identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
1A4787F5FFB2E11FFF21679FFC7BBD9D.text	1A4787F5FFB2E11FFF21679FFC7BBD9D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gastonispermum Friis & Crane & Pedersen 2018	<div><p>Genus Gastonispermum gen. nov.</p> <p>T y p e. Designated here, Gastonispermum portugallicum gen. et sp. nov.</p> <p>P l a n t F o s s i l N a m e s R e g i s t r y N u m b e r.</p> <p>PFN000088 (for new genus).</p> <p>E t y m o l o g y. In recognition of Gaston de Saporta (*1823, †1895) for his pioneering contributions to studies of the Mesozoic floras of Portugal.</p> <p>D i a g n o s i s. Isolated seeds occurring singly. Seeds small, anatropous, bitegmic and exotestal. Seeds bilaterally symmetrical with a dorsiventral plane of symmetry. Seed surface smooth without longitudinal ridges. Raphe distinct, seen externally as a slightly raised rounded ridge that extends from hilum to the chalazal end opposite the micropyle. Hilum and micropyle separated by a narrow zone of sclerenchyma. Hilar scar small, slightly raised without a hilar rim. Micropyle formed by the inner integument (tegmen) and marked on the seed surface by a Y-shaped slit through the outer integument (testa) adjacent to the hilar scar. Testa formed from an outer layer (exotesta) of palisade-shaped sclerenchyma cells and an inner thin layer of thin-walled parenchyma cells (mesotesta/endotesta). Palisade-shaped cells of exotesta with evenly thickened anticlinal walls and a straight lumen. Anticlinal walls of palisade-shaped sclerenchyma strongly undulate toward the inside and toward the outside, resulting in stellateundulate facets and a jigsaw puzzle-like pattern on the seed surface. Tegmen thin. Embryo tiny with two rudimentary cotyledons.</p> <p>C o m m e n t s o n t h e g e n u s. Details of the seed coat in Gastonispermum are similar to those of Nitaspermum (Friis et al. 2018c), a genus established for Early Cretaceous seeds from eastern North America. However, there are also important differences, including the shape of the micropylar slit, which is Y-shaped in Gastonispermum but transversely elongate in Nitaspermum. Many features of Gastonispermum seeds, including the Y-shaped micropyle and the strongly undulate anticlinal walls of the exotesta cells, are very similar to seeds of some species of extant Illicium L. (Illiciaceae, Austrobaileyales), but Gastonispermum lacks the pronounced zone of expanded testal tissue between hilum and micropyle (strophiole) that characterizes extant Illicium species (Oh et al. 2003). Similar seeds with strongly undulate anticlinal walls of the exotesta cells and a Y-shaped micropylar slit also occur in Victoria LINDL. (Nymphaeaceae; Takahashi et al. 2007), but Victoria is distinguished from Gastonispermum by its much thicker mesotesta and the greater separation between the circular hilar scar and the micropylar slit.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1A4787F5FFB2E11FFF21679FFC7BBD9D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Friis, Else Marie;Crane, Peter R.;Pedersen, Kaj Raunsgaard	Friis, Else Marie, Crane, Peter R., Pedersen, Kaj Raunsgaard (2018): Extinct Taxa Of Exotestal Seeds Close To Austrobaileyales And Nymphaeales From The Early Cretaceous Of Portugal. Fossil Imprint 74 (1 - 2): 135-158, DOI: 10.2478/if-2018-0010, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/if-2018-0010
1A4787F5FFB2E119FCA166E8FD92BB79.text	1A4787F5FFB2E119FCA166E8FD92BB79.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gastonispermum portugallicum Friis & Crane & Pedersen 2018	<div><p>Gastonispermum portugallicum gen. et sp. nov.</p> <p>Text-figs 1–2</p> <p>H o l o t y p e. Designated here, S174820 (Famalicão sample 025; illustrated here in Text-figs 1d–f, 2a, d).</p> <p>P l a n t F o s s i l N a m e s R e g i s t r y N u m b e r.</p> <p>PFN000089 (for new species).</p> <p>P a r a t y p e s. Designated here, S105218, S105220, S170234, S174343, S174430, S174435, S174819, S174821, S175044, S175045, S175082, S175084, S175095, S175100 – S175104 (Famalicão sample 025).</p> <p>R e p o s i t o r y. Palaeobotanical Collections, Department of Palaeobiology, the Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden (S).</p> <p>E t y m o l o g y. The species is named for Portugal where the fossils were collected.</p> <p>T y p e l o c a l i t y. Famalicão, Portugal (39°42′16″N;</p> <p>8°46′12″W).</p> <p>T y p e s t r a t u m a n d a g e. Below the Figueira da Foz Formation; Early Cretaceous (late Aptian – early Albian or older).</p> <p>D i a g n o s i s. As for the genus.</p> <p>D i m e n s i o n s. Length of seeds: 1.2–1.7 mm; width of seeds: 0.8–1.3 mm.</p> <p>O t h e r s p e c i m e n s. S175108 (Vale de Água sample</p> <p>330); S175110 (Vale de Água sample 333).</p> <p>D e s c r i p t i o n a n d r e m a r k s. The species is based on about 230 isolated seeds of which 14 specimens were studied using SRXTM (S105218, S105220, S170234, S174343, S174430, S174435, S174819, S174820, S174821, S175044, S175045, S175082, S175084, S175095). There is no information on the fruits in which the seeds were borne. The seeds are small, anatropous, bitegmic and exotestal with bilateral symmetry. They are elliptical in lateral view (Text-figs 1a–e, h, 2a) and also in transverse section (Textfig. 2g). The seed surface is dull, almost smooth, but with a jigsaw puzzle-shaped pattern formed from the slightly raised undulate anticlinal walls of the exotesta cells.</p> <p>Micropyle and hilum are very close together and displaced towards the raphal side of the seed (Text-fig. 1a– d). The hilum is small, circular in outline and slightly raised without a hilar rim (Text-fig. 1g). The course of the raphe is distinct on the seed surface and seen as a slightly raised, rounded ridge that extends from hilum to the chalazal end of the seed (Text-fig. 1a, b). The micropyle is formed from the inner integument. The position of the micropyle is marked by a branched, Y-shaped slit in the testa (Text-figs 1g, 2b). Internally the micropylar slit is lined by testal cells on all sides (Text-fig. 2a, b).</p> <p>The seed coat is composed of a thick exotesta, a thinner mesotesta/endotesta, and a thin tegmen. The exotesta consists of a single layer of tall, columnar sclerenchyma that vary in height from about 55 µm laterally and on the antiraphal sides of the seed, to about 80 µm over the raphe (Text-figs 1e, h, 2a, g). In the micropylar region the columnar sclerenchyma cells are shorter and become much shorter towards the micropylar slit (Text-figs 1e, f, h, 2a, c, e). The exotestal cells are arranged in indistinct longitudinal rows. The anticlinal walls of the exotestal cells are thickened, slightly raised on the surface, and of almost even thickness from the outside to the inside, resulting in an almost straight lumen (Text-figs 1h, 2a, g). Towards the outside and inside they are strongly undulate resulting in stellate-undulate facets and a jigsaw puzzle-like pattern on the surface with rounded, undivided lobes (Text-fig. 1i). Exotestal cells are also undulate over the raphe. Exotesta cells around the micropylar slit are slender and tall (Text-fig. 2c). The mesotesta/endotesta consists of two or three layers of collapsed parenchyma cells with thick cell walls (Text-fig. 2a). The tegmen is thin and composed of cells that are collapsed over most of the seed, but more robust and slightly thickened in the micropylar region.</p> <p>Nutritive tissue is partly preserved in five of the specimens that were studied using SRXTM. Two of these specimens (S174820, S174821) also had a complete embryo preserved. In both cases the embryo is tiny, about 130 µm long and 130 µm broad, with two rudimentary cotyledons and an embryo to seed (E: S) ratio of about 0.02. The embryo is composed of cells that are much smaller than the surrounding nutritive tissue. Each cell contains a dense, central structure that may be the fossilized remains of a nucleus (Text-figs 1e, f, 2a, d, e). The nutritive tissue is cellular, consisting of isodiametric and thin-walled cells, about 40 µm in diameter (Text-fig. 2a, e, f). Cell walls are slightly undulating or straight. In some specimens the cells of the nutritive tissue are empty (Text-fig. 2f), but in other cases these cells are filled by small granules. These granules are often clustered close to the cell walls (Text-fig. 2e) and we interpret them to be the remains of protein or lipid bodies. We interpret the nutritive tissue immediately surrounding the embryo as endosperm (Textfig. 2e), but the continuity of this inner tissue with the bulk of the nutritive tissue in the outer parts of the seed is not clear, and thus the possibility that the outer tissues may be perisperm cannot be definitively excluded.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1A4787F5FFB2E119FCA166E8FD92BB79	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Friis, Else Marie;Crane, Peter R.;Pedersen, Kaj Raunsgaard	Friis, Else Marie, Crane, Peter R., Pedersen, Kaj Raunsgaard (2018): Extinct Taxa Of Exotestal Seeds Close To Austrobaileyales And Nymphaeales From The Early Cretaceous Of Portugal. Fossil Imprint 74 (1 - 2): 135-158, DOI: 10.2478/if-2018-0010, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/if-2018-0010
1A4787F5FFB4E119FEE560CCFAE3B987.text	1A4787F5FFB4E119FEE560CCFAE3B987.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pazlia Friis & Crane & Pedersen 2018	<div><p>Genus Pazlia gen. nov.</p> <p>T y p e. Designated here. Pazlia hilaris gen. et sp. nov.</p> <p>P l a n t F o s s i l N a m e s R e g i s t r y N u m b e r.</p> <p>PFN000090 (for new genus).</p> <p>E t y m o l o g y. From Greek παζλ: jigsaw puzzle, for the distinct jigsaw puzzle-like outline of the facets of the exotestal cells.</p> <p>G e n e r i c d i a g n o s i s. Isolated seeds occurring singly. Seeds small, anatropous, bitegmic and exotestal. Seeds bilaterally symmetrical with dorsiventral plane of symmetry. Seed surface smooth without longitudinal ridges. Raphe distinct, seen externally as a raised, rounded ridge that extends from hilum to the chalazal end opposite the micropyle. Hilum and micropyle separated by a broad zone of testal sclerenchyma. Hilar scar large, narrowly elongate with abundant sclerenchyma tissue beneath the scar and lacking a hilar rim. Micropyle formed by the inner integument (tegmen) and marked on the seed surface by a transverse slit through the outer integument (testa) adjacent to the hilar scar. Testa formed from an outer layer (exotesta) of palisade-shaped sclerenchyma cells and an inner thin layer of thin-walled parenchyma cells (mesotesta/ endotesta). Palisade-shaped cells of exotesta with evenly thickened anticlinal walls and a straight lumen. Anticlinal walls of the exotesta cells strongly undulate toward the inside and toward the outside, resulting in stellate-undulate facets and a jigsaw puzzle-like pattern on the seed surface. Tegmen thin.</p> <p>C o m m e n t s o n t h e g e n u s. Seeds assigned to Pazlia are similar to seeds of Gastonispermum, Pazliopsis, Reyispermum, Lusitanispermum and Silutanispermum in the shape of the exotestal cells, but seeds of Pazlia are much smaller than those of Gastonispermum, Lusitanispermum and Silutanispermum, and they also have a strong expanded sclerenchyma tissue under the hilar scar. Seeds of Pazlia further differ from those of Gastonispermum, Reyispermum, Lusitanispermum and Silutanispermum in details of the micropyle and in the elongated hilar scar, but in these features are more similar to seeds of Pazliopsis. In details of the seed coat, and also the large ovate hilar scar, seeds of Pazlia also resemble those of extant Illicium (Illiciaceae), but lack the characteristic strophiole seen in the extant genus.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1A4787F5FFB4E119FEE560CCFAE3B987	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Friis, Else Marie;Crane, Peter R.;Pedersen, Kaj Raunsgaard	Friis, Else Marie, Crane, Peter R., Pedersen, Kaj Raunsgaard (2018): Extinct Taxa Of Exotestal Seeds Close To Austrobaileyales And Nymphaeales From The Early Cretaceous Of Portugal. Fossil Imprint 74 (1 - 2): 135-158, DOI: 10.2478/if-2018-0010, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/if-2018-0010
1A4787F5FFB4E114FC1B62E5FE17B918.text	1A4787F5FFB4E114FC1B62E5FE17B918.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pazlia hilaris Friis & Crane & Pedersen 2018	<div><p>Pazlia hilaris gen. et sp. nov.</p> <p>Text-figs 3a–e, 4a, b</p> <p>H o l o t y p e. Designated here, S175096 (Famalicão sample 025; illustrated here on Text-figs 3a–d, 4a, b).</p> <p>P l a n t F o s s i l N a m e s R e g i s t r y N u m b e r.</p> <p>PFN000091 (for new species).</p> <p>P a r a t y p e s. Designated here, S174336, S174342, S175083, S175098, S175105, S175106 (Famalicão sample 025).</p> <p>R e p o s i t o r y. Palaeobotanical Collections, Department of Palaeobiology, the Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden.</p> <p>E t y m o l o g y. From Latin: hilaris, relating to the hilum to emphasis the large hilar scar and strongly developed sclerenchyma tissue under hilum.</p> <p>T y p e l o c a l i t y. Famalicão, Portugal (39°42′16″N;</p> <p>8°46′12″W).</p> <p>T y p e s t r a t u m a n d a g e. Below the Figueira da Foz Formation; Early Cretaceous (late Aptian – early Albian or older).</p> <p>D i a g n o s i s. As for the genus.</p> <p>D i m e n s i o n s. Length of seeds: 1.1–1.4 mm; width of seeds: 0.9–1.2 mm.</p> <p>O t h e r m a t e r i a l. S175109 (Vale de Água 330).</p> <p>D e s c r i p t i o n a n d r e m a r k s.Thespeciesisbased on about 20 seeds of which five were studied using SRXTM (S174336, S174342, S175083, S175096, S175098). All seeds are isolated and there is no information on the fruit in which they were borne. The seeds are small, anatropous, bitegmic and exotestal with bilateral symmetry. The seed surface is almost smooth with a jigsaw puzzle-like pattern formed from the raised undulate anticlinal walls of the exotesta cells. The seeds are almost circular in lateral view with a truncate hilar-micropylar region (Text-figs 3a–c, 4a), and they are broadly elliptical in transverse section (Textfigs 3b, 4b).</p> <p>The micropyle and hilum are separated by a broad zone of sclerenchyma tissue beneath the very large and distinct hilar scar (Text-figs 3a–c, 4a). This hilar sclerenchyma is strongly expanded toward the inside of the seed by cells that are thin-walled, elongate and radiate perpendicular to the hilar scar (Text-figs 3c, 4a). The hilum lacks a rim. The course of the raphe is distinct on the seed surface and seen as a slightly raised, rounded ridge extending from hilum to the chalazal end of the seed (Text-fig. 3b, c). The micropyle is formed from the inner integument, and seen on the seed surface as a narrow slit. There is a strongly thickened zone of sclerenchyma cells between micropyle and raphe (Text-figs 3b, 4a).</p> <p>Most of the seed coat is composed of exotesta, which is one cell layer deep. The mesotesta/endotesta and tegmen are typically collapsed. The exotesta is one cell layer deep and consists of columnar sclerenchyma cells that are about 105 µm tall over most of the seed, but that gradually become shorter towards the hilar-micropylar region (Text-fig. 4a, b). The exotestal cells are arranged in longitudinal rows over the raphe and on the anti-raphal side, but otherwise their arrangement appears irregular. The anticlinal walls of the exotestal cells are thickened and of almost even thickness from the outside to the inside resulting in an almost straight lumen (Text-fig. 4a, b). They are strongly undulate towards the outside and inside forming a jigsaw puzzle-like pattern on the surface with rounded, deep, sometimes bifurcate, lobes in the stellate-undulate facets (Text-fig. 3d). The cell walls are also undulate over the raphe and in the micropylar region.</p> <p>Patchy remains of cellular nutritive tissue were observed in one of the specimens studied using SRXTM, but none of the specimens show sufficient internal details to reveal the size or nature of the embryo.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1A4787F5FFB4E114FC1B62E5FE17B918	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Friis, Else Marie;Crane, Peter R.;Pedersen, Kaj Raunsgaard	Friis, Else Marie, Crane, Peter R., Pedersen, Kaj Raunsgaard (2018): Extinct Taxa Of Exotestal Seeds Close To Austrobaileyales And Nymphaeales From The Early Cretaceous Of Portugal. Fossil Imprint 74 (1 - 2): 135-158, DOI: 10.2478/if-2018-0010, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/if-2018-0010
1A4787F5FFB9E114FEE3626DFC5ABE6A.text	1A4787F5FFB9E114FEE3626DFC5ABE6A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pazliopsis Friis & Crane & Pedersen 2018	<div><p>Genus Pazliopsis gen. nov.</p> <p>T y p e. Designated here, Pazliopsis reyi gen. et sp. nov.</p> <p>P l a n t F o s s i l N a m e s R e g i s t r y N u m b e r.</p> <p>PFN000092 (for new genus).</p> <p>E t y m o l o g y. From όψις (Greek: appearance, aspect) to indicate close similarity in morphological appearance to seeds of Pazlia.</p> <p>D i a g n o s i s. Fruit thin-walled, one-seeded. Seeds small, anatropous, bitegmic and exotestal. Seeds bilaterally symmetrical with dorsiventral plane of symmetry. Seed surface with faint longitudinal ridges. Raphe indistinct externally. Hilum and micropyle separated by broad zone of testal sclerenchyma. Hilar scar large, elongate and prominent with expanded testal tissue beneath the hilar scar, lacking a hilar rim. Micropyle formed by the inner integument (tegmen) and marked on the seed surface by a transverse slit through the outer integument (testa) adjacent to the hilar scar. Testa formed from an outer layer (exotesta) of palisade-shaped sclerenchyma cells and an inner thin layer of thin-walled parenchyma cells (mesotesta/ endotesta). Palisade cells of exotesta with evenly thickened anticlinal walls and a straight lumen. Anticlinal walls of palisade-shaped sclerenchyma strongly undulate toward the inside and toward the outside, resulting in stellate-undulate facets and a jigsaw puzzle-like pattern on the seed surface. Tegmen thin.</p> <p>C o m m e n t s o n t h e g e n u s. Seeds assigned to Pazliopsis are similar to those of Pazlia in their large hilar scar with expanded sclerenchyma tissue below. However, the sclerenchyma cells in Pazlia radiate perpendicular to the seed surface and is much thicker than in Pazliopsis. Pazliopsis also differs from Pazlia, as well as the other taxa described here, in the ribbed seed surface. A large, distinct hilar scar, as seen in Pazliopsis, also occurs in the seeds of Illicium, but Pazliopsis lacks the strophiole that is typical of Illicium species.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1A4787F5FFB9E114FEE3626DFC5ABE6A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Friis, Else Marie;Crane, Peter R.;Pedersen, Kaj Raunsgaard	Friis, Else Marie, Crane, Peter R., Pedersen, Kaj Raunsgaard (2018): Extinct Taxa Of Exotestal Seeds Close To Austrobaileyales And Nymphaeales From The Early Cretaceous Of Portugal. Fossil Imprint 74 (1 - 2): 135-158, DOI: 10.2478/if-2018-0010, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/if-2018-0010
1A4787F5FFB9E115FC2A65DEFD37B979.text	1A4787F5FFB9E115FC2A65DEFD37B979.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pazliopsis reyi Friis & Crane & Pedersen 2018	<div><p>Pazliopsis reyi gen. et sp. nov.</p> <p>Text-figs 3f–i, 4c, d</p> <p>H o l o t y p e. Designated here, S171534 (Torres Vedras sample 043; illustrated here on Text-fig. 3g).</p> <p>P l a n t F o s s i l N a m e s R e g i s t r y N u m b e r.</p> <p>PFN000093 (for new species).</p> <p>P a r a t y p e s. Designated here, S174735 (Torres Vedras sample 043), S174636, S174637, S175024 (Torres Vedras sample 044), S175120 (Torres Vedras sample 144), S174632 (Torres Vedras sample 298).</p> <p>R e p o s i t o r y. Palaeobotanical Collections, Department of Palaeobiology, the Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden.</p> <p>E t y m o l o g y. In recognition of Jacques Rey (*1940, †2018) for his important contributions to understanding the Cretaceous geology of Portugal.</p> <p>T y p e l o c a l i t y. Torres Vedras, Portugal (NE of</p> <p>Forte de Forca; 39°06′13″N, 9°14′47″W).</p> <p>T y p e s t r a t u m a n d a g e. Lower part of the Almargem Formation; Early Cretaceous (late Barremian – early Aptian).</p> <p>D i a g n o s i s. As for the genus.</p> <p>D i m e n s i o n s. Length of fruit: 1.1 mm; length of seeds: 0.7–0.9 mm; width of seeds: 0.66–0.84 mm.</p> <p>D e s c r i p t i o n a n d r e m a r k s. The species is based on two fruits and 30 isolated seeds. Four specimens (S171534, S174614, S174632, S174633) were studied using SRXTM. The fruits or fruitlets are small and each contains a single seed (Text-figs 3f, g, 4c, d). They are isolated from the floral receptacle and it is unknown whether they were from monocarpellate gynoecia or multicarpellate gynoecia that were apocarpous. The fruit wall is thin, collapsed and partly abraded exposing the seed. It consists of an outer zone of small thin-walled cells and an inner zone of obliquely arranged, longitudinally elongate, fibers (Text-fig. 3f). The fibrous inner zone suggests that the fruit was dry.</p> <p>The seeds are small, anatropous, bitegmic and exotestal with bilateral symmetry, ovate to almost circular in lateral view with a truncate profile at the hilar-micropylar end of the seed (Text-fig. 3f, g). The hilar scar is large and ovate in outline and lacks a hilar rim (Text-fig. 3h). Where the raphal bundle enters the seed the micropyle and hilum are separated by expanded sclerenchyma tissue beneath the hilar scar (Text-fig. 4c), and marked on the seed surface by a transverse slit through the outer integument (testa) adjacent to the hilar scar.</p> <p>The seed coat is mainly comprised of the exotesta, which consists of a single layer of tall, columnar sclerenchyma cells. These cells are about 100 µm tall over most of the seed but gradually become shorter towards the hilarmicropylar region (Text-fig. 4c). The anticlinal walls of the exotestal cells are thickened, and of almost even thickness from the outside to the inside resulting an almost straight lumen (Text-fig. 4c). The anticlinal walls of the exotestal cells are strongly undulate towards the outside and inside forming a jigsaw puzzle-like pattern on the seed surface with rounded, deep, undivided lobes (Text-fig. 3i). The cell walls are also undulate over the raphe and in the micropylar region. The inner layers of the testa (mesotesta/endotesta) and the tegmen, which is poorly preserved in the micropylar region, are composed of thin walled cells that are typically collapsed.</p> <p>One specimen has well-preserved nutritive tissue and an embryo (Text-fig. 4c, d), and another specimen has a remains of the embryo preserved. In both cases the embryo is tiny, with two rudimentary cotyledons (Text-fig. 4c, d). The embryo to seed (E:S) ratio is about 0.02. As in Gastonispermum portugallicum, the cells of the embryo are much smaller than those of surrounding nutritive tissue (Text-fig. 4c, d), and each contains a central structure that we interpret as the probable remains of a nucleus (Text-fig. 4d). The nutritive tissue immediately surrounding the embryo consists of equiaxial cells with thin-walled, straight to slightly wavy cells walls (Text-fig. 4d). This tissue is clearly endosperm. However, the transition between these inner thin-walled endosperm cells and the bulk of the surrounding nutritive tissue is not well preserved so it is uncertain whether all the nutritive tissue is endosperm or whether the outer part of the nutritive tissue could be perisperm.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1A4787F5FFB9E115FC2A65DEFD37B979	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Friis, Else Marie;Crane, Peter R.;Pedersen, Kaj Raunsgaard	Friis, Else Marie, Crane, Peter R., Pedersen, Kaj Raunsgaard (2018): Extinct Taxa Of Exotestal Seeds Close To Austrobaileyales And Nymphaeales From The Early Cretaceous Of Portugal. Fossil Imprint 74 (1 - 2): 135-158, DOI: 10.2478/if-2018-0010, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/if-2018-0010
1A4787F5FFB8E115FEE762CCFBD4BFA8.text	1A4787F5FFB8E115FEE762CCFBD4BFA8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Reyispermum Friis & Crane & Pedersen 2018	<div><p>Reyispermum gen. nov.</p> <p>T y p e. Designated here, Reyispermum parvum gen. et sp. nov.</p> <p>P l a n t F o s s i l N a m e s R e g i s t r y N u m b e r.</p> <p>PFN000094 (for new genus).</p> <p>E t y m o l o g y. In recognition of Jacques Rey (*1940, †2018) for his important contributions to understanding the Cretaceous geology of Portugal.</p> <p>D i a g n o s i s. Isolated seeds occurring singly. Seeds tiny, anatropous, bitegmic and exotestal. Seeds bilaterally symmetrical with dorsiventral plane of symmetry. Seed surface smooth without longitudinal ridges. Raphal region distinct, seen externally as a slightly raised rounded ridge that extends from the hilum to the chalazal end opposite the micropyle. Hilum and micropyle separated by a moderate zone of testal sclerenchyma. Hilar scar small, circular without a rim. Micropyle formed by the inner integument (tegmen) and marked on the seed surface by a transverse slit through the outer integument (testa) adjacent to hilar scar. Testa formed from an outer layer (exotesta) of palisade-shaped sclerenchyma cells and an inner thin layer of thin-walled parenchyma cells (mesotesta/endotesta). Testa bulging below hilum. Palisade-shaped cells of exotesta with evenly thickened anticlinal walls and a straight lumen. Anticlinal walls of exotestal cells strongly undulate toward the inside and toward the outside, resulting in stellate-undulate facets and a jigsaw puzzle-like pattern on the seed surface except in the micropylar region where the anticlinal walls are straight and the outer facets polygonal. Tegmen thin.</p> <p>C o m m e n t s o n t h e g e n u s. Seeds assigned to Reyispermum are similar to those of Pazlia and Pazliopsis, but much smaller and the sclerenchyma tissue beneath the hilum is much less prominent. Seeds of Reyispermum are also similar in wall structure to the seeds of the extinct genus Illiciospermum FRUMIN et E.M.FRIIS, described from the early Late Cretaceous of Kazakhstan (Frumin and Friis 1999), as well as seeds of extant Illicium (Illiciaceae) (Oh et al. 2003). The slight bulge in the hilar-micropylar area resembles the strophiole seen in Illiciospermum and Illicium, but in these two genera the strophiole is more prominent and distinctly bulging and also clearly separates the hilum and micropyle. In Reyispermum the slight bulge in the hilar-micropylar area is positioned below the hilum.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1A4787F5FFB8E115FEE762CCFBD4BFA8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Friis, Else Marie;Crane, Peter R.;Pedersen, Kaj Raunsgaard	Friis, Else Marie, Crane, Peter R., Pedersen, Kaj Raunsgaard (2018): Extinct Taxa Of Exotestal Seeds Close To Austrobaileyales And Nymphaeales From The Early Cretaceous Of Portugal. Fossil Imprint 74 (1 - 2): 135-158, DOI: 10.2478/if-2018-0010, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/if-2018-0010
1A4787F5FFB8E110FC6B64EAFEDABD5C.text	1A4787F5FFB8E110FC6B64EAFEDABD5C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Reyispermum parvum Friis & Crane & Pedersen 2018	<div><p>Reyispermum parvum gen. et sp. nov.</p> <p>Text-figs 5, 6</p> <p>H o l o t y p e. Designated here, S174178 (Vale de Água sample 141; illustrated here on Text-figs 5a–c, i, 6a, b).</p> <p>P l a n t F o s s i l N a m e s R e g i s t r y N u m b e r.</p> <p>PFN000094 (for new species).</p> <p>P a r a t y p e s. Designated here, S174179, S175111 (Vale de Água sample 141), S174495 (Vale de Água sample 300).</p> <p>R e p o s i t o r y. Palaeobotanical Collections, Department of Palaeobiology, the Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden.</p> <p>E t y m o l o g y. From Latin: parvus, small relating to the small size of the seeds.</p> <p>T y p e l o c a l i t y. Vale de Água, Portugal (39°37′15″N,</p> <p>08°51′30″W).</p> <p>T y p e s t r a t u m a n d a g e. Basal part of the Figueira da Foz Formation; Early Cretaceous (late Aptian – early Albian).</p> <p>D i a g n o s i s. As for the genus.</p> <p>D i m e n s i o n s. Length of seeds: 0.44–0.52 mm; width of seeds: 0.28–0.5 mm.</p> <p>D e s c r i p t i o n a n d r e m a r k s. The species is based on about eight isolated seeds of which three (S174178, S174179, S174495) were studied using SRXTM. All seeds are isolated and there is no information on the fruit in which they were borne. The seeds are tiny, anatropous, bitegmic and exotestal. They are broadly ovate in lateral view, bilaterally symmetrical with dorsiventral plane of symmetry, and sometimes slightly compressed laterally (Text-fig. 5a– h). The raphal region is seen on the outside as a slightly raised rounded ridge (Text-fig. 5c, g, h).</p> <p>The hilum and micropyle are separated by a zone of testal tissue. The hilum lacks a rim and is seen as a small rounded depression (Text-fig. 5b, c). The hilar tissue is slightly expanded inside. The micropyle is formed by the inner integument (tegmen) and marked on the seed surface by a transverse slit through the outer integument (testa) (Text-figs 5c, f, 6b). Internally the micropylar slit is lined on all sides by testal cells.</p> <p>The testa consists of an outer layer of palisade-shaped sclerenchyma cells and an inner layer of thin-walled parenchyma cells (Text-figs 5b, e, 6a–e). The palisadeshaped cells of the exotesta are about 45 µm tall over most of the seed but gradually become shorter towards the micropyle and hilum; in the hilar region the thin exotesta is sometimes loosened forming a slightly bulging structure (Text-figs 5b, d–h, 6a, c). The anticlinal cell walls of the exotesta cells are evenly thickened walls and the lumen is more or less straight (Text-fig. 6a, b, d). The outer and inner parts of the anticlinal walls are strongly undulate and slightly raised resulting in stellate-undulate facets and a jigsaw puzzle-like pattern on the seed surface (Text-fig. 5a, d, f–i) except in the micropylar region where the anticlinal walls are straight and the outer facets polygonal (Text-fig. 5f). The lobes of the exotestal walls are deep and sometimes bifurcated. The tegmen is thin, but thickened around the micropyle and composed of rectangular epidermal cells with a striate wrinkled surface that are often collapsed (Text-fig. 6e).</p> <p>None of the specimens observed using SRXTM had an embryo preserved, but the irregular cavity in the nutritive tissue, which is in the appropriate position for the embryo, suggests that the embryo was tiny. The nutritive tissue consists of thin-walled and equiaxial cells, about 45 µm in diameter (Text-fig. 6d).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1A4787F5FFB8E110FC6B64EAFEDABD5C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Friis, Else Marie;Crane, Peter R.;Pedersen, Kaj Raunsgaard	Friis, Else Marie, Crane, Peter R., Pedersen, Kaj Raunsgaard (2018): Extinct Taxa Of Exotestal Seeds Close To Austrobaileyales And Nymphaeales From The Early Cretaceous Of Portugal. Fossil Imprint 74 (1 - 2): 135-158, DOI: 10.2478/if-2018-0010, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/if-2018-0010
1A4787F5FFBDE110FECD6624FF61BB37.text	1A4787F5FFBDE110FECD6624FF61BB37.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lusitanispermum Friis & Crane & Pedersen 2018	<div><p>Genus Lusitanispermum gen. nov.</p> <p>T y p e. Designated here, Lusitanispermum choffatii gen. et sp. nov.</p> <p>P l a n t F o s s i l N a m e s R e g i s t r y N u m b e r.</p> <p>PFN000096 (for new genus).</p> <p>E t y m o l o g y. From the Roman province Lusitania that included the part of Portugal where the fossils were collected.</p> <p>D i a g n o s i s. Isolated seeds occurring singly. Seeds small, anatropous, bitegmic and exotestal. Seeds bilaterally symmetrical with dorsiventral plane of symmetry. Seed surface smooth without longitudinal ridges. Raphe indistinct externally. Hilum and micropyle close together separated by a narrow zone of testal sclerenchyma. Hilar scar small without a hilar rim. Micropyle formed by the inner integument (tegmen) and marked on the seed surface by a transverse slit through the outer integument (testa) adjacent to the hilar scar. Testa formed from an outer layer (exotesta) of palisadeshaped sclerenchyma cells, and an inner thick layer of large parenchyma cells (mesotesta/endotesta). Palisade-shaped cells of exotesta with unevenly thickened walls that are thick towards the outside, thin towards the inside, and have a conical lumen. Exotesta thick adjacent to the hilum forming a bulging zone that may be two-parted. Anticlinal walls of palisade-shaped sclerenchyma strongly undulate toward the inside and toward the outside, resulting in stellate-undulate facets and a jigsaw puzzle-like pattern on the seed surface except over the raphe and around the micropyle where the cell walls are straight and facets polygonal. Tegmen thin. Embryo tiny, with two rudimentary cotyledons.</p> <p>C o m m e n t s o n t h e g e n u s. In their general organization and the structure of the seed coat seeds assigned to Lusitanispermum are similar to the other exotestal seeds described here, and to the two extinct exotestal seeds, Nitaspermum and Tanispermum, however, they are distinguished from these other fossil seeds, except Silutanispermum, by the much thicker mesotesta/ endotesta and in details of the exotestal cells. Among extant angiosperms comparable seeds occur in Illicium and in members of the Nymphaeales. Illicium is, however, distinguished by its strophiole and thinner mesotesta, while seeds of Nymphaeales have an operculum, formed from the inner integument, which has not been seen in the fossil seeds.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1A4787F5FFBDE110FECD6624FF61BB37	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Friis, Else Marie;Crane, Peter R.;Pedersen, Kaj Raunsgaard	Friis, Else Marie, Crane, Peter R., Pedersen, Kaj Raunsgaard (2018): Extinct Taxa Of Exotestal Seeds Close To Austrobaileyales And Nymphaeales From The Early Cretaceous Of Portugal. Fossil Imprint 74 (1 - 2): 135-158, DOI: 10.2478/if-2018-0010, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/if-2018-0010
1A4787F5FFBDE112FF18600FFDF7BBA8.text	1A4787F5FFBDE112FF18600FFDF7BBA8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lusitanispermum choffatii Friis & Crane & Pedersen 2018	<div><p>Lusitanispermum choffatii gen. et sp. nov.</p> <p>Text-figs 7–10</p> <p>H o l o t y p e. Designated here, S174345 (Famalicão sample 025; illustrated here on Text-figs 7a, b, 9a, b).</p> <p>P l a n t F o s s i l N a m e s R e g i s t r y N u m b e r.</p> <p>PFN000097 (for new species).</p> <p>P a r a t y p e s. Designated here, S105097, S105098, S170239, S174035, S174353, S174467 – S174470, S174472, S174474, S174811, S175113 – S175118 (Famalicão sample 025).</p> <p>R e p o s i t o r y. Palaeobotanical Collections, Department of Palaeobiology, the Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden.</p> <p>E t y m o l o g y. In recognition of Léon Paul Choffat (*1849, †1919) for his geological studies of Cretaceous deposits in Portugal.</p> <p>T y p e l o c a l i t y. Famalicão, Portugal (39°42′16″N;</p> <p>8°46′12″W).</p> <p>T y p e s t r a t u m a n d a g e. Below the Figueira da Foz Formation; Early Cretaceous (late Aptian – early Albian or older).</p> <p>D i a g n o s i s. As for the genus.</p> <p>D i m e n s i o n s. Length of seeds: 1.7–2.8 mm; width of seeds: 0.8–1.9 mm.</p> <p>O t h e r m a t e r i a l. S175046 (Vale de Água sample</p> <p>333).</p> <p>D e s c r i p t i o n a n d r e m a r k s. The species is based on about 120 isolated seeds of which 12 specimens were studied using SRXTM (S105097, S105098, S170239, S174035, S174345, S174353, S174467 – S174470, S174472, S174474). There is no information on the fruits in which the seeds were borne. The seeds are small, anatropous, bitegmic and exotestal with bilateral symmetry. They are elliptic in lateral view (Text-figs 7a, c, 8a–e) and elliptical to circular in transverse section (Text-figs 9d, 10e). The seed surface is smooth with a jigsaw puzzle-shaped pattern formed from the slightly raised undulate anticlinal walls of the exotesta cells (Text-fig. 8g). The seeds vary considerably in size and shape and they may belong to more than one natural species. However, there are transitional forms between the smaller more narrow type (Text-fig. 8a–c) and the larger more rounded type (Text-figs 7a–c, 8d, e) and all specimens are therefore included here in the same species.</p> <p>The micropyle and hilum are very close together at the seed apex (Text-figs 8b, 10a, d). The hilum is rounded triangular in outline without a hilar rim (Text-fig. 8f). The course of the raphe is not seen on the seed surface. The micropyle is formed from the inner integument and marked externally by a transverse slit in the testa (Text-figs 8f, 10d).</p> <p>The seed coat is composed of a thick exotesta, a thick mesotesta/endotesta, and a thin tegmen. The exotesta consists of a single layer of tall, columnar sclerenchyma cells. In the bulging areas close to the hilum the exotestal cells are up to about 180 µm tall (Text-figs 9a–d, 10a, c, e), but are about 95 µm tall laterally and on the antiraphal sides of the seed. These exotesta cells become gradually shorter towards the micropylar slit and in the micropylar region (Text-fig. 10a, b). They have slightly raised anticlinal walls and towards the outside (Textfig. 8g) and inside (Text-fig. 7d) the cells of the exotesta are strongly undulate forming stellate-undulate facets and a jigsaw puzzle-like pattern with rounded, undivided lobes.</p> <p>In the bulging portion of the seed coat around the micropylar area the cells of exotesta have slightly thinner walls (Text-fig. 9c) and this part of the seed is sometimes abraded or collapsed. Also in this part of the seed the cells of the exotesta have straight anticlinal walls and polygonal facets (Text-fig. 8f). The mesotesta/endotesta consists of at least three layers of large parenchyma cells (Text-figs 9a, b, d, 10e), most prominent below the bulging hilar zone (Text-fig. 9b). The tegmen is thin over most of the seed, but thicker towards the micropyle.</p> <p>Nutritive tissue is well preserved in most specimens studied using SRXTM and in seven specimens (S170239, S174345, S174468, S174469, S174470, S174472, S174474) a complete or almost complete embryo was observed (Text-figs 9a, b, 10f). In all cases the embryo is tiny, about 110 µm long and 180 µm broad, with two rudimentary cotyledons (Text-figs 9b, 10f), and an embryo to seed ratio of about 0.016. The cells of the embryo are much smaller than those of the surrounding nutritive tissue and each cell has a dense central structure,</p> <p>which we interpret as the remains of a nucleus (Text-figs 9b, 10f). The nutritive tissue is cellular consisting of isodiametric and thin-walled cells, about 40 µm in diameter, with thin, straight or slightly undulate cell walls (Text-figs 9a–d, 10b, c, e). In most specimens the cells of the nutritive tissue are filled with small granular bodies that we interpret as the remains of protein or lipid bodies (Text-figs 9b, d, 10c, d, f). The cells are rarely completely empty (Text-fig. 10a, b, e).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1A4787F5FFBDE112FF18600FFDF7BBA8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Friis, Else Marie;Crane, Peter R.;Pedersen, Kaj Raunsgaard	Friis, Else Marie, Crane, Peter R., Pedersen, Kaj Raunsgaard (2018): Extinct Taxa Of Exotestal Seeds Close To Austrobaileyales And Nymphaeales From The Early Cretaceous Of Portugal. Fossil Imprint 74 (1 - 2): 135-158, DOI: 10.2478/if-2018-0010, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/if-2018-0010
1A4787F5FFBFE10CFECB609AFD32BD3C.text	1A4787F5FFBFE10CFECB609AFD32BD3C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Silutanispermum Friis & Crane & Pedersen 2018	<div><p>Genus Silutanispermum gen. nov.</p> <p>T y p e. Designated here, Silutanispermum kvacekiorum gen. et sp. nov.</p> <p>P l a n t F o s s i l N a m e s R e g i s t r y N u m b e r.</p> <p>PFN000098 (for new genus).</p> <p>E t y m o l o g y. Silutanispermum is an anagram of Lusitanispermum described above to indicate the similarity of the seeds of the two fossil genera.</p> <p>D i a g n o s i s. Isolated seeds occurring singly. Seeds small, anatropous, bitegmic and exotestal. Seeds bilaterally symmetrical with dorsiventral plane of symmetry. Seed surface smooth without longitudinal ridges. Raphe indistinct externally. Hilum and micropyle separated by a narrow zone of testal sclerenchyma. Hilar scar small, triangular without a rim. Micropyle formed by the inner integument (tegmen) and marked on the seed surface by a transverse, slightly wavy slit through the outer integument (testa) adjacent to hilar scar. Testa formed from an outer layer (exotesta) of palisade-shaped sclerenchyma cells and an inner thick layer of large parenchyma cells (mesotesta/endotesta), that is particularly well-developed close to hilum. Palisade-shaped cells of exotesta with unevenly thickened walls that are thick towards the outside, slightly thinner towards the inside, but with an almost straight lumen. Anticlinal walls of palisadeshaped sclerenchyma strongly undulate towards the inside and towards the outside, resulting in stellate-undulate facets and a jigsaw puzzle-like pattern on the seed surface except over the raphe where the cell walls are straight and facets polygonal. Tegmen thin. Embryo tiny with two rudimentary cotyledons.</p> <p>C o m m e n t s o n t h e g e n u s. Seeds assigned to Silutanispermum are similar to those of Lusitanispermum, and are distinguished from seeds of Gastonispermum, Pazlia, Pazliopsis and Reyispermum by their well-developed mesotesta. Silutanispermum seeds are distinguished from those of Lusitanispermum by the shape of the micropyle. In Silutanispermum the micropyle is lined by tall testal cells and is seen on the surface as a prominent, slightly wavy, slit. In Lusitanispermum the micropyle is less distinct. There are also differences in details of the seed coat, including especially the absence of any significant expansion in the thickness of the exotesta below the hilum in Silutanispermum.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1A4787F5FFBFE10CFECB609AFD32BD3C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Friis, Else Marie;Crane, Peter R.;Pedersen, Kaj Raunsgaard	Friis, Else Marie, Crane, Peter R., Pedersen, Kaj Raunsgaard (2018): Extinct Taxa Of Exotestal Seeds Close To Austrobaileyales And Nymphaeales From The Early Cretaceous Of Portugal. Fossil Imprint 74 (1 - 2): 135-158, DOI: 10.2478/if-2018-0010, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/if-2018-0010
1A4787F5FFA1E10CFF0F6609FB15BE7F.text	1A4787F5FFA1E10CFF0F6609FB15BE7F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Silutanispermum kvacekiorum Friis & Crane & Pedersen 2018	<div><p>Silutanispermum kvacekiorum gen. et sp. nov.</p> <p>Text-figs 11–12</p> <p>H o l o t y p e. Designated here, S170238 (Famalicão sample 025; illustrated here on Text-figs 11a, b, d, e, 12a, b).</p> <p>P l a n t F o s s i l N a m e s R e g i s t r y N u m b e r.</p> <p>PFN000099 (for new species).</p> <p>P a r a t y p e s. Designated here, S174352 (Famalicão sample 025).</p> <p>R e p o s i t o r y. Palaeobotanical Collections, Department of Palaeobiology, the Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden.</p> <p>E t y m o l o g y. In recognition of Zlatko and Jiří Kvaček for their many contributions to angiosperm palaeobotany.</p> <p>T y p e l o c a l i t y. Famalicão, Portugal (39°42′16″N;</p> <p>8°46′12″W).</p> <p>T y p e s t r a t u m a n d a g e. Below the Figueira da Foz Formation; Early Cretaceous (late Aptian – early Albian or older).</p> <p>D i a g n o s i s. As for the genus.</p> <p>D i m e n s i o n s. Length of seeds: 1.6–2.0 mm; width of seeds: 1.2–1.9 mm.</p> <p>D e s c r i p t i o n a n d r e m a r k s. The species is based on two isolated seeds that were studied using SRXTM (S170238, 174352). There is no information on the fruits in which the seeds were borne. The seeds are small, anatropous, bitegmic and exotestal with bilateral symmetry. They are elliptic in lateral view (Text-fig. 11a–c) and elliptical to circular in transverse section (Text-fig. 12c, d). The seed surface is smooth with a jigsaw puzzle-shaped pattern formed from the slightly raised undulate anticlinal walls of the exotesta cells.</p> <p>The micropyle and hilum are very close together and slightly displaced towards the raphal side of the seed (Textfig. 11a–d). The hilum is rounded triangular in outline without a hilar rim (Text-fig. 11d). The course of the raphe is seen on the seed surface as a slightly raised ridge that is also distinctive in its transversely aligned cells. The micropyle is formed from the inner integument and is marked on the outside by a transverse, slightly undulate slit in the testa (Text-figs 11d, 12b). Internally the micropylar slit is lined by tall cells of the exotesta (Text-fig. 12a, b) and there is a tendency towards a Y-shaped branching internally.</p> <p>The seed coat is composed of a thick exotesta, a thick mesotesta/endotesta, and a thin tegmen. The exotesta consists of a single layer of tall, columnar sclerenchyma cells that are about 65 µm tall over most of the seed (Textfig. 12a, c–e) but taper out in the micropylar region (Text-fig. 12a). The anticlinal walls of the exotestal cells are thickened, and of almost even thickness from the outside to the inside, resulting in an almost straight lumen (Text-fig. 12c–e). The anticlinal walls are strongly undulate towards the outside and the inside forming stellate-undulate facets and a jigsaw puzzle-like pattern with rounded, undivided lobes on the seed surface; except over the raphe where the cell walls are straight and the facets are polygonal. The mesotesta/ endotesta is as thick as the exotesta, about 65 µm over most of the seed, and consists of up to five layers of large rectangular, tangentially elongated parenchyma cells, (Textfig. 12c–e). The mesotesta/endotesta is thickest around the raphe and close to the hilar region it is up to about 180 µm thick (Text-fig. 12c). The tegmen is thin.</p> <p>Nutritive tissue is well preserved in one of the specimens studied using SRXTM (S174352). It is cellular, consisting of isodiametric cells, about 55 µm in diameter, with thin, straight, cell walls (Text-fig. 12d).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1A4787F5FFA1E10CFF0F6609FB15BE7F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Friis, Else Marie;Crane, Peter R.;Pedersen, Kaj Raunsgaard	Friis, Else Marie, Crane, Peter R., Pedersen, Kaj Raunsgaard (2018): Extinct Taxa Of Exotestal Seeds Close To Austrobaileyales And Nymphaeales From The Early Cretaceous Of Portugal. Fossil Imprint 74 (1 - 2): 135-158, DOI: 10.2478/if-2018-0010, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/if-2018-0010
