identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
13473026FFCF612CA6AFEB85FD508722.text	13473026FFCF612CA6AFEB85FD508722.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Didemnum molle (Herdman 1886)	<div><p>Didemnum molle (Herdman, 1886)</p><p>Specimens: NMNS-8141-015 (Shimen), -016 (Wushibi).</p><p>Dome- or irregularly-shaped colonies of about 5 mm or larger were attached to hydrozoan colonies (Fig. 2A). Each colony had one or a few cloacal apertures (white arrows in Fig. 2A). Colonies were entirely white with brown patches. Globular spicules in the tunic reflected light, resulting in the white color of the colony (Fig. 2B). Several morphotypes are genetically defined in D. molle (Hirose et al. 2009c 2010a). Based on the colony size and coloration, all colonies in the present survey were “small type ”, which was also recorded from Tiao-shi and Wanlitung in Kenting, while “large type ” was recorded from Lyudao (Hirose and Nozawa 2010).</p><p>The expansion of D. molle was reported on the Great Barrier Reef (GBR); the colony density increased significantly following a mass coral bleaching (Tebbett et al. 2019). The D. molle colonies do not smother the live corals, but they may reduce the number of settlement sites suitable for coral recruits. Based on the photographs in Tebbett et al. (2019), the morphotype of the expanding colonies appears to be the “brown type ” that was recorded in the Ryukyus but not in Taiwan.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/13473026FFCF612CA6AFEB85FD508722	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hirose, Euichi;Nozawa, Yoko	Hirose, Euichi, Nozawa, Yoko (2020): Latitudinal Difference in the Species Richness of Photosymbiotic Ascidians Along the East Coast of Taiwan. Zoological Studies 59 (19): 1-11, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2020.59-19, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12823411
13473026FFCC612CA590EE65FABF8781.text	13473026FFCC612CA590EE65FABF8781.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Diplosoma gumavirens Hirose and Oka 2009	<div><p>Diplosoma gumavirens Hirose and Oka, 2009</p><p>Specimens: NMNS-8141-001 (Maobitou), -017 (Shimen), -018 (Wushibi), -019 (Xiaoyeliu).</p><p>D. gumavirens colonies occurred on coral limestone in Maobitou, and many were also found on hydrozoan colonies in Shimen, Wushibi, and Xiaoyeliu (Fig. 2C). The colonies were small cushions of about 1 mm thick and entirely green due to Prochloron cells in the common cloacal cavity. There are no tunic spicules in Diplosoma species. In the thorax, there were 4 rows of stigmata, and the pattern of stigmata was always 5-5- 5-4 that means 5 stigmata in the first (top) row, 5 in the second row, 5 in the third row, and 4 in the fourth (bottom) row (Fig. 2D). The retractor muscle emerged from halfway down the esophagus (Fig. 2D).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/13473026FFCC612CA590EE65FABF8781	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hirose, Euichi;Nozawa, Yoko	Hirose, Euichi, Nozawa, Yoko (2020): Latitudinal Difference in the Species Richness of Photosymbiotic Ascidians Along the East Coast of Taiwan. Zoological Studies 59 (19): 1-11, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2020.59-19, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12823411
13473026FFCC612CA646EE85FB1584DC.text	13473026FFCC612CA646EE85FB1584DC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Diplosoma ooru Suetsugu and Hirose 2005	<div><p>Diplosoma ooru Suetsugu and Hirose, 2005</p><p>Specimens: NMNS-8141-002 (Gongzibi), -003 (Jialeshuei), -020 (Shimen).</p><p>Colonies were thin, irregularly shaped sheets of ≤ 1 mm thick (Fig. 2E). The pattern of stigmata was 5-6-5-4, and the retractor muscle emerged from the bottom of the thorax (Fig. 2F).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/13473026FFCC612CA646EE85FB1584DC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hirose, Euichi;Nozawa, Yoko	Hirose, Euichi, Nozawa, Yoko (2020): Latitudinal Difference in the Species Richness of Photosymbiotic Ascidians Along the East Coast of Taiwan. Zoological Studies 59 (19): 1-11, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2020.59-19, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12823411
13473026FFCD612DA5C1EFC5FDB2851C.text	13473026FFCD612DA5C1EFC5FDB2851C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Diplosoma simile (Sluiter 1909)	<div><p>Diplosoma simile (Sluiter, 1909)</p><p>Specimens: NMNS-8141-004 (Maobitou), -021 (Shimen), -022 (Wushibi).</p><p>Colonies were irregularly shaped sheets of 1-2 mm thick and firmly attached to the dead coral branch and coral limestone (Fig. 2G). The pattern of stigmata was 6-6-6-5, and the retractor muscle emerged from the bottom of the thorax (Fig. 2H).</p><p>An outbreak of D. simile colonies has threatened coral reef communities in Fiji and American Sāmoa (Littler and Littler 1995; Vargas-Ángel et al. 2009). It is possible that a Diplosoma sp. killing Acropora corals on Hainan Is. (South China Sea) may be D. simile (Li et al. 2016), although the zooid morphology should be examined to confirm the species identity.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/13473026FFCD612DA5C1EFC5FDB2851C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hirose, Euichi;Nozawa, Yoko	Hirose, Euichi, Nozawa, Yoko (2020): Latitudinal Difference in the Species Richness of Photosymbiotic Ascidians Along the East Coast of Taiwan. Zoological Studies 59 (19): 1-11, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2020.59-19, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12823411
13473026FFCD612DA5FEEC0AFDEE8277.text	13473026FFCD612DA5FEEC0AFDEE8277.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Diplosoma virens (Hartmeyer 1909)	<div><p>Diplosoma virens (Hartmeyer, 1909)</p><p>Specimens: NMNS-8141-004 (Maobitou), -005 (Gongzibi), -023 (Wushibi).</p><p>Colonies were irregularly shaped sheets about 2-5 mm thick (Fig. 2I). The tunic was tougher than in other photosymbiotic Diplosoma species. The pattern of stigmata was 6-6-6-5 (Fig. 2J), and the retractor muscle emerged from halfway down the esophagus.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/13473026FFCD612DA5FEEC0AFDEE8277	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hirose, Euichi;Nozawa, Yoko	Hirose, Euichi, Nozawa, Yoko (2020): Latitudinal Difference in the Species Richness of Photosymbiotic Ascidians Along the East Coast of Taiwan. Zoological Studies 59 (19): 1-11, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2020.59-19, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12823411
13473026FFCD612DA58FEBBFFDD9838D.text	13473026FFCD612DA58FEBBFFDD9838D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Diplosoma watanabei Hirose and Oka 2009	<div><p>Diplosoma watanabei Hirose and Oka, 2009</p><p>Specimens: NMNS-8141-014 (He-mei).</p><p>Colonies were thin, irregularly shaped sheets of ≤ 1 mm thick (Fig. 2K). The pattern of stigmata was 6-7-6-5 (Fig. 2L), and the retractor muscle emerged from the bottom of the thorax. This is the first time D. watanabei has been recorded from Taiwan.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/13473026FFCD612DA58FEBBFFDD9838D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hirose, Euichi;Nozawa, Yoko	Hirose, Euichi, Nozawa, Yoko (2020): Latitudinal Difference in the Species Richness of Photosymbiotic Ascidians Along the East Coast of Taiwan. Zoological Studies 59 (19): 1-11, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2020.59-19, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12823411
13473026FFCD612DA5E1EAF9FA0984A2.text	13473026FFCD612DA5E1EAF9FA0984A2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lissoclinum bistratum (Sluiter 1905)	<div><p>Lissoclinum bistratum (Sluiter, 1905)</p><p>Specimens: NMNS-8141-007 (Maobitou), -008 (Gongzibi), -009 (Jialeshuei).</p><p>Colonies were flat, irregularly shaped sheets and usually green due to the Prochloron distributed in the common cloacal cavities (Fig. 3A). The peripheries and the substratum side of the colony sheets were white due to globular spicules densely distributed in the tunic (Fig. 3B).</p><p>The present species shares many morphological features with Lissoclinum timorense (Sluiter 1909), and the absence of the stellate spicules distinguishes L. bistratum from L. timorense (Kott, 2001) . Monniot and Monniot (2001), however, considered the variability in the spicule composition to be intraspecific and proposed that L. timorense be assigned as a junior synonym of L. bistratum . Because there were no stellate spicules, the present specimens were identified as L. bistratum sensu stricto . There were no records of L. timorense from Taiwan, although this species is widely distributed in the tropical west Pacific from the Ryukyu Archipelago to GBR. The coral reefs in the Ryukyus are usually barrier reefs, and L. bistratum and L. timorense are often found at the same site; L. bistratum inhabits the reef flat and reef edge, while L. timorense inhabits the back reef. The reefs in Taiwan are mainly fringing reefs and lack back reefs, and the difference in reef structure is probably why L. timorense has never been recorded from Taiwan.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/13473026FFCD612DA5E1EAF9FA0984A2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hirose, Euichi;Nozawa, Yoko	Hirose, Euichi, Nozawa, Yoko (2020): Latitudinal Difference in the Species Richness of Photosymbiotic Ascidians Along the East Coast of Taiwan. Zoological Studies 59 (19): 1-11, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2020.59-19, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12823411
13473026FFCD612DA667EDE5FB668347.text	13473026FFCD612DA667EDE5FB668347.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lissoclinum midui Hirose and Hirose 2011	<div><p>Lissoclinum midui Hirose and Hirose, 2011</p><p>Specimens: NMNS-8141-010 (Gongzibi), -011 (Jialeshuei).</p><p>Small colonies comprising 10 or fewer zooids often attached to or partly fused with neighbor colonies (Fig. 3C). Colonies were entirely green due to Prochloron cells distributed in the tunic. There was an unknown organ beneath the thorax of each zooid (Fig. 3D). This character is unique to L. midui . Tunic spicules were globular (Fig. 3E). The type locality of the species was the out reef off Shinri-hama (Kumejima Is., Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan) (Hirose and Hirose 2011), and it has not been recorded from any other site in the Ryukyus. In Taiwan, this species was first recorded from Lyudao (Hirose et al. 2014), and the present report is the second distribution record. It is uncertain why the distribution of L. midui is sporadic, but it is possible that microhabitats in Kumejima Is., Lyudao, and the southeast coast may have shared features.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/13473026FFCD612DA667EDE5FB668347	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hirose, Euichi;Nozawa, Yoko	Hirose, Euichi, Nozawa, Yoko (2020): Latitudinal Difference in the Species Richness of Photosymbiotic Ascidians Along the East Coast of Taiwan. Zoological Studies 59 (19): 1-11, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2020.59-19, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12823411
13473026FFCD612DA6ADEA4FFB71817D.text	13473026FFCD612DA6ADEA4FFB71817D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lissoclinum punctatum Kott 1977	<div><p>Lissoclinum punctatum Kott, 1977</p><p>Specimens: NMNS-8141-012 (Gongzibi), -013 (Jialeshuei).</p><p>Colonies were irregularly shaped, fragile sheets (Fig. 3F). They were entirely green due to Prochloron cells in the common cloacal cavity and tunic. Most the Prochloron cells in the tunic were located in the tunic cells, i.e., tunic phycocytes (Hirose et al. 1996) (Fig. 3G). Intracellular distribution of the cyanobacterial cells is unique to L. punctatum, and photosymbionts are not associated with any tunic cells in the other host ascidians harboring cyanobacteria in the tunic (reviewed in Hirose 2015). Tunic spicules were globular and densely aggregated around each zooid (Fig. 3H). This is a new record of L. punctatum from Taiwan.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/13473026FFCD612DA6ADEA4FFB71817D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hirose, Euichi;Nozawa, Yoko	Hirose, Euichi, Nozawa, Yoko (2020): Latitudinal Difference in the Species Richness of Photosymbiotic Ascidians Along the East Coast of Taiwan. Zoological Studies 59 (19): 1-11, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2020.59-19, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12823411
13473026FFCB612BA5C5EFC5FB758701.text	13473026FFCB612BA5C5EFC5FB758701.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trididemnum clinides Kott 1977	<div><p>Trididemnum clinides Kott, 1977</p><p>Specimens: NMNS-8141-024 (Shimen).</p><p>Irregularly shaped colonies were attached to hydrozoan colonies. Live colonies were yellow or light brown (Fig. 3I). The fixed specimens gradually turned greenish, probably because the yellowish colors were dissolved or discolored in the fixative. Tunic spicules consisted of rod-like rays (Fig. 3J). Three types of cyanobacterial species were found in the tunic, i.e., greenish-unicellular, reddish-unicellular, and reddishfilamentous cyanobacteria (Fig. 3K and L).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/13473026FFCB612BA5C5EFC5FB758701	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hirose, Euichi;Nozawa, Yoko	Hirose, Euichi, Nozawa, Yoko (2020): Latitudinal Difference in the Species Richness of Photosymbiotic Ascidians Along the East Coast of Taiwan. Zoological Studies 59 (19): 1-11, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2020.59-19, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12823411
13473026FFCB6128A672EE05FE8984E2.text	13473026FFCB6128A672EE05FE8984E2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trididemnum cyclops Michaelsen 1921	<div><p>Trididemnum cyclops Michaelsen, 1921</p><p>Specimens: NMNS-8141-025 (Shimen).</p><p>The colonies were oval or elongated cushions and aggregated on a side wall of a tide pool (Fig. 3M). They were green due to Prochloron in the common cloacal cavities, while the colony peripheries and substratum side were white due to tunic spicules with burred surfaces (Fig. 3N). In an enlarged image of the colonies, there was a black spot in each zooid (Fig. 3O). This is a black (or dark brown) pigmentation at the apical end of the endostyle referred to as pigment cap (Fig. 3P), which is unique to the T. cyclops and Trididemnum paracyclops (Kott, 1980) . Although T. paracyclops is distinguished from T. cyclops by several characters such as larger colony size, colony shape, larger zooids, and the number of coils in the vas deferens (Kott 1980 2001), Monniot and Monniot (1987) made no distinction between the two species. Although the size of the tunic spicules differed significantly between T. cyclops and T. paracyclops, the molecular phylogeny inferred from the partial COI sequences did not recognize two species (Hirose et al. 2010b). Based on the colony size and shape, the present specimens were identified as T. cyclops .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/13473026FFCB6128A672EE05FE8984E2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hirose, Euichi;Nozawa, Yoko	Hirose, Euichi, Nozawa, Yoko (2020): Latitudinal Difference in the Species Richness of Photosymbiotic Ascidians Along the East Coast of Taiwan. Zoological Studies 59 (19): 1-11, DOI: 10.6620/ZS.2020.59-19, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12823411
