taxonID	type	description	language	source
1F1587E3FF89FFF5FB8EFA7F11C7FA11.taxon	biology_ecology	Type-host: Dendrocopos syriacus (Hemprich & Ehrenberg) (Piciformes: Picidae). Other host: Oriolus oriolus (L.) (Passeriformes: Oriolidae).	en	Yasen Mutafchiev, Jean Mariaux, Boyko B. Georgiev (2017): Description of Acuaria europaea n. sp. (Spirurida: Acuariidae) from Dendrocopos syriacus (Hemprich & Ehrenberg) and Oriolus oriolus (L.) (Aves) in Europe, with results of re-examination of related European species of Acuaria Bremser, 1811. Systematic Parasitology 94: 201-214, DOI: 10.1007/s11230-016-9695-z
1F1587E3FF89FFF5FB8EFA7F11C7FA11.taxon	materials_examined	Type-locality: Plovdiv, Bulgaria (42 11 0 18.59 0 0 N, 24 45 0 2.65 0 0 E). Site in host: Under the koilin lining of the gizzard. Intensity: 1 male and 2 females. Type-material: Holotype: ZMB ‘‘ Vermes’ ’ E. 7576 (1 male). Paratypes: ZMB ‘‘ Vermes’ ’ E. 7577 (one entire female) and IBER-BAS N 001.119 (anterior end and region of the vulva of a single female). Other material: Ex Oriolus oriolus, IBER-BAS N 000.645 (1 female); IBER-BAS N 000.978 (1 female); MNHN 135 E (1 female). Representative DNA sequence: GenBank KX 353874 (cox 1).	en	Yasen Mutafchiev, Jean Mariaux, Boyko B. Georgiev (2017): Description of Acuaria europaea n. sp. (Spirurida: Acuariidae) from Dendrocopos syriacus (Hemprich & Ehrenberg) and Oriolus oriolus (L.) (Aves) in Europe, with results of re-examination of related European species of Acuaria Bremser, 1811. Systematic Parasitology 94: 201-214, DOI: 10.1007/s11230-016-9695-z
1F1587E3FF89FFF5FB8EFA7F11C7FA11.taxon	etymology	Etymology: The name of the new species reflects its known geographical range.	en	Yasen Mutafchiev, Jean Mariaux, Boyko B. Georgiev (2017): Description of Acuaria europaea n. sp. (Spirurida: Acuariidae) from Dendrocopos syriacus (Hemprich & Ehrenberg) and Oriolus oriolus (L.) (Aves) in Europe, with results of re-examination of related European species of Acuaria Bremser, 1811. Systematic Parasitology 94: 201-214, DOI: 10.1007/s11230-016-9695-z
1F1587E3FF89FFF5FB8EFA7F11C7FA11.taxon	description	Description (Figs. 1, 2, 3) General. [Based on specimens from Dendrocopos syriacus.] Medium-sized acuariid nematode. Anterior end with 2 triangular pseudolabia, each bearing single amphid and one pair of papillae (Fig. 1 A). Cordons arise dorsally and ventrally between pseudolabia, extend posteriorly in longitudinal direction just beyond junction of muscular and glandular oesophagus (Fig. 1 A – C); each cordon consists of 2 rows of cuticular plates, approximately two times wider than long, delimiting longitudinal groove (Fig. 2 B, C). Deirids small (Fig. 2 A), c. 1 long, situated at level of nerve-ring (Fig. 1 B). Buccal cavity elongate, with fine annulations. Excretory pore posterior to nerve-ring. Nerve-ring situated at anterior portion of muscular oesophagus. Phasmids subterminal (Fig. 1 D, H). Male. Body length 8.84 mm. Maximum width 154 at level of glandular oesophagus. Tail 210 long. Body width at level of cloaca 76. Cordons 730 long, up to c. 10 wide; plates up to 4 – 5 wide and c. 2 long, reducing their size in posterior quarter of cordons. Deirids and excretory pore at 172 and 277, respectively, from anterior end. Cuticle up to 10 thick; distance between cuticular annulations at mid-body c. 6 – 7 apart. Buccal cavity 143 long, 11 wide. Muscular oesophagus 438 long, maximum width 50 at posterior portion. Glandular oesophagus 1,407 long, maximum width 92 at level of middle and posterior third. Nerve-ring at 172 from anterior extremity. Testis reflection at 121 posterior to oesophago-intestinal junction. Caudal alae relatively broad, 462 long. Caudal papillae: 4 subventral precloacal pairs and single median papillae near cloaca, postcloacal papillae composed of 5 and 6 papillae on right and left side, respectively (Fig. 1 D, G). Left spicule 297 long (Fig. 1 F). Right spicule 155 long (Fig. 1 E). Female. Body length 24.64 mm. Maximum body width 242 at level of glandular oesophagus. Body width at level of vulva 227, at level of anus 111. Tail 202 long, strongly curved ventrally. Cordons 1,270 long, up to 17 wide. Plates up to 6 – 7 wide and c. 3 long, reducing their size in posterior quarter of cordons. Deirids and excretory pore at 272 and 315, respectively, from anterior extremity. Cuticle up to 15 thick. Distance between cuticular annulations up to 6 – 7 apart; along lateral midlines cuticular ornamentation in form of single row of plates, c. 400 long, extending posterior of deirids (Fig. 2 D, E). Buccal cavity 209 long, 18 wide. Muscular oesophagus 701 long, maximum width 66, at posterior portion. Glandular oesophagus 2,035 long, maximum width at posterior half. Nerve-ring at 237 from anterior extremity. Vulva situated at 11.21 mm from anterior extremity; vulvar region protruding without distinct cuticular ornamentation (Fig. 1 I). Ovejector posteriorly directed 1,240 long (Fig. 1 J). Uteri two, with narrow terminal parts c. 900 long, lined with epithelium consisting of tall, narrow cells. Eggs oval, 34 – 35 9 20 – 21 (n = 10), containing fully-developed embryo (Fig. 1 K). Molecular data A 646 bp fragment of the COI gene was amplified (GenBank KX 353874). The nucleotide and translated protein sequences were compared to two other acuariid species available, namely Proyseria petterae Mutafchiev, Mariaux & Georgiev, 2014 (87 % nucleotide and 93 % protein similarity; GenBank KJ 995862; Mutafchiev et al., 2014) and Stammerinema hyalinum (von Linstow, 1890) (85 % nucleotide and 88 % protein similarity; GenBank KP 059294; Mutafchiev et al., 2015). Observations on females from Oriolus oriolus Main metrical data for these specimens are presented in Table 1; see also Fig. 3. The general morphology of these females corresponds to that of the specimens from Dendrocopos syriacus in the shape of the pseudolabia, the opening of the excretory pore, the position of the nerve-ring, the length and structure of the cordons, the position and the shape of the deirids and the morphology of the buccal cavity and the muscular and glandular oesophagus (Fig. 3 A). They have also a similar single row of plates, 500 – 600 long, along the lateral midlines and beginning just posterior to the deirids; the vulvar region is protruding, without distinct cuticular ornamentation and the tail is strongly curved ventrally (Fig. 3 C). Uteri are full with unfertilized eggs only (Fig. 3 B).	en	Yasen Mutafchiev, Jean Mariaux, Boyko B. Georgiev (2017): Description of Acuaria europaea n. sp. (Spirurida: Acuariidae) from Dendrocopos syriacus (Hemprich & Ehrenberg) and Oriolus oriolus (L.) (Aves) in Europe, with results of re-examination of related European species of Acuaria Bremser, 1811. Systematic Parasitology 94: 201-214, DOI: 10.1007/s11230-016-9695-z
1F1587E3FF89FFF5FB8EFA7F11C7FA11.taxon	discussion	Remarks The relative length of the cordons and their detailed structure i. e. shape and size of the plates have been shown to be species specific and to be of importance for the taxonomy of the genus Acuaria (see Williams, 1929; Baruš & Garrido, 1968; Mawson, 1972; Mutafchiev et al., 2012, 2013). Acuaria parorioli Chabaud & Petter, 1961 was described on the basis of one male and one female designated as holotype and allotype, respectively, collected from a single Oriolus oriolus L. in France (Chabaud & Petter, 1961). The male and the female were described with markedly different cordon lengths, 220 and 1,200 lm, respectively. Our reexamination of the type-specimens confirms the recorded differences between the lengths of the cordons of the male and the female. In addition, the plates of the cordons of the male are irregular in shape, while those of the female are rectangular. These differences of the length and structure of the cordons and the absence of fertilized eggs in the uterus of the female suggest that the male and the female in the type-series of A. parorioli are not conspecific. The comparison of the female nematode reported as Acuaria anthuris (Rudolphi, 1819) from Oriolus oriolus by Petrova (1974), the female paratype (‘‘ allotype’ ’) of A. parorioli and the newly reported female from the same host in Bulgaria demonstrates that they exhibit similar morphology, which also corresponds well to the female of A. europaea n. sp. from Dendrocopos syriacus. Therefore, we identified them as A. europaea n. sp. Smogorzhevskaya (1990) identified A. parorioli from two females collected from O. oriolus in the Ukraine, which were characterised by short cordons, 315 lm long. Gendre (1912) described Acuaria gracilis (Gendre, 1912) from Dicrurus adsimilis (Bechstein) (= Buchanga atra adsimilis) (Passeriformes: Dicruridae) and Oriolus auratus Vieillot in Benin. The species, in its original description, was characterised by males having cordons 220 lm long and left and right spicules 150 and 120 lm long, respectively, as well as females possessing cordons 380 lm long and a tail curved dorsally. Gendre (1912) specified that the male from O. auratus had the same morphology as that from D. adsimilis except for the number of postcloacal papillae (7 vs 6 pairs). Chabaud & Petter (1961) considered that difference significant and described Acuaria orioli Chabaud & Petter, 1961 from O. auratus based on the description provided by Gendre (1912). Acuaria europaea n. sp. can be distinguished from A. orioli by the lengths of its cordons and spicules. Acuaria europaea n. sp., similarly to A. subula (Dujardin, 1845) as redescribed by Mutafchiev et al. (2013), possesses cordons extending slightly beyond the junction of the muscular and glandular oesophagus. However, the cordons of these two species differ by their detailed structure, i. e. A. subula is characterised by plates overlapping the anterior part of the adjacent posterior plate, while in the new species the plates do not overlap. Females of A. subula have specific mosaic ornamentation on the lateral and ventral side of the region close to vulva, the vulvar opening is surrounded by circular folds and the tail is bent dorsally, while in the new species the cuticle surrounding the vulva is smooth and the tail is strongly bent ventrally. The male of the new species differs from males of A. subula by having longer right (155 vs 110 – 134 lm) and left (297 vs 180 – 227 lm) spicules. The new species can be distinguished from the other species known in Europe by the length of its cordons (Chabaud & Petter, 1961; Smogorzhevskaya, 1990; Mutafchiev et al., 2013; present study). Acuaria europaea n. sp. is characterised by cordons extending slightly beyond the level of anterior end of the glandular oesophagus, a relatively long left spicule ([250 lm), which is almost twice as long as the right spicule as well as a strongly ventrally curved female tail. These morphological characters make the new species comparable to several species of the genus Acuaria known from India and China, i. e. Acuaria turdi (Wang, 1966) from Turdus mandarinus Bonaparte (= Turdus merula mandarinus Bonaparte) (Passeriformes: Turdidae); Acuaria lucknowensis Gupta & Jehan, 1972 from Cissa chinensis (Boddaert) (Passeriformes: Corvidae) (type-host) and Turnix suscitator (Gmelin) (Charadriiformes: Turnicidae); Acuaria copsychusi Gupta & Jehan, 1972 from Copsychus saularis (L.) (Passeriformes: Muscicapidae); Acuaria magpii Gupta & Jehan, 1972 from Urocissa erythrorhyncha (Boddaert) (Passeriformes: Corvidae); and Acuaria cissae Wang, 1976 from U. erythrorhyncha (see Wang, 1966, 1976; Gupta & Jehan, 1972; Gupta & Kumar, 1977). The new species differs from A. copsychusi and A. magpii, which have been described with longer cordons extending to the posterior end of the glandular oesophagus, vulva situated at mid-body and posteriorly, respectively, and different lengths of the right spicule (120 and 170 lm, respectively). Acuaria europaea n. sp., similarly to A. lucknowensis, A. cissae and A. turdi, has cordons extending to the region of the anterior part of the glandular oesophagus (Gupta & Jehan, 1972, 1977; Wang, 1966). However, females of A. lucknowensis are characterised by a vulva situated posterior to the mid-body and shorter tail, 75 – 130 lm. Males of A. lucknowensis were originally described with a slen- der right spicule, 235 – 275 lm long, and a broad left spicule, 95 – 130 lm long, although one of the two drawings showed the opposite (plate 3, figure 3 in Gupta & Jehan, 1972). According to Gupta & Kumar (1977), A. lucknowensis had a left spicule 220 – 280 lm long and a right spicule 100 – 120 lm long, although the drawing demonstrated the opposite. Despite these discrepancies in the descriptions of A. lucknowensis, we presume that the species is characterised by a long left spicule and a short right spicule, which are typical for the members of the family Acuariidae (Bain et al., 2014). Thus, males of A. lucknowensis are characterised by a shorter left and right spicule compared to those of the new species. The female of A. turdi differs from A. europaea n. sp. by its shorter body (10.2 mm long) and longer cordons (1,440 lm long). The male of A. turdi can be distinguished from the new species by its longer cordons (1,120 lm) and shorter right and left spicules (105 and 262 lm, respectively). Acuaria europaea n. sp. differs from A. cissae, which was described with longer cordons (800 – 880 lm and 1,680 lm long in males and the female, respectively), shorter right spicule (98 – 112 lm long), shorter female tail (105 lm long) and vulva situated slightly posterior to the mid-body.	en	Yasen Mutafchiev, Jean Mariaux, Boyko B. Georgiev (2017): Description of Acuaria europaea n. sp. (Spirurida: Acuariidae) from Dendrocopos syriacus (Hemprich & Ehrenberg) and Oriolus oriolus (L.) (Aves) in Europe, with results of re-examination of related European species of Acuaria Bremser, 1811. Systematic Parasitology 94: 201-214, DOI: 10.1007/s11230-016-9695-z
1F1587E3FF89FFF5FB8EFA7F11C7FA11.taxon	diagnosis	The new species also resembles Acuaria cyanocitta (Boyd, 1956) from Cyanocitta cristata (L.) (Corvidae) in the USA, as described by Boyd (1956), by the length of cordons and the general morphology of the spicules. Compared to the new species, A. cyanocitta has markedly longer left and right spicules (315 – 370 lm and 220 – 230 lm, respectively) and a straight and longer female tail (275 – 380 lm long).	en	Yasen Mutafchiev, Jean Mariaux, Boyko B. Georgiev (2017): Description of Acuaria europaea n. sp. (Spirurida: Acuariidae) from Dendrocopos syriacus (Hemprich & Ehrenberg) and Oriolus oriolus (L.) (Aves) in Europe, with results of re-examination of related European species of Acuaria Bremser, 1811. Systematic Parasitology 94: 201-214, DOI: 10.1007/s11230-016-9695-z
1F1587E3FF8FFFF8FB8EF93915BAFC86.taxon	biology_ecology	Type-host: Delichon urbicum (L.) (Passeriformes: Hirundinidae).	en	Yasen Mutafchiev, Jean Mariaux, Boyko B. Georgiev (2017): Description of Acuaria europaea n. sp. (Spirurida: Acuariidae) from Dendrocopos syriacus (Hemprich & Ehrenberg) and Oriolus oriolus (L.) (Aves) in Europe, with results of re-examination of related European species of Acuaria Bremser, 1811. Systematic Parasitology 94: 201-214, DOI: 10.1007/s11230-016-9695-z
1F1587E3FF8FFFF8FB8EF93915BAFC86.taxon	materials_examined	Type-locality: No data. Material studied: ZMB ‘‘ Vermes’ ’ 178, syntypes (1 male and 1 female).	en	Yasen Mutafchiev, Jean Mariaux, Boyko B. Georgiev (2017): Description of Acuaria europaea n. sp. (Spirurida: Acuariidae) from Dendrocopos syriacus (Hemprich & Ehrenberg) and Oriolus oriolus (L.) (Aves) in Europe, with results of re-examination of related European species of Acuaria Bremser, 1811. Systematic Parasitology 94: 201-214, DOI: 10.1007/s11230-016-9695-z
1F1587E3FF8FFFF8FB8EF93915BAFC86.taxon	description	Redescription (Figs. 4, 5) General. Delicate acuariid nematodes. Anterior end with 2 triangular pseudolabia, each bearing single amphid and one pair of papillae. Cordons arise dorsally and ventrally between pseudolabia, extend posteriorly in longitudinal direction beyond oesophago-intestinal junction (Fig. 4 A); each cordon consists of 2 rows of rectangular plates, two to three times wider than long; distance between cuticular annulations two times as long as length of plates. Male. Fragment of body without anterior extremity 4.6 mm long. Length of body posterior to oesophagointestinal junction 4.4 mm. Maximum body width 150. Cordons extending to 30 posterior to oesophagointestinal junction. Testis reflection at level of oesophago-intestinal junction. Body width at level of cloaca 80. Tail 171 long. Caudal alae 447 long. Precloacal papillae 4 subventral pairs and single ventral precloacal papilla. Postcloacal papillae 6 subventral pairs in two groups of three pairs (Fig. 4 B). Spicules similar in shape and length, 140 long (Fig. 4 C, D). Female. Body length 9.4 mm. Maximum body width 164, at region anterior to vulva. Body width at vulva 118. Posterior extremity in poor condition (morphological features not distinct). Cordons 2,710 long, c. 10 wide. Deirids and excretory pore at 224 and 397, respectively, from anterior extremity. Cuticle 3 thick; cuticular annulations c. 5 – 6 apart. Buccal cavity 160 long and 14 wide. Muscular oesophagus 416 long, maximum width 52, at posterior part. Glandular oesophagus 1,119 long, maximum width 78 at midlength. Nerve-ring 213 from anterior extremity. Vulva 5.1 mm from anterior extremity. Ovejector posteriorly directed, 589 long (Fig. 4 E). Didelphic, amphidelphic. Eggs oval, 31 – 35 9 15 – 18 (33 9 16) (n = 10), containing developing embryo (Fig. 4 F).	en	Yasen Mutafchiev, Jean Mariaux, Boyko B. Georgiev (2017): Description of Acuaria europaea n. sp. (Spirurida: Acuariidae) from Dendrocopos syriacus (Hemprich & Ehrenberg) and Oriolus oriolus (L.) (Aves) in Europe, with results of re-examination of related European species of Acuaria Bremser, 1811. Systematic Parasitology 94: 201-214, DOI: 10.1007/s11230-016-9695-z
1F1587E3FF8FFFF8FB8EF93915BAFC86.taxon	discussion	Remarks Acuaria attenuata (Rudolphi, 1819) was described from Delichon urbicum (L.) (Hirundinidae: Passeriformes) (see Rudolphi, 1819). In the same work, Rudolphi (1819) mentioned that the same species had been registered in the Helminthological Catalogue of the Vienna Museum from two other hosts, Hirundo rustica (L.) and Riparia riparia (L.). According to Dujardin (1845), the type-series of A. attenuata consisted of one male 6.8 mm long and one female 11.3 mm long. Subsequently, this species has been reported in various small passerine birds of the families Alaudidae, Hirundinidae, Muscicapidae, Acrocephalidae, Motacillidae and Sylviidae in Europe (for survey, see Jögis, 1971; Smogorzhevskaya, 1990). Jögis (1971, 1977) considered A. tenuis (Dujardin, 1845), A. muscicapae, A. papillifera, A. dollfusi Chabaud & Petter, 1961 and A. paragalliardi Chabaud & Petter, 1961 as junior synonyms of A. attenuata based on material collected from Delichon urbicum (L.), Muscicapa striata (Pallas) (Muscicapidae), Saxicola rubetra (L.), Acrocephalus arundinaceus (L.), Acrocephalus palustris (Bechstein), Motacilla alba L. and Anthus trivialis (L.) in Kaliningradskaya Oblast’ (Russia). However, these specimens were characterised b y short cordons (not extending posteriorly beyond the midlength of the muscular oesophagus) and dissimilar left and the right spicule having lengths in the range of 134 – 140 lm and 92 – 101 lm, respectively (Jögis, 1971). The other few records of A. attenuata accompanied by morphological descriptions, i. e. from D. urbicum in Germany (von Linstow, 1877) (reported as A. tuberculata, see below), from H. rustica, R. riparia and D. urbicum in Poland (Jaroń, 1969), and H. rustica and R. riparia in the Ukraine (Smogorzhevskaya, 1990), were also characterised by short cordons and dissimilar spicules. Therefore, we could not confirm any of the subsequent records of A. attenuata as conspecific with the type-material of the species. Williams (1929) described Acuaria minuta Williams, 1929, Acuaria minor Williams, 1929 and Acuaria pattoni Williams, 1929 from hosts of the family Icteridae in the USA, which, similarly to A. attenuata, have a delicate body, long cordons and spicules similar in size and shape. Acuaria coloradensis Sherwin & Schmidt, 1988, from Tachycineta thalassina (Swainson) (Hirundinidae) in Colorado, USA, as described by Sherwin & Schmidt (1988), has cordons extending beyond the oesophago-intestinal junction and spicules dissimilar in length (left 140 lm; right 125 lm) but resembling by shape those of A. attenuata.	en	Yasen Mutafchiev, Jean Mariaux, Boyko B. Georgiev (2017): Description of Acuaria europaea n. sp. (Spirurida: Acuariidae) from Dendrocopos syriacus (Hemprich & Ehrenberg) and Oriolus oriolus (L.) (Aves) in Europe, with results of re-examination of related European species of Acuaria Bremser, 1811. Systematic Parasitology 94: 201-214, DOI: 10.1007/s11230-016-9695-z
1F1587E3FF82FFF8F90BFCF8116BFB2D.taxon	materials_examined	Material studied: ZMB ‘‘ Vermes’ ’ 170 E, syntypes (1 male and 1 fragmented female) from Oriolus oriolus (L.) (Passeriformes: Oriolidae).	en	Yasen Mutafchiev, Jean Mariaux, Boyko B. Georgiev (2017): Description of Acuaria europaea n. sp. (Spirurida: Acuariidae) from Dendrocopos syriacus (Hemprich & Ehrenberg) and Oriolus oriolus (L.) (Aves) in Europe, with results of re-examination of related European species of Acuaria Bremser, 1811. Systematic Parasitology 94: 201-214, DOI: 10.1007/s11230-016-9695-z
1F1587E3FF82FFF8F90BFCF8116BFB2D.taxon	description	Male. Body 7.8 mm long. Cordons 713 long. Excretory pore 297 from anterior extremity. Buccal cavity 155 long. Muscular and glandular oesophagus, 367 and 1,184 long, respectively. Nerve-ring 190 from anterior extremity. Tail 169 long. Caudal alae 330 long. Caudal papillae: 4 precloacal pairs and 6 postcloacal pairs. Left spicule broken. Right spicules 107 long. Female. Total length of body fragments 22.10 mm. Cordons 341 long. Deirids at excretory pore, 244 and 314 from anterior extremity, respectively. Buccal cavity 195 long. Muscular and glandular oesophagus, 535 and 1,104 long, respectively. Nerve-ring 229 from anterior extremity. Tail 162 long. Eggs oval, 33 – 34 9 19 – 20 (n = 5), containing fully-developed embryos.	en	Yasen Mutafchiev, Jean Mariaux, Boyko B. Georgiev (2017): Description of Acuaria europaea n. sp. (Spirurida: Acuariidae) from Dendrocopos syriacus (Hemprich & Ehrenberg) and Oriolus oriolus (L.) (Aves) in Europe, with results of re-examination of related European species of Acuaria Bremser, 1811. Systematic Parasitology 94: 201-214, DOI: 10.1007/s11230-016-9695-z
1F1587E3FF82FFF8F90BFCF8116BFB2D.taxon	discussion	Remarks Acuaria anthuris was described based on material from Corvus frugilegus L. (Passeriformes: Corvidae), Garrulus glandarius (L.) (Passeriformes: Corvidae), Coracias garrulus L. (Coraciiformes: Coraciidae) and Oriolus oriolus (L.) (= Oriolus galbula) (see Rudolphi, 1819). The location of the type-material from Corvus frugilegus is unknown; the type-specimens from G. glandarius and C. garrulus have been lost (Hartwich, 1970). Type-specimens from O. oriolus only were available for re-examination. Acuaria anthuris has often been recorded as a parasite of various birds of the family Corvidae (see below). Specimens from Corvidae were characterised with cordons that extend beyond the oesophago-intestinal junction and with robust spicules, left and right of similar size, longer than 190 lm (Chabaud & Petter 1961; Mawson, 1972; Smogorzhevskaya, 1990). The sample from O. oriolus deposited in the collection of Rudolphi consists of a male and a female that differ from one another by the relative lengths of their cordons and we consider them as belonging to different species. However, both type-specimens differ by their much shorter cordons from the species of Acuaria parasitising Corvidae. In addition, the male from O. oriolus has a shorter right spicule. The present study reveals that the original description of A. anthuris was based on heterogeneous materials. On the basis of our current knowledge of the morphological diversity of the species of Acuaria, we are not able to assign these two specimens from O. oriolus to any known species.	en	Yasen Mutafchiev, Jean Mariaux, Boyko B. Georgiev (2017): Description of Acuaria europaea n. sp. (Spirurida: Acuariidae) from Dendrocopos syriacus (Hemprich & Ehrenberg) and Oriolus oriolus (L.) (Aves) in Europe, with results of re-examination of related European species of Acuaria Bremser, 1811. Systematic Parasitology 94: 201-214, DOI: 10.1007/s11230-016-9695-z
1F1587E3FF82FFF8FB8EFA6F1065F95E.taxon	materials_examined	Material studied: ZMB ‘‘ Vermes’ ’ 3911 Q, (1 female) from Ficedula hypoleuca (Pallas, 1764) (Passeriformes: Muscicapidae), locality not specified.	en	Yasen Mutafchiev, Jean Mariaux, Boyko B. Georgiev (2017): Description of Acuaria europaea n. sp. (Spirurida: Acuariidae) from Dendrocopos syriacus (Hemprich & Ehrenberg) and Oriolus oriolus (L.) (Aves) in Europe, with results of re-examination of related European species of Acuaria Bremser, 1811. Systematic Parasitology 94: 201-214, DOI: 10.1007/s11230-016-9695-z
1F1587E3FF82FFF8FB8EFA6F1065F95E.taxon	discussion	Acuaria muscicapae was described briefly on the basis of a single female (von Linstow, 1878). The specimen studied by us from the collection of von Linstow was not labelled as type-material. The condition of the specimen does not allow a detailed redescription. The length of one of the cordons was measured as 173 lm.	en	Yasen Mutafchiev, Jean Mariaux, Boyko B. Georgiev (2017): Description of Acuaria europaea n. sp. (Spirurida: Acuariidae) from Dendrocopos syriacus (Hemprich & Ehrenberg) and Oriolus oriolus (L.) (Aves) in Europe, with results of re-examination of related European species of Acuaria Bremser, 1811. Systematic Parasitology 94: 201-214, DOI: 10.1007/s11230-016-9695-z
1F1587E3FF83FFF9F9EDFE4914DCFA97.taxon	discussion	Acuaria ornata (Gendre, 1912) Railliet, Henry & Sisoff, 1912] was described based on materials from Corvus frugilegus L., Garrulus glandarius (L.), Coracias garrulus L. and Oriolus oriolus (L.). Subsequently, it has been reported mainly in birds of the family Corvidae (Passeriformes), but also in Sturnidae (Passeriformes) and Picidae (Piciformes) in many European countries, e. g. Spain (Illescas Gomez et al., 1993), France (Chabaud & Petter, 1961), Germany (Schneider, 1866), Slovakia and the Czech Republic (Ryšavý, 1957), Poland (Rutkowska, 1973), Kaliningradskaya Oblast’, Russia (Jögis, 1977), Bulgaria (Petrova, 1974) and Ukraine (Smogorzhevskaya, 1990), as well as, in North and Central America, Africa, Asia and Australia (see Mutafchiev et al., 2012). Mawson (1972) regarded A. attenuata, A. ornata, A. longicaudata Hsü & Hoeppli, 1931 and A. scutata Maplestone, 1931 as the ‘‘ Acuaria anthuris complex’ ’. Quentin et al. (1972) considered A. depressa described from Corvus cornix L. in Egypt as a valid species, although many authors synonymized it with A. anthuris. Smogorzhevskaya (1990) listed A. ornata, described from Corvus albus Statius Muller (= Corvus scapulatus Daudin) in Benin, as a valid species occurring in the Ukraine. This study reveals A. attenuata as a distinct species, but we agree with Mawson (1972) that Acuaria spp. parasitising Corvidae need further studies in view of their morphological similarity.	en	Yasen Mutafchiev, Jean Mariaux, Boyko B. Georgiev (2017): Description of Acuaria europaea n. sp. (Spirurida: Acuariidae) from Dendrocopos syriacus (Hemprich & Ehrenberg) and Oriolus oriolus (L.) (Aves) in Europe, with results of re-examination of related European species of Acuaria Bremser, 1811. Systematic Parasitology 94: 201-214, DOI: 10.1007/s11230-016-9695-z
1F1587E3FF83FFF9F9EDFA011732FA10.taxon	discussion	described from Hirundo rustica (L.), Riparia riparia (L.) and Delicho urbicum (L.) from unspecified localities (Rudolphi, 1819).	en	Yasen Mutafchiev, Jean Mariaux, Boyko B. Georgiev (2017): Description of Acuaria europaea n. sp. (Spirurida: Acuariidae) from Dendrocopos syriacus (Hemprich & Ehrenberg) and Oriolus oriolus (L.) (Aves) in Europe, with results of re-examination of related European species of Acuaria Bremser, 1811. Systematic Parasitology 94: 201-214, DOI: 10.1007/s11230-016-9695-z
1F1587E3FF83FFF9F9EDFA9A17F9F95B.taxon	discussion	described from Luscinia megarhynchos (Brehm) (Passeriformes: Muscicapidae) (type-host) in France (type-locality) (Chabaud & Petter, 1961), and Luscinia luscinia (L.) in Russia (Kaliningradskaya Oblast’) and the Ukraine (Jögis, 1971; Smogorzhevskaya, 1990).	en	Yasen Mutafchiev, Jean Mariaux, Boyko B. Georgiev (2017): Description of Acuaria europaea n. sp. (Spirurida: Acuariidae) from Dendrocopos syriacus (Hemprich & Ehrenberg) and Oriolus oriolus (L.) (Aves) in Europe, with results of re-examination of related European species of Acuaria Bremser, 1811. Systematic Parasitology 94: 201-214, DOI: 10.1007/s11230-016-9695-z
1F1587E3FF83FFF9F9EDF9DD1064FD90.taxon	discussion	from Lanius collurio L. and Lanius senator L. (Passeriformes: Laniidae) in Europe (Mueller, 1897). Subsequently, it was recorded from diverse host in Europe and Asia, e. g. L. collurio in Kaliningradskaya Oblast’ (Jögis, 1977), Lanius minor Gmelin in the Ukraine (Smogorzhevskaya, 1990) and Lanius excubitor L. in Tajikistan (Dubinina & Serkova, 1951), Corvus corax subcorax Severtsov in the Kyzylkum Desert, Central Asia (Krotov, 1952), G. glandarius, Eremophila alpestris (L.) (Alaudidae), Motacilla alba L. (Motacillidae), Phylloscopus fuscatus (Blyth) and Lanius cristatus L. in Tuva Republic, Russia (Sonin & Larchenko, 1974), Dicrurus hottentottus palawanemis Tweeddale and Dicrurus leucophaeus Vieillot (Dicruridae) in the Philippines (Schmidt & Kuntz, 1971).	en	Yasen Mutafchiev, Jean Mariaux, Boyko B. Georgiev (2017): Description of Acuaria europaea n. sp. (Spirurida: Acuariidae) from Dendrocopos syriacus (Hemprich & Ehrenberg) and Oriolus oriolus (L.) (Aves) in Europe, with results of re-examination of related European species of Acuaria Bremser, 1811. Systematic Parasitology 94: 201-214, DOI: 10.1007/s11230-016-9695-z
1F1587E3FF83FFF9FA60FD1A1614FCDB.taxon	discussion	from Anthus trivialis (L.) (Passeriformes: Motacillidae) (type-host) in France (Chabaud & Petter, 1961). This species was considered as a junior synonym of A. attenuata by Jögis (1971, 1977 and Smogorzhevskaya (1990).	en	Yasen Mutafchiev, Jean Mariaux, Boyko B. Georgiev (2017): Description of Acuaria europaea n. sp. (Spirurida: Acuariidae) from Dendrocopos syriacus (Hemprich & Ehrenberg) and Oriolus oriolus (L.) (Aves) in Europe, with results of re-examination of related European species of Acuaria Bremser, 1811. Systematic Parasitology 94: 201-214, DOI: 10.1007/s11230-016-9695-z
1F1587E3FF83FFF9FA60FC5D16BDFC44.taxon	discussion	from Dendrocopos syriacus (Hemprich & Ehrenberg) (type-host) and Oriolus oriolus (L.) in Bulgaria (type-locality) and France (present study).	en	Yasen Mutafchiev, Jean Mariaux, Boyko B. Georgiev (2017): Description of Acuaria europaea n. sp. (Spirurida: Acuariidae) from Dendrocopos syriacus (Hemprich & Ehrenberg) and Oriolus oriolus (L.) (Aves) in Europe, with results of re-examination of related European species of Acuaria Bremser, 1811. Systematic Parasitology 94: 201-214, DOI: 10.1007/s11230-016-9695-z
1F1587E3FF83FFF9FA60FCD61137FBE0.taxon	discussion	from Muscicapa sp. (Passeriformes: Muscicapidae) in France (Chabaud & Petter, 1961).	en	Yasen Mutafchiev, Jean Mariaux, Boyko B. Georgiev (2017): Description of Acuaria europaea n. sp. (Spirurida: Acuariidae) from Dendrocopos syriacus (Hemprich & Ehrenberg) and Oriolus oriolus (L.) (Aves) in Europe, with results of re-examination of related European species of Acuaria Bremser, 1811. Systematic Parasitology 94: 201-214, DOI: 10.1007/s11230-016-9695-z
1F1587E3FF83FFF9FA60FB4A118AFB08.taxon	discussion	from Ficedula hypoleuca (Pallas) (= Muscicapa atricapilla) (Passeriformes: Muscicapidae), type-locality not specified (von Linstow, 1878). This species was considered as a junior synonym of A. attenuata by Jögis (1971) and Smogorzhevskaya (1990). We consider A. muscicapae as a species inquirenda.	en	Yasen Mutafchiev, Jean Mariaux, Boyko B. Georgiev (2017): Description of Acuaria europaea n. sp. (Spirurida: Acuariidae) from Dendrocopos syriacus (Hemprich & Ehrenberg) and Oriolus oriolus (L.) (Aves) in Europe, with results of re-examination of related European species of Acuaria Bremser, 1811. Systematic Parasitology 94: 201-214, DOI: 10.1007/s11230-016-9695-z
1F1587E3FF83FFF9FA60FA621143F906.taxon	discussion	from Acrocephalus palustris (Bechstein) (Passeriformes: Acrocephalidae) (type-host), type-locality unspecified (von Linstow, 1878), Acrocephalus schoenobaenus (L.) and Acrocephalus scirpaceus (Hermann) in France (Chabaud & Petter, 1961). Jögis (1971, 1977) and Smogorzhevskaya (1990) considered this species as a junior synonym of A. attenuata. (x) Acuaria paragalliardi Chabaud & Petter, 1961 from Muscicapa straita (Pallas) (type-host) (Passeriformes: Muscicapidae) in France (Chabaud & Petter, 1961). This species was considered as a junior synonym of A. attenuata by Jögis (1971, 1977) and Smogorzhevskaya (1990).	en	Yasen Mutafchiev, Jean Mariaux, Boyko B. Georgiev (2017): Description of Acuaria europaea n. sp. (Spirurida: Acuariidae) from Dendrocopos syriacus (Hemprich & Ehrenberg) and Oriolus oriolus (L.) (Aves) in Europe, with results of re-examination of related European species of Acuaria Bremser, 1811. Systematic Parasitology 94: 201-214, DOI: 10.1007/s11230-016-9695-z
1F1587E3FF84FFFEF9EDFFF51590FEEC.taxon	discussion	from Oriolus oriolus L. in France (type-locality) (Chabaud & Petter, 1961) and the Ukraine (Smogorzhevskaya, 1990).	en	Yasen Mutafchiev, Jean Mariaux, Boyko B. Georgiev (2017): Description of Acuaria europaea n. sp. (Spirurida: Acuariidae) from Dendrocopos syriacus (Hemprich & Ehrenberg) and Oriolus oriolus (L.) (Aves) in Europe, with results of re-examination of related European species of Acuaria Bremser, 1811. Systematic Parasitology 94: 201-214, DOI: 10.1007/s11230-016-9695-z
1F1587E3FF84FFFEF9EDFE4E1752FD90.taxon	discussion	reported from Passeriformes (Passeridae, Alaudidae, Estrildidae, Prunellidae, Sturnidae and Thraupidae, some of them originating from birds in captivity) in Europe, Asia, New Zealand and Australia (for survey, see Mutafchiev et al., 2013). Acuaria buttnerae, described from Calandrella brachydactyla (Leisler) (Passeriformes: Alaudidae) in France, has been considered as a junior synonym of A. skrjabini by Mutafchiev et al. (2013).	en	Yasen Mutafchiev, Jean Mariaux, Boyko B. Georgiev (2017): Description of Acuaria europaea n. sp. (Spirurida: Acuariidae) from Dendrocopos syriacus (Hemprich & Ehrenberg) and Oriolus oriolus (L.) (Aves) in Europe, with results of re-examination of related European species of Acuaria Bremser, 1811. Systematic Parasitology 94: 201-214, DOI: 10.1007/s11230-016-9695-z
1F1587E3FF84FFFEF9EDFD1A1754FC86.taxon	discussion	reported from Passeriformes (Alaudidae, Corvidae, Emberizidae, Fringillidae, Hirundinidae, Laniidae, Motacillidae, Muscicapidae, Passeridae, Sittidae, Sturnidae, Sylviidae and Turdidae), Apodiformes (Apodidae), Coraciiformes (Coraciidae) and Piciformes (Picidae) in Palaearctic (for a survey, see Mutafchiev et al., 2013).	en	Yasen Mutafchiev, Jean Mariaux, Boyko B. Georgiev (2017): Description of Acuaria europaea n. sp. (Spirurida: Acuariidae) from Dendrocopos syriacus (Hemprich & Ehrenberg) and Oriolus oriolus (L.) (Aves) in Europe, with results of re-examination of related European species of Acuaria Bremser, 1811. Systematic Parasitology 94: 201-214, DOI: 10.1007/s11230-016-9695-z
1F1587E3FF84FFFEF9EDFC1014C4FBAE.taxon	discussion	from Saxicola rubetra (L.) (Passeriformes: Muscicapidae) in France (Dujardin, 1845). This species was considered as a species inquirenda by Stossich (1891) and as a junior synonym of A. attenuata by Jögis (1971, 1977) and Smogorzhevskaya (1990).	en	Yasen Mutafchiev, Jean Mariaux, Boyko B. Georgiev (2017): Description of Acuaria europaea n. sp. (Spirurida: Acuariidae) from Dendrocopos syriacus (Hemprich & Ehrenberg) and Oriolus oriolus (L.) (Aves) in Europe, with results of re-examination of related European species of Acuaria Bremser, 1811. Systematic Parasitology 94: 201-214, DOI: 10.1007/s11230-016-9695-z
1F1587E3FF84FFFEF9EDFB09171BF9DF.taxon	discussion	was described from Delichon urbicum (L.) by von Linstow (1877) for nematodes described as ‘‘ a true Filaria, but since Filaria attenuata from various species of the genus Corvus has already been described, the name cannot remain’ ’. This ambiguous statement cannot be accepted as justification for proposing a new species, since A. attenuata has been described from a host of the family Hirundinidae. Jögis (1971) considered F. tuberculata as a junior synonym of A. attenuata. The male of Acuaria tuberculata, as described by von Linstow (1877), was characterised by two dissimilar spicules (98 and 130 lm long) distinct from those of A. attenuata, as revealed in the present study.	en	Yasen Mutafchiev, Jean Mariaux, Boyko B. Georgiev (2017): Description of Acuaria europaea n. sp. (Spirurida: Acuariidae) from Dendrocopos syriacus (Hemprich & Ehrenberg) and Oriolus oriolus (L.) (Aves) in Europe, with results of re-examination of related European species of Acuaria Bremser, 1811. Systematic Parasitology 94: 201-214, DOI: 10.1007/s11230-016-9695-z
