taxonID	type	description	language	source
0D308E1EFF8AFFB0FF39FB5AFAAAF879.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. GREECE: Pelopónnisos: 1 ex., Patras, olive grove, 29. III. 1986, leg. Assing (cAss); 1 ex., 8 km NE Kalavrita, bank of Vouraikos river, 38 ° 05 ' N, 22 ° 10 ' E, 700 m, 30. III. 1997, leg. Assing (cAss). Crete: 1 ex., Plakias, 2. – 16. IV. 1993, leg. Winkelmann (cSch); 1 ex., beach near Dramia, 35 ° 21 ' N, 24 ° 20 ' E, 22. X. 2006, leg. Schülke (cSch). BULGARIA: 1 ex., Nesebâr, 7. V. 1985, leg. Jaeger (cAss); 1 ex., Koschariza, 8. V. 1985, leg. Wrase (cSch); 1 ex., Kavacite, 4. V. 1987, leg. Behne & Heinig (cSch). TURKEY: Kastamonu: 1 ex., 5 km S Inebolu, 25. V. 1989, leg. Schönmann & Schillhammer (NHMW); Çanakkale: 7 exs., 25 km S Kumkale, Beşik Koyu [" Besika Bay ", ca. 39 ° 49 ' N, 26 ° 10 ' E], leg. Walker (BMNH, cAss); 10 exs., " Port Baklar " [ca. 40 ° 33 ' N, 26 ° 44 ' E], leg. Walker (BMNH, cAss); Antalya: 1 ex., Alanya, 15. III. 2000, leg. Esser (cAss). Mersin: 1 ex., Yeniköy, 1000 – 1200 m, 29. III. 1978, leg. Besuchet & Löbl (cAss); Adana: 1 ex., 6 km W Kücükgezbeli, 1700 m, 10. V. 1997, leg. Schulz, Vock & Sanetra (cAss); Kahramanmara ş: 4 exs., 60 km W Kahramanmaraş, N Andırın, 37 ° 37 ' N, 36 ° 21 ' E, 1120 m, 26. III. 2005, leg. Assing (cAss); 1 ex., 8 km SE Andırın, 37 ° 35 ' N, 36 ° 25 ' E, 1180 m, 19. III. 2005, leg. Assing (cAss); 1 ex., Elbistan, 26. V. – 6. VI. 1965, leg. Schubert (NHMW); 1 ex., S Tekir, 900 – 1400 m, 5. V. 1978, leg. Besuchet & Löbl (cAss). IRAN: Fars: 1 Ψ, pass road Estahban – Ilj, 20 ° 05 ' N, 54 ° 11 ' E, 2030 m, 24. IV. 2006, leg. Frisch & Serri (MNHUB).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF8AFFB0FF39FB5AFAAAF879.taxon	discussion	Comment. According to Herman (2001) and Smetana (2004), S. cephalotes is widespread in the south of the Western Palaearctic region, from France and Morocco to the Caucasus region, Iran, Iraq, and Lebanon.	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF8AFFB0FF39FC1AFDB9FB59.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. TURKEY: Mersin: 1 ex., 15 km NW Erdemli, Arslanlı, 11. – 19. V. 1994, leg. Hauck (cSch).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF8AFFB0FF39FC1AFDB9FB59.taxon	discussion	Comment. In Turkey, this rare species was previously known from two localities in Trabzon (one of them possibly in Gümüşhane) (Horion 1965).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF8BFFB1FF39FA12FAF2F921.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. TURKEY: Çanakkale: 3 exs., 25 km S Kumkale, Beşik Koyu [" Besika Bay ", ca. 39 ° 49 ' N, 26 ° 10 ' E], leg. Walker (BMNH, cAss); Izmir: 2 exs., " Vourlah Bay " [ca. 38 ° 23 ' N, 26 ° 47 ' E], leg. Walker (BMNH). GREECE: 1 ex., Pelopónnisos, northern Párnon range, 1100 m, Abies, 26. IX. 2004, leg. Bense (cAss). CYPRUS: 1 ex., Olympos, 1800 m, 13. VII. 1977, leg. Besuchet (cAss).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF8BFFB1FF39FA12FAF2F921.taxon	discussion	Comment. The previously known distribution of N. cypriacus was confined to Croatia, Greece, and Cyprus (Herman 2001, Smetana 2004). The species is here recorded from Turkey for the first time.	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF8BFFB1FF39FC77FC6CFAAF.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. GREECE: 1 ex., Pindos, Katara pass, 1700 m, 25. – 28. VII. 1990, leg. Schuh & Zabransky (cAss); 9 exs., Pieria Oros, W Ritini, 600 m, beech trunk, 18. IV. 2006, leg. Vit (cAss); 1 ex., Imathia, Vermio range, NW Kato Vermio, 1300 m, 6. VI. 1999, leg. Brachat (cSch); 1 ex., Dráma, W-Rodopi, N Skaloti, 1600 m, 13. – 14. VI. 2002, leg Wolf (cSch). TURKEY: Sinop: 1 ex., Çangal Daġı, 7. – 15. VI. 1960, leg. Schubert (NHMW); Ankara: 5 exs., SE Ankara, Elma Daġı, 1300 m, decaying Salix trunk, 31. X. 1995, leg. Vit (cAss).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF8BFFB1FF39FC77FC6CFAAF.taxon	discussion	Comment. This trans-Palaearctic species had been reported from various eastern Mediterranean countries before, including Greece and Turkey (Herman 2001, Smetana 2004).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF8BFFB1FF39FD37FCC2FC4F.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. ISRAEL: 2 exs., Golan Heights, Bental reservoir, W Merom Golan, ca. 1000 m, stony wetland near shore, 30. IV. 2006, leg. Wrase (cSch, cAss).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF8BFFB1FF39FD37FCC2FC4F.taxon	discussion	Comment. The species was previously known only from Syria (Coiffait 1972, Herman 2001, Smetana 2004). It is here reported from Israel for the first time.	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF8BFFB1FF39FF3FFE6AFD8F.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. GREECE: 1 ex., Pelopónnisos, 8 km NE Kalavrita, bank of Vouraikos river, 38 ° 05 ' N, 22 ° 10 ' E, 30. III. 1997, leg. Assing (cAss); 1 ex., Arkadia, lake Taka, IV. 1999, leg. Wachtel (cAss). BUL- GARIA: 3 exs., Black Sea coast, V. Koschariza, 8. V. 1985, leg. Wrase (cSch, cAss); 2 exs., Pomorie, 25. V. 1984, leg. Wrase (cSch); 1 ex., Vlas near Nesebâr, 7. – 15. V. 1984, leg. Wrase (cSch). TURKEY: Kastamonu: 1 ex., 5 km S Inebolu, 25. V. 1989, leg. Schönmann & Schillhammer (NHMW); Çanakkale: 4 exs., 25 km S Kumkale, Beşik Koyu [" Besika Bay ", ca. 39 ° 49 ' N, 26 ° 10 ' E], leg. Walker (BMNH, cAss); 4 exs., " Port Baklar " [ca. 40 ° 33 ' N, 26 ° 44 ' E], leg. Walker (BMNH, cAss).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF8BFFB1FF39FF3FFE6AFD8F.taxon	discussion	Comment. The species was previously known only from Turkey and Bulgaria. It is here reported from Greece for the first time.	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF8BFFB6FF39F897FC8CFF17.taxon	discussion	Comment. The species is widespread and rather common in the Western Palaearctic region and had been reported from Turkey before (Herman 2001, Smetana 2004).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF8CFFB6FF39FE9FFCBFFCC7.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. BULGARIA: 3 exs., Sandanski, 16. – 23. VII. 1985, leg. Schülke (cSch); 1 ex., Achtopol, 15. – 21. VII. 1984, leg. Arnold (cSch). TURKEY: Artvin: 1 ex., 10 km W Borçka, 4. VI. 1989, leg. Schönmann & Schillhammer (cAss); Hakkari: 1 ex., Suvarı geçidi, 2000 m, 2. VI. 1987, leg. Schönmann & Schillhammer (NHMW); Van: 1 ex., Güzeldere geçidi, 5. VI. 1987, leg. Schönmann & Schillhammer (NHMW). IRAN: Tehran: 1 ex., Dizin, Darband Sar, 36 ° 03 ' N, 51 ° 25 ' E, 2710 m, 17. VIII. 2005, leg. Frisch & Serri (MNHUB); Ardabil: 1 ex., Khalkhal, Mojre, Kuhha-ye Tales, 37 ° 35 ' N, 48 ° 38 ' E, 2000 m, 3. VIII. 2005, leg. Frisch & Serri (MNHUB); Azarbayjan-e Sharqi: 1 ex., Jolfa – Marand road, near road to Oryantappeh, 38 ° 45 ' N, 45 ° 37 ' E, 1310 m, 12. VIII. 2005, leg. Frisch & Serri (cAss).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF8CFFB6FF39FE9FFCBFFCC7.taxon	discussion	Comment. This cosmopolite is not uncommon in the eastern Mediterranean and had been reported from Turkey before (Coiffait 1966 c, Herman 2001, Smetana 2004).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF8CFFB6FF39FCF5FE3BFA9F.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. TURKEY: Rize: 1 ex., 40 km SSE Rize, W Sivrikaya, 40 ° 41 ' N, 40 ° 39 ' E, 2050 m, Abies forest, 1. VIII. 2006, leg. Assing (cAss); Mu ğ la: 3 ex., 60 km NE Fethiye, Girdev Gölü, 36 ° 42 ' N, 29 ° 38 ' E, 1740 m, meadow, 3. X. 2002, leg. Assing (cAss); 1 ex., 70 km NE Fethiye, Seki, above Temel, 36 ° 44 ' N, 29 ° 37 ' E, 2220 m, snowfield, 8. VII. 2002, leg. Assing (cAss).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF8CFFB6FF39FCF5FE3BFA9F.taxon	discussion	Comment. The original description of Leptacinus niger Coiffait, 1966, a preoccupied name later replaced with L. nigerrimus by Coiffait (1971), is based on a single holotype male from " Caucase, 2200 m, sans autre précision de lieu " (Coiffait 1966 b). It was later reported also from Turkey (" Turquie orientale: Tahir 2400 m ") by Coiffait (1973). The above records suggest that the species is widespread in Turkey. The male specimen from Rize is distinguished from the material collected in Muġla by paler coloration (posterior margin of elytra broadly yellowish, abdominal apex yellowish brown, legs rufous) and by a more deeply concave sternite VIII, but the aedeagus is identical.	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF8CFFB6FF39FA0DFE9DF937.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. BULGARIA: 2 exs., Sandanski, 16. – 23. VII. 1985, leg. Schülke (cSch). CYPRUS: 1 ex., 5 km N Dhekelia, horse dung, 20. – 22. III. 1995, leg. Schröder (cSch). TURKEY: Istanbul: 2 exs., " Belgrader Wald ", 1. – 7. VII. 1954, leg. Schubert (NHMW, cAss); Konya: 3 exs., Aksehir, 1. V. 1960, leg. Ressl (NHMW, cAss). JORDAN: 1 ex., W Jordan valley, Dayr Alla, 27. IV. 1996, leg. Halada (NHMW). TURK- MENISTAN: 1 ex., W-Turkmenistan, Great Balkhan mountains, 15. IV. 1993, leg. Predel (cSch).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF8CFFB6FF39FA0DFE9DF937.taxon	discussion	Comment. This cosmopolite was previously unknown from Jordan and Turkmenistan (Herman 2001, Smetana 2004).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF8CFFB7FF39F8EDFE9DFCFF.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. TURKEY: Mu ğ la: 1 ex. [det. Feldmann], Marmaris env., IV. 1993, leg. Grunwald (cFel); Antalya: 1 ex., Taşgesiġi, 17. III. 2000, leg. Esser (cAss); Batman: 1 ex., Hasankeyf, Tigris river valley, 14. V. 2005, leg. Vávra (cVav). CYPRUS: 1 ex., Larnaca, salt lake, 29. IV. 1993, leg. Sama (SMNS). ISRAEL: 1 ex. [det. Feldmann], Dead Sea, En Gedi-Wadi, 31 ° 27 ' N, 35 ° 24 ' E, 360 m, 28. II. 2005, leg. Starke (cFel). IRAN: Fars: 5 exs., Estahban – Darab road, 20 km NW Darab, 28 ° 51 ' N, 54 ° 25 ' E, 1320 m, 13. IV. 2006, leg. Frisch & Serri (MNHUB, cAss); 1 ex., Estahban – Darab road, Darb Qal'eh, 6 km E Bagheshad, 29 ° 00 ', 54 ° 26 ' E, 1500 m, 16. IV. 2006, leg. Frisch & Serri (MNHUB); 1 ex., pass road Estahban – Ij, 29 ° 05 ', 54 ° 11 ' E, 2030 m, 24. IV. 2006, leg. Frisch & Serri (MNHUB); 4 exs., SE Darab, 12 km N Rostaq: Layzangan, Kelate- Serbu Mts., 28 ° 41 ' N, 54 ° 59 ' E, 2010 m, 17. IV. 2006, leg. Frisch & Serri (MNHUB, cAss); 3 exs., 30 km NE Marv-Dasht: Seydan, 30 ° 06 ' N, 53 ° 04 ' E, 1770 m, 7. IV. 2006, leg. Frisch & Serri (MNHUB, cAss); 1 ex., Meymand – Borak road, 10 km W Behjan, 28 ° 51 ' N, 52 ° 54 ' E, 1580 m, 14. IV. 2006, leg. Frisch & Serri (MNHUB); 4 exs., Meymand – Borak road, 5 km W Behjan, 28 ° 50 ' N, 52 ° 56 ' E, 1420 m, 14. IV. 2006, leg. Frisch & Serri (MNHUB); 2 exs., Shiraz – Firuzabad road, 27 km S Kavar: Darenjalar road, 29 ° 07 ' N, 52 ° 33 ' E, 1590 m, 12. IV. 2006, leg. Frisch & Serri (MNHUB); 1 ex., Shiraz – Firuzabad road, pass Kavar – Bowvakan, 29 ° 04 ' N, 52 ° 39 ' E, 1790 m, 12. IV. 2006, leg. Frisch & Serri (MNHUB); 1 ex., Farrashband – Firuzabad road, Kherghe, 28 ° 55 ' N, 52 ° 22 ' E, 1620 m, 13. IV. 2006, leg. Frisch & Serri (MNHUB). GEORGIA: 1 ex., Mzcheta near Tbilisi, 25. VI. 1986, leg. Wrase & Schülke (cSch). TAJIKISTAN: 1 ex., Warsob valley near Dushanbe, 6. V. 1989, leg. Wrase (cSch).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF8CFFB7FF39F8EDFE9DFCFF.taxon	discussion	Comment. The species is widespread in the Palaearctic, Oriental, and Nearctic regions (Herman 2001, Smetana 2004).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF8DFFB7FF39FC27FDDAFAF7.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. TURKEY: Kastamonu: 1 ex., 3 km W Helaldı, pond, 26. V. 1989, leg. Schönmann & Schillhammer (cAss); Isparta: 2 exs., S Egridir, Kovada Gölü, 12. IV. 1984, leg. Brachat (cSch); Konya: 1 ex., Akşehir env., Sultan Daġı, in detritus, 4. V. 1960, leg. Petrowitz & Ressl (NHMW). CYPRUS: 1 ex., Gönyeli, 9. IV. 1992, leg. Winkelmann-Klöck (cSch). GEORGIA: 2 exs., Tbilisi, osero Lisi, 19. VI. – 13. VII. 1988, leg. Wrase (cSch, cAss); 1 ex., Mzcheta near Tbilisi, 4. – 23. VI. 1987, leg. Schülke & Wrase (cSch); 1 ex., same data, but VI. 1986 (cSch). RUSSIAN FEDERATION: Krasnodar Terr.: 1 ex., Sotschi, VII. 1985, leg. Croy (cSch).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF8DFFB7FF39FC27FDDAFAF7.taxon	discussion	Comment. The distribution of this species is confined to the Caucasus region, Turkey, Cyprus, and Iran (Herman 2001, Smetana 2004).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF8DFFB4FF39FA3FFC8CFE3F.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. TURKEY: Bayburt: 1 ex., E Bayburt, Corunt [?], 1. VI. 1989, leg Schödl (NHMW); Erzurum: 1 ex., Bayburt – Pazaryolu, Corun river, 1. VI. 1989, leg. Schönmann & Schillhammer (NHMW); 1 ex., 30 – 45 km NE Erzurum, Dumludaġı, ca. 40 ° 08 ' N, 41 ° 24 ' E, 2200 – 2500, 14. VI. 1998, leg. Solodovnikov (cAss); Manisa: 1 ex., S Manisa, 28. – 30. IV. 1994, leg. Hauck (cSch); 1 ex. [det. Feldmann], Cykrykey creek, 29. IV. 2005, leg. Anlaş (cFel); Mu ğ la: 2 exs., NE Fethiye, Kargi, 36 ° 43 ' N, 29 ° 03 ' E, gravel river bank, 31. III. 2002, leg. Assing (cAss); Antalya: 2 exs., Aşaġigökdere, Sucati river, 37 ° 32 ' N, 30 ° 46 ' E, 380 m, 28. V. 2006, leg. Marggi (cSch); Ni ğ de: 1 ex., Ulukişla, Madenköy, 1700 – 2000 m, 13. – 15. VII. 2003, leg. Lohaj (cSch); 1 ex. [det. Feldmann], Kemer, Beldibi, 5. V. 2001, leg. Röwekamp (cFel); Mersin: 2 exs., Çamlıyayla, 8. VI. 1968, leg. Wewalka (BMNH); Adana: 1 ex., Pozanti, 37 ° 22 ' N, 34 ° 50 ' E, 800 m, muddy stream bank, 27. V. 2001, leg. Gebert (cSch); Gaziantep: 2 exs., 26 km S Gaziantep, road to Kilis, 27. IV. 1966 (NHMW); Bingöl: 6 exs., E Bingöl, 1300 m, V. – VI. 1976, leg. Schubert (NHMW, cAss); Bitlis: 1 ex., Kuştaşı, Bitlis env., 1600 – 1900 m, 15. V. 2005, leg. Vávra (cVav); Batman: 2 exs., Hasankeyf, Tigris river valley, 14. V. 2005, leg. Vávra (cVav, cAss); Kars: 2 exs., Kaġızman – Karakurt, Aras river, 8. VI. 1989, leg. Schönmann & Schillhammer (NHMW, cAss); 2 exs., 16 km SW Göle, 1600 m, 16. VI. 1986, leg. Besuchet, Löbl & Burckhardt (cAss); Bitlis: 1 ex., Tatvan, 1900 m, leg. Schubert (NHMW). GEORGIA: 1 ex., Mzechta near Tbilisi, 25. VI. 1986, leg. Schülke & Wrase (cSch); 1 ex., Mzechta near Tbilisi, 12. – 13. VI. 1987, leg. Schülke & Wrase (cSch). IRAN: Fars: 3 exs., ca. 50 km SW Shiraz, Richi, 29 ° 30 ' N, 52 ° 11 ' E, 1650 m, 9. IV. 2006, leg. Frisch & Serri (MNHUB); 1 ex., Shiraz – Firuzabad road, 27 km S Kavar: Darenjalar road, 29 ° 07 ' N, 52 ° 33 ' E, 1590 m, 12. IV. 2006, leg. Frisch & Serri (cAss); 1 ex., 30 km W Shiraz, Khaneh Zenyan, Zakherad, 29 ° 42 ' N, 52 ° 10 ' E, 1990 m, 9. IV. 2006, leg. Frisch & Serri (MNHUB).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF8DFFB4FF39FA3FFC8CFE3F.taxon	discussion	Comment. The distribution of G. sanguinipennis includes the region from Greece and Turkey to the Caucasus, Middle Asia, and Iran (Herman 2001, Smetana 2004).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF8EFFB4FF39FDE7FE8AFB59.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. IRAN: Fars: 4 exs., Estahban – Darab road, 20 km NW Darab, 28 ° 51 ' N, 54 ° 25 ' E, 1320 m, 13. IV. 2006, leg. Frisch & Serri (MNHUB, cAss); 2 exs., Estahban – Darab road, Darb Qal'eh, 6 km E Bagheshad, 29 ° 00 ', 54 ° 26 ' E, 1500 m, 16. IV. 2006, leg. Frisch & Serri (MNHUB); 4 exs., Estahban – Darab road, 23 km NW Darab, 28 ° 53 ' N, 54 ° 24 ' E, 1340 m, 24. IV. 2006, leg. Frisch & Serri (MNHUB); 4 exs., Farrashband – Firuzabad road, Kherghe, 28 ° 55 ' N, 52 ° 22 ' E, 1620 m, 13. IV. 2006, leg. Frisch & Serri (MNHUB, cAss); 3 exs., Farrashband – Firuzabad road, 2 km S Kherghe, 28 ° 54 ' N, 52 ° 23 ' E, 1520 m, 13. IV. 2006, leg. Frisch & Serri (MNHUB, cAss); 1 ex., Meymand – Borak road, 10 km W Behjan, 28 ° 51 ' N, 52 ° 54 ' E, 1580 m, 14. IV. 2006, leg. Frisch & Serri (cAss); 4 exs., Meymand – Borak road, 5 km W Behjan, 28 ° 50 ' N, 52 ° 56 ' E, 1420 m, 14. IV. 2006, leg. Frisch & Serri (MNHUB, cAss); 4 exs., Shiraz – Firuzabad road, 27 km S Kavar: Darenjalar road, 29 ° 07 ' N, 52 ° 33 ' E, 1590 m, 12. IV. 2006, leg. Frisch & Serri (MNHUB).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF8EFFB4FF39FDE7FE8AFB59.taxon	discussion	Comment. The species was previously known only from Uzbekistan and Afghanistan (Herman 2001, Smetana 2004); it is here reported from Iran for the first time. On several occasions, it was collected together with G. fulgidus.	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF8EFFB4FF39FB4FFAC6F839.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. GREECE: Crete: 1 ex., Rethimni, beach near Dramia, 35 ° 21 ' N 24 ° 20 ' E, 22. X. 2006, leg. Schülke (cSch). TURKEY: Giresun: 1 ex., 35 km S Giresun, 40 ° 36 ' N, 38 ° 27 ' E, 1250 m, spruce forest with Rhododendron, 29. VII. 2006, leg. Assing (cAss); Erzurum: 1 ex., 35 km NW Tortum, Mescit Daġları, ca. 40 ° 30 ' N, 41 ° 25 ' E, 1700 – 2000 m, 17. VI. 1998, leg. Solodovnikov (cAss); 1 ex., 30 – 45 km NE Erzurum, Dumludaġı, ca. 40 ° 08 ' N, 41 ° 24 ' E, 2200 – 2500 m, 14. VI. 1998, leg. Solodovnikov (cAss); Izmir: 1 ex., Boz Daġlar, above Bozdaġ, road to ski resort, 38 ° 21 ' N, 28 ° 07 ' E, 1500 m, 3. IV. 2006, leg Assing (cAss); Aydın: 1 ex., Dilek Daġı, S Kanyon, 37 ° 40 ' N, 27 ° 11 ' E, 17. IV. 2006, leg. Brachat & Meybohm (cAss); Ankara: 3 exs., SE Ankara, Elma Daġı, 1300 m, 31. X. 1995, leg. Vit (cAss). IRAN: Azarbayjan-e Sharqi: 1 ex., Kalaybar, 38 ° 51 ' N, 47 ° 01 ' E, 1420 m, 9. VIII. 2005, leg. Frisch (cAss); Ardabil: 2 exs., Khalkhal: Azuav spring, Kuhhaye Tales, 37 ° 35 ' N, 48 ° 34 ' E, 1870 m, 3. VIII. 2005, leg. Frisch & Serri (MNHUB, cAss); 2 exs., S Lahrud, Ghotorsuie, Kuh-e Sabalan, 38 ° 20 ' N, 47 ° 51 ' E, 2530 m, 5. VIII. 2005, leg. Frisch & Serri (MNHUB); 1 ex., Helabad – Hir road, Budalalu, Kuhha-ye Tales, 38 ° 01 ' N, 48 ° 28 ' E, 1700 m, 4. VIII. 2005, leg. Frisch & Serri (MNHUB); Gilan: 1 ex., Rudbar: Barrehsar, 36 ° 47 ' N; 49 ° 45 ' E, 1080 m, 30. VII. 2005, leg. Frisch & Serri (MNHUB). TAJIKISTAN: 1 ex., Hissar Alai, Warsob valley, Dushanbe, 2000 m, 19. VII. 1984, leg. Wrase (cSch).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF8EFFB4FF39FB4FFAC6F839.taxon	discussion	Comment. This species is widespread and common in the Western Palaearctic region, but was previously unknown from Iran (Smetana 2004). For more records and a distribution map see Assing (2003 b).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF8FFFB5FF39FF3FFB23FDD7.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. TURKEY: Ordu: 1 ex., Akkuş, 3. – 5. VI. 1961, leg. Schubert (cAss). Manisa: 1 ex. [det. Feldmann], Turgutlu, Daġmarmara, 25. VIII. 2004, leg. Anlaş (cAss); Mu ğ la: 1 ex., Gölgeli Daġları, 20 km NE Köyceġiz, above Aġla, 37 ° 03 ' N, 28 ° 49 ' E, 1690 m, 6. X. 2002, leg. Assing (cAss); 1 ex., same data ,, but 37 ° 04 ' N, 28 ° 44 ' E, 1710 m (cAss); 1 ex., SE Fethiye, Baba Daġ, 36 ° 33 ' N, 29 ° 12 ' E, 1385 m, arable land, sifted from grass roots, 4. VII. 2002, leg. Assing (cAss); Ankara: 1 ex., SE Ankara, Elma Daġı, 1300 m, hollow Salix base, 31. X. 1995, leg. Vit (cAss).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF8FFFB5FF39FF3FFB23FDD7.taxon	discussion	Comment. Gyrohypnus fracticornis is widespread and common in the whole of the Palaearctic region and introduced in the Nearctic, Neotropical, and Australian regions (Herman 2001, Smetana 2004).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF8FFFBBFF39FDDFFCC3FB0F.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined. V. o t t o m a n a: Holotype: ɗ, " Beikos, 8. ' 03 M C. / 8448 / Type / M. Cameron Bequest, B. M. 1955 – 147 / Syntype Xantholinus (Vulda) ottomanus Cameron, 1912, det. R. G. Booth 2007 / Holotype Xantholinus ottomanus Cameron rev. V. Assing 2007 / Vulda ottomana (Cameron) det. V. Assing 2007 " (BMNH). X. anatolicus: Holotype: ɗ, " Abant Geb. bei Bolu, 30. V. 1964 / leg. H. Korge, Anatolia bor. / X. (Leptophallus) anatolicus n. sp. H. Coiffait det. 1964 / Holotype / Vulda anatolica (Coiffait) det. V. Assing 2006 " (cKor). Additional material examined. TURKEY: Istanbul: 1 ɗ, " Belgrader Wald ", 1. – 7. VII. 1954, leg. Schubert (NHMW).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF8FFFBBFF39FDDFFCC3FB0F.taxon	discussion	Comment. The original description of Xantholinus ottomanus is based on a single " type " " taken at Beikos, in August, 1903, under a stone " (Cameron 1912). The male holotype was studied and its habitus and sexual characters were illustrated by Coiffait (1971), who assigned it to the nominal subgenus of the genus Vulda.	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF8FFFBBFF39FDDFFCC3FB0F.taxon	description	Redescription. Measurements (in mm) and ratios (holotype of V. ottomana, holotype of V. anatolica, additional specimen): AL: 2.14, 2.17, 1.98; HL: 1.27, 1.43, 1.34; HW: 0.89, 1.00, 0.95; PW: 0.71, 0.84, 0.80; PL: 1.11, 1.31, 1.22; EL: 1.03, 0.88, 0.76; EW: 1.18, 1.03, 0.92; AW: 0.95, 1.01, 0.94; TiL: 0.76, 0.83, 0.79; TaL: 0.68, 0.65, 0.63; ML: 0.72, 0.74, 0.72; TL: 6.9, 8.3, 7.3; HL / HW: 1.42, 1.44, 1.41; PW / HW: 0.80, 0.84, 0.84; PL / PW: 1.56, 1.57, 1.53; EL / PL: 0.93, 0.67, 0.62; EW / PW: 1.45, 1.23, 1.15; AW / EW: 0.93, 0.99, 1.02; TiL / TaL: 1.0 6, 1.28, 1.24. Habitus of brachypterous morph as in Fig. 1. Coloration: head blackish brown to blackish; pronotum reddish to dark brown; elytra yellowish to pale reddish; abdomen yellowish brown to brown; legs yellowish to reddish; antennae dark brown, with the basal 3 antennomeres reddish to reddish brown. Head distinctly oblong (see measurements and ratio HL / HW) and of subrectangular shape (brachypterous morph, Fig. 2) or tapering posteriad (macropterous morph, Fig. 99); eyes small (Fig. 3), not projecting from lateral outline of head, approximately 1 / 4 the length of postocular region in dorsal view (brachypterous morph), or large and distinctly bulging (Fig. 99), approximately half the length of postocular region in dorsal view (macropterous morph); dorsal surface with rather sparse fine punctures and interspersed larger punctures; microsculpture absent. Antenna with antennomere I approximately as long as the combined length of antennomeres II – V; II and III oblong and of subequal length; IV weakly transverse; V – X weakly to moderately transverse (Fig. 4). Pronotum slender, distinctly narrower and smaller than head (see ratio PW / HW), weakly tapering posteriad; lateral margins straight or shallowly sinuate in dorsal view; dorsal series composed of 10 – 11 punctures; whole surface with very fine and rather sparse punctures, lateral areas with interspersed coarse punctures; microsculpture absent (Figs. 2, 99). Elytra distinctly shorter and slightly wider than pronotum (brachypterous morph) or almost as long and distinctly wider than pronotum (macropterous morph) (see ratios EL / PL and EW / PW); puncturation more or less well-defined and moderately dense (Figs. 2, 99). Hind wings completely reduced (brachypterous morph) or fully developed (macropterous morph). Legs moderately slender (see measurements and ratio TiL / TaL). Abdomen approximately as wide as (brachypterous morph) or narrower than elytra (macropterous morph), widest at segments VI / VII; puncturation fine, sparser on posterior than on anterior tergites; surface with shallow, but distinct microsculpture; posterior margin of tergite VII with (macropterous morph) or without palisade fringe (brachypterous morph). ɗ: aedeagus slender and relatively small, with moderately sclerotised internal tube (Figs. 5 – 6, 14 – 15, 100). Comparative notes. Aside from V. ottomana, two species of Vulda have been described from Turkey: Vulda (Typhlodes) brignolii Bordoni, 1973 a (Amasya), and V. (T.) vignai Bordoni, 1973 a (Bolu). From the latter, whose description is based on a single female, V. ottomana is readily distinguished by much smaller size (V. vignai: 13 mm), bicoloured body (in V. vignai uniformly pale brown), and larger eyes. From V. brignolii it is separated by the bicoloured body (in V. brignolii uniformly brown), a distinctly more slender head and pronotum, and a completely different morphology of the aedeagus. For illustrations of the habitus and male sexual characters of these species see Bordoni (1973 a). Subgeneric placement. Based on the reductions of eye size, elytral length, hind wings, and palisade fringe at the posterior margin of the abdominal tergite VII, the brachypterous morph would have to be attributed to the subgenus Typhlodes Sharp, 1873, whereas the macropterous morph is currently in the subgenus Vulda. The fact that, based on the current subgeneric concept, one of the two morphs would have to be placed in Vulda and the other in Typhlodes, suggests that this subgeneric system is highly artificial. Therefore, this and the followings species are attributed to neither of these subgenera.	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF8FFFBBFF39FDDFFCC3FB0F.taxon	distribution	Distribution and bionomics. The species has become known from three localities in northwestern Turkey, one in Bolu (type locality of V. anatolica) and two in Istanbul province (Fig. 13). The three specimens were collected in May, July, and August. The non-type specimen from Istanbul is apparently slightly teneral. The holotype of V. ottomana was found under a stone.	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF81FFB9FF39FAB7FCA3FE6F.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: ɗ, " Cangaldagh, Anat. bor. 16. – 26. V. 57, leg. F. Schubert / Xantholinus spec.? det. F. Schubert / Holotypus ɗ Vulda cangalica sp. n. det. V. Assing 2006 " (NHMW). Paratypes: 1 ɗ, same data as holotype (NHMW); 1 ɗ, " Anat. b. Cangal Dagh, 7. – 15.6.60, leg. F. Schubert " (NHMW); 1 ɗ, " Cangal / Ayancik, 5.62, Anat., leg. F. Schubert " (cAss).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF81FFB9FF39FAB7FCA3FE6F.taxon	description	Description. Measurements (in mm) and ratios (range, arithmetic mean; n = 4): AL: 2.32 – 2.44, 2.39; HL: 1.59 – 1.68, 1.62; HW: 1.10 – 1.21, 1.16; PW: 0.95 – 1.01, 0.97; PL: 1.51 – 1.59, 1.53; EL: 0.95 – 1.06, 1.01; EW: 1.15 – 1.28, 1.22; AW: 1.10 – 1.25, 1.17; TiL: 0.95 – 1.01, 0.99; TaL: 0.77 – 0.83, 0.79; ML: 1.30 – 1.39, 1.33; TL: 8.6 – 9.4, 9.9; HL / HW: 1.36 – 1.45, 1.39; PW / HW: 0.81 – 0.86, 0.83; PL / PW: 1.57 – 1.60, 1.59; EL / PL: 0.64 – 0.67, 0.66; EW / PW: 1.21 – 1.30, 1.26; AW / EW: 0.95 – 0.98, 0.96; TiL / TaL: 1.22 – 1.27, 1.25. Habitus as in Fig. 7. Coloration: blackish brown to black; pronotum reddish brown to castaneous; elytra yellowish to yellowish brown; abdomen reddish to dark brown, with the posterior margins of the anterior segments and the abdominal apex reddish; legs reddish to brown; antennae reddish brown to brown. Head distinctly oblong (see measurements and ratio HL / HW); lateral margins weakly convex in dorsal view (Fig. 9); eyes small (Fig. 10), not projecting from lateral outline of head, 1 / 7 – 1 / 5 the length of postocular region in dorsal view; dorsal surface with well-defined and moderately coarse puncturation, at most with very scattered micropunctures; microsculpture absent. Antenna with antennomere I approximately as long as the combined length of antennomeres II – V; II and III oblong and of subequal length; IV weakly transverse; V – X weakly to moderately transverse; X less than 1.5 times as wide as long. Pronotum slender, distinctly narrower than head (see ratio PW / HW), moderately tapering posteriad; lateral margins almost straight in dorsal view; dorsal series somewhat irregular, composed of 10 – 13 punctures; whole surface with very sparse micropunctures, lateral areas with sparse coarse punctures; microsculpture absent (Fig. 8). Elytra distinctly shorter and wider than pronotum (see ratios EL / PL and EW / PW); puncturation welldefined and of variable density (Fig. 8). Hind wings completely reduced. Legs moderately slender (see measurements and ratio TiL / TaL). Abdomen approximately as wide as elytra, widest at segments VI / VII; puncturation fine, much sparser on posterior than on anterior tergites; posterior margin of tergite VII without palisade fringe. ɗ: aedeagus with internal structures of distinctive shape (Figs. 11 – 12). Comparative notes. The species is distinguished from all its congeners by the distinctive morphology of the aedeagus. From other species occurring in Turkey, it is additionally separated as follows: from V. o t t o m a n a by larger size; from V. brignolii by the bicoloured body, as well as by the more slender head and pronotum; and from V. vignai by distinctly smaller size and by larger eyes. For illustrations of the habitus and genitalia of these species see Figs. 5 – 6 and 14 – 15, as well as Bordoni (1973 a).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF81FFB9FF39FAB7FCA3FE6F.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name refers to the mountain range where the type specimens were discovered.	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF81FFB9FF39FAB7FCA3FE6F.taxon	distribution	Distribution and bionomics. The known distribution is confined to the Çangal Daġı, Sinop province, northern Anatolia. Additional bionomic data are not available.	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF83FFB9FF39FA28FBF6F947.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. TURKEY: 1 Ψ, " Anat. b. Cangal Dagh, 7. – 15.6.60, leg. F. Schubert " (NHMW).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF83FFB9FF39FA28FBF6F947.taxon	discussion	Comment. The specimen, unfortunately a female, is labelled with the same data as one of the males of V. cangalica, but is distinguished from that species by larger size, more uniformly reddish coloration, as well as by much smaller eyes. It evidently refers to an undescribed species. However, since an adequate description should be based on the male genitalia, it remains unnamed for the time being.	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF83FFBEFF39F940FF2FFEE7.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. TURKEY: 1 ex., Osmaniye?, E Osmaniye, 1200 – 1700 m, leg. Schubert (NHMW). Comment. This recently described species was previously known only from the type locality to the west of Kahramanmaraş (Assing 2006 a).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF83FFBEFF39F940FF2FFEE7.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. BULGARIA: 5 exs., Chirpan, 4. – 31. III. 1941, leg. Schubert (NHMW, cAss).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF83FFBEFF39F940FF2FFEE7.taxon	discussion	Comment. This species is indicated also from Turkey by Coiffait (1972) and Bordoni (1976 a), but a locality is not specified. Since it occurs in Bulgaria, its presence at least in northwestern Turkey does not seem unlikely.	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF84FFBEFF39FD37FCECFB57.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. TURKEY: Artvin: 2 exs., Borçka, 1700 m, VII. 1971, leg. Schubert (NHMW); 1 ex., Çam pass, above Şavşat, 2400 – 2600 m, 6. VI. 1989, leg. Schönmann & Schillhammer (cAss); Kars: 2 exs., S Posof, Ilgardaġı pass, 6. VI. 1989, leg. Schönmann & Schillhammer (NHMW, cAss). GEORGIA: 1 ex., Bolnisi, 28. VI. 1986, leg. Wrase & Schülke (cSch); 1 ex., Trialetskiy Khrebet, Bakuriani, 1800 - 2200 m, 15. - 20. VI. 1987, leg. Wrase & Schülke (cAss). IRAN: Gilan: 4 exs., Rudbar, Barrehsar, Sebostaneh, 36 ° 47 ' N, 49 ° 48 ' E, 1400 m, 31. VII. 2005, leg. Frisch & Serri (MNHUB, cAss); Mazandaran: 1 ex., Ramsar, road to Jannatrudbar, 36 ° 49 ' N, 50 ° 39 ' E, 1050 m, 29. VII. 2005, leg. Frisch & Serri (cAss); 2 exs., Kuh-e Damavand, Nandel, 36 ° 01 ' N; 52 ° 13 ' E, 1660 m, 16. VIII. 2005, leg. Frisch & Serri (MNHUB); Ardabil: 1 ex., S Khalkhal, Asbu, Kuhha-ye Tales, 37 ° 27 ' N, 48 ° 40 ' E, 1700 m, 3. VIII. 2005, leg. Frisch & Serri (MNHUB).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF84FFBEFF39FD37FCECFB57.taxon	discussion	Comment. In Turkey, this widespread Western Palaearctic species is apparently the most common and widespread representative of the subgenus (see checklist).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF84FFBEFF39FB5FFF01FA17.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. TURKEY: Istanbul: 1 ex., " Belgrader Wald ", 1. – 7. VII. 1954, leg. Schubert (NHMW).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF84FFBEFF39FB5FFF01FA17.taxon	discussion	Comment. The previously known distribution of X. coiffaiti (= X. sublinearis Coiffait) extends from Austria and the Czech Republic to Greece (Smetana 2004). The species is here recorded from Turkey for the first time.	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF84FFBEFF39FE2FFBBCFD8F.taxon	discussion	Comment. There is only one very old Turkish record of X. linearis from the surroundings of Tarsus (Mersin) by Peyron (1858). In view of the complete absence of recent records, there is little doubt that it is based on a misidentification. The species is here deleted from the list of Turkish Staphylinidae.	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF84FFBCFF39F99FFCCAFB87.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined. Holotype: ɗ, " Liban, Saida, H. Coiffait, 9. XI. 51 / Holotype / Museum Paris " (MNHNP). Paratypes: 1 ɗ, " Liban, Nahr es Safa, H. Coiffait, 12. X. 51 / Paratype " (MNHNP); 1 ɗ, " Ephesi [?] / Paratype " (MNHNP). Additional material examined. TURKEY: Gaziantep: 3 exs., 40 km W Kilis, 26. V. 1987, leg. Schönmann & Schillhammer (NHMW). ISRAEL: 1 ex., Golan Heights, W env. Har Shifon, 33 ° 05 ' N, 35 ° 46 ' E, 852 m, slopes of stony grassland, 30. IV. 2006, leg. Wrase (cAss); 1 ex., Lower Galilee, ca. 4 km W Tamra (route 70), 32 ° 52 ' N, 35 ° 10 ' E, loamy field edge, 25 m, 25. IV. 2006, leg. Wrase (cSch); 1 ex.: Upper Galilee, Akzhiv N Nahariya, 33 ° 03 ' N, 35 ° 06 ' E, 9 m, open coastal zone, under shrubs, sand, 1. V. 2006, leg. Wrase (cSch); 2 exs., Upper Galilee, Ha Khula Valley, Ma'agar Einan lake, 33 ° 05 ' N, 35 ° 35 ' E, 73 m, in moist loamy soil, 1. / 2. V. 2006, leg. Wrase (cSch, cAss); 1 ex., Galilee, Hula, 25. IV. 1982, leg. Besuchet & Löbl (cAss); 2 exs., Galilee, Montfort, 19. IV. 1982, leg. Besuchet & Löbl (cAss); 1 ex., Galilee, Ohalo, Jordan, 200 m, 27. IV. 1982, leg. Besuchet & Löbl (cAss); 2 exs., Maagan Mikhael, 16. IV. 1982, leg. Besuchet & Löbl (cAss); 1 ex., Mt. Carmel, 100 m, 17. IV. 1982, leg. Besuchet & Löbl (cAss); 6 exs., Jordan delta, Beit Tseida reserve, 19. IV. 2005, leg. Aßmann (cFel); 1 ex. [det. Feldmann], Afikim, 5. III. 2006, leg. Vonshak & Chikatunov (TAU). Redescription. Habitus as in Fig. 16. 7.0 – 10.0 mm; length from apex of mandibles to posterior margin of elytra: 4.0 – 4.8 mm. Coloration: head, pronotum, and abdomen blackish; elytra paler reddish brown to blackish brown, with the humeral angles and the narrow posterior margins usually paler, yellowish brown; legs yellowish brown to reddish brown; antennae reddish, with antennomeres IV – X brown. Head approximately 1.25 times as long as wide, weakly widened posteriad; dorsal surface glossy, with a mixture of rather sparse finer and slightly coarser punctures; with or without traces of microsculpture; frontal furrows distinct, parallel, not reaching pair of frontal punctures; eyes moderately large and weakly prominent, approximately 1 / 3 the length of postocular region in dorsal view (Fig. 17). Pronotum about 1.4 times as long as wide and approximately as wide as head, widest at anterior angles and moderately tapering posteriad; dorsal series composed of 10 – 15 punctures; disc without microsculpture (Fig. 17). Elytra at suture approximately 0.75 times as long as pronotum; puncturation moderately coarse and rather dense, interstices on average as wide as or slightly wider than diameter of punctures; without distinct microsculpture (Fig. 17). Hind wings apparently fully developed. Abdomen slightly narrower than elytra, widest at segment VI; puncturation fine and moderately dense; all tergites with shallow transverse microsculpture; posterior margin of tergite VII with palisade fringe. ɗ: posterior margin of tergite VIII weakly concave in the middle (Fig. 18); sternite VIII posteriorly with membranous margin and broadly concave (Fig. 19); internal sac of aedeagus with long and weakly sclerotised tube, distally with several short series of sclerotised spines (Figs. 20 – 21).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF84FFBCFF39F99FFCCAFB87.taxon	distribution	Distribution and bionomics. Xantholinus gridellii has been recorded from various countries in the Middle East (Israel, Lebanon, Syria, Cyprus) (Coiffait 1956 a, 1972, Herman 2001, Smetana 2004). The species has also been reported from Algeria (Bordoni 1976 a, Herman 2001, Smetana 2004), but this record seems doubtful and requires confirmation. The specimens from Gaziantep represent the first record of this species from Turkey; X. gridellii carius Coiffait, 1972, which was described from southwestern Turkey, was recently synonymised with X. graecus Kraatz, 1858 (Assing 2006 a). All the additional material listed above was found at lower altitudes, at least partly in unforested habitats.	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF86FFBCFF39FB0FFDD1FA47.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. TURKEY: Bursa: 1 ex., Bursa, VII. 1972, leg. Schubert (NHMW); Bolu: 15 exs., Bolu, 13. VII. 1975, leg. Schubert (NHMW, cAss); Mersin: 1 ex., Çamlıyayla, 11. – 26. V. 1960, leg. Schubert (cAss).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF86FFBCFF39FB0FFDD1FA47.taxon	discussion	Comment. In Turkey, this widespread species was previously known from Bursa, Bolu, and Kastamonu (Assing 2006 a, Bordoni 1971).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF86FFBCFF39FA75FBF8F869.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. TURKEY: Bolu: 4 exs., Bolu, 13. VIII. 1975, leg. Schubert (NHMW, cAss); Sinop: 14 exs., Ayancık, Çangal Daġı, V. 1962, leg. Schubert (NHMW, cAss); 9 exs., S Ayancık, 6. – 12. VII. 1973, leg. Schubert (NHMW); 18 exs., Çangal Daġı, 16. – 26. V. 1957, leg. Schubert (NHMW, cAss, cSch); 4 exs., Çangal Daġı, VI. 1959, leg. Schubert (NHMW, cAss); 13 exs., Çangal Daġı, 7. – 15. VI. 1960, leg. Schubert (NHMW, cAss); 4 exs., Çangal Daġı, leg. Yaman (NHMW); 2 exs., Çangal Daġı (NHMW).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF86FFBCFF39FA75FBF8F869.taxon	discussion	Comment. The species is apparently widespread and not uncommon in northwestern Anatolia. Previously, only the holotype from " Draganaz gecidi " — this locality is probably misspelled and apparently refers to " Drannaz " [= Diranaz] geçidi — had become known. The aedeagus of the holotype is illustrated by Assing (2006 a). The currently known distribution of the species is mapped in Fig. 22.	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF87FFBDFF39FF3FFCB4FE3F.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. TURKEY: Samsun: 4 exs., Kavak, Haçılaz Geç. [ca. 41 ° 06 ' N, 36 ° 03 ' E], 27. V. 1989, leg. Schönmann & Schillhammer (NHMW); 2 exs., NE Havza, Karadaġ Geç. [41 ° 01 ' N, 35 ° 52 ' E], 27. V. 1989, leg. Schönmann & Schillhammer (NHMW).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF87FFBDFF39FF3FFCB4FE3F.taxon	discussion	Comment. Previously, only two males of this species had become known. Xantholinus grandespinosus was originally described from Amasya and later also recorded from Ordu (Assing 2006 a, in press). The currently known distribution of the species is mapped in Fig. 22.	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF87FFA2FF39FAD7FC94FD8F.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. GREECE: Mainland: 1 ex., Flórina, Varikó, 25. VII. 1987 (cAss); 3 exs., Khalkidhiki, Kassandra, Polichoron, beach, 21. – 22. III. 1989, leg. Assing (cAss); 1 ex., N Larissa, Kato Olympos, E Kallipefki, 39 ° 58 ' E, 22 ° 29 ' E, 1580 m, 12. IV. 1998, leg. Assing (cAss); 1 ex., Fthiotis, Oros Kallidromos, SSE Lamia, 38 ° 45 ' N, 22 ° 28 ' E, 940 m, fir forest, 6. IV. 2001, leg. Assing (cAss); 2 exs., Kassandra, Polichoron, 25. – 26. III. 1989, leg. Assing (cAss); 1 ex., Vamvrakia, Vrasna env., 21. V. 2006, leg. Vávra (cVav); Corfu: 1 ex., Glytada, 21. X. 1987 (cAss); Levkás: 8 exs., Apolpena, 100 m, 29. IX. 1990, leg. Assing (cAss); Limnos: 1 ex., Kontias – Thanos, Nevgatis, 16. V. 1984, leg. Schönmann (NHMW); Cyclades: 1 ex., Ándros, Revmata, 37 ° 52 ' N, 24 ° 50 ' E, 220 m, 21. X. 1980, leg. Malicky (cAss). 1 ex., Náxos, Apollon, 25 ° 33 ' N, 37 ° 11 ' E, 22. V. 1976, leg. Malicky (cAss); 1 ex., Náxos, W Apollon, 25 ° 32 ' N, 37 ° 11 ' E, 23. V. 1976, leg. Malicky (cAss); 1 ex., Ios, Miopotamos bay, 11. IV. 1981, leg. Schönmann (NHMW); Crete: 1 ex., Rethimni, ca. 1.5 km S Kanevos, Kotsifos cleft, 35 ° 14 ' N, 24 ° 24 ' E, 440 m, 20. X. 2006, leg. Schülke (cSch); 3 exs., beach near Dramia, 35 ° 21 ' N 24 ° 20 ' E, 22. X. 2006, leg. Schülke (cSch, cAss); 1 ex., Fassa valley W Chliaro, 23 ° 53 ' N, 35 ° 24 ' E, 18. – 20. V. 1977, leg. Malicky (cAss); 2 exs., Chania, Lavallos, 1. – 3. VI. 1981, leg. Mühle (cAss); 2 exs., Zakros, 28. III. 1973, leg. Fülscher & Meybohm (cAss); Karpathos: 1 ex., Aperi, 300 m, 28. IV. 1994, leg. Frisch (cAss); 2 exs., Pigadia, 50 m, 21. IV. 1994, leg. Frisch (cAss); Rhodos: 1 ex., Monólithos beach, 28. IV. 1998, leg. Schmalfuss (SMNS); 1 ex., Kolymbia, V. 2000, leg. Bellmann (cAss); 2 exs., Lindos, Saidouras river, 18. IV. 1994, leg. Frisch (cAss). TURKEY: Antalya: 1 ex., Antalya, 30 km N Finike, W Çatallar, 23. V. 1991, leg. Schönmann & Schillhammer (NHMW); Mersin: 1 ex., Silifke, 28. IV. – 5. V. 1965, leg. Schubert (NHMW); Adana: 3 exs., Ceyhan, 2. – 24. V. 1965, leg. Schubert (NHMW, cAss). CYPRUS: 1 ex., Limasol, Episcopi, 12. IV. 1995, leg. Schmid (NHMW); 1 ex., E Küçükerenköy, 15. IV. 1998, leg. Vít (cAss); 1 ex., Limnastis river, 200 m, 5. III. 1996, leg. Frisch (cAss). RUSSIAN FEDERATION: 2 exs., Zhelesnovodsk [43.51 N, 41.35 E], 650 – 1400 m, 1. VII. 1966, leg. Muche (cAss).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF87FFA2FF39FAD7FC94FD8F.taxon	discussion	Comment. The species is widespread and common in the Eastern Mediterranean, from Italy and Algeria to Turkey and Israel (Herman 2001, Smetana 2004). For additional records from Turkey and Cyprus see Assing (2006 a, in press) and Assing and Wunderle (2001).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF98FFA3FF39FD37FF01FBEF.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined. X. reitteri: Holotype: ɗ, " Caucasus. Swanetien. Leder. Reitter / Xanth. fortepunctatus Mots. Coll. Reitter / Type / Xantholinus reitteri Coiff. H. Coiffait det. 1964 / Xantholinus reitteri Coiffait det. V. Assing 2007 " (HNHM).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF98FFA3FF39FD37FF01FBEF.taxon	materials_examined	Additional material examined. TURKEY: Rize: 4 exs., ca. 30 km SW Hopa, Çaġlayan D. river valley, ca. 41 ° 09 ' N, 41 ° 22 ' E, 1800 – 1900 m, 26. VI. 1998, leg. Solodovnikov (cSol, cAss); Artvin: 1 ex., ca. 40 km SW Artvin, source of Barhal river, ca. 41 ° 05 ' N, 41 ° 30 ' E, 2400 m, 23. VI. 1998, leg. Solodovnikov (cAss); 2 exs., same data, but 2400 – 2800 m, 24. VI. 1998 (cAss). GEORGIA: 1 ex., Caucasus minor, Trialetskiy Khrebet, Bakuriani, 1800 – 2200 m, 15. – 20. VI. 1987, leg. Schülke & Wrase (cSch); 3 exs., " Svanetien, Leder. Reitter " [labelled as paratypes of X. reitteri] (HNHM). AZERBAIJAN: 2 exs., Lenkoran, Apo below Bilasar, 350 m, 8. – 9. VI. 1996, leg. Schawaller (SMNS, cAss); 1 ex., Gamarat [38 ° 39 ' N, 48 ° 35 ' E; " Caspi. - M. - Gebiet, Hamarat, Leder (Reitter) "], [labelled as paratype of X. reitteri] (HNHM); 1 ex., " Caspi. - M. - Gebiet, Rasano, Leder (Reitter) ", [labelled as paratype of X. reitteri] (HNHM). IRAN: Mazandaran: 3 exs., Kalardasht, Rudbarak, 36 ° 27 ' N, 51 ° 04 ' E, 1790 – 1950 m, 26. VII. 2005, leg. Frisch & Serri (MNHUB, cAss); 3 exs., Kalardasht, Rudbarak, 36 ° 28 ' N, 51 ° 06 ' E, 1540 – 1640 m, 26. VII. 2005, leg. Frisch & Serri (MNHUB, cAss); 1 ex., Mazandaran, V. 1999, leg. Reuter (cFel).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF98FFA3FF39FD37FF01FBEF.taxon	discussion	Comment. The original description of X. reitteri is based on a single holotype male from " Caucase, Swaneten [sic] " (Coiffait 1966 a, 1972). Consequently, the five specimens in the Reitter collection (HNHM) labelled as paratypes by Coiffait do not have type status. Xantholinus svanetskiensis was originally described based on a single holotype male from " Svanetskij Khrebet, Causace [sic] " (Coiffait 1973). There has been considerable confusion regarding the identities of X. reitteri, X. fortepunctatus Motschulsky, 1860, and X. semirufus Reitter, 1901 (see discussion in section on X. fortepunctatus). According to Bordoni (1975 a), the interpretation of X. fortepunctatus by Coiffait (1972) and Korge (1973) is incorrect. An examination of the holotype of X. reitteri revealed that it is conspecific with X. fortepunctatus sensu Coiffait (1972) and Korge (1973). Bordoni (1999 a), who designated a lectotype for X. fortepunctatus, referred Coiffait´s (1972) and Korge´s (1973) interpretation of X. fortepunctatus to a new species, X. (Helicophallus) motschulskyi, without designating a holotype and apparently also without examining the type material, but stating that the species was " nota al momento con sicurezza dell'Iran (Gilan) ". Hence, the specimens from Gilan indicated by Korge (1973) have syntype status. One of the males from the type series is here designated as the lectotype of X. motschulskyi. Since the aedeagi of this specimen and that of the holotype of X. svanetskiensis are identical to that of the holotype of X. reitteri, it follows that both X. motschulskyi and X. svanetskiensis are junior synonyms of the senior name X. reitteri. According to the descriptions and illustrations in Coiffait (1966 a, 1972), there are no spines in the distal part of the aedeagus. However, these can only be seen properly in lateral view and were probably overlooked. The aedeagus and its internal structures of X. reitteri are illustrated in Figs. 23 – 26, that of the holotype in Fig. 98. For comparison see also the illustrations of the aedeagus of X. fortepunctatus by Korge (1973), of X. reitteri and X. svanetskiensis by Coiffait (1972, 1973), and of X. reitteri by Bordoni (1975 a). Owing to the previous taxonomic confusion, most of the zoogeographic data in the literature pertaining to X. fortepunctatus are unclear and part of the records of X. fortepunctatus in fact refer to X. reitteri. Reliable records of X. reitteri were previously known from Georgia and Azerbaijan (Bordoni 1975 a, Coiffait 1966 a, Ushakov 1988); according to Ushakov (1988), the species is widespread in the Caucasus region. It is here reported from Turkey (where it is probably confined to the extreme northeast) (Fig. 22) and Iran for the first time.	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF99FFA3FF39FA27FC07F87F.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined. Holotype: ɗ, " Liban, Saida, H. Coiffait, 9. XI. 51 / Holotype / Museum Paris " (MNHNP). Additional material examined: ISRAEL: 1 ɗ, Upper Galilee, North District, Ha Khula Valley, Ma'agar Einan lake, 33 ° 05 ' N, 35 ° 35 ' E, 73 m, toe of dam, in moist loamy soil, 1. – 2. V. 2006, leg. Wrase (cAss).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF99FFA3FF39FA27FC07F87F.taxon	discussion	Comment. The species was originally described from Lebanon and later also reported from Cyprus and Turkey (Bordoni 1971, 1976 a; Herman 2001; Smetana 2004). The record from Turkey (Bordoni 1971, 1976 a), however, is in fact from the Greek island Meyísti off the coast of western Antalya province and would consequently refer to Greece, not Turkey. The aedeagus of the specimen is mounted on a separate slide and was made available to me by Arnaldo Bordoni; it clearly does not refer to X. sidonensis. Consequently, the species is deleted from the list of Turkish Staphylinidae. Xantholinus sidonensis is here recorded from Israel for the first time. The aedeagus of the holotype is illustrated in Fig. 27.	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF99FFA3FF39FBC2FA51FA8A.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. GREECE: Crete: 3 exs., beach near Dramia, 35 ° 21 ' N 24 ° 20 ' E, 22. X. 2006, leg. Schülke (cSch); 1 ex., Chania, ca. 1.5 km SW Platanos, 35 ° 27 ' N, 23 ° 36 ' E, 365 m, Platanus litter, 18. X. 2006, leg. Schülke (cAss).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF99FFA3FF39FBC2FA51FA8A.taxon	discussion	Comment. Previously, only the holotype of this recently described species was known (Assing 2006 b).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF9AFFA6FF39FF3FFCA8FB57.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined. X. rufipennis: Lectotype, present designation: ɗ, " 5837 / rufipennis Er. Sicil. Schultz / Syntypus Xantholinus rufipennis Erichson, 1839, labelled by MNHUB 2006 / Hist. - Coll. (Coleoptera) Nr. 5837, Xantholinus rufipennis Erichs., Sicil., Schultz, Zool. Mus. Berlin / Lectotypus ɗ Xantholinus rufipennis Erichson desig. V. Assing 2006 / Xantholinus rufipennis Erichson det. V. Assing 2006 " (MNHUB). Paralectotype: Ψ, " Syria Aubé / Syntypus Xantholinus rufipennis Erichson, 1839, labelled by MNHUB 2006 / Hist. - Coll. (Coleoptera) Nr. 5837, Xantholinus rufipennis Erichs., Syria, Aubé, Zool. Mus. Berlin / Paralectotypus Ψ Xantholinus rufipennis Erichson desig. V. Assing 2006 / Xantholinus rufipennis Erichson det. V. Assing 2006 " (MNHUB). X. phenicius: Paratype: Ψ, " Liban: Kartaba, 1200 – 1400 m, 116, V. 1964 - G. Fagel / G. Fagel det., libanicus Coiff.? / X. (Calolinus) phenicus [sic] Coiff., H. Coiffait det. 1964 / Allotype / Museum Paris " (MNHNP). Additional material examined. GREECE: mainland: 1 ex., Séres, Alistrati, 27. IV. 1983, leg. Schönmann (cAss); Crete: 4 exs., Ierapetra, 15. IV. – 13. V. 1971, leg. Malicky (cAss); 7 exs., Rethimni, ca. 1.5 km S Kanevos, Kotsifos cleft, 35 ° 14 ' N, 24 ° 24 ' E, 440 m, 20. X. 2006, leg. Schülke (cSch, cAss); Karpathos: 1 ex., Avlona, 300 m, 27. IV. 1994, leg. Frisch (cAss); 2 exs., between Avlona and Vroukounda, 29. IV. 2000, leg. Meybohm (cAss); 1 ex., Olympos, 350 m, 30. IV. 2000, leg. Meybohm (cAss); Rhodos: 1 ex., Petaloudes (Butterfly valley), 10. IV. 1994, leg. Frisch (cAss); Cyclades: 1 ex., Paros, 10. IV. – 1. V. 1994, leg. Glück & Steinmetz (cAss); 1 ex., Sérifos, 5 km W Sérifos vill., 37 ° 09 ' N, 24 ° 28 ' E, 8. – 13. V. 1984, leg. Malicky (cAss); 5 exs., Sikinos, 10. IV. 1981, leg. Schönmann (NHMW, cAss); 3 exs., Naxos, Kastraki env., 7. IV. 1981, leg. Schönmann (NHMW); 4 exs., Naxos, Apollon env., 4. – 5. IV. 1981, leg. Schönmann (NHMW, cAss); 1 ex., Ios, port, 20. IV. 1981, leg. Schönmann (NHMW); 1 ex., Ios, Miopotamos bay, 11. IV. 1981, leg. Schönmann (NHMW). TURKEY: Zonguldak: 2 exs., Eregli Koca Ali, Amaçlar cave entrance, 10. V. 2001, leg. Lohaj (cAss); Çanakkale: 15 exs., 25 km S Kumkale, Beşik Koyu [" Besika Bay ", ca. 39 ° 49 ' N, 26 ° 10 ' E], leg. Walker (BMNH); Izmir: 1 ex., Bozdaġ, 38 ° 20 ' N, 28 ° 06 ' E, 1300 – 1560 m, 21. IV. 2006, leg. Brachat & Meybohm (cAss); 1 ex., " Smyrna " (BMNH); Mu ğ la: 1 ex., N Milas, Labranda, 37 ° 25 ' N, 27 ° 49 ' E, 550 – 660 m, 18. IV. 2006, leg. Brachat & Meybohm (cAss); Antalya: 1 ex., E Kumluca, 36 ° 21 ' N, 30 ° 23 ' E, 300 – 500 m, grassland, under stones, 23. III. 2002, leg. Assing (cAss); 1 ex., 60 km SSW Antalya, Çiralı, 36 ° 25 ' N, 30 ° 28 ' E, 40 m, grassland, 4. IV. 2002, leg. Assing (cAss); 1 ex., 70 km NE Fethiye, Gülübeli Geçik, 36 ° 50 ' N, 29 ° 46 ' E, 1525 m, 29. III. 2002, leg. Assing (cAss); 1 ex., 28 km N Finike, Çatallar, 1000 m, 8. V. 1992, leg. Behne (DEI); 1 ex., Manavgat, 600 m, 31. XII. 1990, leg. Assing (cAss); Mersin: 1 ex., road to Arslanköy, 5 km SE Aladaġ, 36 ° 55 ' N, 34 ° 32 ' E, 700 m, 10. V. 2004, leg. Brachat & Meybohm (cAss); 1 ex., N Finike, Arykanda, 36 ° 30 ' N, 30 ° 03 ' E, 720 m, 15. IV. 2001, leg. Meybohm (cAss); 1 ex., road from Silifke to Gülnar, 36 ° 23 ' N, 33 ° 50 ' E, 475 m, fallow near road margin, 27. XII. 2000, leg. Assing (cAss); Antakya: 4 exs., Arsuz, 15. – 16. IV. 1966 (NHMW); 11 exs., Belen env., Soġukoluk, 24. V. 1987, leg. Schönmann & Schillhammer (NHMW, cAss); 1 ex., Nur Daġları, 24. V. 1987, leg. Jäch (NHMW); Kahramanmara ş: 1 Ψ [identification uncertain], 60 km SE Kahramanmaraş, Gani Daġı, 37 ° 30 ' N, 37 ° 25 ' E, 950 m, 31. III. 2005, leg. Assing (cAss); 1 Ψ [identification uncertain], 50 km W Kahramanmaraş, 8 km SE Andırın, 37 ° 33 ' N, 36 ° 26 ' E, 1110 m, 19. III. 2005, leg. Assing (cAss); Gaziantep: 1 Ψ [identification uncertain], 70 km W Gaziantep, 7 km N Islahiye, 500 m, 11. V. 1997, leg. Schulz, Vock & Sanetra (cAss); Mardin: 1 Ψ [identification uncertain], Mardin, 1300 m, 10. – 15. V. 1969, leg. Schubert (NHMW); Diyabakir: 4 exs., Karaçadaġ near Diyabakir, 28. V. 1987, leg. Jäch, Schillhammer & Schönmann (NHMW, cAss). CYPRUS: 1 ex., 3 km W Agia Napa, 9. – 14. IV. 1999, leg. Pütz (cAss); 2 exs., Akamas, Neochorion, 200 m, fallow, 24. IV. 1995, leg. Sprick & Bauer (cAss); 1 ex., N-Troodos, Galata, creek valley, flood debris, 4. IV. 1994, leg. Assing (cAss); 2 exs., Limasol, Episcopi, 12. IV. 1995, leg. Schmid (NHMW); 1 ex., Polis, 10 km S Akourdaleia, 300 m, 19. IV. 1995, leg. Suppantschitsch (NHMW); 1 exs., Larnaka (cAss); 1 ex., 5 km N Dhekelia, 20. – 22. III. 1995, leg. Schröder (cSch). SYRIA: 1 Ψ [identification uncertain], 45 km NE Latakia, Zainie, 30. IV. 1982, leg. Dvořák (cSch); 1 ex., Idlib, Blyoun env., 700 m, 5. V. 2002, leg. Pelletier (cTro). ISRAEL: 1 ex., Galilee, Mt. Meron, 1100 m, 21. IV. 1982, leg. Besuchet & Löbl (cAss); 12 exs., Upper Galilee, North District, Meron Mts., Har Meron, Kamin Rom, 32 ° 59 ' N, 35 ° 25 ' E, 1100 m, open stony grassland, limestone, 28. IV. 2006, leg. Aßmann, Wrase (cFel, cSch, cAss); 6 exs., North district, Upper Galilee, S Ziv'on, 33 ° 01 ' N, 35 ° 25 ' E, 750 m, open stony grazing land, dolomite, 28. – 29. IV. 2006, leg. Aßmann, Wrase (cFel, cSch); 2 exs. [det Feldmann; locality not included in Fig. 31], Upper Galilee, Hurfeish, 33 ° 01 ' N, 35 ° 21 ' E, 625 m, 13. XI. 2005 (TAU, cFel); 1 ex. [det Feldmann, slightly teneral], same data, but 22. V. 2005 (cFel); 1 ex. [det. Feldmann], same data, but 27. X. 2005 (TAU); 1 ex. [det. Feldmann; locality not included in Fig. 31], same data, but 13. XI. 2005 (TAU); 1 ex. [det. Feldmann], Matta', 24. III. 2006, leg. Shtirberg (TAU); 2 exs., Khermon Mts., Khermon ridge, Har Khavushit, below lift station, 33 ° 18 ' N, 35 ° 74 ' E [sic], 2500 m, stony subalpine slopes, 23. IV. 2006, leg. Wrase (cSch, cAss); 1 ex., Golan Heights, Bental Reservoir, W Merom Golan, ca. 1000 m, stony wetland near shore, 30. IV. 2006, leg. Wrase (cSch); 1 ex., Golan Heights, W env. Har Shifon, 33 ° 05 ' N, 35 ° 46 ' E, 852 m, slopes of stony grassland, 30. IV. 2006, leg. Wrase (cSch); 1 ex., Golan Heights, Ya'ar Odem, NW Buq'ata, 33 ° 12 ' N, 35 ° 46 ' E, 1090 m, open grassland, partly ruderal, 23. IV. 2006, leg. Wrase (cSch); 2 exs., Upper Galilee, Ziv’on, 33 ° 01 ' N 035 ° 25 ' E, 29. IV. 06, leg. Aßmann (cFel).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF9AFFA6FF39FF3FFCA8FB57.taxon	discussion	Comment. The original description of X. rufipennis is based on an unspecified number of syntypes from Sicily and " Syria " (" habitat in Sicilia, Dom. Dr. Schultz, in Syria, Dom. Dr. Aubé ") (Erichson 1839 a). Two syntypes, a male and a female, were found in the historical collection of MNHUB. In order to define the identity of this species, the male is here designated as the lectotype. The original description of X. phenicius is based on a male holotype and a female paratype from " Kartaba, Liban ". The male holotype is apparently deposited in the Fagel collection in Brussels, but, according to the chief curator in charge, a loan of material from this institution is currently not possible, owing to a lack of staff (Desender, pers. comm.). However, based on an examination of the paratype from the Coiffait collection and of numerous additional specimens from the Eastern Mediterranen, as well as on the illustration of the aedeagus by Coiffait (1971), there is no doubt that the type material of X. rufipennis and X. phenicius is conspecific and that, consequently, X. phenicius is a junior synonym of X. rufipennis. The habitus and the aedeagus of the lectotype and the aedeagus of a male from Cyprus are illustrated in Figs. 28 – 30.	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF9AFFA6FF39FF3FFCA8FB57.taxon	distribution	Distribution and bionomics. The species is widespread in the Eastern Mediterranean from Italy to Israel (Bordoni 1972 a, 1975 b, Coiffait 1972, Smetana 2004). It seems worth noting that it has been recorded especially from localities close to the Mediterranean coast and from various islands (Sicily, Crete, Karpathos, Cyclades, Cyprus) (Fig. 31). Most of the material listed above was collected at low to intermediate altitudes in various types of grassland and in fallows. One specimen collected in April is teneral.	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF9DFFA7FF39FF3FFC7FFCEF.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined. Holotype: ɗ, " Emin Agha (Epire), Grece / 25. V. 62, JL Nicolas / s / g Calolinus Coiff. / Holotype / X. (Calolinus) nicolasi H. Coiffait 1971 / Museum Paris " (MNHNP). Additional material examined. GREECE: 5 exs., Thessalia, Lárissa, Dhamásion, 21. – 25. IV. 1941, leg. Schubert (NHMW, cAss); 4 exs., " Kyparissia " [locality ambiguous], 5. – 10. V. 1956, leg. Schubert (NHMW, cAss); 1 ex., Pelopónnisos, Kalogria, 30. III. 1988, leg. Schmidt (cAss).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF9DFFA7FF39FF3FFC7FFCEF.taxon	discussion	Comment. The original description of X. nicolasi is based on a single male holotype from Ípiros, Greece. The type series of X. pantokratoris is composed of a male holotype and four female paratypes from " Corfù, M. te Pantokràtor, m 900 " (Bordoni 1975 b). An examination of the aedeagus of the holotype of X. nicolasi revealed that it is identical to that depicted of the holotype of X. pantokratoris by Bordoni (1975 b); hence the synonymy proposed above. The illustration of the aedeagus of X. nicolasi in Coiffait (1972) is misleading, since it shows the presence of only two large distal spines. The species is widespread in Greece; a recent distribution map (for X. pantokratoris) is provided by Assing (2006 b).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF9DFFA7FF39FCC2FDA7F90F.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined. Holotype: ɗ, " S-Anatolien, Kilikischer Taurus, Sertavul-Paß, ca. 1600 m, 13.5.1970, Zwick / Holotypus / Xantholinus (Calolinus) puthzi n. sp. Det. A. Bordoni 1979 " (cBor).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF9DFFA7FF39FCC2FDA7F90F.taxon	discussion	Comment. The original description is based on a male holotype and two female paratypes from " Kilikischer Taurus, Sertaval [recte: Sertavul] Pass " (Bordoni 1979). Previous requests for a loan of the holotype had been denied, so that the identification of specimens earlier recorded from Antalya and Kahramanmaraş and tentatively attributed to X. puthzi by Assing (2006 a) had to rely on the details indicated in the original description, especially the illustration of the aedeagus. An examination of the holotype, however, revealed that they refer to different species (see below).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF9DFFA7FF39FCC2FDA7F90F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Measurements (in mm) and ratios (holotype): HL: 1.48; HW: 1.19; PW: 1.13; PL: 1.56; EL: 1.06; EW: 1.43; AW: 1.34; ML: 1.09; TL: 9.6; HL / HW: 1.24; PW / HW: 0.95; PL / PW: 1.37; EL / PL: 0.68; EW / PW: 1.27; AW / EW: 0.94. Habitus and forebody as in Figs. 104 – 105. External characters similar to those of the following species (see the respective comparative notes). ɗ: posterior margin of tergite VIII weakly concave; aedeagus relatively small in relation to body and smaller than in the following species (see measurements); internal structures composed of two relatively short median rows composed of about 10 and 5 rather stout and distinctly curved spines, respectively, proximally with few additional weakly curved spines, subdistally with a cluster of about 10 distinctly sclerotised long, slender, and weakly curved spines, and distally with a cluster of approximately 10 relatively short, straight, semi-transparent spines (Figs. 106 – 107).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF9DFFA5FF39F8A2FAC5FADF.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: ɗ, " Saklikent / Lykien (TR), Skigebiet, leg. Esser, 18.3.0 2 / Holotypus ɗ Xantholinus ibex sp. n. det. V. Assing 2006 " (cAss). Paratypes: 1 ɗ, " TR. - Muġla; No. 10, 20 km NNE Fethiye, Nexp. oakwood, 970 m, 36 ° 47 ' 28 N, 29 ° 11 ' 29 E, 27. III. 2002, P. Wunderle " (cWun); 1 ɗ, " TR. - Muġla; No. 19, SE Fethiye, Baba Daġ, above Ovacik 1450 m, 36 ° 31 ' 59 N, 29 ° 11 ' 26 E, 30. III. 2002, P. Wunderle " (cAss).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF9DFFA5FF39F8A2FAC5FADF.taxon	description	Description. Measurements (in mm) and ratios (range; n = 3): AL: 2.14 – 2.20; HL: 1.39 – 1.56; HW: 1.12 – 1.27; PW: 1.01 – 1.13; PL: 1.42 – 1.57; EL: 0.92 – 1.01; EW: 1.19 – 1.33; AW: 1.22 – 1.28; TiL: 0.83 – 0.92; TaL: 0.68 – 0.71; ML: 1.10 – 1.21; TL: 8.4 – 10.3; HL / HW: 1.23 – 1.24; PW / HW: 0.88 – 0.91; PL / PW: 1.39 – 1.43; EL / PL: 0.64 – 0.67; EW / PW: 1.17 – 1.22; AW / EW: 0.97 – 1.03; TiL / TaL: 1.22 – 1.30. FIGURES 32 – 41. Xantholinus ibex sp. n. (32 – 36, 39, 41: holotype; 37 – 38, 40: paratype): 32 — habitus; 33 — forebody; 34 — head in lateral view; 35 — antenna; 36 – 38 — aedeagus in dorsal and in lateral view; 39 – 40 — distal internal structures of aedeagus; 41 — proximal internal structures of aedeagus. Scale bars: 32 – 35: 1.0 mm; 36 – 40: 0.5 mm; 41: 0.2 mm. Habitus as in Fig. 32. Distinctly bicoloured species: head, pronotum, and abdomen (except for the reddish posterior margins of segments VII and VIII) blackish brown to black; elytra bright reddish; legs reddish; antennae reddish brown to dark brown. Head distinctly oblong (see measurements and ratio HL / HW) and of somewhat variable shape, weakly to moderately dilated posteriad; eyes moderately small (Fig. 34), weakly projecting from lateral outline of head, little more than 1 / 4 the length of postocular region in dorsal view; dorsal surface with well-defined sparse puncturation; microsculpture absent (Fig. 33). Antenna with antennomeres V – X more than 1.5 times as wide as long (Fig. 35). Pronotum slightly narrower than head (see ratio PW / HW), distinctly tapering posteriad; lateral margins almost straight in dorsal view; dorsal series somewhat irregular, composed of 9 – 15 punctures; microsculpture absent (Fig. 33). Elytra distinctly shorter and somewhat wider than pronotum (see ratios EL / PL and EW / PW); puncturation well-defined, interstices on average slightly wider than diameter of punctures (Fig. 33). Hind wings of reduced length, approximately twice as long as elytra. Abdomen approximately as wide as elytra, widest at segments VI / VII; puncturation fine and well-defined; all tergites with shallow, but distinct transverse microsculpture; posterior margin of tergite VII with narrow palisade fringe. ɗ: posterior margin of tergite VIII truncate and narrowly semi-transparent; posterior margin of sternite VIII weakly convex and narrowly semi-transparent; aedeagus with distinctive internal structures: a distinctly bent (lateral view) tube with 2 almost contiguous series of numerous spines, the left series with more numerous and shorter spines, and the right series with less numerous and very long slender spines; distally with a short series of 6 – 8 stout and distinctly sclerorited spines and with a cluster of approximately 6 very long and slender semitransparent spine-like structures (Figs. 36 – 41). Comparative notes. This species is reliably distinguished from similar bicoloured Calolinus species occurring in Turkey (X. rufipennis, X. puthzi, and the two following species) by the shape and the internal structures of the aedeagus. From X. rufipennis and X. puthzi, it is additionally separated by the shorter elytra and the reduced length of the hind wings. For additional characters distinguishing X. ibex from the two following species see the comparative notes in the respective sections below.	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF9DFFA5FF39F8A2FAC5FADF.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name (Lat., noun in apposition) refers to the shape of the internal structures of the aedeagus, which in lateral view somewhat resemble the horn of an ibex.	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF9DFFA5FF39F8A2FAC5FADF.taxon	distribution	Distribution and bionomics. The distribution of X. ibex is apparently confined to Muġla and western Antalya in southwestern Anatolia (Fig. 58). The two type specimens from Muġla were sifted from the leaf litter in an oak forest and below scattered deciduous trees and shrubs at altitudes of 970 and 1450 m.	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF9FFFAAFF39FACDFA9CF802.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: ɗ, " TR - Kahramanmaraş [8], 30 km SSW K. Maraş, Uzunsöġut, 660 m, 37 ° 23 ' 43 N, 36 ° 48 ' 06 E, 20. III. 2005, V. Assing / Holotypus ɗ Xantholinus marasicus sp. n. det. V. Assing 2006 " (cAss). Paratype: ɗ, same data as holotype (cAss).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF9FFFAAFF39FACDFA9CF802.taxon	description	Description. Measurements (in mm) and ratios (holotype, paratype): AL: 2.14, 1.89; HL: 1.36, 1.31; HW: 1.09, 0.98; PW: 0.98, 0.92; PL: 1.40, 1.31; EL: 0.88, 0.79; EW: 1.10, 1.10; AW: 1.09, 1.07; TiL: 0.83 – 0.77; TaL: 0.65, 0.59; ML: 1.48, 1.40; TL: 9.3, 8.4; HL / HW: 1.25, 1.34; PW / HW: 0.90, 0.94; PL / PW: 1.43, 1.43; EL / PL: 0.62, 0.60; EW / PW: 1.12, 1.20; AW / EW: 0.99, 0.97; TiL / TaL: 1.28, 1.31. Habitus as in Fig. 42. External characters as in X. ibex (Figs. 42 – 44), but distinguished as follows: Pronotum paler, dark brown, with the anterior angles reddish. Puncturation of head finer. Pronotum slightly more strongly tapering posteriad. Elytra with finer and less well-defined puncturation and with less smooth interstices. Abdomen with finer puncturation and with more pronounced microsculpture. ɗ: posterior margins of tergite and sternite VIII weakly convex; aedeagus distinctly longer (see measurements) and more slender, internally with two long series of distinctly sclerotised spines, the left series with very long and slender spines, the right series with more numerous and shorter spines; distally without separate clusters or series of spines or spine-like structures (Figs. 45 – 47). Comparative notes. The new species is characterised especially by the distinctive morphology of the aedeagus. Like X. ibex, it is additionally separated from X. rufipennis and X. puthzi by the shorter elytra and the reduced length of the hind wings.	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF9FFFAAFF39FACDFA9CF802.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name (Lat., adjective) is derived from the ancient name of the province capital Kahramanmaraş.	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF9FFFAAFF39FACDFA9CF802.taxon	distribution	Distribution and bionomics. The species is known only from the type locality, which is situated to the southwest of Kahramanmaraş, central southern Anatolia (Fig. 58). The two type specimens were collected by sifting grass roots, moss, and the litter of shrubs on a calcareous slope at an altitude of 660 m (Fig. 48).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF91FFA9FF39FBD7FB01FD5F.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: ɗ, " TR - Muġla, 21, 1750 m, 30 km NE Fethiye, Boncuk Daġı, Koru, 36 ° 50 ' 56 N, 29 ° 14 ' 04 E, 8. X. 2002, V. Assing / Holotypus ɗ Xantholinus penicillatus sp. n. det. V. Assing 2006 " (cAss). Paratypes: 1 ɗ, " Petrowitz-Ressl, Reise nach Kleinasien 1960 / Umg. Akschehir, 30.5.1960 / Fuß des Sultan-Dagh / im Detritus unter Steinen / Xantholinus rufipennis Er. / rufipennis Er. " (NHMW); 1 ɗ, " Turcia mer. occ.: Mugla, Gökova, 11. – 24.04.1998, leg. H. Winkelmann / Xantholinus puthzi Bord., Bordoni det. 2002 " (cSch).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF91FFA9FF39FBD7FB01FD5F.taxon	description	Description. Measurements (in mm) and ratios (range; n = 3): AL: 1.89 – 1.92; HL: 1.25 – 1.39; HW: 1.03 – 1.16; PW: 0.95 – 1.09; PL: 1.40 – 1.54; EL: 0.94 – 1.03; EW: 1.31 – 1.42; AW: 1.18 – 1.33; TiL: 0.77 – 0.83; TaL: 0.65 – 0.69; ML: 1.25 – 1.42; TL: 8.8 – 9.8; HL / HW: 1.19 – 1.22; PW / HW: 0.93 – 0.96; PL / PW: 1.41 – 1.48; EL / PL: 0.63 – 0.68; EW / PW: 1.27 – 1.38; AW / EW: 0.90 – 0.99; TiL / TaL: 1.19 – 1.26. Habitus as in Fig. 49. Distinctly bicoloured species, but coloration somewhat variable: head, pronotum, and abdomen dark brown to black; elytra dark yellowish, yellowish brown, or bright reddish; legs yellowish brown; antennae reddish brown. Head moderately oblong (see measurements and ratio HL / HW); maximal width at some distance behind eyes; lateral margins weakly convex in dorsal view (Fig. 50); eyes of moderate size (Fig. 51), weakly projecting from lateral outline of head, slightly less than 1 / 3 the length of postocular region in dorsal view; dorsal surface with sparse and relatively coarse puncturation and interspersed micropunctures, median dorsal area almost without coarse punctures; microsculpture absent in median dorsal area, in lateral areas sometimes with shallow traces of microsculpture. Antenna with antennomeres V – X approximately 1.5 times as wide as long. Pronotum slightly narrower than head (see ratio PW / HW), moderately tapering posteriad; lateral margins almost straight in dorsal view; dorsal series usually composed of 9 punctures; microsculpture absent (Fig. 50). Elytra shorter and distinctly wider than pronotum (see ratios EL / PL and EW / PW), distinctly dilated posteriad (Fig. 50); puncturation mostly well-defined, interstices on average as wide as or slightly wider than diameter of punctures. Hind wings apparently fully developed. Abdomen as least slightly narrower than elytra, widest at segments VI / VII; puncturation fine; all tergites with shallow, but distinct transverse microsculpture; posterior margin of tergite VII with palisade fringe. ɗ: posterior margin of tergite VIII weakly concave and with numerous long marginal setae (Fig. 52); posterior margin of sternite VIII weakly convex; aedeagus with distinctive internal structures; in dorsal view with 3 series of distinctly sclerotised spines, a relatively short distal left series with very long, curved, and moderately stout spines, a long central series with 9 – 11 very stout, short, broad-based, and curved spines, and a right series with conspicuously long and slender uncurved spines, distally with an additional brush-like cluster of long, slender, and apically curved spines (Fig. 57). Comparative notes. Xantholinus penicillatus is separated from other Calolinus species especially by the morphology of the aedeagus, from the two preceding species also by somewhat shorter head, by more prominent eyes, relatively longer and posteriorly more distinctly dilated elytra, and longer hind wings. The aedeagus to some extent resembles the illustration of that of the holotype of X. puthzi in Bordoni (1979), but is distinctly larger (see measurements) and has internal structures of different morphology; for a new illustration of the aedeagus of X. puthzi see Fig. 99.	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF91FFA9FF39FBD7FB01FD5F.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name (Lat., adj.: with a brush) refers to the characteristic distal brush-like structure of the aedeagus.	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF91FFA9FF39FBD7FB01FD5F.taxon	distribution	Distribution and bionomics. The species is currently known from three localites in Muġla and Konya (Fig. 58). The holotype was sifted from the roots of grass and herbs at an altitude of 1750 m.	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF93FFAEFF39F9F1FE7FFC1F.taxon	materials_examined	Tye material examined. X. lederi: Holotype: ɗ, " Caucasus, Leder. Reitter / fortepunctatus Motsch. Bull. Mosc. 1860. II. 564. - Hochh. ibid. 1862. III. p. 66 / coll. Eppelsh. / Type / Xantholinus lederi Coiff., H. Coiffait det. 1964 / Xantholinus crassicornis Hochhuth det. V. Assing 2007 " (NHMW). X. martensi: Holotype: ɗ, " Iran, Elburs-Geb., Masandaran, 11 km östl. Alasht, westl. Seitental des Talar, 1400 m, 27. / 28. Juni 1978, Martens & Pieper leg. / Holotypus / Xantholinus (Calolinus) martensi n. sp. hol. ɗ Det. A. Bordoni 1981 / Senckenberg-Museum Frankfurt / Main / Xantholinus crassicornis Hochhuth det. V. Assing 2007 " (SMF). Additional material examined. TURKEY: Artvin: 3 exs., Şavşat env., Yalnizçan Geçidi, ca. 1800 m, 20. VI. 1999, leg. Lackner (cAss); 5 exs., Şavşat env., Yalnizçan Geçidi, 1800 – 2000 m, 20. VI. 1999, leg. Lackner (cAss); 4 exs., Veliköy, Karagöl, 5. VI. 1989, leg. Schönmann & Schillhammer (NHMW, cAss); 1 ex., Borçka, 1500 m, VII. 1971, leg. Schubert (cAss); 1 ex., Doġu, Karadeniz Bölümü, Şavşat / Ardahan, 1950 m, 20. VI. – 18. VII. 1989, leg. Wolf (cSch). GEORGIA: 1 ex., Imeretia, Meskhetskiy mountains, Zekarskyi pass, 2100 - 2200 m, 26. – 30. VI. 2006, leg. Putchkov (cAss). AZERBAIJAN: 2 exs., Astara, Istisu W Astara, 100 m, 2. – 6. VI. 1996, leg. Schawaller (SMNS, cAss); 1 ex., NW Baku, Altyagach, 1200 m, 21. – 23. VI. 1996, leg. Schawaller (SMNS).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF93FFAEFF39F9F1FE7FFC1F.taxon	discussion	Comment. Coiffait (1966 a) based the original description of X. lederi on a single holotype male from the Caucasus, without specification of the locality. An examination of the aedeagus revealed that it is conspecific with X. crassicornis; hence the synonymy proposed above. In the original description of Xantholinus martensi, which is based on a male holotype and two female paratypes, Bordoni (1983) assigns the species to the subgenus Calolinus, without reference to X. crassicornis. A comparison of the holotype of X. martensi with material of X. crassicornis yielded no significant differences or other evidence that the former should represent a distinct species, so that X. martensi is here placed in the synonymy of X. crassicornis. The previously known distribution was confined to Georgia, the Russian South European territory, and northeastern Turkey (Herman 2001, Korge 1973, Smetana 2004). The species is here recorded from Azerbaijan for the first time.	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF94FFAEFF39FB87FA48F93F.taxon	materials_examined	Additional material examined (see also Assing 2004 and Assing & Wunderle 2001). TURKEY: Mersin: 1 ex., Mersin, N Silifke, 23 km N Silifke, 36 ' 32 N, 33 ° 56 ' E, 970 m, 18. IV. 2006, leg. Brachat & Meybohm (cAss), 1 ex., Çamlıyayla env., 3 km W Sebil, 37 ° 08 ' N, 34 ° 33 ' E, 1060 – 1090 m, 24. IV. 2005, leg. Brachat & Meybohm (cAss); 1 ex., NW Tarsus, road Çamlıyayla – Gözne, 37 ° 06 ' N, 34 ° 37 ' E, 570 – 610 m, 25. IV. 2005, leg. Brachat & Meybohm (cAss); Kahramanmara ş: 6 exs., ca. 50 km W Kahramanmaraş, 8 km SSE Andırın, Toplar env., 37 ° 33 ' N, 36 ° 26 ' E, 1120 m, beech and oak litter, grass roots, sifted, 19. III. 2005, leg. Assing, Wunderle (cAss, cWun); 12 exs., 60 km W Kahramanmaraş, N Andırın, 37 ° 37 ' N, 36 ° 21 ' E, 1120 m, bank of stream, flood debris, 26. III. 2006, leg. Assing, Wunderle (cAss, cWun); 1 ex., N Andırın, 37 ° 45 ' N, 36 ° 21 ' E, 1260 m, bank of stream, flood debris and Platanus litter, 26. III. 2006, leg. Assing (cAss); 1 ex., N Andırın, NE Çokak, 37 ° 45 ' N, 36 ° 22 ' E, 1540 m, pine and oak litter with grass, sifted, 26. III. 2006, leg. Assing (cAss); 1 ex., 10 km N Andırın, road to Çokak, 37 ° 39 ' N, 36 ° 21 ' E, 1150 m, 1. – 2. V. 2005, leg. Brachat & Meybohm (cAss); 3 exs., ca. 20 km ESE Kahramanmaraş, Elmalar, 37 ° 31 ' N, 37 ° 03 ' E, 650 m, litter and grass below Q. ilex, 21. III. 2005, leg. Assing (cAss).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF94FFAEFF39FB87FA48F93F.taxon	discussion	Comment. The distribution of this species is confined to central southern Anatolia and Cyprus, where it is rather common (Assing 2004, Assing & Wunderle 2001). An updated distribution map is provided in Fig. 59.	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF94FFAFFF39F8E7FCDBFEB7.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined. Holotype: ɗ, " Liban, El Laboue, H. Coiffait, 21. XI. 51 / Holotype / oronticus Coiff. / Museum Paris " (MNHNP). Additional material examined. ISRAEL: 1 ex., Upper Galilee, Hurfeish, 33 ° 01 ' N, 35 ° 21 ' E, 675 m, 6. II. 2006 (cFel); 1 ex. Golan Heights, Merom Golan, 12. VI. 2000, leg. Chikatunov (TAU); 1 ex., Adullam, 15. I. 2004, leg. Colubus & Levanony (TAU).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF94FFAFFF39F8E7FCDBFEB7.taxon	discussion	Comment. The original description is based on a single holotype male from " Liban: El Laboué aux souces de l'Oronte " (Coiffait 1956 a). The species was previously known only from the type locality in Lebanon and is here reported from Israel for the first time.	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF95FFAFFF39FA70FAC6F9A7.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. GEORGIA: 1 ex., Mzcheta near Tbilisi, 25. VI. 1986, leg. Wrase & Schülke (cSch). Comment. According to Smetana (2004), the species was previously unknown from Georgia.	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF95FFACFF39F960FEDBFECF.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined. Holotype: ɗ, " Liban, Tannourine F., H. Coiffait, 13. XI. 51 / Holotype / libanicus Coiff. / Museum Paris " (MNHNP). Additional material examined. ISRAEL: 3 exs., Upper Galilee, Hurfeish, 33 ° 01 ' N, 35 ° 21 ' E, 625 m, 27. XII. 2005 (TAU, cAss, cFel); 1 ex. [det. Feldmann], same data, but 28. XI. 2005 (TAU); 5 exs. [det. Feldmann], Golan Heights, Merom Golan, 33 ° 08 ' N, 35 ° 47 ' E, 830 m, 2. II. 2007, leg. Feldmann (cFel).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF95FFACFF39F960FEDBFECF.taxon	discussion	Comment. The species, whose original description is based on a single holotype male from " Liban: Tannourine-Faouka (1500 m) ... Dahr el Baïdar (1500 m) " (Coiffait 1956 a), is here recorded from Israel for the first time.	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF96FFACFF39FCCFFBF2F907.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined. Holotype: " ɗ, 23. V. 1964, leg. H. Korge, Anatolia bor. / Umg. Rize, Gesiebe aus Pinus-Krüppeln / Kirklar Daġlari, bei Çamlik, 2000 m / X. (Helicophallus) korgei n. sp. H. Coiffait det. 1964 / Holotype / Xantholinus korgei Coiffait det. V. Assing 2006 " (cKor). Additional material examined. TURKEY: Gümü ş hane: 1 ex., ca. 50 km SW Trabzon, 9 – 10 km S Dikkaya, ca. 40 ° 36 ' N, 39 ° 29 ' E, 2000 m, 9. VI. 1998, leg. Solodovnikov (cAss). Trabzon: 57 exs., ca. 50 km S Trabzon, 20 km S Maçka, Altindere Milli Park, 40 ° 40 ' N, 39 ° 40 ' E, 1560 m, spruce forest with Rhododendron, sifted, 27. VII. 2006, leg. Assing, Schülke (cAss, cSch); 6 exs., ca. 50 km S Trabzon, 20 km S Maçka, Altindere Milli Park, 40 ° 41 ' N, 39 ° 39 ' E, 1650 m, spruce forest with Rhododendron, sifted, 27. VII. 2006, leg. Assing, Schülke (cAss, cSch); 3 exs., ca. 50 km S Of, S Uzungöl, 40 ° 36 ' N, 40 ° 17 ' E, 2050 m, moss and roots of grass and herbs near rocks, sifted, 4. VIII. 2006, leg. Assing (cAss); 1 ex., a. 50 km S Of, S Uzungöl, 40 ° 36 ' N, 40 ° 16 ' E, 2280 m, roots of grass and herbs near rocks, sifted, 4. VIII. 2006, leg. Assing (cAss); 12 exs., ca. 50 km S Of, S Uzungöl, 40 ° 36 ' N, 40 ° 18 E, 1870 m, spruce forest, 4. VIII. 2006, leg. Assing, Schülke (cAss, cSch); 2 exs., Of, Soġanlı, 2000 – 2200 m (NHMW).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF96FFACFF39FCCFFBF2F907.taxon	discussion	Comment. The original description of this species is based on a single holotype male from " Turquie d'Asie, Kirklar Daġlari [sic; = Soġanlı Daġları] près de Çamlık au sud de Rize, 2000 m " [ca. 40 ° 37 ' N, 40 ° 13 ' E] (Coiffait 1965). Coiffait (1978) later reported the species also from " Drannaz Dag " [= Diranaz Daġı, ca. 41 ° 44 ' N, 34 ° 54 ' E], Sinop province, but in view of the zoogeography of other staphylinids with restricted distributions in northern Anatolia, this record is highly doubtful. The currently known distribution is mapped in Fig. 93. The aedeagus of a specimen from Trabzon is illustrated in Fig. 92.	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF96FFACFF39FEF7FF2EFCC7.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. GEORGIA: 1 ex., Mzcheta near Tbilisi, VI. 1986, leg. Wrase & Schülke (cSch); 1 ex., Mzcheta, VI. 1987, leg. Wrase & Schülke (cSch); 1 ex., Kumisi near Tbilisi, 29. VI. / 1. VII. 1986, leg. Wrase & Schülke (cSch); 1 ex., Kumisi, VI. 1987, leg. Wrase & Schülke (cSch); 3 exs., Zchneti near Tbilisi, 800 m, 1. - 10. VI. 1987, leg. Wrase & Schülke (cSch, cAss); 1 ex., Kartliskiy Khrebet, Sabaduris Tre, 1800 m, 8. VI. 1987, leg. Wrase & Schülke (cSch).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF96FFACFF39FEF7FF2EFCC7.taxon	discussion	Comment. The species was originally described from the surroundings of Maykop in the northwestern Caucasus region. The aedeagi of the material seen from Georgia (all of them males) are identical to the illustrations provided by Coiffait (1966 a, 1972) and Bordoni (1975 a). The species was previously unknown from Georgia.	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF96FFADFF39F8BFFB36FE07.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined. Holotype: " ɗ, Anatolia centr., Korge & Heinz leg., Bachufer / Umg. Pinarbasi, ö. Kayseri, 1700 m, 25. VII. 1965 / Holotype / X. (Helicophallus) luteipennis Coiff., H. Coiffait det. 1966 " (cKor). Additional material examined. TURKEY: Gaziantep: 6 exs., 25 km WNW Gaziantep, Kartal Daġı, 37 ° 11 ' N, 37 ° 08 ' E, 1070 m, 9. IV. 2004, leg. Assing, Schülke (cAss, cSch). Adıyaman: 2 exs., 15 km N Adıyaman, 37 ° 59 ' N, 38 ° 16 ' E, 1220 m, 25. III. 2005, leg. Wunderle (cWun, cAss); 1 ex., 50 km NE Adıyaman, S Sincik, 38 ° 01 ' N, 38 ° 37 ' E, 1330 m, 23. III. 2005, leg. Assing (cAss).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF96FFADFF39F8BFFB36FE07.taxon	discussion	Comment. The original description is based on a single holotype male from " environs de Pinarbasi, 1700 m, Ouest de Kayseri " [38 ° 43 ' N, 36 ° 23 ' E] (Coiffait 1970). The holotype was examined and found to be in good agreement with the additional material listed above. The aedeagus of a male from Gaziantep is illustrated in Figs. 61 – 62. For a map illustrating the currently known distribution of the species see Fig. 84.	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF97FF92FF39F8B3FAD5FE07.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined. Holotype: " ɗ, Anamas Gbg., Kl. - As., Pisidischer Taurus, Weirather, Innsbruck / 79 / 46 / 4 / Holotypus " / Xantholinus (Helicophallus) tauricus Bord. n. sp., Det. A. Bordoni 1971, Holotypus (MHNG). Additional material examined. TURKEY: Konya: 1 Ψ, Akşehir env., Sultan Daġı, under stones, 30. V. 1960, leg. Petrowitz & Ressl (cAss); 1 Ψ, Akşehir env., Sultan Daġı, in detritus, 24. IV. 1960, leg. Petrowitz & Ressl (cAss); 1 Ψ, Akşehir env., Sultan Daġı, meadow, in detritus, 29. IV. 1960, leg. Petrowitz & Ressl (NHMW.	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFF97FF92FF39F8B3FAD5FE07.taxon	discussion	Comment. According to the original description, the type locality is " Turchia, Tauro, Anemas [recte: Anamas] " (Bordoni 1972 b), which presumably refers to the Anamasdaġı in Isparta (37 ° 47 ' N, 31 ° 13 ' E). The additional specimens listed above, unfortunately all females, were collected near the type locality, but their identification must be considered tentative. The aedeagus of the holotype is illustrated in Fig. 60.	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFFA8FF90FF39FDB5FC91FE6F.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: ɗ, " TR [8] - Mersin, 1390 m, N Silifke, W Kirobasi, 36 ° 44 ' 02 " N, 33 ° 51 ' 16 " E, 19. IV. 2005, leg. Brachat & Meybohm / Holotypus ɗ Xantholinus multispinosus sp. n. det. V. Assing 2006 " (cAss). Paratype: ɗ, Mersin: Hacıahmetli, e. Mut, 1300 m / Anatolia mer., Heinz leg. 19. IV. 1989 (cKor).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFFA8FF90FF39FDB5FC91FE6F.taxon	description	Description. Measurements (in mm) and ratios (holotype, paratype): AL: 2.20, 2.01; HL: 1.59, 1.51; HW: 1.27, 1.16; PW: 1.15, 1.01; PL: 1.60, 1.51; EL: 1.18, 1.04; EW: 1.39, 1.31; AW: 1.33, 1.28; TiL: 0.95, 0.89; TaL: 0.72, 0.72; ML: 1.39, – [squeezed]; TL: 10.3, 9.6; HL / HW: 1.25, 1.30; PW / HW: 0.90, 0.87; PL / PW: 1.39, 1.49; EL / PL: 0.740.69; EW / PW: 1.21, 1.30; AW / EW: 0.96, 0.98; TiL / TaL: 1.31, 1.22. Habitus as in Fig. 63. Distinctly bicoloured species: head, pronotum, and abdomen blackish; elytra bright reddish; legs reddish brown; antennae dark reddish brown. Head strongly oblong (see measurements and ratio HL / HW), weakly dilated posteriorly; lateral margins weakly convex in dorsal view (Fig. 64); eyes moderately small (Fig. 65), weakly projecting from lateral outline of head, little more than 1 / 4 the length of postocular region in dorsal view; dorsal surface with sparse, well-defined, and relatively coarse puncturation and with very few interspersed micropunctures, median dorsal area almost without coarse punctures; microsculpture absent. Antenna with antennomeres V – X weakly transverse, less than 1.5 times as wide as long (Fig. 66). Pronotum distinctly narrower than head (see ratio PW / HW), distinctly tapering posteriad; lateral margins almost straight in dorsal view; dorsal series composed of 11 – 12 punctures; microsculpture absent (Fig. 64). Elytra somewhat shorter and distinctly wider than pronotum (see ratios EL / PL and EW / PW), weakly dilated posteriad (Fig. 64); puncturation mostly well-defined, interstices on average slightly wider than diameter of punctures. Hind wings apparently fully developed. Legs relatively long (see measurements). Abdomen slightly narrower than elytra, subparallel, segments III – VII of subequal width; puncturation fine, but distinct; all tergites with distinct transverse microsculpture; posterior margin of tergite VII with palisade fringe. ɗ: posterior margins of tergite and sternite VIII weakly convex; aedeagus relatively large (Figs. 67 – 68), with internal structures composed of a long series of 35 – 40 long sclerotised spines (with some interspersed smaller spines), distally with a brush-like cluster of long and slender semitransparent spines and 3 additional short series of sclerotised spines: one of them composed of approximately 13 – 15 large and oblong spines (proximally extending into a series of numerous distinctly smaller semitransparent spines), one composed of 10 proximally very large and distally gradually smaller spines, and a central series composed of approximately 10 smaller spines (Figs. 69 – 74). Comparative notes. Unlike many other subgenera and species groups of Xantholinus, the subgenus Helicophallus is characterised by relatively little interspecific variation of the aedeagal morphology, so that a separation of species based on an examination of an intact aedeagus may prove difficult. The internal structures are best evaluated after dissecting them, squeezing them (in order to make all spines visible), and examining them under a compound microscope. From other Helicophallus species occurring in southern Turkey, X. multispinosus is separated as follows: from X. tauricus (see Fig. 60) by a larger aedeagus, by much more numerous spines of less oblong shape, and by the presence of a distal brush-like cluster of semitransparent spines; from X. luteipennis (see Figs. 61 – 62) by larger body size and by a larger aedeagus with distally longer and more slender spines, and distally with shorter and less slender spines; from X. lividipennis (see figure 98 C in Coiffait 1982) by larger body size and by an aedeagus with more numerous and distally larger and longer spines. Since it was not possible to examine the holotype of X. lividipennis, which is deposited in the Fagel collection (see comments in section on X. rufipennis), the comparison has to be based on the illustration by Coiffait (1972), which depicts an aedeagus with half-extruded internal structures and provides only rough details on the morphology of the internal structures.	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFFA8FF90FF39FDB5FC91FE6F.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name (Lat., adj.) refers to the great number of spines in the aedeagus. Distribution and bionomics. The species was discovered in two localities in Mersin, central southern Anatolia (Fig. 84), at altitudes of 1300 and nearly 1400 m.	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFFAAFF90FF39FE57FB5AFA17.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: ɗ, " Turkey S. Antalya Prov., W-Toros, Geyik Daglari, Pass ENE of Yarpuz, 1500 – 1800 m, 2. IV. 2004, leg. Donabaur / Holotypus ɗ Xantholinus brevispinosus sp. n. det. V. Assing 2006 " (cAss).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFFAAFF90FF39FE57FB5AFA17.taxon	description	Description. Measurements (in mm) and ratios (holotype): AL: 1.89; HL: 1.37; HW: 1.06; PW: 0.98; PL: 1.37; EL: 1.00; EW: 1.19; AW: 1.15; TiL: 0.79; TaL: 0.65; ML: 1.22; TL: 8.5; HL / HW: 1.30; PW / HW: 0.93; PL / PW: 1.40; EL / PL: 0.73; EW / PW: 1.22; AW / EW: 0.96; TiL / TaL: 1.21. Habitus as in Fig. 75. External morphology as in X. multispinosus, but distinguished as follows: Body smaller (see measurements). Head more slender (see ratio HL / HW and Fig. 76). Eyes slightly smaller (Fig. 77). Antennae shorter (Fig. 78). Legs, especially tibiae, shorter (see ratio TiL / TaL). ɗ: aedeagus (Figs. 79 – 80) smaller; internally with less numerous and shorter spines (Fig. 81 – 83). Comparative notes. For distinguishing characters separating X. brevispinosus from X. multispinosus see the description above. From other Helicophallus species occurring in southern Turkey, X. multispinosus is separated as follows: from X. tauricus (see Fig. 60) by smaller size, a larger aedeagus, by more numerous and shorter spines, and by the presence of a distal brush-like cluster of semitransparent spines; from X. luteipennis (see Figs. 61 – 62) by distally distinctly shorter and less slender spines in the aedeagus; from X. lividipennis (see figure 98 C in Coiffait 1982) by an aedeagus with more numerous spines. For additional remarks see the comparative notes in the section on X. multispinosus.	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFFAAFF90FF39FE57FB5AFA17.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name (Lat., adj.) alludes to the relatively short spines in the aedeagus, a character separating this species from the similar X. multispinosus.	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFFAAFF90FF39FE57FB5AFA17.taxon	distribution	Distribution and bionomics. The type locality is situated in Antalya province, southern Anatolia (Fig. 84), at an altitude of nearly 1500 – 1800 m. Additional bionomic data are not available.	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFFAAFF96FF39F99FFCE8F82B.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: ɗ, " Tatvan, Asm. or., 1900 m, 20.5.69, leg. F. Schubert / Holotypus ɗ Xantholinus bitlisicus sp. n. det. V. Assing 2006 " (NHMW). Paratypes: 7 ɗɗ, 4 ΨΨ, same data as holotype (NHMW, cAss); 3 ɗɗ, 1 Ψ, " Tatvan Asm, V / 76, 1800 m, leg. F. Schubert (NHMW).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFFAAFF96FF39F99FFCE8F82B.taxon	description	Description. Measurements (in mm) and ratios (range, arithmetic mean; n = 16): AL: 1.74 – 2.07, 1.93; HL: 1.22 – 1.48, 1.38; HW: 0.98 – 1.16, 1.08; PW: 0.88 – 1.06, 0.99; PL: 1.28 – 1.54, 1.44; EL: 0.79 – 1.03, 0.93; EW: 1.03 – 1.28, 1.20; AW: 1.07 – 1.36, 1.19; TiL: 0.59 – 0.71, 0.66; TaL: 0.59 – 0.71, 0.66; ML: 1.27 – 1.54, 1.42; TL: 7.6 – 10.1; HL / HW: 1.24 – 1.31, 1.27; PW / HW: 0.88 – 0.95, 0.92; PL / PW: 1.41 – 1.51, 1.45; EL / PL: 0.60 – 0.68, 0.64; EW / PW: 1.13 – 1.27, 1.19; AW / EW: 0.94 – 1.07, 1.01; TiL / TaL: 1.15 – 1.28, 1.22. Habitus as in Fig. 85. Coloration: head and pronotum reddish brown to dark brown, with the head sometimes somewhat darker than pronotum; elytra bright reddish; abdomen brown to blackish brown; legs dark yellowish; antennae reddish to brown. Head strongly oblong (see measurements and ratio HL / HW), weakly dilated posteriorly; lateral margins weakly convex in dorsal view (Fig. 86); eyes small (Fig. 87), not distinctly projecting from lateral outline of head, approximately 1 / 5 the length of postocular region in dorsal view; dorsal surface with sparse, welldefined, and relatively fine puncturation, median dorsal area almost without punctures; microsculpture present only in posterior and lateral areas of head (Fig. 87). Antenna with preapical antennomeres weakly transverse, at most 1.5 times as wide as long (Fig. 88). Pronotum distinctly narrower than head (see ratio PW / HW), distinctly tapering posteriad; lateral margins almost straight in dorsal view; dorsal series composed of 9 – 12 punctures; microsculpture absent (Fig. 86). Elytra somewhat wider than pronotum and of variable length, at suture distinctly shorter than pronotum (see ratios EL / PL and EW / PW), weakly dilated posteriad (Fig. 86); puncturation of variable density and more or less well-defined. Hind wings at least in some specimens of reduced length. Legs relatively short (see measurements). Abdomen approximately as wide as elytra, widest at segments VI / VII; puncturation variable, usually fine and moderately dense; all tergites with distinct transverse microsculpture; posterior margin of tergite VII with narrow palisade fringe. ɗ: posterior margins of tergite and sternite VIII weakly convex and narrowly semitransparent; aedeagus (Fig. 89) with internal structures composed of a proximal series of approximately 15 – 20 relatively short and distinctly slerotised spines, a distal series of approximately 20 long and distinctly sclerotised spines, a distal series of approximately 20 moderately long and distinctly sclerotised spines, distally continued in a series of approximately 25 very short and weakly sclerotised spines, an intermediate distal series composed of 10 – 15 moderately sclerotised spines of gradually decreasing length, and a distal brush-like cluster of long and weakly sclerotised spines (Figs. 90 – 91). Comparative notes. The new species is characterised especially by the internal structures of the aedeagus. From the southern Anatolian representatives of Helicophallus, it is additionally separated by the paler coloration of the head, pronotum, and abdomen, and by the presence of microsculpture in the lateral and posterior areas of the head. From the northeastern Anatolian X. korgei, it is also distinguished by the distinctly longer elytra and by the paler coloration of the whole body, especially of the elytra (in X. korgei dark brown). The aedeagus of X. korgei differs from that of X. bitlisicus — even without squeeze preparation — in the darker and wider proximal series, as well as in the distinctly separate additional distal series of spines (see Fig. 92).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFFAAFF96FF39F99FFCE8F82B.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name (Lat., adj.) is derived from the province Bitlis, where the type locality is situated.	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFFAAFF96FF39F99FFCE8F82B.taxon	distribution	Distribution and bionomics. The types were collected in the surroundings of Tatvan, Bitlis province, eastern Anatolia (Fig. 93), at an altitude of 1800 – 1900 m.	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFFADFF95FF39F91CFC06FEE7.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Holotype: ɗ, " Gallipoli / G. C. Champion Coll. B. M. 1927 – 409 / Holotypus ɗ Xantholinus chersonesicus sp. n. det. V. Assing 2007 " (BMNH). Paratypes: 2 ɗɗ, same data as holotype (BMNH, cAss).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFFADFF95FF39F91CFC06FEE7.taxon	description	Description. Measurements (in mm) and ratios (range; n = 3): AL: 1.98 – 2.04; HL: 1.30 – 1.34; HW: 1.09 – 1.22; PW: 1.01 – 1.03; PL: 1.39 – 1.43; EL: 0.83 – 0.91; EW: 1.18 – 1.21; AW: 1.21 – 1.25; TiL: 0.77 – 0.79; TaL: 0.60 – 0.63; ML: 1.43; TL: 8.2 – 8.6; HL / HW: 1.16 – 1.21; PW / HW: 0.91 – 0.93; PL / PW: 1.35 – 1.41; EL / PL: 0.59 – 0.65; EW / PW: 1.16 – 1.18; AW / EW: 1.03 – 1.04; TiL / TaL: 1.24 – 1.28. Coloration: head dark brown to blackish; pronotum and elytra yellowish red to bright reddish; abdomen reddish brown to brown; legs rufous; antennae reddish to brown. Head strongly oblong (see measurements and ratio HL / HW), weakly dilated posteriorly; lateral margins weakly convex in dorsal view (Fig. 94); eyes moderately small, not distinctly projecting from lateral outline of head, 1 / 4 – 1 / 5 the length of postocular region in dorsal view; dorsal surface with sparse, well-defined, and moderately fine puncturation, median dorsal area almost without punctures; shallow traces of microsculpture present only in posterior and postero-lateral areas of head. Antenna with preapical antennomeres weakly transverse, at most 1.5 times as wide as long. Pronotum distinctly narrower than head (see ratio PW / HW), distinctly tapering posteriad; lateral margins almost straight in dorsal view; dorsal series composed of 11 – 13 punctures; microsculpture absent (Fig. 94). Elytra somewhat wider than pronotum and of variable length, at suture distinctly shorter than pronotum (see ratios EL / PL and EW / PW), moderately dilated posteriad (Fig. 94); puncturation rather coarse, moderately dense, and well-defined. Hind wings reduced. Abdomen approximately as wide as elytra, widest at segments VI / VII; puncturation fine and sparse; all tergites with shallow transverse microsculpture; posterior margin of tergite VII without palisade fringe. ɗ: posterior margins of tergite and sternite VIII weakly convex and narrowly semitransparent; aedeagus with internal structures composed of two long proximal series, one of them with numerous (> 30) long and slender spines and the other with approximately 15 long and 20 short wide-based spines, a distal series of approximately 15 long and slender spines, a second distal series of approximately 15 shorter slender spines, and a distal brush-like cluster of long and weakly sclerotised spines (Figs. 95 – 97). Comparative notes. Among the Turkish representatives of the subgenus Helicophallus, the new species is characterised by the internal structures of the aedeagus, especially by the two long proximal series of sclerotised spines.	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFFADFF95FF39F91CFC06FEE7.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name (Lat., adj.) is derived from Chersones, the ancient name of Gelibolu, the peninsula where the type locality is situated.	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFFADFF95FF39F91CFC06FEE7.taxon	distribution	Distribution and bionomics. The type locality is situated on the Gelibolu peninsula, Çanakkale, northwestern Turkey (Fig. 108). Additional bionomic data are not available.	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFFAFFF9AFF39F8BBFB83FE53.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined. Holotype: ɗ, " Anatolia bor., Korge & Heinz leg. / S Rize, Paß s. Ikizdere, 2000 – 2600 m, 4. VIII. 1965 / X. (Echinophallus) heinzi Coiff. H. Coiffait det. 1966 / Holotype / Xantholinus heinzi Coiffait det. V. Assing 2006 " (cKor). Additional material examined: TURKEY: Rize: 2 exs., 50 km SSE Rize, W Sivrikaya, 40 ° 41 ' N, 40 ° 39 ' E, 2050 m, natural fir forest, litter and dead wood, 1. VIII. 2006, leg. Assing (cAss); 2 exs., ca. 30 km S Ardeşen, 40 ° 56 ' N, 40 ° 58 ' E, 750 m, moist forest with boxwood and Rhododendron, sifted, 3. VIII. 2006, leg. Schülke (cSch); 1 ex., Ikizdere, 1600 m, VII. 1971, leg. Schubert (NHMW).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFFAFFF9AFF39F8BBFB83FE53.taxon	discussion	Comment. The original description of this species is based on a male holotype and two female paratypes from " Col sud Ikizdere, 2000 – 2600 m " (Coiffait 1970). The above specimens represent the first records after the original description. The currently known distribution is illustrated in Fig. 93.	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFFA0FF98FF39FE4EFABBFE3F.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined. Lectotype, present designation: ɗ, " Hist. - Coll. (Coleoptera), Nr. 5855, Xantholinus procerus Erichs., German. bor., Schmidt, Zool. Mus. Berlin / Syntypus Xantholinus procerus Erichson, 1839, labelled by MNHUB 2006 / Lectotypus ɗ Xantholinus procerus Erichson desig. V. Assing 2006 " / Xantholinus procerus Erichson det. V. Assing (MNHUB). Paralectotype: ɗ, " procerus [handwritten] / 5855 / procerus Er., Germ. b. Schmidt [handwritten] / Hist. - Coll. (Coleoptera), Nr. 5855, Xantholinus procerus Erichs., German. bor., Schmidt, Zool. Mus. Berlin / Syntypus Xantholinus procerus Erichson, 1839, labelled by MNHUB 2006 / Paralectotypus ɗ Xantholinus procerus Erichson desig. V. Assing 2006 " / Xantholinus procerus Erichson det. V. Assing (MNHUB). Additional material examined: TURKEY: Bolu: 3 exs., Bolu, 13. VIII. 1975, leg. Schubert (NHMW); Ankara / Çankırı: 1 ex., S Çerkeş, Işık Daġı geç. [ca. 40 ° 41 ' N, 32 ° 46 ' E], 12. VI. 1989, leg. Schönmann & Schillhammer (cAss). ROMANIA: 1 ex., " Süd-Ungarn ", leg. Merkl (NHMW). BOSNIA-HERZEGOV- INA: 1 ex., Čelić, leg. Reiss (NHMW). ALBANIA: 1 ex., Elbasan, leg. Mader (NHMW); 1 ex., " Ruskuli ", leg. Mader (NHMW). UKRAINE: 3 exs., Chernivtsi [" Czernowitz "] (NHMW); 1 ex., L´viv (NHMW). RUS- SIAN FEDERATION: 2 exs., Zhelesnovodsk [44.14 ° N, 43.02 ° E], 650 – 1400 m, 1. VII. 1966, leg. Muche (cAss).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFFA0FF98FF39FE4EFABBFE3F.taxon	discussion	Comment. The original description of X. procerus is based on an unspecified number of syntypes collected " in Germania boreali, Dom. Schmidt, in Hispania, Mus. Dr. Waltl, in Sardinia, Mus. Reg. Taurin " (Erichson 1839 a). Two male syntypes from " Germania " were found in the collections of the MNHUB. Since they are conspecific with the interpretation of previous authors (e. g., Coiffait 1972; Bordoni 1973 b, 1975 a; Szujecki 1976; Toth 1989), one of them is here designated as the lectotype. Based on the current state of knowledge regarding the distribution of X. procerus (see discussion below), the syntypes from Sardinia and Spain doubtlessly refer to other species, so that a lectotype designation is indispensable in the interest of nomenclatural stability. The syntypes from Spain were looked for, but not found, in the collections of the NHMW, where the Waltl material is kept (Schillhammer, pers. comm. 2006), and the types from Sardinia are currently not at disposal for loan due to lack of staff at the Torino museum (Daccordi, pers. comm. 2006). The distribution of X. procerus has been subject to considerable confusion in the literature, despite its remarkable size and the distinctive morphology of its aedeagus. According to Kraatz (1857), the types from " Germania " were collected in " Stettin ", today Szczecin in Pomerania, northwestern Poland. Other records from central Europe were either doubtful or unknown to him. Hochhuth (1849) recorded the species from what is today Azerbaijan and Georgia. Up until the middle of the 20 th century, the species was unequivocally indicated from Central Europe, Italy, and Spain; for a list of references see Herman (2001). In central Europe, Reitter (1909) reported it from Bohemia (now in Czech Republic) and Pomerania, but there is no mention of X. procerus in the key to Central European Staphylinidae by Lohse (1964), nor in Horion (1965), nor is it listed for the Czech Republic by Boháč (1993). According to the synopsis of Western Palaearctic Xantholinini by Coiffait (1972), the distribution was confined to Central Europe, which in his interpretation included " Hongrie meridionale " (now part Romania and Serbia) and " Bukovine " (today part of Romania and Ukraine); records from Spain and Sardinia were considered doubtful. Bordoni (1972 a, 1982) and Tóth (1989) excluded X. procerus from the fauna of Italy (where it is replaced by the similar X. proceroides Coiffait) and of Hungary, respectively. According to Bordoni (1973 b, 1975 a) the range was confined to Central Europe (without reference to the complete omission in Lohse (1964 )), Romania, and possibly southern Russia. In Poland, the species has been reported only from Pomerania (Burakowski et al. 1980, Szujecki 1976), the records probably all relating to the syntypes. Raitschev (1986) and Petrenko (1986) reported the species from Bulgaria and Ukraine, respectively. In view of the literature data outlined above, it seems quite remarkable that, according to the recent catalogues by Herman (2001) and Smetana (2004), the distribution of X. procerus is confined to Romania, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and the Russian South European territory, although the type localities indicate a completely different distribution, and although no lectotype had been designated. Based on reliable or at least zoogeographically plausible literature records, as well as on the material examined above, the range of the species includes Romania, Bosnia-Herzogovina (first record), Albania (first record), Bulgaria, Ukraine, the Caucasus region (Russian South European territory sensu Smetana (2004), Georgia, Azerbaijan), and Turkey (first record). Considering the general distribution and the fact that X. procerus has never been recorded again from anywhere near northwestern Poland, it would seem most likely that the indication of " Germania boreali " (Erichson 1839 a) and " Stettin " (Kraatz 1857) as the type locality is the result of a misunderstanding, a confusion, and / or erroneous labels. The strikingly low number of records, despite its formidable body size, suggests that X. procerus is extremely rare. Practically nothing is known about its habitat requirements (see also Burakowski et al. 1980). The species is readily identified by its large size and by the morphology of the aedeagus (Figs. 101 – 103).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFFA2FF98FF39FDEDFBD9FA3A.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: TURKEY: Tunceli: 1 ex., Ovacık, 1400 m, VI. 1976, leg. Schubert (NHMW); 1 ex., Ovacık, 1700 m, VI. 1977, leg. Schubert (cAss); Bitlis: 2 exs. Tatvan, 1900 m, leg. Schubert (NHMW). UKRAINE: 1 ex., Slobodseja, 1. – 17. VIII. 1983, leg. Arnold (cSch). GEORGIA: 4 exs., Mzcheta near Tbilisi, VI. 1986, leg. Schülke & Wrase (cSch); 1 ex., same data, but VI. 1987 (cSch); 12 exs., Kumisi near Tbilisi, VI. 1987, leg. Schülke & Wrase (cSch, cAss); 3 exs., same data, but 29. VI. – 1. VII. 1987 (cSch); 1 ex., Tbilisi, Lisi, 19. VI. – 13. VII. 1988, leg. Wrase (cSch). UZBEKISTAN: 1 ex., Pamir Alai, Fergana, Chamsaabad, 1800 m, 14. VII. 1984, leg. Wrase (cSch). TAJIKISTAN: 6 exs., Pamir Alai, Seravshan valley near Novabad, 1100 m, 10. – 11. VII. 1990, leg. Schülke & Wrase (cSch, cAss).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFFA2FF98FF39FDEDFBD9FA3A.taxon	discussion	Comment. There has been considerable confusion regarding the identity of this species (see also remarks in the section on X. reitteri). The original description of X. fortepunctatus is based on material from " les plaines qui avoisinent le Caucase " (Motschulsky 1860). Bordoni (1975 a) studied a female syntype from " Georgia ", later to be designated as the lectotype (Bordoni 1999 a), in the collections of the Zoological Museum Moscow and provided a description of external characters. According to this description, the type specimen is 12 mm long, with the forebody (from head to posterior margin of elytra) measuring 7 mm. These measurements are clearly outside the range of intraspecific variation of X. fortepunctatus sensu Coiffait (1972) and Korge (1973). Based on his findings, Bordoni (1975 a) synonymised X. semirufus Reitter — which again had for a long time been confounded with X. elegans (Olivier, 1795) or one of its junior synonymswith X. fortepunctatus.	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFFA2FF99FF39F997FD20FAF7.taxon	discussion	Comment. Leptophallus was originally described as a subgenus of Xantholinus to include Xantholinus relucens sensu Kraatz (1857) (type species by original designation and later to be identified as X. flavocinctus Hochhuth, 1849) and X. elianae Jarrige, 1941, and distinguished from other subgenera by the small and slen- der aedeagus without distinct spines (Coiffait 1956 a). Subsequently, two additional species were attributed to the subgenus, X. anatolicus Coiffait, 1965 from Turkey and X. minutus Coiffait, 1962 from Algeria (Coiffait 1972). The preoccupied name Leptophallus was replaced with Leptophiu s by Coiffait (1983).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFFA2FF99FF39F997FD20FAF7.taxon	description	A comparison of Leptophius flavocinctus, Megalinus glabratus, and Megalinus scutellaris revealed, however, that they are doubtlessly congeneric. True, there are differences in the morphology of the genital sements — the lateral tergal sclerites IX are somewhat shorter and slightly differently shaped in L. flavocinctus than in M. glabratus and M. scutellaris —, but they are clearly autapomorphic and the principle morphology is highly similar. Also, what Bordoni (1985) refers to as " lobi laterali " in Leptophius (and Lemiganus) is clearly not homologous to the " lobi laterali " in Xantholinus. The conspicuous distal sclerotised structure of the aedeagus in Megalinus, Leptophius, and Lemiganus represents an evident synapomorphy; for comparison see figure 5 (aedeagus of Lepidophallus denticulatus, now a synonym of Megalinus scutellaris) in Bordoni (2004), figure 10 (Leptophius flavocinctus) in Bordoni (1985), and figure 16 (Lemiganus elianae) in Bordoni (1985). The reduced size and internal structures of the aedeagus of L. flavocinctus must be regarded as an autapomorphy (known also from other genera of Xantholinini) and is no convincing argument to consider Leptophius a distinct genus. In consequence, Leptophius is here placed in the synonymy of the senior name Megalinus. It seems most likely that Lemiganus, too, will eventually have to be synonymised with Megalinus, but so far I have not been able to examine a male of L. elianae.	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFFA3FF9EFF39FA3FFAAAFC97.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. GREECE: mainland: 1 ex., 15 km ESE Kastoria, 4 km S Germas, 2. VI. 1989, leg. Kanaar (cSch); Pelopónnisos: 1 ex., " Kyparissia ", 5. – 10. V. 1956, leg. Schubert (NHMW); Corfou: 1 ex., Paleokastritsa, 0 m, ruderal meadow, 14. X. 1987 (cAss); Crete: 1 ex., Geogioupouli, 24. – 25. VI. 1995, leg. Jaeger (cSch); 1 ex., Rethimni, ca. 1.5 km S Kanevos, Kotsifos cleft, 35 ° 14 ' N, 24 ° 24 ' E, 440 m, 20. X. 2006, leg. Schülke (cSch). BULGARIA: 1 ex., Burgas, 27. V. 1984, leg. Wrase (cSch). TURKEY: Istanbul: 1 ex., Alem Daġı, Polonezköyü, chestnut forest, 10. VI. 1966, leg. Ressl (cAss); Çanakkale: 2 exs., 25 km S Kumkale, Beşik Koyu [" Besika Bay ", ca. 39 ° 49 ' N, 26 ° 10 ' E], leg. Walker (BMNH); Samsun: 1 ex., 17 km N Çarşamba beach, 19. V. 1989, leg. Kanaar (cSch); Gümü ş hane: 1 ex., ca. 12 km NE Gümüşhane, ca. 40 ° 31 ' N, 39 ° 33 ' E, 1300 m, 12. VI. 1998, leg. Solodovnikov (cAss); Izmir: 1 ex., " Smyrna " (BMNH); Antalya: 1 ex., Kemer, 21. V. 1991, leg. Schmid (NHMW); Mersin: 1 ex., Silifke, V. 1967, leg. Schubert (cAss); 1 ex., Çamlıyayla, 11. IV. 1966 (NHMW); 1 ex., Çamlıyayla, 10. V. – 3. VI. 1963, leg. Schubert (cAss); 1 ex., N Mersin, 11. V. 1969, leg. Wewalka (BMNH); Antakya: 6 exs., Yayladaġı, 450 m, 17. V. 1973, leg. Schubert (NHMW, cAss); 5 exs., Yayladaġı, 22. V. 1987, leg. Schönmann & Schillhammer (NHMW, cAss); 2 exs., Arsuz, 15. – 16. IV. 1966 (NHMW); 3 exs., Iskenderun, 7. – 9. IV. 1960, leg. Petrowitz & Ressl (NHMW, cAss); 7 exs., E Belen pass, Bakras river, 22. V. 1987, leg. Schönmann & Schillhammer (NHMW); 1 ex., Antakya env., Karaçay, Asi Nehri river valley, 7. V. 2005, leg. Vávra (cVav); Gaziantep: 2 exs., N Birecik, east bank of Euphrat, 37 ° 04 ' N, 37 ° 58 ' E, 360 m, 24. IV. 2004, leg. Brachat & Meybohm (cAss). CYPRUS: 1 ex., Polis, 20. IV. 1981, leg. Besuchet (cAss); 3 exs., 5 km N Dhekelia, horse dung, 20. – 22. III. 1995, leg. Schröder (cSch). SYRIA: 6 exs., 25 km SE Latakia, Qardaha, 2. V. 1982, leg. Dvořák (cSch); 1 ex., Homs, X. 1939, leg. Boitel (cTro). LEBA- NON: 1 ex., Tripoli, 30. IV. 1975, leg. Besuchet (cAss); 1 ex., Jounie, Beskinta, 1100 – 1500 m, 16. V. 2000, leg. Sama (SMNS). ISRAEL: 10 exs., Upper Galilee, S Ziv'on, 33 ° 01 ' N, 35 ° 25 ' E, 750 m, open stony pasture, dolomite, 28. – 29. IV. 2006, leg. Wrase (cAss, cSch); 2 exs., same data, but leg. Aßmann (TAUI, cFel); 1 ex., Upper Galilee, Har Avivim, 33 ° 05 ' N, 35 ° 30 ' E, 770 m, 21. IV. 2006, leg. Aßmann (cFel); 1 ex., Upper Galilee, Mt. Meron, Sasa, 700 m, V. 1996, leg. Sama (cAss); 1 ex. [det. Feldmann], Upper Galilee, Hurfeish, 33 ° 01 ' N, 35 ° 21 ' E, 625 m, 13. XI. 2005 (TAU); 1 ex. [det. Feldmann], same data, but 27. X. 2005 (TAU); 4 exs., Eilon, N. Betzet, 22. IV. 1982, leg. Besuchet & Löbl (cAss); 1 ex., Mevasseret, 30. IV. 1982, leg. Besuchet & Löbl (cAss).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFFA3FF9EFF39FA3FFAAAFC97.taxon	discussion	Comment. This species is widespread and not uncommon especially in the eastern parts of the Mediterranean. According to Herman (2001) and Smetana (2004) it had not been reported from Israel. Due to their overall similarity and some character overlap, a separation of female M. flavocinctus and M. scutellaris is not easy. The puncturation of the abdomen, which is distinctly sparser (interstices much wider than diameter of punctures) in M. flavocinctus than in M. scutellaris proved to be the most reliable distinguishing character.	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFFA4FF9FFF39FC1FFBD2FEE7.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined. Holotype: ɗ, " TR-Antalya, zw. Antalya u. Alanya, 20 km vor Alanya, Fluss Kargi, 30.4.1984, leg. Brachat / Holotypus Lepidophallus denticulatus sp. n. Bordoni det. 2002 / Megalinus scutellaris (Fauvel) det. V. Assing 2006 " (cSch). Additional material examined. GREECE: Rhodos: 1 ex., Lindos, Saidouras river, 18. IV. 1994, leg. Frisch (cAss); 2 exs., Platania, 16. IV. 1994, leg. Frisch (MNHUB); 1 ex., Petaloudes, 19. IV. 1994, leg. Frisch (MNHUB). TURKEY: Çanakkale: 1 ex., 25 km S Kumkale, Beşik Koyu [" Besika Bay ", ca. 39 ° 49 ' N, 26 ° 10 ' E], leg. Walker (BMNH); Denizli: 4 exs., ca. 50 km N Fethiye, S Çameli, 36 ° 59 ' N, 29 ° 16 ' E, 1250 m, Quercus ilex litter, 9. VII. 2002, leg. Assing (cAss); Antalya: 2 exs., Antalya – Kemer, 4. V. 1975, leg. Besuchet & Löbl (cAss); 1 ex., Kemer, 21. V. 1991, leg. Schmid (NHMW); 1 ex. [det. Feldmann], Kemer, Beldibi, 5. V. 2001, leg. Röwekamp (cFel); 3 exs., 30 km N Finike, W Çatallar, 23. V. 1991, leg. Schönmann & Schillhammer (NHMW); 10 exs., N Kumluca, 25. IV. 1991, leg. Schödl (NHMW, cAss); 3 exs., 22 km W Alanya, Avsallar near Incekum, 9. – 23. V. 1995, leg. Pütz (cAss); 1 ex., Manavgat env., Aydınkent, 1000 m, bank of stream, leaf litter and moss sifted, 31. XII. 1990, leg. Assing (cAss); 1 ex., Manavgat env., Kızılot, 50 m, garden, leaf litter sifted, 2. I. 1991, leg. Assing (cAss); 1 ex., Selge env., 800 m, 29. IV. 1995, leg. Schröder (cSch); 1 ex., 26 km W Alanya, Incekum, 16. IV. – 2. V. 1984, leg. Brachat (cSch); Mersin: 1 ex., N Anamur, Köşekbaşı, 36 ° 08 ' N, 32 ° 46 ' E, 18. V. 2000, leg. Meybohm (cAss); 1 ex., Silifke, V. 1967, leg. Schubert (cAss); 2 exs., Çamlıyayla, 37 ° 10 ' N, 34 ° 35 ' E, 1150 m, 3. V. 2004, leg. Besuchet (cAss).	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
0D308E1EFFA4FF9FFF39FC1FFBD2FEE7.taxon	discussion	Comment. The original description of M. scutellaris is based on a single specimen from " Turquie " (Fauvel 1900); the locality is not specified. The species was later recorded also from Adana by Bordoni (1971). Both the description and the illustrations of the holotype of Lepidophallus denticulatus (Bordoni 2004) leave no doubt that it is conspecific with M. scutellaris, a conclusion confirmed by an examination of the holotype of L. denticulatus, which was collected in Antalya province. Lepidophallus denticulatus is consequently a junior synonym of M. scutellaris. The distribution of this species is apparently confined to southern Anatolia and adjacent islands (Fig. 108). The specimens from Rhodos represent the first records from Greece.	en	Assing, Volker (2007): On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae). Zootaxa 1474: 1-54, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.176738
