taxonID	type	description	language	source
145387D1FFF4FD0DFF700A71B619FB4B.taxon	description	The species occurs on the Pacific slope of both Ecuador and Colombia (nominate isthmia and i. wallengreni ssp. nov.), in the Cauca (nominate isthmia? and i. wallengreni ssp. nov.) and Magdalena valleys (i. daisye ssp. nov.) in Colombia. It is absent from the Oriente of these two countries.	en	Bristow, C. Roger (2008): A review of the genus Brassolis Fabricius in Colombia and Ecuador with description of two new taxa (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Zootaxa 1806 (1): 47-58, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1806.1.3, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1806.1.3
145387D1FFF4FD0DFF700CB4B2D7F9A6.taxon	description	(Plate 2, figs. 1 – 4; Plate 3, figs 4 – 6) The description of isthmia was based on two males from Lion Hill, Panamá. In the BMNH Type Collection, there are two males; the one with the additional label ‘ figured specimen’ is designated lectotype (Plate 2, figs. 3 & 4). Male nominate isthmia in Panamá have a distinct orange streak alongside Cu 2 on the hindwing. The range of the nominate taxon is generally regarded as extending from Nicaragua to the Cauca Valley in Colombia (Stichel 1909; 1932). Nominate isthmia, if it does occur in Colombia, is probably confined to the northwest, but I have seen no undoubted specimen from Colombia; there is, however, one male in the MNHN from ‘ Cauca’.	en	Bristow, C. Roger (2008): A review of the genus Brassolis Fabricius in Colombia and Ecuador with description of two new taxa (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Zootaxa 1806 (1): 47-58, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1806.1.3, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1806.1.3
145387D1FFF4FD0AFF700E83B10AFA58.taxon	description	(Plate 2, figs. 13 – 16; Plate 3, figs. 10 – 12) Historical background. Wallengren (1863) recorded a specimen of ‘ Brassolis astyra ’ on Isla Puna, Ecuador. As isthmia, which is superficially similar to astyra, had not been described at the time of Wallengren’s article, and is the only Brassolis taxon that occurs west of the Andes in Ecuador, it seems likely that isthmia is the species to which Wallengren referred and thus, this will be the first reference to what is now recognised as the new taxon wallengreni in Ecuador. Identification (see the above plates for detailed wing pattern). The wing pattern is typical isthmia with a broad, orange, forewing band that crosses the apical part of the cell, but encloses one (male) or two (female) small, dark brown spots at the cell apex. In the male, the forewing band extends from the tornus (like granadensis, but unlike i. daisye) up to the cell and, in some specimens, only a short distance (c. 1 mm) beyond the apical part of the cell (Plate 3, fig. 12) (c. f. granadensis where it is 2 mm or more). Additionally, the outer margin of the forewing band in space M 3 – Cu 1 is concave (convex in granadensis, nominate isthmia and i. daisye). The hindwing is a fairly uniform chocolate-brown, but there is some slight variation in colour density with the outer margin being a slightly lighter colour. On the underside, there are three, round, sub-marginal spots. Male forewing length 35 – 38 mm. The forewing band of the female is more ‘ ragged’ than that of the male and just crosses the upper part of the cell (Plate 3, fig. 11) (in i. daisye, and to a lesser extent in nominate isthmia, it extends proximally as a narrow band parallel to the costal margin). In the cell on the underside, there is a small, orange, proximal spot, and a larger, irregular orange patch in the distal part (in daisye, these two patches just coalesce). Female forewing length 49 – 52 mm. Types: Holotype female: ECUADOR: Paramba, 1913, Rosenberg, in the BMNH. Paratypes: male ECUADOR: Tinalandia, 06 / 09 / 1974, Bristow in the BMNH; male as preceding in CRB; male as preceding, but 29 / 06 / 1975; two males: ECUADOR: ‘ Balzapamba’ (Paratype males of Brassolis granadensis) BMNH; male ECUADOR: Alluriquin, 29 / 03 / 1972, Venedictoff in FLMNH; female ECUADOR: Santo Domingo, 01 / 01 / 1973, Venedictoff in MNHN; male ECUADOR: Tinalandia, 15 / 06 / 2007, T. G. Marqua in USNM. Not included in the type series are: ECUADOR: 2 females from Alluriquin, 02 / 02 / 1996 and 20 / 01 / 1996, Piñas in FP; female Alluriquin, 22 / 06 / 1984, Bastides in MECN, and a male Alluriquin, 29 / 03 / 1972, Venedictoff in FLMNH; female, Río Palenque, Dodson in FLMNH; 3 females Santo Domingo (almost certainly Tinalandia), 01 / 08 / 1972, 01 / 01 / 1973, 12 / 06 / 1973, Venedictoff in MNHN; male Santo Domingo, Benoist in MNHN; 2 males Tinalandia 00 / 08 / 1972 and 04 / 05 / 1972, Venedictoff in FLMNH; male Tinalandia, 07 / 11 / 1971, Venedictoff in FP. COLOMBIA: female Mistrato, 27 / 07 / 1992, Andrade in ICNO; male, Pueblo Rico, 16 / 04 / 1991 in ICNO; San José del Palmar, 27 / 08 / 1994, Silva in JFL; female, Río Dagua in BMNH.	en	Bristow, C. Roger (2008): A review of the genus Brassolis Fabricius in Colombia and Ecuador with description of two new taxa (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Zootaxa 1806 (1): 47-58, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1806.1.3, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1806.1.3
145387D1FFF4FD0AFF700E83B10AFA58.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named after Hans Daniel Johan Wallengren whose record of Brassolis ‘ astyra’ [= isthmia] on Isla Puna in March 1852 was the first brassolinid to be recorded in Ecuador.	en	Bristow, C. Roger (2008): A review of the genus Brassolis Fabricius in Colombia and Ecuador with description of two new taxa (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Zootaxa 1806 (1): 47-58, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1806.1.3, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1806.1.3
145387D1FFF4FD0AFF700E83B10AFA58.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Pacific slope between sea level and 1000 m in Ecuador. In Colombia, there are females from the Rio Dagua and San José del Palmar on the Pacific slope, and one which may be this taxon from Mistrato, together with a male from Pueblo Rico in the Cauca Valley. Dated specimens are mostly for January to August, but there are September and November records from Tinalandia. Adults are attracted to lights and can be commonly found in the morning on window screens.	en	Bristow, C. Roger (2008): A review of the genus Brassolis Fabricius in Colombia and Ecuador with description of two new taxa (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Zootaxa 1806 (1): 47-58, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1806.1.3, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1806.1.3
145387D1FFF3FD09FF700DACB76EFC7E.taxon	description	(Plate 2, figs. 9 – 12; Plate 3, figs. 7 – 9) Identification (see the above plates for detailed wing pattern). Like wallengreni ssp. nov., the wing pattern is typical of all isthmia subspecies with a broad, orange, forewing band that crosses the apical part of the cell, but encloses two small (one very small), dark brown spot at the cell apex. In the male, the forewing band extends from just above the tornus (unlike i. wallengreni and granadensis) up to the cell and, in some specimens, only a short distance (c. 1 – 2 mm) beyond the apical part of the cell (Plate 3, fig. 12). Additionally, the outer margin of the forewing band in space M 3 – Cu 1 is convex (like granadensis and nominate isthmia). The hindwing is a fairly uniform chocolate-brown, but there is some slight variation in colour density with the outer margin being a slightly lighter colour. On the underside, there are three, round to elliptical, sub-marginal spots. Of these spots, the distal one of the only two males examined is pear-shaped (round in the females), with an inner, narrow, well-defined, dark brown line, the median one is rounder, much smaller, indistinct, and has only a diffuse brown ring, whilst the one towards the proximal margin is also round, but has a diffuse dark brown ring. B. i. daisye is most easily distinguished from nominate isthmia in the female. In the female, the forewing band crosses the upper part of the cell (occupying a bigger area than nominate isthmia) and then extends proximally sub-parallel to the costal margin (Plate 3, fig. 8). On the forewing underside, the median orange band just touches the top of the cell; the proximal part of the forewing band in the cell almost encloses an irregular, dark brown spot. The forewing length of the holotype is 52 mm; others range from 49 – 55 mm. The two males examined range from 43 – 44 mm. Types: Holotype female: COLOMBIA: Chicorral, 1920, Pomeroy in BMNH; Paratypes: female: COLOMBIA: Chaparral, 600 m, 20 / 05 / 1993, Rozo in ICNO; female, COLOMBIA: Honda, 250 m, 00 / 04 / 1957, Schmidt-Mumm in IAVH; female, COLOMBIA: Nariño, 240 m, 25 / 09 / 1993, Jaramillo in ICNO; male, COLOMBIA: Mariquita, 00 / 08 / 1992, Moreno in UPI; male COLOMBIA: Remedios Casabe, 800 m, 00 / 01 / 1959, Schmidt-Mumm in IAVH. Not included as types are: COLOMBIA: male, Guayabetal in UPI; female Sierra de Macarena, 00 / 01 / 1951, Richter in ICNO; Río Guayapas, 00 / 01 / 1951, Richter in ICNO; COLOMBIA: female, El Centro in AMNH.	en	Bristow, C. Roger (2008): A review of the genus Brassolis Fabricius in Colombia and Ecuador with description of two new taxa (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Zootaxa 1806 (1): 47-58, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1806.1.3, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1806.1.3
145387D1FFF3FD09FF700DACB76EFC7E.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Named after my only granddaughter, Daisy; I hope that in later life she will be fired with enthusiasm for these beautiful and intriguing creatures.	en	Bristow, C. Roger (2008): A review of the genus Brassolis Fabricius in Colombia and Ecuador with description of two new taxa (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Zootaxa 1806 (1): 47-58, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1806.1.3, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1806.1.3
145387D1FFF3FD09FF700DACB76EFC7E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. In the central Magdalena Valley (between 3 ° and 7 ° N) at altitudes ranging from 240 to 800 m. Dated specimens are for January, April, May, August and September. The validity and status of specimens from the ‘ Sierra de Macarena’, ‘ Guayabetal’ and the ‘ Río Guayapas’ in the Oriente is uncertain.	en	Bristow, C. Roger (2008): A review of the genus Brassolis Fabricius in Colombia and Ecuador with description of two new taxa (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Zootaxa 1806 (1): 47-58, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1806.1.3, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1806.1.3
145387D1FFF0FD08FF700C41B6FCFE86.taxon	description	(Plate 2, figs. 5 – 8; Plate 3 figs. 1 – 3) In the original description of B. granadensis, the type series consisted of 4 males and 1 female from ‘ Colombien (? Muzo) ’ and 3 males and 2 females from Ecuador (Balzapamba) caught by Haensch. In the Rothschild Collection in the BMNH there is a male with a round red ‘ Type’ label, a rectangular red ‘ Typus’ label, a white, rectangular, printed label ‘ Colombia, R. Magdalena s e. c. Stichel’, and a handwritten ‘ Br. granadensis Stich. ’. This, which corresponds with the figured specimen, has been designated lectotype. At first sight, the Ecuadorian specimens of the granadensis type series do not appear to be in the BMNH. However, within the series of Brassolis sophorae ardens in the Rothschild Collection are 2 males, similar to lectotype granadensis, and 1 female (Plate 2, figs. 13 & 14) from Balzapamba bearing Stichel’s characteristic red ‘ typus’ label. As no mention of Balzapamba was made in the original description of ardens, it would appear that these 2 males and 1 female are not part of the type series of ardens, but granadensis. I believe that these three specimens, which match other specimens from west of the Andes in Ecuador, and differ significantly from ardens which occurs east of the Andes, are some of the Ecuadorian types of granadensis. However, although the Colombian and Ecuadorian specimens are similar, there are some consistent small, but significant, differences and I believe that there is a mixed type series and that two taxa are involved: granadensis and isthmia wallengreni ssp. nov. As granadensis is partially sympatric in the Magdalena Valley with an undescribed isthmia taxon, herein named daisye ssp. nov., I am re-instating granadensis as a species. B. granadensis is most readily identified by the female. Where the forewing band approaches the costal margin, the outer margin of the band is elongated into a flame-like structure (most evident from below — see Plate 3, fig. 1). In the male, the forewing band extends a short distance (2 – 3 mm) beyond the distal margin of the cell (Plate 3, fig. 3), a feature that it shares with nominate isthmia and i. daisye, but not with i. wallengreni) (Plate 3, fig. 12). Additionally, the forewing band in space Cu 1 - Cu 2 extends right up to the cell (Plate 3, fig. 12), a character that it shares with wallengreni, but not with nominate isthmia or i. daisye. The forewing band is very slightly wider than any of the subspecies of isthmia. Plausible locality data for B. granadensis is only known from a limited area (male, Guamoco in AMNH; female, Payande, 20 / 03 / 1974, Steinhauser in FLMNH, a male, Otanche, 00 / 07 / 1983 in MNHN, and 2 males Otanche 00 / 11 / 1988 and 00 / 08 / 1986, Urbina in JFL) between Latitude 4 and 6 ° N in the central Magdalena Valley. A male from San José del Guaviare in the JFL Collection is presumably mislabelled.	en	Bristow, C. Roger (2008): A review of the genus Brassolis Fabricius in Colombia and Ecuador with description of two new taxa (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Zootaxa 1806 (1): 47-58, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1806.1.3, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1806.1.3
145387D1FFF1FD07FF7009E9B69BFEAE.taxon	description	(Plate 1, figs. 3 – 7) Three taxa, all named by Stichel (luridus, ardens and philomela) have been linked to sophorae in Colombia and Ecuador. The description of B. sophorae luridus was based on one male in Stichel’s collection (Stichel 1902, p. 520). In the Rothschild Collection in the BMNH there is a male with a printed label ‘ Colombia, R. Magdalana [sic] s e. c. Stichel’, a handwritten ‘ B. sophorae lurida Stich. Type’, a round, red-margined, ‘ type’ label, and a red, rectangular, ‘ Typus’ label. This is regarded as the holotype (Plate 1, fig. 3). As stated above, sophorae does not appear to occur in the Magdalena Valley and the type is probably from the Colombian Oriente. The forewing band of type luridus is more yellow than most Colombian specimens of sophorae from the Oriente (but matched by one from Casanare); the two spots at the apex of the forewing cell are well developed (also seen in the Casanare specimen), the hindwing band is narrower (but matched by one from Mocoa) and less distinct (but matched by a specimen from Leticia). Thus, type luridus does not differ significantly from specimens of Colombian sophorae from the Oriente, which in turn are similar to philomela (see below) from the Ecuadorian Oriente. I regard these two taxa as one, for which the name luridus has priority, and philomela falls as a synonym. Initially (Stichel 1909, p. 13), Ecuadorian specimens of sophorae from the Oriente were grouped with subspecies ardens Stichel from Peru, but later (Stichel 1925, p. 60), they were named philomela. The description of ardens was based on two male syntypes from ‘ Peru merid. (Chanchamayo) i. coll. Thieme, Berlin et mea, leg. W. Hoffmanns’. In selecting one of these as lectotype, there is a slight problem. A male figured by Stichel (1904 b, pl 3., fig. 1) was not designated a type, but it could be the syntype in ‘ coll. Thieme’. In this same article, Stichel (1904 b, p. 7) changed the collecting locality to ‘ Süd Peru’. A different male in the Rothschild Collection has a round, red-margined, ‘ Type’ label, a red, rectangular Typus label, a printed rectangular label ‘ Süd Peru, Pozuzo, e. c. H. Stichel’, and a handwritten ‘ B. sophor. ardens Stich. Cotype’. Whenever Stichel had several specimens in a type series, he appeared to regard one, to which he fixed a handwritten determination, as holotype, and the others (which simply bear red ‘ typus’ labels) as paratypes. He never formally designated holotypes, but, with one exception, I have always (Bristow, 1991, p. 206 and references therein) selected as lectotype in each case, the specimen with the handwritten label. Despite the slight discrepancy in locality data, the above male has been designated lectotype (Plate 1, fig. 7). The description of philomela appears to have been based on one male and one female from Macas, Ecuador. A male in the Rothschild Collection with a round, red-margined, ‘ Type’ label, a rectangular red ‘ Typus’ label, a white printed ‘ Macas, Ecuador’ label, and a handwritten ‘ B. s. philomela Stich. ’ is designated the lectotype (Plate 1, fig. 5). There is also a female with a red rectangular ‘ Typus’ label and a printed ‘ Macas, Ecuador’ which is regarded as a paralectotype (Plate 1, fig. 4). However, as stated above, philomela, new synonym, is a junior synonym of luridus. The difference between ardens and luridus is not absolutely clear-cut, but a combination of at least two of the following features appear to be diagnostic. In both sexes of luridus: 1) the forewing band only just enters the space below vein 2 a (much better developed in ardens). 2) generally, the hindwing band is not so well developed (there are several exceptions, but the widest bands are confined to specimens of ardens, and the least well developed to luridus). In male luridus: 1) the forewing band is usually confined to the upper part of the cell. 2) one, commonly two, co-joined spots at apex of cell better developed. The holotype measures 41 mm; female forewing length varies from 48 mm to 57 mm.	en	Bristow, C. Roger (2008): A review of the genus Brassolis Fabricius in Colombia and Ecuador with description of two new taxa (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Zootaxa 1806 (1): 47-58, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1806.1.3, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1806.1.3
145387D1FFFCFD05FF7008D1B6FFFB90.taxon	description	(Plate 1, figs. 1 & 2; Plate 3, figs 13 – 15)	en	Bristow, C. Roger (2008): A review of the genus Brassolis Fabricius in Colombia and Ecuador with description of two new taxa (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Zootaxa 1806 (1): 47-58, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1806.1.3, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1806.1.3
145387D1FFFCFD05FF7008D1B6FFFB90.taxon	description	The forewing band of nominate haenschi has an almost white ‘ highlight’ close to the cell and costal margin (Plate 3, fig. 15); on the hindwing, there is just a very faint, apically developed, sub-marginal band. In the female, there is no sub-marginal hindwing band; the forewing band is a deep orange and composed of a series of touching spots. Where these cross the upper part of the cell, they are elongated distally into ‘ flame-like’ spots. On the underside, the outer ocellus on the hindwing does not have an inner, dark brown circle. I have seen only the following, Ecuadorian, specimens of nominate haenschi: 2 males ‘ Balzapamba’ (BMNH and FLMNH); 1 male Macas (ZMUC) — Plate 1, fig. 2; 1 male Macas (MNHN); 1 male & 1 female ‘ Oriente’ AMNH; 1 female Normandia (BMNH) — Plate 1, fig. 1); 1 female Macas (ZMUC).	en	Bristow, C. Roger (2008): A review of the genus Brassolis Fabricius in Colombia and Ecuador with description of two new taxa (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Zootaxa 1806 (1): 47-58, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1806.1.3, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1806.1.3
