accession number 9150 - 2). From LACM, I received 9 workers collected by W. Davidson in February 16, 1987 (TAM- 1), in Reserva Tambopata, Madre de Dios, Peru, and a worker from Pozuzo, Huanuco province, Peru (10 ° 04 ’ S, 74 ° 32 ’ W). From Dr. Jacques Delabie, I received two workers of M. balzani (Ceplac # 302) labeled “ Brasil: PA, origem provável ”. This represents the first record of this species in Pará state, where they do probably occur. The AMNH collection houses a worker from Rio Purus, Amazonas state, Brazil, collected (date unknown) by A. Goeldi. The specimens belong to M. balzani and not to M. bituberculatus Fabricius as the label says.	en	Brandão, Carlos Roberto F. (2003): Further Revisionary Studies On The Ant Genus Megalomyrmex Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Solenopsidini) C R F. B Abstract. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia (São Paulo) 43 (8): 145-159, DOI: 10.1590/S0031-10492003000800001, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0031-10492003000800001&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en
1D368786FFB2861CFF56F9FBC4858494.taxon	description	The original description includes characters I used to define the Leoninus group, except for the bidentate propodeum, which is apparently the only apomorphy for this species. Megalomyrmex foreli and M. timbira may have pointed propodeal angles, but never produced as pointed teeth as in the M. bidentatus paratype examined. To the original description I should add that the paratype lacks paired pointed acrosternites at the meso and metasternae. Also Fernández & Baena (op. cit.) rightly call attention to the shape of the head, which in this sample, is greatly modified in relation to other species in this group, being much longer than broad. The only species in the Leoninus group recorded thus far in such high Andean altitudes is M. foreli (see below), which can be distinguished from M. bidentatus by the presence of a conspicuous sharp tooth on the ventral side of the postpetiole, that may be worn out (if so leaving a noticeable scar), but never completely lacking as in M. bidentatus.	en	Brandão, Carlos Roberto F. (2003): Further Revisionary Studies On The Ant Genus Megalomyrmex Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Solenopsidini) C R F. B Abstract. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia (São Paulo) 43 (8): 145-159, DOI: 10.1590/S0031-10492003000800001, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0031-10492003000800001&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en
1D368786FFB2861DFCD0FA9BC6828114.taxon	description	I studied three Colombian samples belonging to the IHVL collection collected in Reserva Nacional La Planada, Nariño province: two workers collected at 1800 m “ interior bosque ” (01 ° 17 ’ N, 78 ° 15 ’ W), one collected by F. Escobar and the other by C. Estrada; two with the same locality data collected from February to July, 1993, by C. Estrada; and two workers collected in the Parcela Olga by G. Oliva, in July 16 to 20, 2000, at 1850 m (01 ° 15 ’ N, 78 ° 15 ’ W). Jones et al. (1999) studied the venom alkaloids of M. cyendyra workers collected in July, 1997 in Borrero Ayerbe, Municipio de Dagua-Corregimiento, Departamiento del Valle, Colombia.	en	Brandão, Carlos Roberto F. (2003): Further Revisionary Studies On The Ant Genus Megalomyrmex Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Solenopsidini) C R F. B Abstract. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia (São Paulo) 43 (8): 145-159, DOI: 10.1590/S0031-10492003000800001, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0031-10492003000800001&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en
1D368786FFB38612FF63FB3BC6358134.taxon	description	In these specimens, the gasters are concolorous with the rest of the body. The gaster is often darker in this species. Specimens from Costa Rica and Ecuador (limits of the known species distribution) are lighter in color than those from Colombia and Brazil (Acre). From IHVL, I received two samples of M. foreli from Caquetá, Colombia: two workers from San José del Fragua, R. Turayaco, 1000 m, collected in tuna baits in September 1 to 8, 2000 by E. L. G., and four workers from Parque Nacional Picachua (02 ° 47 ’ 51 ” S, 74 ° 61 ’ 18 ” W), 1500 m collected manually by F. Escobar and E. Gonzales (no. 5), in November 18, 1997. I examined also a worker of M. foreli collected by L. A. T. de Alonso (LET # 828) with ground tuna bait in primary forest in Jatun Sacha, Napo Province in Ecuador in January 26, 1994, and two workers collected by J. Longino, in February, 26, 1981 in Rio Niño (300 m) (08 ° 31 ’ S, 83 ° 38 ’ W), Osa Peninsula, Corcovado, Costa Rica. From J. Delabie I received a worker (CEPLAC # 991) collected in Darien, Cerro Pirre, Panama, in August 26 to 30, 1991 by R. Ruiz. It is clearly a member of the Leoninus group. Megalomyrmex foreli is the only species in the Leoninus group that probably occurs in Panama, although I have samples only from Costa Rica and Colombia and not from Panama itself. This particular specimen, although too small in relation to all other samples of M. foreli studied so far, shows the color pattern of the Costa Rican samples of M. foreli, but lacks an anteroventral process of the postpetiole. As I have seen only one specimen, I refrain to describe it as a new species for the time being, hoping to study more material of the Leoninus group from Panama. Jones et al. (1999) studied the venom alkaloids of M. foreli (= M. latreillei) workers collected in Garza Cocha-Añyagu, 175 km eastern of Coca, Provincia de Sucumbios Ecuador in August 12,199 4. I have not studied this material. The locality record “ Colombiana Farm ” in Brandão (1990) is in the Alajuela province, and not in Santa Clara, as stated.	en	Brandão, Carlos Roberto F. (2003): Further Revisionary Studies On The Ant Genus Megalomyrmex Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Solenopsidini) C R F. B Abstract. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia (São Paulo) 43 (8): 145-159, DOI: 10.1590/S0031-10492003000800001, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0031-10492003000800001&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en
1D368786FFBC8612FF1EFC7BC7EC8595.taxon	description	F. Fernández sent me from the IHVL collection two Colombian samples of M. leoninus: two workers collected in Rebalse, Caño Cocuy 180 m (Moyano, Nukak Maku Creek) Guaviara (02 ° 10 ’ 40 ” S, 71 ° 11 ’ 26 ” W), collected in January 30, 1996; and two workers from Finca Buenos Aires, La Teja, Município Güepsa, Santander, 1480 m (06 ° 01 ’ 32 ” N, 73 ° 35 ’ 02 ” W), collected by Y. Martinez in February 11, 1999.	en	Brandão, Carlos Roberto F. (2003): Further Revisionary Studies On The Ant Genus Megalomyrmex Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Solenopsidini) C R F. B Abstract. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia (São Paulo) 43 (8): 145-159, DOI: 10.1590/S0031-10492003000800001, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0031-10492003000800001&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en
1D368786FFBC8612FF67F99AC3928274.taxon	description	Also from Colombia, I studied three samples sent by F. Fernández from the IHVL collection, as follows: one worker from Orito, Terrritório Kofan, Narinõ (00 ° 30 ’ N, 77 ° 13 ’ W), 700 m, bosque, cebo A 3, collected in November 29, 1998 by E. L. Gonzales; one worker from R. Mesay, B. Amarillo, Parque Nacional Chiribiquete, Caquetá Solano, 300 m, (T 1. T 5), collected in January 28, 2000 by F. Quebedo; and three workers collected in Alto de Herrera, Diamante, Parque Nacional Tamá, Norte de Santander, 1000 m (07 ° 07 ’ N, 72 ° 13 ’ W), bosque, in November 22, 1999 by E. Gonzales. From LACM, I studied eight workers of M. staudingeri collected in Estación Biologica Cocha Cashu, cerca 400 m of altitude, Departamiento Madre de Dios, Peru, collected in September 9, 1986 by D. W. Davidson in wet forest (accession number 86 - 4).	en	Brandão, Carlos Roberto F. (2003): Further Revisionary Studies On The Ant Genus Megalomyrmex Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Solenopsidini) C R F. B Abstract. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia (São Paulo) 43 (8): 145-159, DOI: 10.1590/S0031-10492003000800001, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0031-10492003000800001&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en
1D368786FFBC8613FCDBFD3BC69480F4.taxon	description	I studied a worker of M. timbira collected in Orito, 1000 m, bosque, Terrritório Kofan, Narinõ, Colombia (00 ° 30 ’ N, 77 ° 13 ’ W), in November 24, 1998 by E. L. Gonzales (IHVL). To distinguish M. timbira from M. staudingeri, as they seem to occur sympatrically at the Colombian- Venezuelan border, I used not only the peculiar propodeal shape in M. timbira, but also the fact that in M. timbira the petiole is almost twice as wide as the postpetiole, while in M. staudingeri, they are of similar width. The shape of the postpetiole is similar to that depicted in figure 83 in Brandão (1990), while the dorsal profile of the postpetiole is always evenly rounded. To the original description, I should add that the epipetiolar carina in M. timbira is complete around the foramen, although in some specimens the carina almost fades out at the mid propodeal declivitous face. Some specimens are distinctly more hairy in relation to the type specimens and to other Megalomyrmex species in the Leoninus group. Silvestrii group	en	Brandão, Carlos Roberto F. (2003): Further Revisionary Studies On The Ant Genus Megalomyrmex Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Solenopsidini) C R F. B Abstract. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia (São Paulo) 43 (8): 145-159, DOI: 10.1590/S0031-10492003000800001, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0031-10492003000800001&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en
1D368786FFBD8613FF4EFBDAC48F8274.taxon	description	Three equally developed ocelli; mesonotum with parapsidal sutures but no notaulus; katepisternum distally rugose, the rugae continuing through the metapleura; propodeum dorsal face and declivity continuous and completely covered by rugosities, similar to those found in the workers; petiole with a series of transverse rugosities covering the whole ventral face, at the distal end of the petiole, the rugosities cover also the lateral faces, but do not reach the apex; the postpetiole posterodorsal face has one continuous rugosity just before the socket, although the rugosities are absent on the ventral face.	en	Brandão, Carlos Roberto F. (2003): Further Revisionary Studies On The Ant Genus Megalomyrmex Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Solenopsidini) C R F. B Abstract. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia (São Paulo) 43 (8): 145-159, DOI: 10.1590/S0031-10492003000800001, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0031-10492003000800001&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en
1D368786FFBD8610FD30FD3BC6F28334.taxon	description	R. Silvestri collected eight workers using sardine baits set on the soil at night, in Cajurú, São Paulo state, Brazil (23 ° 24 ’ S, 47 ° 23 ’ W) in April 24, 1993. R. Pinto da Rocha and Barreto recovered a worker and a dealated gyne of M. silvestrii from a berlesate sample taken in Pinhão, Ribeirão Estreito, Usina Hidroelétrica Segredo (25 ° 43 ’ S, 51 ° 38 ’ W), in a tributary of Rio Iguaçu, state of Paraná, Brazil, in March 20, 1992. Jacques Delabie, from CPDC, Itabuna, Bahia state Brazil, sent me two samples of M. silvestrii collected in the CEPEC area in Ilhéus, Bahia state, Brazil, respectively # 4407, collected by B. Santos in April 19, 1991 (6 workers), and # 4587, collected by P. Terra in October 21, 1987 (two alate gynes, for males) and same number (three males) collected in February 15, 1989. The MCZ collection has a worker of this species from Voltzberg, Saramacca province, Suriname (04 ° 32 ’ N, 56 ° 32 ’ W), collected by D. S. Trail in April 14, 1980 in leaf litter. Soares et al. (1998) collected M. silvestri in Doane soil traps set in an eucalyptus plantation in Viçosa, Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Megalomyrmex silvestrii was previously recorded in only one Costa Rican locality, but J. Longino sent me three samples of this species from other localities in Costa Rica, namely Parque Nacional Santa Rosa, provincia Guanacaste (10 ° 51 ’ N, 85 ° 37 ’ W), 300 m July 12, 1985 (1 dealated gyne, 2 workers) # 420 - S; Parque Nacional Corcovado, provincia Puntarenas (08 ° 29 ’ N, 83 ° 36 ’ W), 100 m, December 18, 1990 (2 workers) # 2769 - S; and Reserva Biologica Hitgy-Cerere, provincia Limón (09 ° 40 ’ N, 83 ° 02 ’ W), 500 m, collected in August 30, 1985 (1 worker) # 970 - S. The locality record for this species previously referred as Bataan, Santa Clara, Costa Rica in Brandão (1990), is in fact in the Limón province and not in the Santa Clara province. R. R. da Silva collected two workers of M. silvestrii in Winkler extracted litter samples from Seara, Santa Catarina state, Brazil (24 ° 07 ’ S, 52 ° 18 ’ W) from May to December 1998. A. A. Tavares and R. R. da Silva collected 50 individually sifted 1 m 2 litter samples submitted to Winkler extractors for 48 hours in Praia Grande, Parque Estadual Serra do Mar, Núcleo Pilões-Cubatão (23 ° 58 ’ 31 ” S, 46 ° 32 ’ 24 ” W), from May 26 to 27, 2001, and Iguape, Núcleo Juréia-Itatins, Parque Estadual Serra do Mar (24 ° 32 ’ 39 ” S, 47 ° 142 ’ 08 ” W), in March 5 to 14, 2001. Megalomyrmex silvestrii was recorded respectively once and twice.	en	Brandão, Carlos Roberto F. (2003): Further Revisionary Studies On The Ant Genus Megalomyrmex Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Solenopsidini) C R F. B Abstract. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia (São Paulo) 43 (8): 145-159, DOI: 10.1590/S0031-10492003000800001, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0031-10492003000800001&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en
1D368786FFBE8610FF72FCFBC50D85F4.taxon	description	The locality record for this species “ Hamburg Farm ” as cited in Brandão (1990) is located along the Rio Raventazon, Limón province, Costa Rica.	en	Brandão, Carlos Roberto F. (2003): Further Revisionary Studies On The Ant Genus Megalomyrmex Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Solenopsidini) C R F. B Abstract. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia (São Paulo) 43 (8): 145-159, DOI: 10.1590/S0031-10492003000800001, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0031-10492003000800001&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en
1D368786FFBE8616FF38F9BBC5F581B4.taxon	description	(Figs 1 - 4) Megalomyrmex wettereri, n. sp. worker, gyne. Type Loc.: Costa Rica, Heredia, La Selva (10 ° 26 ’ N, 84 ° 01 ’ W), “ em ninho Trachymyrmex bugnioni ” (18 workers), collected by J. Wetterer in March 2,199 3, 50 - 150 m, INBIO-OET; Panama, Panama Prov. Km 7 of El Llano Carti Suitupo Road, in June 07, 1998 (09 ° 18 ’ 02 ” N, 78 ° 57 ’ 31 ” W), Ulrich Mueller 980607 - 01 (one gyne – funiculus missing, two workers) “ NMNH 2014315 ”. Types Holotype and five worker paratypes (La Selva) deposited at MCZ, Harvard; five paratypes (La Selva) and two paratypes (worker and gyne from Panama) deposited at the MZSP; five worker paratypes (La Selva) and one worker paratype (Panama) deposited at the USNM; two worker paratypes (La Selva) deposited at the BMNH. Worker Mandibles smooth, except for the coarse rugosities at the external area near the base (Fig. 1), dental formula 2 + 6; palp formula 3: 2 (?); anterior clypeal border without median denticle; compound eye with 5 ocular facets at its largest diameter; occipital margin not raised; promesonotal suture not impressed dorsally (Fig. 2), mesonotum undistinguished from pronotum; metanotal groove longitudinally rugose; katepisternum smooth; propodeum spiracles laterally projected in an angle of 45 ° from the main axis of the body; base with divergent carinae at the meeting with propodeum sides, declivity smooth; epipetiolar carina not complete over the foramen; dorsal profile of petiole, in side view, evenly curved till apex of node, ventral face with a pronounced anteromedian double denticle (Fig. 3) originating in a non-translucent short longitudinal flange; dorsal margin of petiolar node, in frontal view, round; ventral process of postpetiole produced in a sharp tooth. Color: uniformly bright yellow; apex of segments reddish. Gyne Three equally developed ocelli; mesonotum with notaulus; katepisternum distally rugose; propodeum dorsal face and declivity meeting in an angle similar to that of the conspecific workers; petiole and postpetiole also similar in shape and sculpture to the con-specific workers.	en	Brandão, Carlos Roberto F. (2003): Further Revisionary Studies On The Ant Genus Megalomyrmex Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Solenopsidini) C R F. B Abstract. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia (São Paulo) 43 (8): 145-159, DOI: 10.1590/S0031-10492003000800001, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0031-10492003000800001&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en
1D368786FFBE8616FF38F9BBC5F581B4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis The mandibular dentition and shape of propodeum distinguish M. wettereri, n. sp. from all other species in the Silvestrii group.	en	Brandão, Carlos Roberto F. (2003): Further Revisionary Studies On The Ant Genus Megalomyrmex Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Solenopsidini) C R F. B Abstract. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia (São Paulo) 43 (8): 145-159, DOI: 10.1590/S0031-10492003000800001, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0031-10492003000800001&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en
1D368786FFBE8616FF38F9BBC5F581B4.taxon	discussion	Comments This is another Megalomyrmex of the Silvestrii group that inhabits the nests of fungus growing ants, in a peculiar lestobiotic relationship. The type specimens were found inside a nest of Trachymyrmex bugnioni (Attini), collected by J. Wetterer (Fig. 4), to whom the name of this species is dedicated, and inside a nest of Cyphomyrmex longiscapus in Panama collected by U. Mueller. Adams et al. (1998 - 1999; 2000) described the finding of two colonies of this new species in Panama containing healthy fungus gardens of C. longiscapus, although no attines were present at the time of collecting. According to these authors, laboratory observations revealed that the Megalomyrmex “ consume the fungus by cropping mycelium from the garden substrate. However, they do not forage for and add nutrient substrates, or otherwise tend the fungus garden; thus, when the garden becomes depleted, Megalomyrmex sp. must locate and usurp new gardens in other attine colonies ”. When presented with active colonies of C. longiscapus, workers of this new species displace “ host ” workers in mass raids, stinging and ultimately killing the apparent defenseless C. longiscapus. When presented with C. longiscapus larvae in the laboratory, M. wettereri n. sp. workers strip them of the mycelium layer that naturally covers the cuticle, then place the larvae with their own brood. Adams et al. (1998 - 1999) considered this Megalomyrmex as a predator on C. longiscapus as they forcibly eject the resident attine to usurp their fungus gardens. Adams et al. (2000) described in detail how this species conducts mass raids to usurp gardens of C. longiscapus, then lives in the garden and consumes the fungi. Megalomyrmex wettereri n. sp. workers feed their larvae with attine brood only after removing the fungal mycelium that covers the attine larval integument, suggesting that this fungal coat may provide partial protection against predators. Pusillus group Workers of the species in this group are relatively small inhabitants of the leaf litter, and hence rare in collections, but the most prone to be collected using recently adopted techniques, such as the Winkler extraction apparatus, soil samples or Berlese funnels.	en	Brandão, Carlos Roberto F. (2003): Further Revisionary Studies On The Ant Genus Megalomyrmex Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Solenopsidini) C R F. B Abstract. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia (São Paulo) 43 (8): 145-159, DOI: 10.1590/S0031-10492003000800001, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0031-10492003000800001&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en
1D368786FFB88616FF09FE7BC34C8114.taxon	description	From CPDC collection (sample # 1027), I studied a worker from Cuyabeno, Ecuador, collected by P. Caldwell from October 12 to January 05, 1994 (# 10726), and a worker (same accession number) from Nicaragua, collected by I. de Dramante, October 9 to 10, 1994 (# 8652). From IHVL, I studied one worker collected in Parque Nacional Chiribiquete, Río Sararamano, Caquetá Solano, 300 m of altitude, Colombia (00 ° 10 ’ 48 ” N, 37 ° 24 ’ W), “ Winkler 4 ”, in April 07, 2000 by E. L. Gonzáles. From INBC, I studied several samples of M. drifti from Costa Rica collected by J. Longino from sifted leaf litter of wet forest: one worker from Reserva Biologica Hitgi-Cerere, Limón province (09 ° 40 ’ N, 83 ° 02 ’ W), 100 m of altitude, August 29 to September 15, 1985 (# 1008 - S); one gyne and two workers from Parque Nacional Santa Rosa, Guanacaste province (10 ° 51 ’ N, 85 ° 37 ’ W), 300 m of altitude, in July 12, 1985 (# 420 - S); three workers from three different sites at Heredia province 5, 8, and 17 Km south of Puerto Viejo (10 ° 25 ’ N, 84 ° 03 ’ W), respectively at 100, 150, and 600 m of altitude (accession numbers respectively 1392 - S, 1391 - S, and 2230 - S); five workers collected in Osa, Rancho Quemado, Puntarenas province (08 ° 42 ’ N, 83 ° 33 ’ W), 2 to 300 m of altitude, in December 15, 1990 (# 2760 - S); one gyne, one male and two workers from Parque Nacional Corcovado, Puntarenas province (08 ° 29 ’ N, 83 ° 36 ’ W), 100 m of altitude, in December 18, 1990 (# 2769 - S); and Estación Biologica La Selva, Heredia province (10 ° 26 ’ N, 84 ° 01 ’ W), 50 to 150 m of altitude, in April 1993.	en	Brandão, Carlos Roberto F. (2003): Further Revisionary Studies On The Ant Genus Megalomyrmex Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Solenopsidini) C R F. B Abstract. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia (São Paulo) 43 (8): 145-159, DOI: 10.1590/S0031-10492003000800001, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0031-10492003000800001&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en
1D368786FFB88616FD2FFE1BC3D78575.taxon	description	From the MCZ, I studied a sample of M. incisus including one dealate gyne and seven workers collected at Windblow Ridge, Arima Valley, Trinidad (elevation 1800 ’) T- 40, in May 15, 1988, collected by S. Cover and M. Moffett, “ 44 miles past end of Cooker Trace; secondary montane rainforest, about 20 years old, in rotten branch on forest floor ”. S. Cover already compared the workers with the paratypes of M. incisus M. R. Smith in the MCZ (S. Cover det. 1990), with which I concur. Gyne (first description) Three equally developed ocelli; mesonotum with parapsidal sutures but no notaulus; katepisternum smooth; propodeum dorsal face and declivity continuous, with only one rugosity over the foramen; petiole ventral face with an anterior denticle, otherwise smooth; the postpetiole posterodorsal face has one continuous rugosity just before the socket, although rugosities are absent from the ventral face.	en	Brandão, Carlos Roberto F. (2003): Further Revisionary Studies On The Ant Genus Megalomyrmex Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae: Solenopsidini) C R F. B Abstract. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia (São Paulo) 43 (8): 145-159, DOI: 10.1590/S0031-10492003000800001, URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0031-10492003000800001&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en
