identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
151E9700FC68FFBFFC676647BF22FE09.text	151E9700FC68FFBFFC676647BF22FE09.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halobates Eschscholtz 1822	<div><p>Genus Halobates Eschscholtz, 1822</p> <p>Three species of Halobates were collected: one coastal species, H. formidabilis, and two open-ocean species, H. germanus and H. micans.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/151E9700FC68FFBFFC676647BF22FE09	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Anderson, R. Charles;Adam, M. Shiham;Cheng, Lanna	Anderson, R. Charles, Adam, M. Shiham, Cheng, Lanna (2023): Marine insects of the Maldives (Heteroptera: Gerridae, Hermatobatidae and Veliidae; Diptera: Chironomidae) with notes on taxonomy, Indo-Pacific distribution, and ecology. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71: 478-490, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0035
151E9700FC68FFBFFC516686BF4AF988.text	151E9700FC68FFBFFC516686BF4AF988.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halobates formidabilis (Distant 1910)	<div><p>Halobates formidabilis (Distant, 1910)</p> <p>Halobates formidabilis is the only coastal species of Halobates we found in the Maldives. It was first described from the Andaman Sea (Distant, 1910) and also occurs along the coasts of India and Sri Lanka (Andersen &amp; Foster, 1992; Andersen &amp; Cheng, 2004). It is one of the largest of coastal Halobates species known, measuring over 5 mm in body length. Both adults and nymphs show distinct colour patterns dorsally (Figs. 3A, 4A, B) and males are easily distinguished from other coastal Halobates species by their genitalia (Fig. 4C, D). The male is further characterised by a strongly modified front femur and a prominent spine on the inner margin of its front tibia (Andersen &amp; Cheng, 2004: fig. A45), which is presumably used for holding the female during mating, although little is known about the biology of this species. It was first reported from the Maldives by Phillips (1959) who collected it from Gan Island, Seenu (=Addu) Atoll, in February 1959, reporting it as Halobates sp. His samples were subsequently identified as Halobates formidabilis by Herring (1961: 241) and confirmed by Andersen &amp; Foster (1992). This species can be easily distinguished from the two open-ocean species of Halobates found in the Maldives by its much larger size and completely pale venter (Fig. 3B). It does not appear to be especially common in Maldives (it was found in just 3 of our 55 samples) but is widely distributed. We collected it at the same location as Phillips (1959), i.e., in Seenu (=Addu) Atoll in the south of Maldives, and from two other locations in the middle and north of the archipelago (Fig. 2A). It was only abundant in one sample, from a sheltered lagoon with mangroves, where it possibly breeds (sample 54, Maalhendhoo Island, Noonu Atoll, Table 1). All of our samples, and those of Phillips (1959), were from shallow lagoons or reef flats (Table 2), as expected for this coastal species.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/151E9700FC68FFBFFC516686BF4AF988	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Anderson, R. Charles;Adam, M. Shiham;Cheng, Lanna	Anderson, R. Charles, Adam, M. Shiham, Cheng, Lanna (2023): Marine insects of the Maldives (Heteroptera: Gerridae, Hermatobatidae and Veliidae; Diptera: Chironomidae) with notes on taxonomy, Indo-Pacific distribution, and ecology. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71: 478-490, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0035
151E9700FC68FFBAFC756106BEA3FC32.text	151E9700FC68FFBAFC756106BEA3FC32.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halobates germanus White 1883	<div><p>Halobates germanus White, 1883</p> <p>Halobates germanus is an Indo-Pacific species. It is widespread in the Indian Ocean and the waters of Southeast Asia but is absent east of longitude 125°W in the Pacific (Andersen &amp; Cheng, 2004; Ikawa et al., 2012). Unlike H. micans which occurs in the open ocean far from land, H. germanus tends to be found closer to island shores. It is the only pelagic species commonly found in the Red Sea (including the Gulf of Aqaba), the northern Arabian Sea (including the Gulf of Oman), the Bay of Bengal, and the archipelagic waters of Indonesia. It was the most common of the three Halobates species collected by us (Table 1, Fig. 2B), and has been previously recorded from adjacent</p> <p>Sample 44 RCA- 95 52585– RCA- 45 52531</p> <p>,</p> <p>vm f 1</p> <p>1</p> <p>:</p> <p>Species formidabilis</p> <p>m</p> <p>:</p> <p>,</p> <p>2</p> <p>,</p> <p>, vf</p> <p>iii 6 1 iv</p> <p>1</p> <p>djiboutensis</p> <p>Halobates Hermatobates with) Night lagoon (D) N) ((Day / Habitat sheltered, mangrove lagoon Island</p> <p>Shallow</p> <p>,</p> <p>Island, Island Atoll Atoll Atoll / Island Maalhendhoo Noonu Dhidhdhoo Lhaviyani</p> <p>ʹE ʹE. 27.5 22.9 Long 73 ° ° 73 / Lat. ʹ54.1 N 22.8 N ʹ</p> <p>° °</p> <p>5 5</p> <p>2013 2013 Date May May</p> <p>5 6</p> <p>54 55</p> <p>waters (Cheng, 1989), on which basis Andersen &amp; Foster (1992) included Maldives within the range of this species. However, our specimens appear to be the first records of H. germanus actually from Maldivian waters. It is easily distinguished from H. formidabilis by its much smaller size (Fig. 5A) and the structure of the male genitalia (Fig. 5B, C).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/151E9700FC68FFBAFC756106BEA3FC32	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Anderson, R. Charles;Adam, M. Shiham;Cheng, Lanna	Anderson, R. Charles, Adam, M. Shiham, Cheng, Lanna (2023): Marine insects of the Maldives (Heteroptera: Gerridae, Hermatobatidae and Veliidae; Diptera: Chironomidae) with notes on taxonomy, Indo-Pacific distribution, and ecology. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71: 478-490, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0035
151E9700FC6DFFBAFC73636CBFCDFA52.text	151E9700FC6DFFBAFC73636CBFCDFA52.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halobates micans Eschscholtz 1822	<div><p>Halobates micans Eschscholtz, 1822</p> <p>Halobates micans is the only cosmopolitan species of Halobates and is widely distributed in the warm tropical and subtropical oceanic waters of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans (Herring, 1961; Cheng, 1989). It has only occasionally been found in the relatively shallow waters of the Sunda Shelf (Andersen &amp; Cheng, 2004), including the waters around Singapore and peninsular Malaysia (Tran et al., 2015). In Maldivian waters, this species has been collected further offshore than any other marine insect species (Herring, 1961; Fig. 2C).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/151E9700FC6DFFBAFC73636CBFCDFA52	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Anderson, R. Charles;Adam, M. Shiham;Cheng, Lanna	Anderson, R. Charles, Adam, M. Shiham, Cheng, Lanna (2023): Marine insects of the Maldives (Heteroptera: Gerridae, Hermatobatidae and Veliidae; Diptera: Chironomidae) with notes on taxonomy, Indo-Pacific distribution, and ecology. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71: 478-490, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0035
151E9700FC6DFFB5FC6E628DBA34F990.text	151E9700FC6DFFB5FC6E628DBA34F990.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hermatobates Carpenter 1892	<div><p>Genus Hermatobates Carpenter, 1892</p> <p>The genus Hermatobates was first described by Carpenter in 1892 based on a single male collected from coral reefs at Mabuiag Island in the Torres Strait. The genus is exclusively marine and was considered to include some of the rarest marine insects. Prior to 1977, the nine species described at that time were represented by a total of just 14 type specimens in all the world’s museums, and females of only two species (H. hawaiiensis China, 1956 and H. singaporensis Cheng, 1976) were known (Cheng, 1976). After its natural habitat was discovered by Cheng (1977) it is not uncommon to find them in intertidal zones of tropical islands in large numbers (Foster, 1989; Andersen &amp; Weir, 2000; Polhemus &amp; Polhemus, 2006). This genus was originally included in the Gerridae but has now been elevated to its own family (Andersen &amp; Polhemus, 1976). Polhemus &amp; Polhemus (2012) published a comprehensive review of the family with descriptions of two new species and a key to all 12 recognised species. Another species, from China, was added by Luo et al. (2019).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/151E9700FC6DFFB5FC6E628DBA34F990	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Anderson, R. Charles;Adam, M. Shiham;Cheng, Lanna	Anderson, R. Charles, Adam, M. Shiham, Cheng, Lanna (2023): Marine insects of the Maldives (Heteroptera: Gerridae, Hermatobatidae and Veliidae; Diptera: Chironomidae) with notes on taxonomy, Indo-Pacific distribution, and ecology. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71: 478-490, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0035
151E9700FC62FFB4FF4C610EB94EF954.text	151E9700FC62FFB4FF4C610EB94EF954.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hermatobates djiboutensis Coutiere & Martin 1901	<div><p>Hermatobates djiboutensis Coutière &amp; Martin, 1901</p> <p>Hermatobates djiboutensis is confined to the Red Sea and western Indian Ocean and is not found in Southeast Asia (Polhemus &amp; Polhemus, 2012). It is the only species of this genus found in the Maldives, where it was first collected by Phillips (1959) and was the most frequently collected marine insect in our samples (Table 1). We collected it from inside the atolls, both in island and atoll lagoons, but not immediately adjacent to islands (Tables 1, 2; Fig. 2D). We assume that this species’ habitat and behaviour do not differ from those of other Hermatobates species elsewhere: they live and hide in crevices of intertidal rocks or stone walls at high tide, coming out to feed only at low tide. If they are prevented from returning to air-filled cavities when the tide turns, they are able to skate freely over the sea surface for long periods of time. Specimens caught by us are presumably those that have strayed from their typical inshore habitats (Cheng &amp; Leis, 1980; Cheng &amp; Schmidt, 1982). This species is known to be highly attracted to light at night and it is not uncommon to catch dozens of specimens using night lights (e.g., samples 30 and 37, Table 1). For this species, 84% of the specimens in our Maldives samples were taken at night using lights, the highest percentage for any of the species we collected. Adult males can be easily distinguished from adult females. In the male, the meso- and metanota are completely fused and extended posteriorly to cover part of the abdomen (Fig. 6A), and the genital segments are modified ventrally (Fig. 6B). In the female, some of the abdominal segments can be clearly seen between lateral lobes of the metanota (Fig. 6D), and the genital segments are not modified (Fig. 6D). Furthermore, the male front leg is highly modified, with small teeth and tooth-like tubercles along the inner margin of the tibia (Fig. 6C); these are presumably used for grasping the female during mating.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/151E9700FC62FFB4FF4C610EB94EF954	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Anderson, R. Charles;Adam, M. Shiham;Cheng, Lanna	Anderson, R. Charles, Adam, M. Shiham, Cheng, Lanna (2023): Marine insects of the Maldives (Heteroptera: Gerridae, Hermatobatidae and Veliidae; Diptera: Chironomidae) with notes on taxonomy, Indo-Pacific distribution, and ecology. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71: 478-490, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0035
151E9700FC63FFB4FECA618BBA98F7D7.text	151E9700FC63FFB4FECA618BBA98F7D7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halovelia Bergroth 1893	<div><p>Genus Halovelia Bergroth, 1893</p> <p>The Veliidae is a large family with 57 known genera and more than 800 described species worldwide. It is a family of small aquatic bugs with most adults measuring less than 3 mm in body length. Most are found in freshwater. Halovelia is an exclusively marine genus with more than 50 described species, commonly found among intertidal rock pools around tropical islands (Andersen, 1989).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/151E9700FC63FFB4FECA618BBA98F7D7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Anderson, R. Charles;Adam, M. Shiham;Cheng, Lanna	Anderson, R. Charles, Adam, M. Shiham, Cheng, Lanna (2023): Marine insects of the Maldives (Heteroptera: Gerridae, Hermatobatidae and Veliidae; Diptera: Chironomidae) with notes on taxonomy, Indo-Pacific distribution, and ecology. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71: 478-490, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0035
151E9700FC63FFB7FC7B614BB95AFE68.text	151E9700FC63FFB7FC7B614BB95AFE68.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halovelia convexa Andersen 1989	<div><p>Halovelia convexa Andersen, 1989</p> <p>Halovelia convexa is a tiny marine bug, with adults measuring about 2 mm in body length. It appears to be endemic to the Maldives (Andersen, 1989). Specimens were first reported by Phillips (1959) from Seenu (=Addu) Atoll, as Halovelia sp. It was subsequently described as Halovelia convexa by Andersen (1989) based on Phillips’ Seenu material and additional specimens, also collected by Phillips, from Dhoonidhoo Island, Kaafu (North Malé) Atoll, in 1958. We collected Halovelia convexa only once (Table 1, sample 8), in June 2002, from rocky pools on the reef flat at low tide, 20 m or more from the beach at the southern end of Kulhudhfushi Island, Haa Dhaalu Atoll in the north of Maldives. There were many mating pairs. The habitat was very similar to that in Seenu Atoll described by Phillips (1959): “clear weedless pools left by the receding tide on the outer aspects of the reef, often 200 feet [60 m] or more from the shore”. Although known from rather few samples, H. convexa is widely distributed throughout the Maldives (Fig. 2E). Within the genus Halovelia, H. convexa is part of the H. malaya -group, which occurs from the western Indian Ocean to the Solomon Islands, and probably originated in Southeast Asian waters (Andersen, 1989).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/151E9700FC63FFB7FC7B614BB95AFE68	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Anderson, R. Charles;Adam, M. Shiham;Cheng, Lanna	Anderson, R. Charles, Adam, M. Shiham, Cheng, Lanna (2023): Marine insects of the Maldives (Heteroptera: Gerridae, Hermatobatidae and Veliidae; Diptera: Chironomidae) with notes on taxonomy, Indo-Pacific distribution, and ecology. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71: 478-490, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0035
151E9700FC60FFB7FF366507BAE9FB88.text	151E9700FC60FFB7FF366507BAE9FB88.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pontomyia Edwards 1926	<div><p>Genus Pontomyia Edwards, 1926</p> <p>The midge genus Pontomyia is exclusively marine, with three known species widely distributed along island shores of the Indo-Pacific and an un-assigned species from the Atlantic Ocean (Huang et al., 2014). Pontomyia are unique marine midges with their larval life spent entirely underwater among submerged plants or algae. The males have modified wings but are completely flightless, while the females are larviform, completely wingless and almost entirely legless. Adults lack functional mouthparts and do not feed after emergence (Huang &amp; Cheng, 2011). They have one of the shortest known adult life spans, with males living from 1–3 hours and females dying shortly after mating and egg-laying (Cheng &amp; Collins, 1980).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/151E9700FC60FFB7FF366507BAE9FB88	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Anderson, R. Charles;Adam, M. Shiham;Cheng, Lanna	Anderson, R. Charles, Adam, M. Shiham, Cheng, Lanna (2023): Marine insects of the Maldives (Heteroptera: Gerridae, Hermatobatidae and Veliidae; Diptera: Chironomidae) with notes on taxonomy, Indo-Pacific distribution, and ecology. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71: 478-490, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0035
151E9700FC60FFB7FF376307BECDFC63.text	151E9700FC60FFB7FF376307BECDFC63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pontomyia natans Edwards 1926	<div><p>Pontomyia natans Edwards, 1926</p> <p>Pontomyia natans was first reported from the Maldives by Cheng (2004). In addition to the two samples reported by Cheng (2004; also listed in Table 1 as samples 1 and 3), two other samples are reported here (numbers 20 and 28); all were collected from shallow lagoons or small bays adjacent to islands. Pontomyia natans has the lowest habitat score (i.e., was the most inshore) of any of the marine insect species in our study (Table 2). Although we have data from only four samples, their timings do suggest the possibility that P. natans shows both annual seasonality and lunar periodicity in its reproduction. Our marine insect samples were collected in every month of the year except July (Table 1), and yet three of our four P. natans samples were collected between 21 March and 11 April, suggesting the possibility of reproductive seasonality; late March and early April is the calm inter-monsoon period when the northeast monsoon season gives way to the southwest monsoon. In addition, all four samples were collected close to the new or full moon, suggesting the possibility of adult emergence and reproductive activity in the Maldives being closely correlated with lunar cycles (Table 3) and the tides, as has been reported for other Pontomyia species (Cheng &amp; Collins, 1980; Neumann, 1986; Soong et al., 1999). This is in contrast to the situation for P. natans in Taiwan, where it showed no clear pattern of emergence in relation to moon phase (Soong et al., 1999). Note that due to a misprint in Cheng (2004: 56), species names were transposed, and in referring to the Taiwanese study the text should have read: “Adults of P. oceana emerged only during new moon or full moon periods while those of P. natans emerged almost every night during the study period”. Despite its tiny adult size and apparently limited ability to disperse, this species is widely distributed from the Maldives to Samoa; within Southeast Asia it has so far only been recorded from Pulau Tioman, Malaysia, as well as from Christmas Island (Huang &amp; Cheng, 2011; Huang et al., 2014). However, a phylogenetic study revealed that larval specimens of Pontomyia from Puerto Rico in the Atlantic were nested within the P. natans clade (Huang et al., 2014); further study of this unexpected result is ongoing.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/151E9700FC60FFB7FF376307BECDFC63	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Anderson, R. Charles;Adam, M. Shiham;Cheng, Lanna	Anderson, R. Charles, Adam, M. Shiham, Cheng, Lanna (2023): Marine insects of the Maldives (Heteroptera: Gerridae, Hermatobatidae and Veliidae; Diptera: Chironomidae) with notes on taxonomy, Indo-Pacific distribution, and ecology. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 71: 478-490, DOI: 10.26107/RBZ-2023-0035
