taxonID	type	description	language	source
0F133123550E2305FF4FD8F5519178EB.taxon	description	The genus Eryphanis can be identified by the combination of six unique characters from adult morphology (Fig. 3, character numbers listed in parenthesis correspond to those in Appendix 2). In both sexes, iridescence not extended to the postmedial-basal areas of both wings (except for E. bubocula female) (character 2: 1, Fig. 1 - 2). In males, presence of a scent organ in cell Cu 2 (14: 1, Fig. 1). This scent organ is an oval shaped depression on the wing membrane that is densely packed with elongate scales that are pale yellow to light brown, depending on the species. An area covered by shiny scales encircles this scent organ. This shiny halo reaches vein Cu 2, where the scales become very dark. It is possible that the broad, black androconial patch found near the HW tornus in E. aesacus and E. bubocula (Fig. 1) might represent an extension of these dark scales. In males, absence of dorsal hindwing hairpencil in cell 1 A (15: 0, Fig. 7 A). Instead, all males have a sparse coating of long hairs in cells 1 A and 2 A, which is particularly well developed in E. reevesii. Note that the hairpencil in cell 1 A is also absent in some species of Caligo, a genus that is closely related to Eryphanis (e. g., Frühstorfer 1912, Blandin 1974, Penz 2007). In males, presence of a thin, sclerotized, setae-bearing flange associated with the dorsal, basal region of valva (19: 1, Fig. 4, 7 D). In males, spines along dorsal edge of valva generally organized in one single row (22: 1, Fig. 4, 7 F). In males, distal end of phallus projected as a hollow prong beyond opening (28: 0, Fig. 4, 7 E). Mature larvae are recognizable by their elongated tails, which can be ca. 25 % of the total body length and are proportionately longer than those of other brassolines but similar in length to the closely related Caligopsis (see Furtado and Campos-Neto 2004).	en	Penz, Carla M. (2008): Phylogenetic Revision of Eryphanis Boisduval, with a Description of a New Species from Ecuador (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Insecta Mundi 2008 (35): 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532981
0F13312355012309FF4FDCB3577D7DAB.taxon	description	Penz (2007) listed three characters supporting sister relationships between Eryphanis and Caligopsis, one of which is unique (character 26: 1 in this study). Four additional character changes are given here (Fig. 3 A, Appendices 2 and 3), and the most important are the presence of a partly sclerotized setae- bearing region in the diaphragma around the male phallus (24: 1, Fig. 7 B), and the female ductus seminalis joining a channel in the body wall that is dorsal to the antrum (42: 1, Fig. 7 C).	en	Penz, Carla M. (2008): Phylogenetic Revision of Eryphanis Boisduval, with a Description of a New Species from Ecuador (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Insecta Mundi 2008 (35): 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532981
0F13312355022308FF4FD854522E7CCB.taxon	description	(Fig. 1 A, 2 A, 4 A, 5 A, 6 A) Type species of Eryphanis Boisduval by original designation.	en	Penz, Carla M. (2008): Phylogenetic Revision of Eryphanis Boisduval, with a Description of a New Species from Ecuador (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Insecta Mundi 2008 (35): 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532981
0F13312355022308FF4FD854522E7CCB.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Surinam.	en	Penz, Carla M. (2008): Phylogenetic Revision of Eryphanis Boisduval, with a Description of a New Species from Ecuador (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Insecta Mundi 2008 (35): 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532981
0F13312355022308FF4FD854522E7CCB.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Both sexes similar to E. lycomedon. Males can be distinguished from E. lycomedon by the localized dorsal night blue to purple iridescent patches on both FW and HD, and HW margin usually lacking a pale brown outline dorsally, plus the valva with a narrow tip and subterminal swelling. The narrow valva tip can be often seen in pinned specimens without preparation, thus facilitating identification. Females nearly indistinguishable from E. lycomedon, but the following trend was observed. In E. automedon females the dorsal FW iridescence sometimes forms a pale blue sheen that extends into discal cell, the dorsal HW pale brown outline is vestigial or absent. The HW iridescence is usually more extended distally within the Cu 1 and Cu 2 cells, and the projection at vein Cu 1 is sometimes less pronounced than in E. lycomedon. Old, faded E. automedon females from locations overlapping with E. lycomedon can only be confidently distinguished from the latter by the sterigma through dissection. Annotated redescription. Male. FW length 55 - 59 mm (n = 8). Dorsal FW and HW with conspicuous and localized night blue to purple iridescent patches, depending on the locality. FW iridescent patches extend from submedial to postmedial areas. HW always with an iridescent patch (variable in size, and subtle in old specimens), never a sheen. Dorsal FW submarginal line faint, diffuse, continuous. Dorsal HW marginal outline absent. HW with a projection at vein Cu 1 that extends beyond anal margin. FW and HW main ventral color varying from faded brown in Brazilian and Peruvian specimens, to faded caramel color in Colombian, Bolivian, and Paraguayan specimens. Ventral HW white postmedial transverse band vestigial or absent. Ventral HW eyespot in cell Cu 1 contained within cell. Uncus elongate, slender; valva with subterminal swelling; and gnathos slender, sharply pointed, with few or no spines. Female. FW length 59 - 60 mm (n = 3). Wing color pattern different from male. Dorsal sky-blue iridescent patches on medial areas of FW and HW, slightly larger on HW. Dorsal FW iridescent patch expanded inside discal cell in some specimens. Dorsal FW discal cell often with a pair of faint brown stripes near the distal end. FW submarginal line faded orange, conspicuous, continuous, nearly straight. Submarginal branch of FW submarginal line starts at M 1, and postmedial branch starts at wing margin or below the R stem and joins the submarginal branch in cell M 2. Dorsal HW iridescence more extended distally than in E. lycomedon, and marginal outline absent or vestigial. Ventral surface of wings as in male. Posterior edge of sterigma with conspicuous oblique ribs, and sterigma projections with two blunt points.	en	Penz, Carla M. (2008): Phylogenetic Revision of Eryphanis Boisduval, with a Description of a New Species from Ecuador (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Insecta Mundi 2008 (35): 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532981
0F13312355022308FF4FD854522E7CCB.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Venezuela to the Guianas and Brazil (northern and eastern), and Colombia to Paraguay; ranging from sea level (e. g., Obidos, Brazil) to ca. 1,000 m (e. g., Cali, Colombia) (Casagrande 2004, Appendix 1).	en	Penz, Carla M. (2008): Phylogenetic Revision of Eryphanis Boisduval, with a Description of a New Species from Ecuador (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Insecta Mundi 2008 (35): 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532981
0F13312355022308FF4FD854522E7CCB.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Six dissected males from five countries (Appendix 1) show consistent genitalic morphology, but varied in their iridescence hue (more purple or more blue), and the size of the HW iridescent patch (extremely small in a male from Bolivia, and some males from Trinidad, French Guiana, and Brazil; not illustrated). Casagrande (2004) recognized seven subspecies, but here I elevate E. lycomedon C. Felder and R. Felder, 1862 to full species (see below). The subspecies of E. automedon should be reassessed by examination of type specimens (see comments below on E. automedon novicia Stichel, 1904). In females of both E. automedon and E. lycomedon the HW projection at vein Cu 1 varies in size (e. g., it is short in Paraguayan specimens, Fig. 2 A; it is long in Peruvian specimens, not illustrated). The life history of E. automedon has been described by Dias (1979) based on specimens from Minas Gerais, Brazil [as E. polyxena].	en	Penz, Carla M. (2008): Phylogenetic Revision of Eryphanis Boisduval, with a Description of a New Species from Ecuador (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Insecta Mundi 2008 (35): 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532981
0F1331235503230FFF4FDB94516E790B.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Colombia.	en	Penz, Carla M. (2008): Phylogenetic Revision of Eryphanis Boisduval, with a Description of a New Species from Ecuador (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Insecta Mundi 2008 (35): 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532981
0F1331235503230FFF4FDB94516E790B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Both sexes similar to E. automedon. Males can be distinguished from E. automedon by having a purple iridescent sheen on HW (glossy when specimen is tilted), and HW margin usually with a pale brown outline dorsally, plus the valva with an even width and slightly wider at tip. The widened valva tip can be often seen in pinned specimens without dissection, thus facilitating identification. Females nearly indistinguishable from E. automedon, but the following trend was observed. In females of E. lycomedon the dorsal FW iridescence forms a pale blue sheen barely extended into discal cell, the dorsal HW pale brown outline is usually well developed. The HW iridescence is usually less extended distally within the Cu 1 and Cu 2 cells, and the projection at vein Cu 1 is usually more pronounced than in E. automedon. Old, faded females from locations overlapping with E. automedon can only be confidently distinguished from the latter by the sterigma through dissection. Annotated redescription. Male. FW length 55 - 60 mm (n = 5). Dorsal FW and HW with purple iridescent sheen extended from submedial to postmedial areas of the FW. In some specimens the FW iridescence can be sufficiently strong to form an iridescent patch. Iridescence of the HW usually a sheen and not forming a discrete patch, but in some specimens HW iridescence can be sufficiently strong to approximate an iridescent patch. Dorsal FW submarginal line faint, diffuse, continuous. Dorsal HW marginal outline thin to vestigial or absent. HW with a projection at vein Cu 1 that extends beyond anal margin. Ventral FW and HW faded caramel color. Ventral HW white postmedial transverse band vestigial or absent. Ventral HW eyespot in cell Cu 1 contained within cell. Uncus elongate and slender, valva nearly uniform in width and slightly widened at tip, gnathos broad, sharp-pointed and with small terminal spines. Female. FW length 57 - 66 mm (n = 5). Wing color pattern different from male. Dorsal FW and HW with sky-blue iridescent patches. Iridescent patches on medial areas of both wings, slightly larger on the HW. FW iridescent patch barely extends into cell Cu 1 and discal cell, but is conspicuous across cell Cu 2. Dorsal FW submarginal line faded orange, conspicuous, continuous, nearly straight. Submarginal branch of FW submarginal line starts at M 1, and postmedial branch starts at wing margin or below the R stem, and joins the submarginal branch in cell M 2. Dorsal HW iridescence less extended distally than in E. automedon. Dorsal HW marginal outline vestigial to moderately developed, depending on the locality. Ventral surface of wings as in male. Posterior edge of sterigma with delicate transverse ribs, sterigma projection with two blunt points.	en	Penz, Carla M. (2008): Phylogenetic Revision of Eryphanis Boisduval, with a Description of a New Species from Ecuador (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Insecta Mundi 2008 (35): 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532981
0F1331235503230FFF4FDB94516E790B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Guatemala to Colombia (DeVries 1987), expanded here to Ecuador, Bolivia and Southern Brazil (Santa Catarina), with an estimated altitudinal range of 0 - 1,200 m (DeVries 1987 and Appendix 1). Contrasting the closely related E. automedon, the range of E. lycomedon includes Central America and western South America, but is extended eastward into southern Brazil. Although I haven’t seen specimens from Paraguay, it would not be surprising if this species occurred in that country. Species status. Two issues need to be considered regarding this species: name and status. The taxon demonstrated here to be distinct from E. automedon corresponds to what has been previously known as E. polyxena Meerburgh, 1780, or E. polyxena lycomedon (see DeVries 1987). Nonetheless, the name ‘ polyxena’ is preoccupied and thus invalid (Cowan 1974, Casagrande 2004). The type locality for E. polyxena is ‘ America’, but given that Meerburgh was a Dutchmen the material he studied probably came from Surinam, which is also the type locality of E. automedon. Therefore, Casagrande (2004) correctly considered E. polyxena a synonym of E. automedon. Note that the replacement name E. automedaena (Hübner, 1819) was proposed for E. automedon by Hübner (1819: 51) to address an issue of gender agreement with his genus Moera Hübner (junior synonym of Amathusia Fabricius, see Hemming 1967), and this name was also synonymized by Casagrande (2004). Examination of a series of specimens of E. lycomedon and E. automedon verified that these two taxa show clear and consistent differences both in wing color and genitalic morphology (Fig. 1 - 2, 4 - 6). Males of E. lycomedon differ from E. automedon by the wing iridescence forming a diffuse sheen on the HW (compare Fig. 1 A and B), and the valva being sub-terminally narrow and broadening at the very tip (compare Fig. 4 A and B), which can be seen in pinned specimens without dissection. Females are distinguished from E. automedon by the faintness or absence of the iridescence inside the FW discal cell, the smaller iridescent patch on the HW plus the usually well developed dorsal HW pale brown outline (compare Fig. 2 A and B), and the posterior edge of sterigma with delicate transverse ribs (compare Fig. 6 A and B). Furthermore, these species have overlapping geographical distribution (males in Fig. 1 A and B were both collected in Cali, Colombia; see also Appendix 1). In combination, color pattern, genitalia, and sympatry provide strong evidence that E. lycomedon and E. automedon constitute separate species. Finally, the E. lycomedon specimens studied here (Fig. 1 B, Appendix 1) match the type locality and original description in Felder and Felder (1862), and also the description in Frühstorfer (1912).	en	Penz, Carla M. (2008): Phylogenetic Revision of Eryphanis Boisduval, with a Description of a New Species from Ecuador (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Insecta Mundi 2008 (35): 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532981
0F1331235503230FFF4FDB94516E790B.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Six dissected males from five countries (Appendix 1) show consistent genitalic morphology. In a few of these specimens the HW iridescence is strong, approximating the pattern in some of the less iridescent E. automedon males (see above). Examination of type specimens will be necessary to verify if there are any valid, described subspecies that could be assigned to E. lycomedon. For example, the descriptions of E. automedon novicia (type locality Ecuador, Los Rios) in Stichel (1909) and Frühstorfer (1912) seem to match the general wing color of E. lycomedon. In females of both E. lycomedon and E. automedon the HW projection at vein Cu 1 varies in size (e. g., it is short in Costa Rican specimens, see DeVries 1987; it is long in Colombian specimens, Fig. 2 B). A brief life history account is given by DeVries (1987) for Costa Rican E. lycomedon.	en	Penz, Carla M. (2008): Phylogenetic Revision of Eryphanis Boisduval, with a Description of a New Species from Ecuador (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Insecta Mundi 2008 (35): 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532981
0F1331235504230EFF4FDED452F57F6B.taxon	description	(Fig. 1 E, 2 E, 4 E, 5 E, 6 E)	en	Penz, Carla M. (2008): Phylogenetic Revision of Eryphanis Boisduval, with a Description of a New Species from Ecuador (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Insecta Mundi 2008 (35): 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532981
0F1331235504230EFF4FDED452F57F6B.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Mexico.	en	Penz, Carla M. (2008): Phylogenetic Revision of Eryphanis Boisduval, with a Description of a New Species from Ecuador (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Insecta Mundi 2008 (35): 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532981
0F1331235504230EFF4FDED452F57F6B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Males similar to E. bubocula, but distinguished from this species by the smaller size, the reduced dorsal iridescent patch of the FW, and by the HW iridescent patch that extends toward the medial area around the anterior edge of the black androconial patch. Males have square-shaped gnathos, narrower valva in ventral view, and constricted tegumen in dorsal view. Females easily distinguished from E. bubocula by their smaller size, well defined dorsal purple iridescent patches on FW and HD, and sterigma with a narrower posterior ridge and smaller midline keel. Annotated redescription. Male. FW length 47 - 50 mm (n = 4). Dorsal FW and HW with conspicuous and localized mid-night blue to purple iridescent patches. Iridescent patch extends from medial to postmedial areas of the FW, occupying the distal one-third of the FW discal cell. HW iridescent patch extends around the anterior edge of the black androconial patch toward the medial area, and also along the wing margin. Dorsal FW submarginal line usually faint (but can be well defined in some specimens), diffuse, continuous. HW edge rounded with a vestigial marginal outline dorsally. Dorsal HW with a large broad patch of black androconial scales above tornus. Androconial patch generally occupying a smaller space inside cell M 2 than E. bubocula. Ventral FW and HW main color light brown. Ventral HW with a welldeveloped white postmedial transverse band. HW ventral eyespot in cell Cu 1 large, expanding to cell Cu 2. Uncus elongate and slender, valva narrow, gnathos square-shaped. Female. FW length 53 - 58 mm (n = 5). Dorsal FW and HW with conspicuous and localized purple iridescent patches extended across discal cell of the FW and between submedial and medial areas of the HW. Dorsal FW orange submarginal line well developed, continuous. Submarginal and postmedial branches of submarginal line start slightly above M 1. Dorsal HW marginal outline diffuse. HW edge rounded and slightly undulated. Ventral FW and HW as in male. Sterigma with a narrow posterior ridge and narrow projections.	en	Penz, Carla M. (2008): Phylogenetic Revision of Eryphanis Boisduval, with a Description of a New Species from Ecuador (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Insecta Mundi 2008 (35): 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532981
0F1331235504230EFF4FDED452F57F6B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Mexico, Guatemala, and Nicaragua (Frühstorfer 1912), extended here to El Salvador (Appendix 1). Based on collection labels, this species seem to occur from 500 - 1,800 m (Appendix 1).	en	Penz, Carla M. (2008): Phylogenetic Revision of Eryphanis Boisduval, with a Description of a New Species from Ecuador (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Insecta Mundi 2008 (35): 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532981
0F1331235504230EFF4FDED452F57F6B.taxon	discussion	Remarks. In male specimens from Nicaragua and El Salvador the dorsal FW submarginal line is stronger than in Mexican specimens, but can still be considered ‘ faded’ in comparison with males in the zolzivora-group where this band is well defined and vividly colored. I have not seen specimens from either Honduras or Nicaragua.	en	Penz, Carla M. (2008): Phylogenetic Revision of Eryphanis Boisduval, with a Description of a New Species from Ecuador (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Insecta Mundi 2008 (35): 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532981
0F1331235505230DFF4FD83451E47C6B.taxon	description	(Fig. 1 D, 2 D, 4 D, 5 D, 6 D)	en	Penz, Carla M. (2008): Phylogenetic Revision of Eryphanis Boisduval, with a Description of a New Species from Ecuador (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Insecta Mundi 2008 (35): 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532981
0F1331235505230DFF4FD83451E47C6B.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Costa Rica.	en	Penz, Carla M. (2008): Phylogenetic Revision of Eryphanis Boisduval, with a Description of a New Species from Ecuador (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Insecta Mundi 2008 (35): 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532981
0F1331235505230DFF4FD83451E47C6B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Males similar to E. aesacus, but distinguished from this species by the larger size, the larger dorsal FW iridescent patch, and by the reduced size of the dorsal HW iridescent patch, which usually does not extend toward the medial area. Males have rounded gnathos, and wider valva in ventral view. Females distinguished from E. aesacus by their larger size, pale grayish blue dorsal iridescent sheen from basal to medial areas of both wings, and sterigma with a broader posterior ridge and larger midline keel. Annotated redescription. Male. FW length 60 mm (n = 1). Dorsal FW and HW with conspicuous and localized mid-night blue to purple iridescent patches extended from medial to postmedial areas of the FW, occupying half the length of the FW discal cell. Iridescent patches restricted to the postmedial area of the HW. Dorsal FW submarginal line faint, diffuse, continuous. HW edge rounded with a vestigial marginal outline dorsally. Dorsal HW with a large broad patch of black androconial scales above tornus. Androconial patch usually occupying a larger space of cell M 2 than E. aesacus, taking up approximately one-third of the length of the cell. Ventral FW and HW main color brown. Ventral HW white postmedial transverse band well developed. HW ventral eyespot in cell Cu 1 large, expanding to cell Cu 2. Uncus elongate and slender, valva narrow, and gnathos rounded. Female. FW length 67 mm (n = 2). Dorsal FW and HW with pale grayish blue iridescent sheen extended from basal to postmedial areas of the FW, stronger below Cu 2, and from basal to medial areas of the HW, slightly more intense than in the FW. Dorsal FW orange submarginal line well developed, continuous, fading in cell Cu 2. Submarginal branch of FW submarginal line starts above M 1, and postmedial branch starts at wing margin or below the R stem. Dorsal HW marginal outline absent. HW edge rounded and slightly undulated. Ventral FW and HW as in male. Sterigma with a broad posterior ridge and narrow projections.	en	Penz, Carla M. (2008): Phylogenetic Revision of Eryphanis Boisduval, with a Description of a New Species from Ecuador (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Insecta Mundi 2008 (35): 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532981
0F1331235505230DFF4FD83451E47C6B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Costa Rica to Colombia and the Amazon basin (Godman and Salvin 1879, Frühstorfer 1912, Appendix 1). In Costa Rica it is reported from 500 to 1,800 m on both slopes (Cubero 1985, DeVries 1987). Species status. Eryphanis bubocula differs from E. aesacus in wing pattern and genitalia. Godman and Salvin (1879) considered these taxa separate species, and pointed to diagnostic differences in wing length and color for both sexes. Their characters were confirmed here, and additional diagnostic characters are also provided for both taxa (see diagnoses). It is worth noting that E. bubocula females resemble Caligo illioneus oberon Butler, 1870 (see DeVries 1987 for illustrations) while those of E. aesacus assume a more ordinary Eryphanis female pattern (compare Fig. 2 D and E). In concert, differences in both wing characters and genitalia support the reinstatement of species status of E. bubocula.	en	Penz, Carla M. (2008): Phylogenetic Revision of Eryphanis Boisduval, with a Description of a New Species from Ecuador (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Insecta Mundi 2008 (35): 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532981
0F1331235505230DFF4FD83451E47C6B.taxon	discussion	Remarks. It would be interesting to compare specimens from higher elevations with those from the Amazon Basin (possibly from the subspecies juruana Frühstorfer, 1912), which were unavailable to me for examination. The life history of E. bubocula was described and illustrated by Cubero (1985) from Costa Rica, including observations on adult behavior.	en	Penz, Carla M. (2008): Phylogenetic Revision of Eryphanis Boisduval, with a Description of a New Species from Ecuador (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Insecta Mundi 2008 (35): 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532981
0F1331235506230DFF4FDB3452EB7CCB.taxon	description	(Fig. 1 C, 2 C, 4 C, 5 C, 6 C)	en	Penz, Carla M. (2008): Phylogenetic Revision of Eryphanis Boisduval, with a Description of a New Species from Ecuador (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Insecta Mundi 2008 (35): 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532981
0F1331235506230CFF4FDFF4505B7FCB.taxon	description	(Fig. 1 F, 2 F, 4 F, 5 F, 6 F)	en	Penz, Carla M. (2008): Phylogenetic Revision of Eryphanis Boisduval, with a Description of a New Species from Ecuador (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Insecta Mundi 2008 (35): 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532981
0F1331235506230CFF4FDFF4505B7FCB.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Bolivia.	en	Penz, Carla M. (2008): Phylogenetic Revision of Eryphanis Boisduval, with a Description of a New Species from Ecuador (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Insecta Mundi 2008 (35): 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532981
0F1331235506230CFF4FDFF4505B7FCB.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Males with deep purple iridescent sheen dorsally on FW and HW, plus a distinctive ventral caramel to orange coloration and white spot at crossvein m 2 - m 3. Females with purple iridescent patched on FW and HW, and same diagnostic ventral color and white HW spot as in males. Annotated redescription. Male: FW length 57 - 60 mm (n = 4). Dorsal FW and HW with deep purple iridescent sheen that can be sufficiently strong to resemble iridescent patches in both wings in some specimens. Dorsal FW and HW iridescence extended from submedial to postmedial areas of both wings. Dorsal FW submarginal line usually faint (but can be well defined in some specimens), diffuse, continuous. Dorsal HW marginal outline absent. HW with a projection at vein Cu 1 that extends beyond anal margin. Ventral FW and HW orange to faded caramel color. Ventral HW white postmedial transverse band absent for the most part, leaving a residual thin line at crossvein m 1 - m 2. Broad white spot at crossvein m 2 - m 3. Ventral HW eyespot in cell M 3 absent or reduced, detached from large eyespot in cell Cu 1. Ventral HW eyespot in cell Cu 1 contained within cell, and with a gray-brown posterior spot inside inner circle. Uncus humped, valva narrow and with few small spines. Female. FW length 61 mm (n = 1). Wing color pattern different from male. Dorsal FW and HW with deep purple iridescent patches limited to medial area of both wings. FW submarginal line orange, conspicuous, continuous, wavy. Submarginal branch of FW submarginal line starts at M 1, decreasing in width from M 3 to 2 A, and postmedial branch starts at M 1 and ends in the M 2 cell. Ventral surface of wings as in male. Sterigma projections broad and slightly pointed.	en	Penz, Carla M. (2008): Phylogenetic Revision of Eryphanis Boisduval, with a Description of a New Species from Ecuador (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Insecta Mundi 2008 (35): 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532981
0F1331235506230CFF4FDFF4505B7FCB.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Ecuador to Bolivia (Frühstorfer 1912, Appendix 1), at elevations of 200 to 400 m (e. g., Jaru, Brazil and Buenavista, Ichilo, Bolivia).	en	Penz, Carla M. (2008): Phylogenetic Revision of Eryphanis Boisduval, with a Description of a New Species from Ecuador (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Insecta Mundi 2008 (35): 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532981
0F1331235506230CFF4FDFF4505B7FCB.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Of all Eryphanis species, E. gerhardi has the smallest male genitalia relative to its wingspan. Casagrande (2004) lists no subspecies for E. gerhardi.	en	Penz, Carla M. (2008): Phylogenetic Revision of Eryphanis Boisduval, with a Description of a New Species from Ecuador (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Insecta Mundi 2008 (35): 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532981
0F1331235507230CFF4FD89450F57A4B.taxon	description	(Fig. 1 G, 2 G, 4 G, 5 G, 6 G)	en	Penz, Carla M. (2008): Phylogenetic Revision of Eryphanis Boisduval, with a Description of a New Species from Ecuador (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Insecta Mundi 2008 (35): 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532981
0F1331235507230CFF4FD89450F57A4B.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Bolivia.	en	Penz, Carla M. (2008): Phylogenetic Revision of Eryphanis Boisduval, with a Description of a New Species from Ecuador (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Insecta Mundi 2008 (35): 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532981
0F1331235507230CFF4FD89450F57A4B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Males and females reddish-brown with conspicuous FW orange submarginal line. Distinguished from E. opimus and E. greeneyi by the dorsal FW orange submarginal line forming a thin, yet conspicuous distal orange crescent mark that is unique to this species. Here the postmedial branch of this line extends anteriorly to the wing margin, and the HW projection at Cu 1 is vestigial or small, not extending beyond the anal margin. Annotated redescription. Male. FW length 57 - 60 mm (n = 3). Dorsal FW and HW with reddish-brown background and very faint pinkish iridescent sheen from submedial to postmedial areas of the FW, starting approximately at midlength of the discal cell, but barely visible on the HW. Dorsal FW with a well-defined orange submarginal line interrupted by small gaps below M 3, and forming a V-shaped mark with the arms directed distally in cell M 3. Submarginal branch of FW submarginal line starts in cell M 2, and postmedial branch starts at wing margin, being clearly visible below the R veins. Wing apex with a thin, orange crescent mark. Dorsal FW and HW with well-developed orange marginal outline. HW with a small projection at vein Cu 1 that does not extend beyond anal margin. Ventral FW and HW main color brown. Ventral HW white postmedial transverse band well developed, continuous. Ventral HW with brown wavy lines across discal cell. Ventral HW eyespot in cell Sc + Rs not outlined by a pale halo. Ventral HW eyespot in cell Cu 1 very large, expanding to cell Cu 2. Inner dark circle larger than in E. opimus and E. greeneyi. Uncus humped, valva with subterminal swelling. Female. FW length 66 mm (n = 1). Dorsal FW and HW with reddish- brown background that is not as dense as in male, producing a semi-transparent effect. Both wings with pinkish iridescent sheen in the medial area, faint overall, but stronger in the HW. Dorsal FW with a well defined, thick orange submarginal line, barely interrupted at the wing veins below M 3, and forming a V-shaped mark with the arms directed distally in cell M 3. Submarginal branch of FW submarginal line starts in cell M 2. Postmedial branch of submarginal line starts at wing margin, clearly visible in the cell below the R stem. Wing apex with a thin, orange crescent mark, as in male. HW projection at Cu 1 can be less distinct than in male, and very small in some specimens. Ventral surface of wings as in male. Sterigma projection with an elongated arm, and multiple points anteriorly.	en	Penz, Carla M. (2008): Phylogenetic Revision of Eryphanis Boisduval, with a Description of a New Species from Ecuador (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Insecta Mundi 2008 (35): 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532981
0F1331235507230CFF4FD89450F57A4B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Bolivia, perhaps reaching southern Peru (Frühstorfer 1912, Appendix 1). Collection labels list an elevation of 1,650 m (El Palmar, Cochabamba, Bolivia).	en	Penz, Carla M. (2008): Phylogenetic Revision of Eryphanis Boisduval, with a Description of a New Species from Ecuador (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Insecta Mundi 2008 (35): 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532981
0F13312355072313FF4FDD14522679CB.taxon	description	(Fig. 1 I, 4 I, 5 I)	en	Penz, Carla M. (2008): Phylogenetic Revision of Eryphanis Boisduval, with a Description of a New Species from Ecuador (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Insecta Mundi 2008 (35): 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532981
0F13312355072313FF4FDD14522679CB.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Colombia.	en	Penz, Carla M. (2008): Phylogenetic Revision of Eryphanis Boisduval, with a Description of a New Species from Ecuador (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Insecta Mundi 2008 (35): 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532981
0F13312355072313FF4FDD14522679CB.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Males and females reddish-brown with conspicuous FW orange submarginal line. Examined males are distinguished from E. zolzivora and E. greeneyi by the thinner dorsal FW orange submarginal line, and the postmedial branch of this line that does not extend to the wing margin. The HW projection at Cu 1 is intermediate in size: longer than E. zolzivora, but smaller than E. greeneyi. Thin lines always present ventrally in HW discal cell. Annotated redescription. Male. FW length 62 mm (n = 1). Dorsal FW and HW with reddish-brown background and a faint pinkish iridescent sheen from submedial to postmedial areas of the FW, starting approximately at midlength of discal cell, and barely visible on HW. Dorsal FW with a well-defined, thin orange submarginal line, interrupted by small gaps below M 3, and forming a V-shaped mark with the arms directed distally in cell M 3. Submarginal branch of FW submarginal line starts in cell M 2. Postmedial branch of submarginal line starts at cell M 1. Dorsal FW and HW marginal outline well developed. HW projection at Cu 1 present, extending beyond anal margin, but not as long or well defined as in E. greeneyi. Ventral FW and HW main color light brown. Ventral HW white postmedial transverse band well developed, continuous. Ventral HW with brown wavy lines across discal cell. Ventral HW eyespot in cell Sc + Rs outlined by a pale halo. Ventral HW eyespot in cell Cu 1 large (smaller than E. zolzivora but larger than E. greeneyi) expanding to cell Cu 2. Uncus humped, valva narrow, phallus prong displaced anteriorly from the distal opening. Female. Not available for examination.	en	Penz, Carla M. (2008): Phylogenetic Revision of Eryphanis Boisduval, with a Description of a New Species from Ecuador (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Insecta Mundi 2008 (35): 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532981
0F13312355072313FF4FDD14522679CB.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Colombia (see comments on E. zolzivora in Frühstorfer 1912, Appendix 1), occurring in Cali at an elevation of ca. 1,000 m. Species status. Morphological differences between the Colombian E. opimus and the Bolivian E. zolzivora warrant species status. Male E. opimus differ from E. zolzivora in wing color and shape (compare Fig. 1 G and I, see diagnoses). Furthermore, there are significant differences in male genitalia. The male valva is narrow in E. opimus, but in E. zolzivora it bears a large and distinctive subterminal swelling (compare Fig. 4 G and I). This evidence supports the revised status for E. opimus as a separate species from E. zolzivora.	en	Penz, Carla M. (2008): Phylogenetic Revision of Eryphanis Boisduval, with a Description of a New Species from Ecuador (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Insecta Mundi 2008 (35): 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532981
0F13312355182311FF4FDE9450177C6B.taxon	description	(Fig. 1 H, 2 H, 4 H, 5 H, 6 H)	en	Penz, Carla M. (2008): Phylogenetic Revision of Eryphanis Boisduval, with a Description of a New Species from Ecuador (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Insecta Mundi 2008 (35): 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532981
0F13312355182311FF4FDE9450177C6B.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Ecuador, Napo Province, Cosanga.	en	Penz, Carla M. (2008): Phylogenetic Revision of Eryphanis Boisduval, with a Description of a New Species from Ecuador (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Insecta Mundi 2008 (35): 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532981
0F13312355182311FF4FDE9450177C6B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Males and females reddish-brown with conspicuous FW orange submarginal line. Distinguished from E. zolzivora and E. opimus by the postmedial branch of the FW orange submarginal line that does not extend to the costal wing margin, and the longer HW projection at Cu 1. Ventral HW white postmedial transverse band branched into crossvein m 1 - m 2, and brown lines in discal cell absent or vestigial. Male valva with a weak subterminal swelling more distal than in E. zolzivora.	en	Penz, Carla M. (2008): Phylogenetic Revision of Eryphanis Boisduval, with a Description of a New Species from Ecuador (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Insecta Mundi 2008 (35): 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532981
0F13312355182311FF4FDE9450177C6B.taxon	description	Description. Body dark brown dorsally, lighter brown ventrally. Antennae brown with narrow clubs. Eyes reddish brown. Palps light brown with a dark brown lateral stripe. Legs dark brown. Male wings. FW length 55 - 65 mm (n = 4). Dorsal FW and HW with opaque dark brown to reddishbrown background and a very faint pinkish iridescent sheen from submedial to postmedial areas of the wings, barely visible on the HW. Dorsal FW with a well defined, thick orange submarginal line interrupted by small gaps at the wing veins below M 3, and forming a V-shaped mark with the arms directed distally in cell M 3. Submarginal branch of FW submarginal line starts in cell M 2. Postmedial branch of submarginal line starts in cell M 1. Dorsal FW and HW with well-developed orange marginal outline. HW projection at Cu 1 present, extending beyond anal area. Ventral FW and HW brown to dark caramel color. Ventral FW and HW with well-developed white postmedial band that branches into crossvein m 1 - m 2 of the HW. Ventral HW brown wavy lines across discal cell faint or absent. Ventral HW eyespot in cell Sc + Rs outlined by a nearly complete pale halo. Ventral HW eyespot in cell M 3 present, large, fused to that in cell Cu 1, nearly reaching crossvein m 3 - cu 1. Ventral HW eyespot in cell Cu 1 large, yet smaller than zolzivora and opimus, barely expanding into cell Cu 2. Male genitalia. Uncus humped, valva with mild subterminal swelling, phallus prong displaced anteriorly from the distal opening. Female wings. FW length 64 mm (n = 2). Dorsal FW and HW with dark brown background that is not as dense as in the male, producing a semi-transparent effect. Both wings with pinkish iridescent sheen in the medial area, faint overall yet stronger in the HW. Dorsal FW with a well defined, thick orange submarginal line paler than in males, barely interrupted at the wing veins below M 3, and forming a V-shaped mark with the arms directed distally in cell M 3. HW projection at Cu 1 less distinct, and dorsal HW marginal outline paler than in males. Remaining characters similar to males. Female genitalia. Sterigma shaped as a curved plate with an indentation and a small ridge at midline. Sterigma projections with two points; anterior point short, posterior long and narrow. Corpus bursa oval with paired signa.	en	Penz, Carla M. (2008): Phylogenetic Revision of Eryphanis Boisduval, with a Description of a New Species from Ecuador (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Insecta Mundi 2008 (35): 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532981
0F13312355182311FF4FDE9450177C6B.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is named for the contemporary naturalist Harold Francis Greeney III in recognition of his many contributions to our understanding of the natural history of the Ecuadorian invertebrate and vertebrate fauna.	en	Penz, Carla M. (2008): Phylogenetic Revision of Eryphanis Boisduval, with a Description of a New Species from Ecuador (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Insecta Mundi 2008 (35): 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532981
0F13312355182311FF4FDE9450177C6B.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. Male, three labels, separated by //, repository and other information in parentheses when applicable: Ecuador, Napo, Yanayacu Biological Station, 5 km W of Cosanga, May 2007 // reared on Chusquea scandens, H. F. Greeney // Eryphanis greeneyi Penz and DeVries HOLOTYPE // (The Natural History Museum, London, UK; habitus in Fig. 1 H). Paratypes. Five males and four females. Male, two labels: ECUADOR: Napo Prov., Yanayacu Biological Station, S 00 o 35.9 ’ W 77 o 53. 4, 2163 m, Reared 3001000, 2006 [handwritten on back of label] H. Greeney // Eryphanis greeneyi Penz and DeVries PARATYPE // (Museo Ecuatoriano de Ciencias Naturales, Ecuador). Male, two labels: Ecuador, Provincia Napo, YYBS, 2000 m, 5 - Feb- [20] 02, H. Greeney, TW 1618 // Eryphanis greeneyi Penz and DeVries PARATYPE // (American Museum of Natural History, USA). Male, two labels: Ecuador, Provincia Napo, 12 - Apr- [20] 00, H. Greeney, TW 2164 // Eryphanis greeneyi Penz and DeVries PARATYPE // (DeVries Collection, USA). Male, four labels: Rio Blanco, near Baños, Ecuador, 1,650 m, Abril 17 / [19] 56 // J. R. Neidhoeffer Collection, MILWAUKEE PUBLIC MUSEUM // 07 - 33 dissected by C. M. Penz // Eryphanis greeneyi Penz and DeVries PARATYPE // (genitalia in Fig. 4 H and 5 H). Male, four labels: Balzapampa, Ecuador, 000 // 571 // 07 - 96 dissected by C. M. Penz // Eryphanis greeneyi Penz and DeVries PARATYPE // (Florida Museum of Natural History, USA). Female, three labels: Ecuador, Napo, Yanayacu Biological Station, 5 km W of Cosanga, May 2007 // reared on Chusquea scandens, H. F. Greeney // Eryphanis greeneyi Penz and DeVries PARATYPE // (The Natural History Museum, London, UK). Female, three labels: ECUADOR: Napo Prov., Yanayacu Biological Station, S 00 o 35.9 ’ W 77 o 53. 4, 2163 m, REARED 1218, 2005 Jan [handwritten on back of label] H. Greeney // 07 - 127 dissected by C. M. Penz // Eryphanis greeneyi Penz and DeVries PARATYPE / (Museo Ecuatoriano de Ciencias Naturales, Ecuador; genitalia in Fig. 6 H). Female, two labels: ECUADOR: Napo, Biol. Yanayacu, 2000 m, Reared: # 201, Dyer / Greeney, Sept 2001 // Eryphanis greeneyi Penz and DeVries PARATYPE // (American Museum of Natural History, USA; habitus in Fig. 2 H). Female, two labels: Ecuador, Provincia Napo, San Isidro, 2000 m, 21 - Dec- [19] 99, H. Greeney, TW 1952 // Eryphanis greeneyi Penz and DeVries PARATYPE // (DeVries Collection, USA).	en	Penz, Carla M. (2008): Phylogenetic Revision of Eryphanis Boisduval, with a Description of a New Species from Ecuador (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Insecta Mundi 2008 (35): 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532981
0F13312355182311FF4FDE9450177C6B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Ecuador, and perhaps northern Peru (see comments on E. zolzivora in Frühstorfer 1912), at an elevation ranging between 1,650 and 2,163 m (Appendix 1). Carlos Peña provided me with photographs of two males from Peru: a specimen from Amazonas department (Valle de Huamanpata, Lejia, 2,150 m) closely matches the description of E. greeneyi, but a specimen from Cuzco department (Llactahuaman, Quebrada Bagre, 1,700 m) does not match the phenotypes of either E. greeneyi or E. zolzivora. Therefore, it would be of interest to examine a series of specimens from Peru.	en	Penz, Carla M. (2008): Phylogenetic Revision of Eryphanis Boisduval, with a Description of a New Species from Ecuador (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Insecta Mundi 2008 (35): 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532981
0F13312355182311FF4FDE9450177C6B.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Frühstorfer’s (1912) account of E. zolzivora included the nominate subspecies plus E. zolzivora opimus, and he noted that Otto Staudinger recognized some differences between these and ‘ an allied race from Ecuador and Peru’. The description above provides characters that validate Staudinger’s centuryold suggestion that the Ecuadorian taxon is distinct from its Bolivian and Colombian relatives. This species has been reared in Ecuador by H. F. Greeney on Chusquea scandens Kunth. (Poaceae), and a forthcoming larval description is in preparation.	en	Penz, Carla M. (2008): Phylogenetic Revision of Eryphanis Boisduval, with a Description of a New Species from Ecuador (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae). Insecta Mundi 2008 (35): 1-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4532981
