taxonID	type	description	language	source
12003F3AFF9D6952E7C3CBC9FBB8F859.taxon	description	Based on the work of Patočka & Turčani (2005), Huertas-Dionisio (2012) and our own data generated during the course of this study, pupae of the genus Brachodes are characterized as follows. The pupa is semilibera, usually with both showing two rows of spines on the dorsum of the abdominal segments. The dorsal spines of basal rows of the 3 rd – 6 th abdominal segments, distinct, elongated and slender. The spines of caudal rows very small, sometimes reduced as in B. cf. rasata. Spines of basal row on the 2 nd abdominal segment present but sometimes absent. Blade of head projection usually small as in B. flavescens, distinct with robust margin in B. cf. rasata. Head rounded frontally, with a salient sharp edge at boundary of frons / clypeus. Setae on metanotum and the second segment in dorsal view long. Metanotum very deeply excised. Maxillary palpi large and not adjacent to the maxillae as in B. gaditana, adjacent in B. funebris. Mandible relatively small. Labium and palpi labiales short. Antennae relatively short, do not reach end of mesothoracic legs and apices of forewings. Forewings do not overlap caudal margin of the 5 th abdominal segment. Proboscis relatively short and does not reach mesothoracic legs. Metathoracic legs very long and overlaps distinctly level of ends of forewings. Metathoracic legs extending to half of 5 th abdominal segment, in B. cf. rasata extending to half of 7 th abdominal segment. The 9 th abdominal segments with a pair of hooked dorsal spines e. g. in B. funebris, with two pairs of dorsal spines in B. compar and B. gaditana. The 10 th segment with one pair of dorsal spines. The 10 th segment with one pair of ventral spines in B. cf. rasata, or without spines e. g. in B. funebris. End of abdomen pointed in B. funebris, obtuse without spine at the end in B. compar or B. flavescens or obtuse with a pair of strong lateral spines in B. gaditana and B. cf. rasata.	en	Bąkowski, Marek, Kallies, Axel (2025): Description of the pupae of Brachodes species (Lepidoptera, Cossoidea, Brachodidae) with emphasis on diagnostic generic characters. Zootaxa 5679 (2): 277-285, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5679.2.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5679.2.7
12003F3AFF9E6951E7C3CFACFC37FAC1.taxon	description	(Figs. 1 A – E)	en	Bąkowski, Marek, Kallies, Axel (2025): Description of the pupae of Brachodes species (Lepidoptera, Cossoidea, Brachodidae) with emphasis on diagnostic generic characters. Zootaxa 5679 (2): 277-285, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5679.2.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5679.2.7
12003F3AFF9E6951E7C3CFACFC37FAC1.taxon	materials_examined	One female, pupal exuvia, Turkey, Icel, Sertavul gecidi, 1700 m, 7. vii. 2003, leg. T. & W. Garrevoet & N. Vandorpe.	en	Bąkowski, Marek, Kallies, Axel (2025): Description of the pupae of Brachodes species (Lepidoptera, Cossoidea, Brachodidae) with emphasis on diagnostic generic characters. Zootaxa 5679 (2): 277-285, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5679.2.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5679.2.7
12003F3AFF9E6951E7C3CFACFC37FAC1.taxon	description	Pupal exuvia: Length 13 mm Head projection blade large, rounded. The dark margin not robust. Frontal setae long and thin, situated clearly behind level of lateral angles of frons in dorsal view. Clypeal depression fairly deep in ventral view and bears distinct lateral mounds. Distance between clypeal setae C 1 2 approximately 1.3 × greater than distance between C 1 2 and Cl 1. Seta Cl 1 very long, two times longer than distance between both C 1 2. Labrum large, truncate for a greater distance and with straight sides, slightly wrinkled. Labium short and large, slightly elevated in basal part. Palpi labiales very short, two times longer than labium. Mandibles wide, circular in shape. Forewing extending to apical margin of 3 rd abdominal segment; hindwing hidden under forewing extending to half of 2 nd abdominal segment. Ends of metathoracic legs extending to apical margin of 5 th abdominal segment. Ventral edge of subdorsal furrow on mesonotum weak. Spines of apical row on the 2 nd abdominal segment, absent. The 4 th abdominal segment bears six slender spines of basal row between setae D 1. Crevices between them wider, bow-like. The 9 th segment with four dorsal spines, the 10 th segment with a pair of strong dorsal spines. The ventral spines on 10 th segment absent in the studied specimen. End of abdomen obtuse without lateral spines.	en	Bąkowski, Marek, Kallies, Axel (2025): Description of the pupae of Brachodes species (Lepidoptera, Cossoidea, Brachodidae) with emphasis on diagnostic generic characters. Zootaxa 5679 (2): 277-285, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5679.2.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5679.2.7
12003F3AFF9E6951E7C3CFACFC37FAC1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Brachodes compar is distinguished from B. funebris and B. flavescens by the presence of four dorsal spines on 9 th segment. Four dorsal spines were also present on the 9 th segment of some pupae of B. gaditana. In B. funebris and B. flavescens 9 th segments with a pair of hooked dorsal spines. In B. compar head projection blade large, rounded. Distance between clypeal setae C 1 2 approximately 1.3 × greater than distance between C 1 2 and Cl 1. Spines of apical row on the 2 nd abdominal segment absent. Labium short and large, slightly elevated in basal part, palpi labiales very short, two times longer than labium. The 10 th segment with a pair of strong dorsal spines.	en	Bąkowski, Marek, Kallies, Axel (2025): Description of the pupae of Brachodes species (Lepidoptera, Cossoidea, Brachodidae) with emphasis on diagnostic generic characters. Zootaxa 5679 (2): 277-285, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5679.2.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5679.2.7
12003F3AFF9E6951E7C3CFACFC37FAC1.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Grass (Poaceae). The identity of the hostplant was not established. The related Brachodes appendiculata has been reported to feed in Festuca roots.	en	Bąkowski, Marek, Kallies, Axel (2025): Description of the pupae of Brachodes species (Lepidoptera, Cossoidea, Brachodidae) with emphasis on diagnostic generic characters. Zootaxa 5679 (2): 277-285, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5679.2.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5679.2.7
12003F3AFF9E6951E7C3CFACFC37FAC1.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Turkey, possibly stretching from southeastern Europe (Croatia, Greece) to central Asia (Kyrgyzstan) (Kallies unpublished).	en	Bąkowski, Marek, Kallies, Axel (2025): Description of the pupae of Brachodes species (Lepidoptera, Cossoidea, Brachodidae) with emphasis on diagnostic generic characters. Zootaxa 5679 (2): 277-285, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5679.2.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5679.2.7
12003F3AFF9E6951E7C3CFACFC37FAC1.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species belongs to the B. appendiculata (Esper, 1783) group, thus is closely related to the type species of the genus. The type material is from Turkey. Similar specimens have been collected in Croatia, Greece, Iran and Kyrgyzstan; however, their identity needs to be firmly established.	en	Bąkowski, Marek, Kallies, Axel (2025): Description of the pupae of Brachodes species (Lepidoptera, Cossoidea, Brachodidae) with emphasis on diagnostic generic characters. Zootaxa 5679 (2): 277-285, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5679.2.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5679.2.7
12003F3AFF9E6957E7C3CA64FF3AFAA3.taxon	description	(Figs. 2 A, B, C) One male, pupal exuvium, Italy, Puglia, Castel del Monte, 300 m, 5. iv. 2004, ex larva in Graminae sp., leg. T. & W. Garrevoet. Pupal exuvium: Length 11 mm Blade of head projection reduced to a small point and sharply projecting in dorsal view. Clypeal depression small and fairly deep in ventral view. Frontal setae long and thin, situated clearly behind level of lateral angles of frons in dorsal view. Frons slightly protuberant and without wrinkles. Labrum truncate for a greater distance and with straight or slightly concave sides. Seta Cl 1 and Cl 2 very long, two times longer than distance between both C 1 2. Clypeal setae distinctly longer than frontal setae. Distance between clypeal setae C 1 2 approximately 5 × greater than distance between C 1 2 and Cl 1. Mandibles small. Labium narrow, three times shorter than palpi labiales. Forewing extending to caudal margin of 4 th abdominal segment. Metathoracic legs very long, reach level of caudal margin 6 th abdominal segment. Setae on metanotum very long. Spines of basal row on the 2 nd abdominal segment, present. The 4 th abdominal segment bears eight slender spines of basal row between setae D 1. The 9 th and 10 th segments with a pair of hooked dorsal spines. One pair of ventral spines on 10 th segment.	en	Bąkowski, Marek, Kallies, Axel (2025): Description of the pupae of Brachodes species (Lepidoptera, Cossoidea, Brachodidae) with emphasis on diagnostic generic characters. Zootaxa 5679 (2): 277-285, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5679.2.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5679.2.7
12003F3AFF9E6957E7C3CA64FF3AFAA3.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Brachodes flavescens is distinguished from the other species considered in this study by the reduced head projection. Distance between clypeal setae C 1 2 approximately 5 × greater than distance between C 1 2 and Cl 1. Spines of basal row on the 2 nd abdominal segment, present. Labium narrow, three times shorter than palpi labiales. Similar to B. cf. rasata, abdominal segments nine and ten each with a pair of hooked dorsal spines. No clear differences were detected between B. flavescens and B. funebris.	en	Bąkowski, Marek, Kallies, Axel (2025): Description of the pupae of Brachodes species (Lepidoptera, Cossoidea, Brachodidae) with emphasis on diagnostic generic characters. Zootaxa 5679 (2): 277-285, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5679.2.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5679.2.7
12003F3AFF9E6957E7C3CA64FF3AFAA3.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Grass (Poaceae). The identity of the hostplant was not established.	en	Bąkowski, Marek, Kallies, Axel (2025): Description of the pupae of Brachodes species (Lepidoptera, Cossoidea, Brachodidae) with emphasis on diagnostic generic characters. Zootaxa 5679 (2): 277-285, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5679.2.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5679.2.7
12003F3AFF9E6957E7C3CA64FF3AFAA3.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Italy (Bertaccini & Fiumi 2002) and Albania (von Scholley-Pfab 2024).	en	Bąkowski, Marek, Kallies, Axel (2025): Description of the pupae of Brachodes species (Lepidoptera, Cossoidea, Brachodidae) with emphasis on diagnostic generic characters. Zootaxa 5679 (2): 277-285, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5679.2.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5679.2.7
12003F3AFF9E6957E7C3CA64FF3AFAA3.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species belongs to the B. funebris species group, which differs from the B. appendiculata group by the simple antennae (bipectinate in the B. appendiculata group), the simple brown to yellow wing coloration (with distinct whitish or yellowish marks on the forewing and black and white hindwings in the B. appendiculata group).	en	Bąkowski, Marek, Kallies, Axel (2025): Description of the pupae of Brachodes species (Lepidoptera, Cossoidea, Brachodidae) with emphasis on diagnostic generic characters. Zootaxa 5679 (2): 277-285, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5679.2.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5679.2.7
12003F3AFF986955E7C3CAFBFAACFF19.taxon	description	(Figs. 3, 4 A – D) 2 males, pupal exuviae, Kyrgyzstan, Fergana valley, 5 km W Dzhalalabad, vii. 1998, leg. A. Kallies & K. Špatenka Pupal exuvium: Length 9 mm Plate of frontal projection blade large, rounded in dorsal view. The dark margin robust. Clypeal depression fairly deep in ventral view, bearing distinct lateral mounds. Frontal setae long and thin, situated behind level of lateral angles of frons in dorsal view. Frons slightly protuberant and without wrinkles and depressions. Maxillary palpi visible and are not adjacent to the maxillae. Mandibles distinct and elongated or rhomboidal shape. Labrum large, truncate for a greater distance, wrinkled. Labium short and large. Palpi labiales short and 4 times longer than labium. Distance between clypeal setae C 1 2 approximately 2 × greater than distance between C 1 2 and Cl 1. External setae Cl 1 short, three times shorter than C 1 2. Forewing extending to half of 5 th abdominal segment. Proboscis does not reach level of end of antennae, it is at the level of end of prothoracic legs. Mesothoracic legs almost overlaps level of ends of forewings. Metathoracic legs very long and segmented. Ends of metathoracic legs extending to half of 7 th abdominal segment. Spines of basal row on the 2 nd abdominal segment absent. The 4 th abdominal segment bears 7 slender spines of basal row between setae D 1. The dorsal spines of basal rows of the 3 rd – 6 th abdominal segments, distinct and slender. The spines of caudal rows very small, sometimes reduced. The 9 th and 10 th segments with a pair of hooked dorsal spines. One pair of distinct ventral spines on 10 th segment. End of abdomen obtuse with two distinct lateral spines.	en	Bąkowski, Marek, Kallies, Axel (2025): Description of the pupae of Brachodes species (Lepidoptera, Cossoidea, Brachodidae) with emphasis on diagnostic generic characters. Zootaxa 5679 (2): 277-285, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5679.2.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5679.2.7
12003F3AFF986955E7C3CAFBFAACFF19.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Plate of frontal projection blade large, rounded in dorsal view. The dark margin robust. Metathoracic legs very long and ends of metathoracic legs extending to half of 7 th abdominal segment. Distance between clypeal setae C 1 2 approximately 2 × greater than distance between C 1 2 and Cl 1. Spines of basal row on the 2 nd abdominal segment absent. Maxillary palpi similar to B. gaditana. Labium short and large, palpi labiales short, 4 times longer than labium. Similar to B. flavescens, abdominal segments 9 and 10 with a pair of hooked dorsal spines. End of abdomen obtuse with two distinct lateral spines.	en	Bąkowski, Marek, Kallies, Axel (2025): Description of the pupae of Brachodes species (Lepidoptera, Cossoidea, Brachodidae) with emphasis on diagnostic generic characters. Zootaxa 5679 (2): 277-285, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5679.2.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5679.2.7
12003F3AFF986955E7C3CAFBFAACFF19.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. Grass (Poaceae). The identity of the hostplant was not established. Related species observed to be associated with Stipa species (Kallies unpublished observations).	en	Bąkowski, Marek, Kallies, Axel (2025): Description of the pupae of Brachodes species (Lepidoptera, Cossoidea, Brachodidae) with emphasis on diagnostic generic characters. Zootaxa 5679 (2): 277-285, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5679.2.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5679.2.7
12003F3AFF986955E7C3CAFBFAACFF19.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Currently only known from the Kyrgyzstani part of the Fergana valley where it was collected on hot and bar slopes at low elevation (Špatenka & Kallies 2001).	en	Bąkowski, Marek, Kallies, Axel (2025): Description of the pupae of Brachodes species (Lepidoptera, Cossoidea, Brachodidae) with emphasis on diagnostic generic characters. Zootaxa 5679 (2): 277-285, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5679.2.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5679.2.7
12003F3AFF986955E7C3CAFBFAACFF19.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The specimens studied here likely represent an unnamed species related to Brachodes rasata, which is widely distributed in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan (Špatenka & Kallies 2001). Typical B. rasata occur in alpine meadows at high elevations and the larvae feed in Stipa caucasica (Poaceae) as described by Špatenka & Kallies (2001) who also figured the pupa albeit without detailed description. In contrast, the exuviae studied here were found on dry and hot slopes at about 800 m altitude in a different Stipa species, and emerging specimens differed in details of their coloration. Brachodes rasata belongs to the B. fallax (Staudinger, 1900) group, which is characterized by its large size, narrow and long forewings, simple antennae, and its mainly central Asian distribution (Kallies 1998).	en	Bąkowski, Marek, Kallies, Axel (2025): Description of the pupae of Brachodes species (Lepidoptera, Cossoidea, Brachodidae) with emphasis on diagnostic generic characters. Zootaxa 5679 (2): 277-285, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5679.2.7, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5679.2.7
