taxonID	type	description	language	source
0E4E223A5914FFEB86F3271149E8F989.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype (IZCAS-I-A 1236 - 1), male, 11.3 mm, a spring in Fanjia Village (39 ° 24 ′ N, 111 ° 23 ′ E), altitude 1008 m, Pianguan County, Xinzhou City, Shanxi Province, China, 20. v. 2012, collected by J. Li and Z. Chen. Paratypes (from IZCAS-I-A 1236 - 2 to IZCAS-I- A 1236 - 15): eight males and six females, same data as holotype. Other material Three males and two females (from IZCAS-I-A 1237 - 1 to IZCAS-I-A 1237 - 5, voucher number 1237), altitude 1017 m, a brook through Fanjia Village (39 ° 26 ′ N, 111 ° 24 ′ E), Pianguan County, Xinzhou City, Shanxi Province, China. 20. v. 2012, collected by J. Li and Z. Chen. Eight males and five females (from IZCAS-I- A 1243 - 1 to IZCAS-I-A 1243 - 13, voucher number 1243), Sanchuan River (37 ° 26 ′ N, 110 ° 55 ′ E), altitude 805 m, Liulin County, Shanxi Province, China, 25. v. 2012, collected by J. Li and Z. Chen. Three males and three females (from IZCAS-I-A 1128 a- 1 to IZCAS-I- A 1128 a- 6, voucher number 1128 a), Huaidao Town (38 ° 40 ′ N, 112 ° 14 ′ E), altitude 1679 m, Ningwu County, Shanxi Province, China, 1. ix. 2010, collected by Y. Zong. Twelve males and ten females (from IZCAS-I-A 1238 - 1 to IZCAS-I-A 1238 - 22, voucher number 1238), Leiming Temple (38 ° 49 ′ N, 112 ° 05 ′ E) near the source of the Fenhe River, altitude 1601 m, Ningwu, Shanxi Province, China, 23. v. 2012, collected by J. Li and Z. Chen. Nine males and two females (from IZCAS-I-A 1240 - 1 to IZCAS-I-A 1240 - 11, voucher number 1240), source of the Fenhe River (38 ° 48 ′ N, 112 ° 05 ′ E), altitude 575 m, Ningwu County, Shanxi Province, China, 23. v. 2012, collected by J. Li and Z. Chen. Etymology The specific name is from the Latin incoercitus (free), referring to freely swimming for this animal. Diagnosis Merus to carpus of pereopod 3 with long, curled setae on posterior margin; epimeral plates 2, 3 with suba- cute posterodistal corners; inner ramus of uropod 3 reaching about 0.6 times the length of outer ramus, outer margin with two groups of spines but few setae. Description Holotype, male Body length: 11.3 mm. Head (Fig. 4 A): eyes reniform, inferior antennal sinus deep, lateral cephalic lobe nearly straight. Antenna 1 (Fig. 4 B, C): peduncular articles 1 – 3 in length ratio 1.0: 0.7: 0.4, with setae on distal corners; flagellum with 26 articles bearing aesthetascs; accessory flagellum with four articles; both primary and accessory flagella with short distal setae. Antenna 2 (Fig. 4 D, E): peduncular articles 3 – 5 in length ratio 1.0: 3.6: 3.8, peduncular articles 4, 5 with clusters of lateral and medial setae; flagellum with ten articles and one tiny distal article, calceoli present in articles 1 – 7. Upper lip (Fig. 4 F): ventral margin rounded, bearing minute setae. Mandible (Fig. 4 H, I): left mandible incisor with five teeth; lacinia mobilis with four teeth, spine row with seven pairs of plumose setae along ventral margin; palp articles 1 – 3 in length ratio 1.0: 2.9: 1.8; article 2 armed with 11 marginal setae; article 3 with three A-setae and two clusters of B-setae, plus 21 D-setae and five E-setae apically; incisor of right mandible with four teeth, lacinia mobilis bifurcate, with small teeth. Lower lip (Fig. 4 G): inner lobes lacking, outer lobes covered with thin setae. Maxilla 1 asymmetrical (Fig. 4 J, K), left inner plate with 14 plumose setae on medial margin; outer plate with 11 robust serrated apical spines, each spines with small teeth; article 2 of palp with seven slender spines and two stiff setae apically; article 2 of right palp with six stout spines and one stiff seta and one slender spine. Maxilla 2 (Fig. 4 L): inner plate with 15 plumose facial setae in an oblique row; inner and outer plates with long setae apically. Maxilliped (Fig. 4 M): inner plate with three stout apical and one subapical spine, some plumose setae along ventral margin; outer plate bearing a row of blade-like spines and five plumose setae apically; palp article 4 hooked, with a group of setae at hinge of unguis. Gnathopod 1 (Fig. 5 A, C): coxal plate bearing two setae and one seta on anterior and posterior margins, respectively; basis with setae on anterior and posterior margins; carpus about 1.6 times as long as wide, about 0.7 times as long as propodus, posterior margin bearing short setae; propodus oval, palm with one medial spine and 14 spines on posterior margin and facial surface; dactylus with one seta on outer margin. Gnathopod 2 (Fig. 5 B, D): coxal plate bearing two setae and one seta on anterior and posterior margins, respectively; basis with setae on anterior and posterior margins, posterodistal corner with short setae; carpus about 1.6 times as long as wide, about 0.8 times as long as propodus, bearing eight clusters of setae along ventral margin, two clusters of setae on dorsal margin; propodus palm margin with one medial spine and five spines on lateral posterodistal corner; dactylus with one seta on outer margin. Pereopod 3 (Fig. 6 A, F): coxal plate bearing two setae and one seta on anteroventral and posterior margins; basis elongate, with setae along anterior and posterior margins; merus with long, curled setae on posterior margin; carpus with groups of spines accompanied by long, curled setae on posterior margin; propodus with six groups of spines accompanied by short setae on posterior margin; dactylus with one plumose seta on posterior margin, and two setae at hinge of unguis. Pereopod 4 (Fig. 6 B, G): coxal plate excavated, bearing two setae on anterior margin and six setae on posterior margin; merus with clusters of setae on posterior margin; carpus to propodus with groups of spines accompanied by setae on posterior margin; dactylus with one plumose seta on posterior margin, and two setae at hinge of unguis. Pereopod 5 (Fig. 6 C, H): coxal plate bearing one seta on anterior and posterior margins, respectively; basis with five spines on anterior margin, anterodistal corner with two spines, posterior margin with a row of ten setae; merus to propodus with groups of spines on anterior margin; dactylus with one plumose seta on posterior margin, and two setae at hinge of unguis. Pereopod 6 (Fig. 6 D, I): coxal plate bearing one seta on posterior margin; basis elongate, with two setae and five spines on anterior margin, anterodistal corner with two spines, posterior margin dwindling distally, with a row of 12 setae; merus to propodus with groups of spines on anterior margin; dactylus with one plumose seta on posterior margin, and two setae at hinge of unguis. Pereopod 7 (Fig. 6 E, J): coxal plate bearing four setae on posterior margin; basis with four setae and five spines on anterior margin, anterodistal corner with two spines, posterior margin with a row of 15 setae; merus to propodus with groups of spines accompanied by a few setae on anterior margin; dactylus with one plumose seta on posterior margin, and two setae at hinge of unguis. Coxal gills: coxal gill of gnathopod 2 and gills of pereopods 3 – 5 a little shorter than bases; gill of pereopod 6 more than half length of basis; gill of pereopod 7 smallest, less than half of basis. Epimeral plates (Fig. 7 A – C): plate 1 ventrally rounded, bearing three setae on anteroventral margin and three setae on posterior margin; plate 2 with three spines on ventral margin, three setae on posterior margin, posterodistal corner subacute; plate 3 with four spines on ventral margin, three setae on posterior margin, posterodistal corner acute. Pleopods 1 – 3 similar (Fig. 7 E – G), peduncles with one or two retinacula accompanied by one or two setae; outer ramus slightly shorter than inner ramus, both rami fringed with plumose setae. Urosomites 1 – 3 (Fig. 7 D): urosomite 1 with two−two−two spines accompanied by setae on dorsal margin. Urosomite 2 with three−two−two spines accompanied by setae on dorsal margin. Urosomite 3 with one spine and three spines accompanied by one seta on each side. Uropods 1 – 3 (Fig. 7 H – J): uropod 1 peduncle with one basofacial spine, with two spines on outer and inner margins, two and one spine on outer and inner distal corners, respectively; both rami with two spines on inner margins and five terminal spines. Uropod 2 short, peduncle bearing one spine on each margin and one distal spine on each corner; inner and outer rami both with one spine on inner margins and five terminal spines. Uropod 3 peduncle with one spine on surface and five distal spines; inner ramus about 1.6 times as long as peduncle, reaching 0.6 times the length of outer ramus, with two spines on inner margin, with plumose setae and a few simple setae along inner and outer margins, bearing two apical spines accompanied by simple setae; article 1 of outer ramus with three pairs of spines accompanied by simple setae and a few plumose setae on outer margin; terminal article with simple setae, longer than adjacent spines. Telson (Fig. 7 K): completely cleft, as long as wide, each lobe with three clusters of setae and one spine accompanied by setae on surface, with two distal spines accompanied by setae. Female, paratype (IZCAS-I-A 1236 - 2) Body length: 9.8 mm. Gnathopod 1 (Fig. 8 A, C): coxal plate bearing two setae on anterior margin and one seta on posterior margin; basis with setae on posterior margin; propodus oval, palm with six spines on posterior margin; dactylus with one seta on outer margin. Gnathopod 2 (Fig. 8 B, D): coxal plate bearing two setae on anterior margin and one seta on posterior margin; basis with short setae on anterior and posterior margins, posterodistal corner with short setae; propodus subrectangular, palm margin with six spines on posterodistal corner, bearing simple setae along anterior and posterior margins; dactylus with one seta on outer margin. Pereopods 3, 4 (Fig. 9 A, B): with shorter setae on posterior margin than those of male. Pereopods 5 – 7 (Fig. 9 C – E): similar to those of male. Uropods 1 – 3 (Fig. 7 L – N): uropods 1 and 2 similar to those of male. Uropod 3 peduncle with one spine accompanied by two setae on surface and six distal spines; inner ramus about 1.3 times as long as peduncle, reaching 0.6 times the length of outer ramus, with one spine and some plumose setae on lateral margin; article 1 of outer ramus with two pairs of spines and one single spine accompanied by simple setae and three plumose setae on outer margin; terminal article longer than adjacent spines. Telson (Fig. 9 F): cleft, similar to that of male. Oostegite (Fig. 9 G – J): oostegite of gnathopod 2 broad, with marginal setae, oostegites of pereopods 3 and 4 elongate, oostegite of pereopod 5 smallest. Habitat Gammarus incoercitus sp. nov. was found in six localities in northern parts of the Lüliang Mts. Specimens were collected near the source of the Fenhe River or upper reaches of brooks with no signs of pollution. Remarks The genus Gammarus is widely distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Up to now, there are about 70 recorded species in China, which are separated into north-west and south-east groups driven by the uplift of the Tibet Plateau (Hou et al., 2007). The species discussed in this paper belong to the southeast group. This new species, G. incoercitus, can be distinguished from the closely related species G. shanxiensis (character states in parentheses) by the following characters: merus to carpus of pereopod 3 with long, curled setae on posterior margin (with short setae on posterior margin); epimeral plate 3 with acute posterodistal corner (subacute); and inner ramus of uropod 3 reaching about 0.6 times the length of outer ramus (0.8 times the length of outer ramus).	en	Hou, Zhonge, Li, Junbo, Li, Shuqiang (2014): Diversification of low dispersal crustaceans through mountain uplift: a case study of Gammarus (Amphipoda: Gammaridae) with descriptions of four novel species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 170 (4): 591-633, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12119, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12119
0E4E223A590CFFE386F7239C4CA3FDD0.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype (IZCAS-I-A 1207 - 1), male, 11.2 mm, Wulaofeng Natural Landscape Area (34 ° 48 ′ N, 110 ° 34 ′ E), altitude 1018 m, Yongji County, Shanxi Province, China, 29. iv. 2012, collected by J. Li and Z. Hou. Paratypes (from IZCAS-I-A 1207 - 2 to IZCAS-I-A 1207 - 25): 15 males and nine females, same data as holotype. Other material Five males and five females (from IZCAS-I-A 1241 - 1 to IZCAS-I-A 1241 - 10, voucher number 1241), Pangquangou Natural Reserve (37 ° 53 ′ N, 111 ° 26 ′ E), altitude 1936 m, Fangshan County, Shanxi Province, China, 24. v. 2012, collected by J. Li and Z. Chen. Etymology The specific name is from the Latin benignus (kind), in reference to the nice habitat of this species; adjective. Diagnosis Eyes oval; pereopod 3 with long, straight setae on posterior margin; epimeral plates 2, 3 with blunt posterodistal corners; uropod 3 slender, inner ramus reaching about 0.4 times the length of outer ramus. Description Holotype: male Body length: 11.2 mm. Head (Fig. 10 A): eyes oval, inferior antennal sinus deep, lateral cephalic lobe nearly straight. Antenna 1 (Fig. 10 B, C): peduncular articles 1 – 3 in length ratio 1.0: 0.8: 0.4, with distal setae; flagellum with 35 articles, most with aesthetascs; accessory flagellum with five articles; both primary and accessory flagella with short distal setae. Antenna 2 (Fig. 10 D, E): peduncular articles 3 – 5 in length ratio 1.0: 3.8: 3.6, peduncular articles 4, 5 with clusters of lateral and medial setae; flagellum with 15 articles and one tiny distal article, bearing setae along ventral margins; calceoli present in articles 1 – 8. Upper lip (Fig. 10 F): ventral margin rounded, bearing minute setae. Mandible (Fig. 10 H, I): left mandible incisor with five teeth; lacinia mobilis with four teeth, spine row with five pairs of plumose setae along ventral margin; palp articles 1 – 3 in length ratio 1.0: 2.5: 1.7; article 2 armed with 15 marginal setae; article 3 with four A-setae and two clusters of B-setae, plus 16 D-setae and five E-setae apically; incisor of right mandible with four teeth, lacinia mobilis bifurcate, with small teeth. Lower lip (Fig. 10 G): inner lobes lacking, outer lobes covered with thin setae. Maxilla 1 asymmetrical (Fig. 10 J, K), left inner plate with 13 plumose setae on medial margin; outer plate with 11 robust serrated apical spines, each spines with small teeth; article 2 of palp with nine slender spines and two stiff setae apically; article 2 of right palp with five stout spines, one stiff seta and one slender spine. Maxilla 2 (Fig. 10 L): inner plate with 14 plumose facial setae in an oblique row; inner and outer plates with long setae apically. Maxilliped (Fig. 10 M): inner plate with three stout apical spines and one subapical spine, some plumose setae along ventral margin; outer plate bearing a row of blade-like spines and three plumose setae apically; palp article 4 hooked, with a group of setae at hinge of unguis. Gnathopod 1 (Fig. 11 A, C): coxal plate bearing three and five setae on anterior and posterior margins, respectively; basis with setae on anterior and posterior margins; carpus about 1.3 times as long as wide, about 0.7 times as long as propodus, posterior margin bearing short setae; propodus oval, palm with one medial spine and 18 spines on posterior margin and facial surface, respectively; dactylus with one seta on outer margin. Gnathopod 2 (Fig. 11 B, D): coxal plate bearing four setae on anterior margin and four setae on posterior margin; basis with setae on anterior and posterior margins, posterodistal corner with short setae; carpus about 1.7 times as long as wide, about 0.8 times as long as propodus, with parallel margins, bearing eight clusters of setae along ventral margin, two clusters of setae on dorsal margin; propodus palm ovate, palm margin with one medial spine and five spines on posterodistal corner; dactylus with one seta on outer margin. Pereopod 3 (Fig. 12 A, F): coxal plate bearing four setae and three setae on anteroventral and posterior margins, respectively; basis elongate, with short setae along anterior and posterior margins; merus to carpus with long, straight setae on posterior margin; carpus with groups of spines on posterior margin; propodus with five groups of spines accompanied by short setae on posterior margin; dactylus with one plumose seta on posterior margin and two setae at hinge of unguis. Pereopod 4 (Fig. 12 B, G): coxal plate excavated, bearing three setae on anterior margin and seven setae on posterior margin; basis with one spine accompanied by short setae on anterodistal corner; merus with clusters of setae on posterior margin and one spine on anterior margin, anterodistal corner with one spine accompanied by some setae; carpus and propodus with groups of spines accompanied by short setae on posterior margin; dactylus with one plumose seta on anterior margin and two setae at hinge of unguis. Pereopod 5 (Fig. 12 C, H): coxal plate bearing four setae on posterior margin; basis with two clusters of setae and six spines on anterior margin, anterodistal corner with two spines, posterior margin with a row of 12 setae; merus to propodus with groups of spines on anterior margin; dactylus with one plumose seta on posterior margin and two setae at hinge of unguis. Pereopod 6 (Fig. 12 D, I): coxal plate bearing one seta and three setae on anterior and posterior margins, respectively; basis elongate, with two clusters of setae and five spines on anterior margin, anterodistal corner with two spines, posterior margin dwindling distally, with a row of 17 setae; merus to propodus with groups of spines on anterior margin, propodus with three groups of setae on posterior margin; dactylus with one plumose seta on posterior margin, and two setae at hinge of unguis. Pereopod 7 (Fig. 12 E, J): coxal plate bearing five setae on posterior margin; basis with two clusters of setae and four spines on anterior margin, anterodistal corner with two spines, posterior margin with a row of 18 setae, inner surface with one spine accompanied by one seta; merus to propodus with groups of spines accompanied by few setae on anterior margin, propodus with two clusters of setae on posterior margin; dactylus with one plumose seta on posterior margin, and two setae at hinge of unguis. Coxal gills: coxal gill of gnathopod 2 and gills of pereopods 3 – 5 a little shorter than bases; gill of pereopod 5 more than half length of basis; gill of pereopod 7 smallest, less than half of basis. Epimeral plates (Fig. 13 A – C): plate 1 ventrally rounded, bearing four long setae and four short setae on anteroventral margin, with four setae on posterior margin; plate 2 with two spines on ventral margin and three setae on posterior margin, posterodistal corner blunt; plate 3 with four spines on ventral margin and six setae on posterior margin, posterodistal corner blunt. Pleopods 1 – 3 similar (Fig. 13 E – G), peduncles with one or two retinacula accompanied by one setae; inner and outer rami fringed with plumose setae. Urosomites 1 – 3 (Fig. 13 D): urosomite 1 with onetwo−one spine accompanied by setae on dorsal margin. Urosomite 2 with two−one−one−two spines accompanied by setae on dorsal margin. Urosomite 3 with two spines accompanied by one seta on each side. Uropods 1 – 3 (Fig. 13 H – J): uropod 1 peduncle with one basofacial spine, three spines on outer margin and one spine on inner margin, with two and one spines on outer and inner distal corners, respectively; outer ramus with two spines on outer margin and one spine on inner margin; inner ramus with one spine on inner margin; both rami with five terminal spines. Uropod 2 short, peduncle bearing two spines on outer margin, with one distal spine on each corner; outer ramus with one spine on outer margin and one spine on inner margin; inner ramus with two spines on inner margin. Uropod 3 slender, peduncle with one spine accompanied by two setae on surface and five distal spines; inner ramus about 1.2 times as long as peduncle, reaching 0.4 times the length of outer ramus, with one spine accompanied by plumose setae on inner margin, bearing three apical spines accompanied by simple setae; article 1 of outer ramus with two pairs of spines and one single spine on outer margin, both margins with plumose setae; terminal article slightly shorter than adjacent spines. Telson (Fig. 13 K): deeply cleft, as long as wide, each lobe with one spine accompanied by three setae and clusters of setae on surface, bearing two distal spines accompanied by five setae. Female: paratype (IZCAS-I-A 1207 - 2) Body length: 10.5 mm. Gnathopod 1 (Fig. 14 A, C): coxal plate bearing four setae on anterior margin and four setae on posterior margin; basis with setae on anterior and posterior margins; propodus oval, palm with seven spines on posterior margin; dactylus with one seta on outer margin. Gnathopod 2 (Fig. 14 B, D): coxal plate bearing five setae and four setae on anterior and posterior margins, respectively; basis with setae on anterior and posterior margins, posterodistal corner with short setae; propodus subrectangular, palm margin with four spines on posterodistal corner, bearing simple setae along anterior and posterior margins; dactylus with one seta on outer margin. Pereopods 3, 4 (Fig. 15 A, B): with shorter setae on posterior margin than those of male. Pereopods 5 – 7 (Fig. 15 C – E): similar to those of male. Uropods 1 – 3 (Fig. 13 L – N): uropods 1 and 2 similar to those of male. Uropod 3 peduncle with one spine accompanied by setae on surface and four distal spines; inner ramus as long as peduncle, reaching 0.4 times the length of outer ramus, with one spine and plumose setae on inner margin; article 1 of outer ramus with two pairs of spines and one single spine accompanied by simple and plumose setae on outer margin, inner margin with one spine and plumose setae; terminal article longer than adjacent spines. Telson (Fig. 15 F): cleft, similar to that of male. Oostegite (Fig. 15 G – J): oostegite of gnathopod 2 broad, with marginal setae, oostegites of pereopods 3 and 4 elongate, oostegite of pereopod 5 smallest. Habitat This species was found in two sites in southern parts of the Lüliang Mts. Samples were collected along brooks flowing from the peak of the mountain, under rotten leaves. However, they are absent near the entrance of the scenic area, probably because of the vast numbers of tourists. Remarks Gammarus benignus sp. nov. can be distinguished from its sibling species G. shanxiensis (character states in parentheses) by the following characters: pereopod 3 with long, straight setae on posterior margin (with short setae on posterior margin); epimeral plates 2, 3 posterodistal corners blunt (subacute); and uropod 3 slender, inner ramus reaching about 0.4 times the length of outer ramus (0.8 times the length of outer ramus).	en	Hou, Zhonge, Li, Junbo, Li, Shuqiang (2014): Diversification of low dispersal crustaceans through mountain uplift: a case study of Gammarus (Amphipoda: Gammaridae) with descriptions of four novel species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 170 (4): 591-633, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12119, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12119
0E4E223A590CFFE386F7239C4CA3FDD0.taxon	description	Gammarus benignus sp. nov. differs from G. incoercitus (character states in parentheses) by eyes oval (reniform); pereopod 3 with long, straight setae on posterior margin (curled setae); and inner ramus reaching about 0.4 times the length of outer ramus (0.6 times the length of outer ramus).	en	Hou, Zhonge, Li, Junbo, Li, Shuqiang (2014): Diversification of low dispersal crustaceans through mountain uplift: a case study of Gammarus (Amphipoda: Gammaridae) with descriptions of four novel species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 170 (4): 591-633, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12119, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12119
0E4E223A5904FFDB857627454B8EFC10.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype (IZCAS-I-A 1253 - 1), male, 12.1 mm, Taiyue Mt National Forest Park (36 ° 39 ′ N, 112 ° 00 ′ E), altitude 1829 m, Linfen City, Shanxi Province, China, 30. v. 2012, collected by J. Li and Z. Chen. Paratypes (from IZCAS-I-A 1253 - 2 to IZCAS-I-A 1253 - 20), ten males and nine females, same data as holotype. Other material Eight males and five females (from IZCAS-I-A 1250 - 1 to IZCAS-I-A 1250 - 13, voucher number 1250), Taotangyu (36 ° 29 ′ N, 111 ° 51 ′ E), altitude 1258 m, Huozhou City, Shanxi Province, China, 28. v. 2012, collected by J. Li and Z. Chen. Fifteen males and six females (from IZCAS-I-A 1250 - 1 to IZCAS-I-A 1250 - 21, voucher number 1247), Mianshan Mt (36 ° 51 ′ N, 112 ° 00 ′ E), altitude 1558 m, Jiexiu City, Shanxi Province, China, 26. v. 2012, collected by J. Li and Z. Chen. Etymology The specific name is from the Latin monticellus (mountain), in reference to the habitat of this species; noun. Diagnosis Merus to carpus of pereopod 3 with long, curled setae on posterior margin; epimeral plates 2, 3 with blunt posterodistal corners; inner ramus of uropod 3 reaching about 0.6 times length of outer ramus, both margins densely set with plumose setae. Description Holotype: male Body length: 12.1 mm. Head (Fig. 16 A): eyes reniform, inferior antennal sinus deep, lateral cephalic lobe nearly straight. Antenna 1 (Fig. 16 B, C): peduncular articles 1 – 3 in length ratio 1.0: 0.8: 0.4, with distal setae; flagellum with 35 articles, most with aesthetascs; accessory flagellum with four articles; both primary and accessory flagella with short distal setae. Antenna 2 (Fig. 16 D, E): peduncular articles 3 – 5 in length ratio 1.0: 2.8: 2.6, peduncular articles 4, 5 with clusters of lateral and medial setae; flagellum with 13 articles and one tiny distal article; calceoli present in articles 1 – 8. Upper lip (Fig. 16 F): ventral margin rounded, bearing minute setae. Mandible (Fig. 16 H, I): left mandible incisor with five teeth; lacinia mobilis with four teeth, spine row with six pairs of plumose setae along ventral margin; palp articles 1 – 3 in length ratio 1.0: 2.7: 1.9; article 2 armed with nine marginal setae; article 3 with four A-setae and two clusters of B-setae, plus 18 D-setae and five E-setae apically; incisor of right mandible with four teeth, lacinia mobilis bifurcate, with small teeth. Lower lip (Fig. 16 G): inner lobes lacking, outer lobes covered with thin setae. Maxilla 1 asymmetrical (Fig. 16 J, K), left inner plate with 16 plumose setae on medial margin; outer plate with 11 robust, serrated apical spines, each spines with small teeth; article 2 of palp with nine slender spines apically; article 2 of right palp with five stout spines, one stiff seta and one slender spine. Maxilla 2 (Fig. 16 L): inner plate with 17 plumose setae in an oblique row; inner and outer plates with long setae apically. Maxilliped (Fig. 16 M): inner plate with three stout apical spines and one subapical spine, some plumose setae along ventral margin; outer plate bearing a row of blade-like spines and four plumose setae apically; palp article 4 hooked, with a group of setae at hinge of unguis. Gnathopod 1 (Fig. 17 A, C): coxal plate bearing three setae and one seta on anterior and posterior margins, respectively; basis with setae on anterior and posterior margins; carpus about 1.4 times as long as wide, about 0.6 times as long as propodus, posterior margin bearing short setae; propodus oval, palm with one medial spine and 13 spines on posterior margin and facial surface; dactylus with one seta on outer margin. Gnathopod 2 (Fig. 17 B, D): coxal plate bearing three setae and one seta on anterior and posterior margins, respectively; basis with long setae on anterior and posterior margins, posterodistal corner with short setae; carpus about 1.7 times as long as wide, about 0.9 times as long as propodus, with parallel margins, bearing nine clusters of setae along ventral margin and two clusters of setae on dorsal margin; propodus palm ovate, palm margin with one medial spine and five spines on lateral posterodistal corner; dactylus with one seta on outer margin. Pereopod 3 (Fig. 18 A, F): coxal plate bearing three setae and one seta on anteroventral and posterior margins, respectively; basis with long setae along posterior margin; merus with long, curled setae on posterior margin; carpus to propodus with groups of spines accompanied by long, curled setae on posterior margin; dactylus with one plumose seta on posterior margin and two setae at hinge of unguis. Pereopod 4 (Fig. 18 B, G): coxal plate excavated, bearing three setae on anterior margin and four setae on posterior margin; basis with long setae on posterior margin; merus with clusters of straight setae on posterior margin; carpus to propodus with groups of spines accompanied by setae on posterior margin; dactylus with one plumose seta on posterior margin and two setae at hinge of unguis. Pereopod 5 (Fig. 18 C, H): coxal plate bearing one seta on anterior margin and four setae on posterior margin; basis with one seta and five spines on anterior margin, anterodistal corner with one spine, posterior margin with a row of 11 setae; merus to propodus with groups of spines on anterior margin; dactylus with one plumose seta on posterior margin and two setae at hinge of unguis. Pereopod 6 (Fig. 18 D, I): coxal plate bearing three setae on posterior margin; basis elongate, with three seta and four spines on anterior margin, anterodistal corner with two spines, posterior margin dwindling distally, with a row of 12 setae; merus to propodus with groups of spines on anterior margin; dactylus with one plumose seta on posterior margin and two setae at hinge of unguis. Pereopod 7 (Fig. 18 E, J): coxal plate bearing four setae on posterior margin; basis with four setae and five spines on anterior margin, anterodistal corner with one spine, posterior margin with a row of 13 setae, inner surface with two spines; merus to propodus with groups of spines on anterior margin; dactylus with one plumose seta on posterior margin and two setae at hinge of unguis. Coxal gills: coxal gill of gnathopod 2 and gills of pereopods 3 – 5 a little shorter than bases; gill of pereopod 6 more than half length of basis; gill of pereopod 7 smallest, less than half of basis. Epimeral plates (Fig. 19 A – C): plate 1 ventrally rounded, bearing two setae on anteroventral margin, three setae on posterior margin; plate 2 with one seta and three spines on ventral margin, four setae on posterior margin, posterodistal corner blunt; plate 3 with two spines on ventral margin, two setae on posterior margin, posterodistal corner blunt. Pleopods 1 – 3 similar (Fig. 19 E – G), peduncles with one or two retinacula accompanied by one or two setae; outer ramus slightly shorter than inner ramus, both rami fringed with plumose setae. Urosomites 1 – 3 (Fig. 19 D): Urosomite 1 with twoone−one−two spines accompanied by setae on dorsal margin. Urosomite 2 with one−one−one−two spines accompanied by setae on dorsal margin. Urosomite 3 with two spines accompanied by one seta on each side. Uropods 1 – 3 (Fig. 19 H – J): uropod 1 peduncle with one basofacial spine, with three spines on outer margin, one spine on inner margin, two and one spines on outer and inner distal corners, respectively; inner and outer rami both with one spine on inner margins and five terminal spines. Uropod 2 short, peduncle bearing two spines on outer margin, one spine on each corner; outer ramus with one spine on outer margin; inner ramus with one spine on inner margin. Uropod 3 peduncle with one spine accompanied by one seta on surface and four distal spines; inner ramus about 1.6 times as long as peduncle, reaching 0.6 times the length of outer ramus, with one spine on inner margin and two apical spines accompanied by simple setae; article 1 of outer ramus with two pairs of spines and one single spine on outer margin; terminal article longer than adjacent spines, both margins of inner and outer ramus densely set with plumose setae. Telson (Fig. 19 K): deeply cleft, as long as wide, each lobe with clusters of setae and one spine accompanied by two setae on surface, bearing two or three apical spines accompanied by setae. Female, paratype (IZCAS-I-A 1253 - 2) Body length: 10.4 mm. Gnathopod 1 (Fig. 20 A, C): coxal plate bearing three setae and two setae on anterior and posterior margins, respectively; basis with setae on anterior and posterior margins; propodus oval, palm with four spines on posterior margin; dactylus with one seta on outer margin. Gnathopod 2 (Fig. 20 B, D): coxal plate bearing three setae and one seta on anterior and posterior margins, respectively; basis with short setae on anterior and posterior margins, posterodistal corner with short setae; propodus subrectangular, palm margin with four spines on posterodistal corner, bearing simple setae along anterior and posterior margins; dactylus with one seta on outer margin. Pereopods 3, 4 (Fig. 21 A, B): with shorter setae on posterior margin than those of male. Pereopods 5 – 7 (Fig. 21 C – E): similar to those of male. Uropods 1 – 3 (Fig. 19 L – N): uropods 1 and 2 similar to those of male. Uropod 3 peduncle with one spine accompanied by one seta on surface and four distal spines; inner ramus about 1.4 times as long as peduncle, reaching 0.6 times the length of outer ramus, with two spines accompanied by plumose setae on lateral margin; article 1 of outer ramus with three pairs of spines accompanied by simple setae on outer margin; terminal article longer than adjacent spines. Telson (Fig. 21 F): cleft, each lobe with two clusters of setae and one spine accompanied by two setae on surface, bearing four or three distal spines accompanied by setae. Oostegite (Fig. 21 G – J): oostegite of gnathopod 2 broad, with marginal setae, oostegites of pereopods 3 and 4 elongate, oostegite of pereopod 5 smallest. Habitat The species is currently known from three localities in Taiyue Mt., a southern branch of the Taihang Mts; where it occurs at the banks of small streams. Remarks Gammarus monticellus sp. nov. can be distinguished from G. shanxiensis (character states in parentheses) by the following characters: merus to carpus of pereopod 3 with long, curled setae on posterior margin (with short setae on posterior margin); epimeral plates 2, 3 with blunt posterodistal corners (subacute); and inner ramus of uropod 3 reaching about 0.6 times the length of outer ramus (0.8 times length of outer ramus). This species is similar to G. clarus in calceoli present in antenna 2 and both margins of uropod 3 densely set with plumose setae. It differs from G. clarus (character states in parentheses) by pereopod 3 with long, curled setae on posterior (straight setae); epimeral plate 3 with blunt posterodistal corner (acute); and urosomites flat (elevated).	en	Hou, Zhonge, Li, Junbo, Li, Shuqiang (2014): Diversification of low dispersal crustaceans through mountain uplift: a case study of Gammarus (Amphipoda: Gammaridae) with descriptions of four novel species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 170 (4): 591-633, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12119, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12119
0E4E223A593CFFD3851C210F4DCFF892.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype (IZCAS-I-A 1254 - 1), male, 8.6 mm, Huo Spring (36 ° 18 ′ N, 111 ° 48 ′ E), altitude 580 m, Hongdong County, Linfen City, Shanxi Province, China, 31. v. 2012, collected by J. Li and Z. Chen. Paratypes (from IZCAS-I-A 1254 - 2 to IZCAS-I-A 1254 - 12), six males and five females, same data as holotype. Other material Six males and six females (from IZCAS-I-A 1227 - 1 to IZCAS-I-A 1227 - 12, voucher number 1227), Queen Spring (36 ° 41 ′ N, 112 ° 32 ′ E), altitude 1034 m, Qinxian County, Shanxi Province, China, 7. v. 2012, collected by J. Li and Z. Chen. Five males and five females (from IZCAS-I-A 1229 - 1 to IZCAS-I-A 1229 - 10, voucher number 1229), Nianziguan Spring (37 ° 58 ′ N, 113 ° 52 ′ E), altitude 370 m, Yangquan City, Shanxi Province, China, 9. v. 2012, collected by J. Li and Z. Chen. Ten males and six females (from IZCAS- I-A 1216 - 1 to IZCAS-I-A 1216 - 16, voucher number 1216), Chitougou Spring (35 ° 28 ′ N, 112 ° 32 ′ E), altitude 581 m, Beiliu Town, Yangcheng County, Shanxi Province, China, 2. v. 2012, collected by J. Li and Z. Chen. Seven males and five females (from IZCAS-I-A 1221 - 1 to IZCAS-I-A 1221 - 12, voucher number 1221), Xin’an Spring (36 ° 22 ′ N, 113 ° 23 ′ E), altitude 919 m, Lucheng County, Shanxi Province, China, 5. v. 2012, collected by J. Li and Z. Chen. Etymology The specific name is from the Latin pisinnus (little), indicating the small size of this species; adjective. Diagnosis Eyes reniform; merus to carpus of pereopod 3 with long, straight setae on posterior margin; epimeral plates 2, 3 with few seta on posterior margin; inner ramus of uropod 3 reaching about 0.6 times length of outer ramus. Description Holotype: male Body length: 8.6 mm. Head (Fig. 22 A): eyes reniform, inferior antennal sinus deep, lateral cephalic lobe nearly straight. Antenna 1 (Fig. 22 B, C): peduncular articles 1 – 3 in length ratio 1.0: 0.9: 0.4, with distal setae; flagellum with 28 articles, most with aesthetascs; accessory flagellum with four articles; both primary and accessory flagella with short distal setae. Antenna 2 (Fig. 22 D, E): peduncular articles 3 – 5 in length ratio 1.0: 2.8: 2.6, peduncular articles 4, 5 with clusters of lateral and medial setae; flagellum with 12 articles; calceoli present in articles 1 – 7. Upper lip (Fig. 22 F): ventral margin rounded, bearing minute setae. Mandible (Fig. 22 H, I): left mandible incisor with five teeth; lacinia mobilis with four teeth, spine row with six pairs of plumose setae along ventral margin; palp articles 1 – 3 in length ratio 1.0: 2.0: 1.8; article 2 armed with 12 marginal setae; article 3 with six A-setae and four B-setae, plus 16 D-setae and five E-setae apically; incisor of right mandible with four teeth, lacinia mobilis bifurcate, with small teeth. Lower lip (Fig. 22 G): inner lobes lacking, outer lobes covered with thin setae. Maxilla 1 asymmetrical (Fig. 22 J, K), left inner plate with 18 plumose setae on medial margin; outer plate with 11 robust, serrated apical spines, each spines with small teeth; article 2 of palp with nine slender spines and one seta apically; article 2 of right palp with five stout spines, one stiff seta, and one slender spine. Maxilla 2 (Fig. 22 L): inner plate with 15 plumose setae in an oblique row; inner and outer plates with long setae apically. Maxilliped (Fig. 22 M): inner plate with three stout apical spines and one subapical spine, some plumose setae along ventral margin; outer plate bearing a row of blade-like spines and four plumose setae apically; palp article 4 hooked, with a group of setae at hinge of unguis. Gnathopod 1 (Fig. 23 A, C): coxal plate bearing four setae on anterior margin and one seta on posterior margin; basis with setae on anterior and posterior margins; carpus about 1.3 times as long as wide, about 0.6 times as long as propodus, posterior margin bearing short setae; propodus oval, palm with one medial spine and 11 spines on posterior margin and facial surface; dactylus with one seta on outer margin. Gnathopod 2 (Fig. 23 B, D): coxal plate bearing three setae on anterior margin and one seta on posterior margin; basis with long setae on anterior and posterior margins, posterodistal corner with short setae; carpus about 1.5 times as long as wide, about 0.6 times as long as propodus, bearing six clusters of setae along ventral margin, two clusters of setae on dorsal margin; propodus palm ovate, palm margin with one medial spine and five spines on lateral posterodistal corner; dactylus with one seta on outer margin. Pereopod 3 (Fig. 24 A, F): coxal plate bearing two setae on anteroventral margin and one seta on posterior margin; basis elongate, with setae along posterior margins; merus with long, straight setae on posterior margin; carpus to propodus with groups of spines accompanied by long setae on posterior margin; dactylus with one plumose seta on posterior margin, and two setae at hinge of unguis. Pereopod 4 (Fig. 24 B, G): coxal plate excavated, bearing two setae on anterior margin and three setae on posterior margin; basis with setae on posterior margin; merus with straight setae on posterior margin; carpus to propodus with groups of spines accompanied by setae on posterior margin; dactylus with one plumose seta on posterior margin and two setae at hinge of unguis. Pereopod 5 (Fig. 24 C, H): coxal plate bearing one seta on anterior margin and two setae on posterior margin; basis with four spines on anterior margin, anterodistal corner with one spine, posterior margin with a row of eight setae; merus to propodus with groups of spines on anterior margin; dactylus with one plumose seta on posterior margin and two setae at hinge of unguis. Pereopod 6 (Fig. 24 D, I): coxal plate bearing one seta on posterior margin; basis elongate, with three setae and four spines on anterior margin, anterodistal corner with two spines, posterior margin dwindling distally, with a row of eight setae; merus to propodus with groups of spines on anterior margin, propodus with two groups of setae on posterior margin; dactylus with one plumose seta on posterior margin and two setae at hinge of unguis. Pereopod 7 (Fig. 24 E, J): coxal plate bearing one seta on anterior margin and three setae on posterior margin; basis with three setae and three spines on anterior margin, anterodistal corner with one spine, posterior margin with a row of eight setae; merus to propodus with groups of spines on anterior margin, propodus with two groups of setae on posterior margin; dactylus with one plumose seta on posterior margin and two setae at hinge of unguis. Coxal gills: coxal gill of gnathopod 2 and gills of pereopods 3 – 5 a little shorter than bases; gill of pereopod 6 more than half length of basis; gill of pereopod 7 smallest, less than half of basis. Epimeral plates (Fig. 25 A – C): plate 1 ventrally rounded, bearing three setae on anteroventral margin, two setae on posterior margin; plate 2 with two spines on ventral margin, one seta on posterior margin, posterodistal corner subacute; plate 3 with three spines on ventral margin, one seta on posterior margin, posterodistal corner acute. Pleopods 1 – 3 similar (Fig. 25 E – G), peduncles with two retinacula accompanied by one or two setae; outer ramus slightly shorter than inner ramus, both rami fringed with plumose setae. Urosomites 1 – 3 (Fig. 25 D): urosomite 1 with twotwo−two spines accompanied by setae on dorsal margin. Urosomite 2 with two−two−two spines accompanied by setae on dorsal margin. Urosomite 3 with two spines accompanied by setae on each side and one cluster of setae on dorsal margin. Uropods 1 – 3 (Fig. 25 H – J): uropod 1 peduncle with one basofacial spine, two spines on outer margin, one spine on inner margin, two and one spines on outer and inner distal corners, respectively; outer ramus with one spine on inner margin; inner ramus with two spines on inner margin; both rami with five terminal spines. Uropod 2 short, peduncle bearing one spine on outer margin and one spine on inner margin, with one distal spine on each corner; outer ramus with one spine on each margin; inner ramus with two spines on inner margin. Uropod 3 peduncle with one spine accompanied by two setae on surface and four distal spines; inner ramus about 1.6 times as long as peduncle, reaching 0.6 times the length of outer ramus, with two spines on inner margin accompanied by plumose setae, bearing two apical spines accompanied by simple setae; article 1 of outer ramus with three pairs of spines on outer margin, both margins set with plumose setae; terminal article longer than adjacent spines. Telson (Fig. 25 K): deeply cleft, as long as wide, each lobe with setae and one spine accompanied by two setae on surface, bearing three distal spines accompanied by setae. Female, paratype (IZCAS-I-A 1254 - 2) Body length: 6.8 mm. Gnathopod 1 (Fig. 26 A, C): coxal plate bearing two setae and one seta on anterior and posterior margins, respectively; basis with long setae on anterior and posterior margins; propodus oval, palm with five spines on posterior margin; dactylus with one seta on outer margin. Gnathopod 2 (Fig. 26 B, D): coxal plate bearing three setae and one seta on anterior and posterior margins, respectively; basis with setae on anterior and posterior margins, posterodistal corner with short setae; propodus subrectangular, palm margin with four spines on posterodistal corner, bearing simple setae along anterior and posterior margins; dactylus with one seta on outer margin. Pereopods 3, 4 (Fig. 27 A, B): with shorter setae on posterior margin than those of male. Pereopods 5 – 7 (Fig. 27 C – E): similar to those of male, but a little stout. Uropods 1 – 3 (Fig. 25 L – N): uropods 1 and 2 similar to those of male. Uropod 3 peduncle with one spine accompanied by one seta on surface and three distal spines; inner ramus about 1.1 times as long as peduncle, reaching 0.5 times the length of outer ramus, with one spine and plumose setae on lateral margin; article 1 of outer ramus with three pairs of spines accompanied by simple setae and plumose setae on outer margin; terminal article longer than adjacent spines. Telson (Fig. 27 F): cleft, each lobe with one or two setae and one spine accompanied by one seta on surface, bearing four distal spines accompanied by two setae. Oostegite (Fig. 27 G – J): oostegite of gnathopod 2 broad, with marginal setae, oostegites of pereopods 3 and 4 elongate, oostegite of pereopod 5 smallest. Habitat Gammarus pisinnus sp. nov. has been found in southern parts of the Taihang Mts. All known individuals have been collected from springs. Many springs in this area have disappeared or diminished because of groundwater exploitation. As a consequence, some endemic species have suffered population losses or become extinct, and efforts should be made to conserve this vulnerable habitat. Remarks Gammarus pisinnus sp. nov. is similar to its sibling species G. clarus in epimeral plate 3 with acute posterior corner and both margins of uropod 3 with plumose setae. This new species differs from G. clarus (character states in parentheses) in urosomites 1 and 2 flat (elevated); basis of pereopods 6 and 7 broad (proximally broad, distally narrow); telson with long setae on the surface (with a few short setae).	en	Hou, Zhonge, Li, Junbo, Li, Shuqiang (2014): Diversification of low dispersal crustaceans through mountain uplift: a case study of Gammarus (Amphipoda: Gammaridae) with descriptions of four novel species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 170 (4): 591-633, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12119, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12119
0E4E223A593CFFD3851C210F4DCFF892.taxon	description	Gammarus pisinnus sp. nov. resembles G. nekkensis, which was redescribed by Karaman (1989), in the shape of epimeral plates and the ratio between inner and outer ramus of uropod 3. Gammarus	en	Hou, Zhonge, Li, Junbo, Li, Shuqiang (2014): Diversification of low dispersal crustaceans through mountain uplift: a case study of Gammarus (Amphipoda: Gammaridae) with descriptions of four novel species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 170 (4): 591-633, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12119, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12119
