taxonID	type	description	language	source
0D0F8782AB18FFC70BCFF90CFDD7B11F.taxon	discussion	The taxonomy of Campylaimus was reviewed first by Tchesunov (1978) and later by Huang & Zhang (2006), Tchesunov & Miljutina (2008) and Villares et al. (2013). Tchesunov (2006) suggested that an effective taxonomic approach for Campylaimus would be to clarify, organize and compile taxonomic information about the amphid form and lateral alae. Using Campylaimus - like forms of modern species, he constructed a transformational series, proposing a hypothetical evolutionary scheme for development of the amphid (Tchesunov 2006). We further suggest that species of Campylaimus differ from one another in the detailed morphology of the form and length of the amphidial fovea, the width of the lateral alae, supplementary organs and copulatory apparatus.	en	Fadeeva, Natalia, Mordukhovich, Vladimir, Zograf, Julia (2016): RevIsIon of the genus Campylaimus (DIplopeltIdae, Nematoda) wIth descrIptIon of four new specIes from the Sea of Japan. Zootaxa 4107 (2): 222-238, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4107.2.5
0D0F8782AB18FFC70BCFF90CFDD7B11F.taxon	diagnosis	These additional taxonomic characters are included in an emended diagnosis of the genus. Diagnosis (modified from Tchesunov 2006; Tchesunov & Miljutina 2008; Villares et al. 2013): Cuticle annulated, annules without ornamentation. Anterior end with a clearly visible cuticular fold covering mouth or terminal “ cap ”. Subdorsal or dorsal (rarely ventral) oral opening. Two pairs of cephalic setae; dorsal pair located a little posterior to ventral. Buccal cavity small, weakly cuticularized, unarmed. Pharynx cylindrical; nerve ring shifted to posterior end of pharynx. Ventral pore in posterior half of the pharynx, if present. Amphids comprised of an elongate loop with 2 parallel almost equal or unequal limbs connected anterior or posterior to the oral opening; ventral limb completely fused with lateral alae that are equal to or narrower than its width. Amphid limbs joined or with a wide gap between them. Lateral field wide or present as a prominent narrow alae, extending the length of the body and terminating near the tail tip. The boundary between amphid limb and lateral field may or may not be welldefined. Females with two outstretched ovaries. Males usually with two testes; occasionally the posterior one is absent. Spicules arcuate, without or with gubernaculum, apophyses plate-like or weak. Supplements as precloacal papillae may be present or absent. The tail is conical or cylindro-conical.	en	Fadeeva, Natalia, Mordukhovich, Vladimir, Zograf, Julia (2016): RevIsIon of the genus Campylaimus (DIplopeltIdae, Nematoda) wIth descrIptIon of four new specIes from the Sea of Japan. Zootaxa 4107 (2): 222-238, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4107.2.5
0D0F8782AB18FFC70BCFF90CFDD7B11F.taxon	synonymic_list	Type species: C. inaequalis Cobb, 1920.	en	Fadeeva, Natalia, Mordukhovich, Vladimir, Zograf, Julia (2016): RevIsIon of the genus Campylaimus (DIplopeltIdae, Nematoda) wIth descrIptIon of four new specIes from the Sea of Japan. Zootaxa 4107 (2): 222-238, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4107.2.5
0D0F8782AB1AFFC20BCFFB5BFE90B295.taxon	description	Measurements. Table 2.	en	Fadeeva, Natalia, Mordukhovich, Vladimir, Zograf, Julia (2016): RevIsIon of the genus Campylaimus (DIplopeltIdae, Nematoda) wIth descrIptIon of four new specIes from the Sea of Japan. Zootaxa 4107 (2): 222-238, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4107.2.5
0D0F8782AB1AFFC20BCFFB5BFE90B295.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype. Adult male, formalin-fixed, mounted on slide (MN A 374 - 3), in glycerin. Allotype. Adult female, formalin-fixed, mounted on slide (MN A 372 - 2), in glycerin. Paratypes. Male, slides (A 371 - 23) and female (A 373 - 3), same data as holotype.	en	Fadeeva, Natalia, Mordukhovich, Vladimir, Zograf, Julia (2016): RevIsIon of the genus Campylaimus (DIplopeltIdae, Nematoda) wIth descrIptIon of four new specIes from the Sea of Japan. Zootaxa 4107 (2): 222-238, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4107.2.5
0D0F8782AB1AFFC20BCFFB5BFE90B295.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name is derived from the Latin “ orientalis ”, meaning “ eastern ”.	en	Fadeeva, Natalia, Mordukhovich, Vladimir, Zograf, Julia (2016): RevIsIon of the genus Campylaimus (DIplopeltIdae, Nematoda) wIth descrIptIon of four new specIes from the Sea of Japan. Zootaxa 4107 (2): 222-238, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4107.2.5
0D0F8782AB1AFFC20BCFFB5BFE90B295.taxon	description	Description. Spindle-shaped plump nematodes with clearly annulated cuticle (ring height 2.0 µm), extending from the oral opening to the terminal part of the tail (Figs 2, 3 A, 3 B). Anterior end with a clearly visible cuticular cap (Fig. 4 D). Oral opening small, rhomboid, displaced on dorsal side of body. Buccal cavity unarmed. Inner labial papillae and outer labial setae not seen. Four short (2.5 – 3 µm) cephalic setae asymmetrically placed: latero-dorsal pair of short setae is located a little posterior to latero-ventral pair (Fig. 3 С). Amphids well developed, comprising 2 parallel limbs connected posterior to the oral opening; dorsal limb somewhat shorter (32 – 40 µm) than ventral (37 – 43 µm). Amphids with wide gap between limbs (Fig. 3 C). Prominent narrow longitudinal alae extend along body to posterior end, arising immediately from ventral (long) limb of the amphid (Fig. 3 A). Pharynx cylindrical for most of its length, muscular, gradually widening to the base with developed cardia. Nerve ring surrounding posterior part of pharynx. Cardia short, embedded in intestine. Tail conico-cylindrical, 123 – 135 µm long (4.6 – 5.9 a. b. d), gradually tapering toward the distal end, tip swollen, similar in shape in both sexes (Figs 2, 3 B). Males with two testes, anterior testis situated left, posterior testis right of the intestine. Spicules equal in length, arcuate with cephalated proximal end. Gubernaculum tubular, 7 µm long. Two pairs of small postcloacal setae; first pair 4 µm long, situated 63 µm posterior to cloacal opening; second pair 90 µm posterior to cloacal opening (Figs 2, 4 B – C). Females similar to male. Gonads paired, opposed; ovaries outstretched, non-reflexed. Anterior and posterior ovaries on left and right side of intestine, respectively. Vulval orifice ventral; vagina short, not thickened. Postcloacal setae absent. Two glands surrounding the vulva.	en	Fadeeva, Natalia, Mordukhovich, Vladimir, Zograf, Julia (2016): RevIsIon of the genus Campylaimus (DIplopeltIdae, Nematoda) wIth descrIptIon of four new specIes from the Sea of Japan. Zootaxa 4107 (2): 222-238, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4107.2.5
0D0F8782AB1AFFC20BCFFB5BFE90B295.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Campylaimus orientalis sp. nov. is characterized by being spindle-shaped, having moderate body, cuticle with clear annulations, small rhomboid oral opening displaced on the dorsal side of the body, amphid with unequal limbs, prominent narrow longitudinal alae, spicules with a cephalated proximal end, and tubular gubernaculum. Differential diagnosis. Based on the amphid structure, C. orientalis sp. nov. is similar to two congeners: C. mirus Gerlach, 1950 and C. rimatus Vitiello, 1974, that are characterized by the prominent narrow longitudinal alae passing immediately from ventral limb of amphid along the body to the posterior end. The specimens of C. orientalis sp. nov. differ from C. rimatus by the presence of a tubular gubernaculum (vs absent in C. rimatus) and index c (5 – 6 vs 7 – 8, respectively). Campylaimus orientalis sp. nov. differs from C. mirus in numerous respects, including the amphid shape, long cardia embedded in the intestine (vs short in C. mirus) and by having cephalated spicules (vs non-cephalated in C. mirus) and a relatively broader body (а = 19 – 20 vs 42, respectively).	en	Fadeeva, Natalia, Mordukhovich, Vladimir, Zograf, Julia (2016): RevIsIon of the genus Campylaimus (DIplopeltIdae, Nematoda) wIth descrIptIon of four new specIes from the Sea of Japan. Zootaxa 4107 (2): 222-238, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4107.2.5
0D0F8782AB1EFFCD0BCFFF60FC10B45B.taxon	description	Measurements. Table 3.	en	Fadeeva, Natalia, Mordukhovich, Vladimir, Zograf, Julia (2016): RevIsIon of the genus Campylaimus (DIplopeltIdae, Nematoda) wIth descrIptIon of four new specIes from the Sea of Japan. Zootaxa 4107 (2): 222-238, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4107.2.5
0D0F8782AB1EFFCD0BCFFF60FC10B45B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype. Adult male, formalin-fixed, mounted on slide (MN A 756 1 – 2), in glycerin. Allotype. Adult female, formalin-fixed, mounted on slide (MN A 256 - 2), in glycerin. Paratypes. Nine males, slides (A 254 - 3, A 262 - 3, A 373 - 2, A 373 - 1), the Sea of Japan, depth 515 – 1530 m; ten females, slides (A 253 - 3, A 251 - 2, A 265 - 2, A 372 - 3, A 373 - 1), 10 juveniles, same data as paratypes (table 1).	en	Fadeeva, Natalia, Mordukhovich, Vladimir, Zograf, Julia (2016): RevIsIon of the genus Campylaimus (DIplopeltIdae, Nematoda) wIth descrIptIon of four new specIes from the Sea of Japan. Zootaxa 4107 (2): 222-238, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4107.2.5
0D0F8782AB1EFFCD0BCFFF60FC10B45B.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name is derived from the Latin “ minutus ”, meaning “ small or diminutive ”.	en	Fadeeva, Natalia, Mordukhovich, Vladimir, Zograf, Julia (2016): RevIsIon of the genus Campylaimus (DIplopeltIdae, Nematoda) wIth descrIptIon of four new specIes from the Sea of Japan. Zootaxa 4107 (2): 222-238, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4107.2.5
0D0F8782AB1EFFCD0BCFFF60FC10B45B.taxon	description	Description. Small thread-like worms, body cylindrical over the most of its length, with very weak annulations. Anterior-most annuli posterior to oral opening and cephalic sensilla bases. Anterior end broad, with a clear terminal cap. Oral opening located sub-terminally, on dorsal side of body. Narrow, small buccal cavity. Labial papillae not seen. Four setiform cephalic setae 1.5 µm long; two cephalic setae located at level of the oral opening, others posterior to level of oral opening. Amphids well developed, comprising 2 parallel limbs connected behind the oral opening; dorsal limb somewhat shorter (25 – 35 µm or 25 – 44 % of pharynx length). Ventral amphidial limb (3 – 4 µm wide) completely fused with lateral field (4 µm wide). Lateral field comprises two very close lines extending from base of amphid to tail tip. No visible boundary between ventral amphid limb and lateral field. Pharynx muscular, cylindrical; without bulb. Nerve ring surrounds posterior part of pharynx. Cardia welldeveloped, short, embedded in intestine. Pharyngeal glands indistinct. Tail similar in shape in both sexes, short, conoid, terminus ventrally curved. Male tail 4.1 – 5.3 a. b. d., female tail 2.1 – 5.7 a. b. d. Tail setae not seen. Male reproductive system diorchic, both testes short, outstretched, opposed. Spicules paired, symmetrical, slender, weakly arcuate, with proximally developed capitulum. Gubernaculum present, plate-like, with paired dorsal arcuate apophysis (2 – 4 µm). Females similar to male. Gonads paired, opposed; ovaries outstretched, not reflexed. Anterior and posterior ovaries located on left and right side of intestine, respectively. Vulva a transverse slit, post equatorial (V 54 – 60 %). Vagina short, not thickened. Two glands surround the vulva.	en	Fadeeva, Natalia, Mordukhovich, Vladimir, Zograf, Julia (2016): RevIsIon of the genus Campylaimus (DIplopeltIdae, Nematoda) wIth descrIptIon of four new specIes from the Sea of Japan. Zootaxa 4107 (2): 222-238, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4107.2.5
0D0F8782AB1EFFCD0BCFFF60FC10B45B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Campylaimus minutus sp. nov. is characterized by having a uniformly cylindrical body with weak cuticular annulations, amphids well developed with 2 parallel limbs connected posterior to the oral opening, dorsal limb short (25 – 44 % of pharynx length), ventral limb fully fused with lateral alae of equal width, extending from the base of the amphid to the tail tip. Spicules slender, with proximal capitulums. Gubernaculum plate-like, with dorsal arcuate apophysis. Differential diagnosis. Campylaimus minutus sp. nov. from the Sea of Japan has the typical form of the amphid, as described in diagnoses of the genus Campylaimus, the ventral limb being fused with a broad lateral field, extending from the base of the amphid to the tail tip. In the width of the lateral alae (3 – 4 µm), C. minutus sp. nov. resembles C. gerlachi and C. ponticus. It differs from C. gerlachi in the relative length of the cephalic setae (20 % h. b. d. vs 50 %, respectively) and the tail (<5 vs> 5 anal body diameters); it differs from C. ponticus in the length of the spicules (10 – 21 µm vs 28 µm, respectively) and longer dorsal limb of amphids (22 – 32 µm vs 11 µm).	en	Fadeeva, Natalia, Mordukhovich, Vladimir, Zograf, Julia (2016): RevIsIon of the genus Campylaimus (DIplopeltIdae, Nematoda) wIth descrIptIon of four new specIes from the Sea of Japan. Zootaxa 4107 (2): 222-238, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4107.2.5
0D0F8782AB10FFCF0BCFFE95FC0DB5BF.taxon	description	Measurements. Table 4.	en	Fadeeva, Natalia, Mordukhovich, Vladimir, Zograf, Julia (2016): RevIsIon of the genus Campylaimus (DIplopeltIdae, Nematoda) wIth descrIptIon of four new specIes from the Sea of Japan. Zootaxa 4107 (2): 222-238, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4107.2.5
0D0F8782AB10FFCF0BCFFE95FC0DB5BF.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype. Adult female, formalin-fixed, mounted on slide (MN A 373 - 5), in glycerin. Paratypes. Two females, slides (A 373 - 5 and A 372 - 2), same data as holotype.	en	Fadeeva, Natalia, Mordukhovich, Vladimir, Zograf, Julia (2016): RevIsIon of the genus Campylaimus (DIplopeltIdae, Nematoda) wIth descrIptIon of four new specIes from the Sea of Japan. Zootaxa 4107 (2): 222-238, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4107.2.5
0D0F8782AB10FFCF0BCFFE95FC0DB5BF.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name is derived from the Greek “ amphid ”.	en	Fadeeva, Natalia, Mordukhovich, Vladimir, Zograf, Julia (2016): RevIsIon of the genus Campylaimus (DIplopeltIdae, Nematoda) wIth descrIptIon of four new specIes from the Sea of Japan. Zootaxa 4107 (2): 222-238, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4107.2.5
0D0F8782AB10FFCF0BCFFE95FC0DB5BF.taxon	description	Description. Female. Medium-sized, thread-like worms, uniformly cylindrical over most of length, with a clearly visible cuticular cephalic cap. Body narrows at both extremities. Cuticle with very weak annulations; anterior-most annule appears posterior to amphid and cephalic sensilla bases. Oral opening subterminal, displaced on dorsal side of the body. Six inner labial papillae not seen. Four cephalic setae (2 µm) long, latero-dorsal pair located a little posterior to latero-ventral pair. Amphids well developed, with unequal limbs. Dorsal short limb of amphid connects with ventral limb anterior to the oral opening. Long ventral limb (107 µm in holotype) extending to middle or the end of the pharynx, imperceptibly transforming into the narrow lateral alae extending along length of the body, terminating near tail tip. Amphidial fovea width 3.5 – 4 µm; lateral alae width 1.2 – 2 µm. Boundary between ventral amphid limb and lateral alae is well-defined. Long ventral limb of amphid extends to end of the cylindrical, weakly developed pharynx. Nerve ring surrounds posterior part of pharynx. Large well-developed amphidial glands. Buccal cavity small, cylindrical, displaced dorsally and weakly sclerotized. Pharynx cylindrical, typical generic construction; nerve ring shifted to posterior end. Cardia small. Renette body not seen. Female gonads paired, opposed; ovaries outstretched, not reflexed. Anterior and posterior ovaries located on the left and right side of intestine, respectively. Vulva a transverse slit, post equatorial (V = 52 – 56 %). Vagina short, not thickened. Two glands surround the vulva. Male. Not collected.	en	Fadeeva, Natalia, Mordukhovich, Vladimir, Zograf, Julia (2016): RevIsIon of the genus Campylaimus (DIplopeltIdae, Nematoda) wIth descrIptIon of four new specIes from the Sea of Japan. Zootaxa 4107 (2): 222-238, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4107.2.5
0D0F8782AB10FFCF0BCFFE95FC0DB5BF.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Campylaimus amphidialis sp. nov. is characterized by having a very long ventral limb of the amphidial fovea, which occupies nearly the entire length of the pharynx (75 – 110 µm) and is wider than the lateral alae. Differential diagnosis. Campylaimus amphidialis sp. nov. differs from all other valid species of the genus by having a very long ventral limb of the amphidial fovea which is separated from a narrow lateral alae. In body size, the new species resembles C. gerlachi, but differs from it by having a shorter tail (4.2 – 4.7 vs 6.6 – 6.7 a. b. d., respectively) and in amphid form. Campylaimus amphidialis sp. nov. differs from C. tkatchevi by having narrower lateral alae (1 – 2 µm vs 13 µm (female), respectively).	en	Fadeeva, Natalia, Mordukhovich, Vladimir, Zograf, Julia (2016): RevIsIon of the genus Campylaimus (DIplopeltIdae, Nematoda) wIth descrIptIon of four new specIes from the Sea of Japan. Zootaxa 4107 (2): 222-238, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4107.2.5
0D0F8782AB12FFCA0BCFFEBBFC5CB75F.taxon	description	Measurements. Table 5.	en	Fadeeva, Natalia, Mordukhovich, Vladimir, Zograf, Julia (2016): RevIsIon of the genus Campylaimus (DIplopeltIdae, Nematoda) wIth descrIptIon of four new specIes from the Sea of Japan. Zootaxa 4107 (2): 222-238, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4107.2.5
0D0F8782AB12FFCA0BCFFEBBFC5CB75F.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species name is derived from the Latin “ pulcher ” meaning “ noble, beautiful ”.	en	Fadeeva, Natalia, Mordukhovich, Vladimir, Zograf, Julia (2016): RevIsIon of the genus Campylaimus (DIplopeltIdae, Nematoda) wIth descrIptIon of four new specIes from the Sea of Japan. Zootaxa 4107 (2): 222-238, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4107.2.5
0D0F8782AB12FFCA0BCFFEBBFC5CB75F.taxon	description	Description. Males. Plump nematodes (a = 18 – 19) with distinct annulation (each annule 2.0 µm in height), extending along entire body. Anterior end with a clearly visible cuticular cap (Fig. 7). Oral opening located subterminally, on dorsal side of body. Buccal cavity unarmed. Four short (2 µm) cephalic setae asymmetrically placed: latero-dorsal pair of short setae located a little posterior to latero-ventral pair. Amphids comprising an elongate loop with almost equal parallel limbs connected behind the oral opening, amphidial fovea 2.6 µm wide. Prominent narrow longitudinal alae (1.5 – 2 µm) extending along body to posterior end; arising from ventral limb of amphid (Fig. 7). Amphidial glands large, prominent, situated 120 µm from anterior end of body. Significant secretory discharge visible around amphids. Pharynx cylindrical for most of length, muscular, gradually widening to the base with developed cardia. Nerve ring located in posterior part of pharynx. Cardia short, embedded in intestine. Male reproductive system diorchic, both testes short, outstretched, opposed. Spicules equal in length, curved, cephalated at proximal end. Gubernaculum absent. Short conical tail, 103 – 115 µm long (4.1 - 3 a. b. d), gradually tapering toward the distal end, tip swollen (Fig. 7). Females similar to male. Gonads paired, opposed; ovaries outstretched, not reflexed. Anterior and posterior ovaries located on the left and right side of intestine, respectively. Vulval orifice ventral, located in anterior part of body (V = 48 %). Vagina short, not thickened. Two glands surround the vulva.	en	Fadeeva, Natalia, Mordukhovich, Vladimir, Zograf, Julia (2016): RevIsIon of the genus Campylaimus (DIplopeltIdae, Nematoda) wIth descrIptIon of four new specIes from the Sea of Japan. Zootaxa 4107 (2): 222-238, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4107.2.5
0D0F8782AB12FFCA0BCFFEBBFC5CB75F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The distinctive feature of C. pulcher sp. nov. is the elongate loop-shaped amphid with almost equal parallel limbs with invisible gap, prominent narrow longitudinal alae and cephalated proximal spicules without gubernaculum. Differential diagnosis. In amphid structure, C. pulcher sp. nov. is similar to four congeners: C. cylindricus, С. abditus, C. minor, and C. orientalis sp. nov.. The specimens of C. pulcher sp. nov. differ from C. cylindricus (described only from females) by having a shorter (690 – 755 µm vs 1095 µm in C. cylindricus) and broader body (a = 19 vs 31, respectively), and a shorter amphid (32 – 37 µm vs 48 µm). The new species differs from С. abditus by the presence of the prominent narrow longitudinal alae (vs absent in C. abditus), absence of the gubernaculum (vs present in C. abditus) and relatively longer tail (c = 6.6 – 6.9 vs 9.1). Campylaimus pulcher sp. nov. differs from C. minor (described only from females) by the size of the body (690 µm vs 384 µm) and by having a relatively shorter tail (4.3 a. b. d. vs 5 a. b. d.). The new species differs from C. orientalis sp. nov. in numerous respects, including the amphid shape (ventral and dorsal parallel limbs without space between them vs space about 2 µm between them in C. orientalis) and in the absence of two pairs of small postcloacal setae (vs present in C. orientalis sp. nov.).	en	Fadeeva, Natalia, Mordukhovich, Vladimir, Zograf, Julia (2016): RevIsIon of the genus Campylaimus (DIplopeltIdae, Nematoda) wIth descrIptIon of four new specIes from the Sea of Japan. Zootaxa 4107 (2): 222-238, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4107.2.5
