identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
0F7C9B43FFC2E97DFE8DF9AD964FFA43.text	0F7C9B43FFC2E97DFE8DF9AD964FFA43.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenoplus Candeze 1863	<div><p>Ctenoplus Candèze</p> <p>Ctenoplus Candèze 1863: 463; type species, Ctenoplus javanensis Candèze, by monotypy. Ctenoplus, Candèze 1891: 209; Schwarz 1907: 295; Schenkling 1927: 490; Fleutiaux 1940a: 20.</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Synaptine elaterids with a relatively shallow dorsal periocular pit that interrupts the margin of the antennal socket (Fig. 1, dp), the bursa copulatrix bearing a wide band of free spines around the base of the spermathecal duct, and the bursal plates bearing short nonmarginal spines (Figs. 86a, b). Other synaptines have a different configuration of pits on the periocular cuticle (see modifications to key of Hayek (1990) below), and either lack the wide band of free spines of the bursa or have long non­marginal spines on the bursal plates.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Body cylindrical, elongate, variously tapered posteriorly. Cuticle smooth and shiny except rugose on mesepimeron. Setae appressed on hypomeron, metasternum and abdominal sterna, semierect to erect on rest of body. Collectively length from ca. 6 to 15 mm; sexual dimorphism in size not apparent.</p> <p>Head (Fig. 1). Frons evenly convex from vertex to frontal margin; anterior margin thickened, slightly protruding, elevated above labrum by less than diameter of frontal punctures; supra­antennal carina curving ventrally to intersect anterior margin at point about 1/4 length of labrum from lateral margin, carina rounded; punctures simple; setae directed towards lateral and anterior margin; anterior tentorial pits adjacent to and mesad antennal socket, vertical and slit­like in most species (subcircular in others); margin of antennal socket carinate dorsally, subacute, carina separate from supra­antennal carina; antennal socket bordered ventrally by ventral periocular pit of various size and shape (Fig. 1, vp), margin of head carinate anteroventrad pit, acute; dorsal periocular pit (Fig. 1, dp) conical, relatively shallow, interrupting margin of antennal socket mesally; gena projecting anterad mandibular condyles, grooved submarginally at least ventrad eye. Eyes variable in size within each species, slightly indented at supra­antennal carina. Antenna (Figs. 15–30): segment 1 extending to midline of eye, triangular in cross section, posterior surface concave following contour of eye and carinate dorsally and ventrally, anterior surface convex and subacute at least distally in most species; lateral carina of antennomeres absent; segments 2 and 3 subglobular to subelongate, subequal in size in most species; antennomere 11 lanceolate. Mouthparts: labrum suboval in outline, punctures and setae as in frons, setae golden in colour, cuticle microrugose and dull in most species; left mandible unmodified in most species, subapical tooth present; right mandible grooved for reception of left mandible, groove extending posteriorly to about mid­level of semicircular dorsal expansion at base of mandible, posterior margin of groove vertical, subapical tooth of mandible present; cuticle of mandibles as in labrum; setae directed anteriorly, translucent, golden; basistipes with single long seta; palpi with terminal segment sublanceolate. Apex of cervical sclerites recurved mesally.</p> <p>Prothorax. Pronotum (Figs. 31–43) convex, somewhat flattened along midline; lateral margins subparallel to slightly convex, anterolateral angle curved mesally at ca. 45° angle; anterior margin slightly convex around midline; sublateral longitudinal incisions present (Fig. 41, bf), forming subquadrate notch on posterior margin of pronotum and extended anteriorly as shallow U­shaped groove, notch and groove bordered laterally by acute carina, carina straight to slightly curved, 4–5X as long as notch, carina converging anteriorly on carina of hind angles; hind angles with dorsal surface flat but angled ventrolaterally in most species, posterior margin at apex obliquely truncate, posterolateral angle acute to bluntly pointed with tuft of lateral subapical setae, mesal margin of apex in dorsal aspect approaching 90°, posterior margin between inner angle of hind angles and sublateral longitudinal incision straight, angled at ca. 45°, carina of hind angles close to lateral margin, extending anteriorly about 1/3 length of pronotum, carina acute, thin; carina of hind angles and pronotal lateral carina remaining separate at apex of hind angle, slightly diverging anteriorly in lateral aspect; pronotal lateral carina in dorsal aspect obscured by carina of hind angles and overhanging pronotum in most species, carina directed anteroventrally from hind angles in lateral aspect, weakly curved in most species, meeting anterior margin of pronotum at same point as hypomeral submarginal carina; setae subequal in length and thickness to frontoclypeal setae, in most species anterior and lateral setae directed posteriorly, posteromesal setae directed mesally in somewhat whorled pattern. Hypomeron sinuate longitudinally with crests at anterior margin, just anterad level of procoxae and apex of hind angles; anteromesal angle concave (Fig. 9, hc), mesal margin carinate and acute around concavity, carina fading out at marginal smooth border, marginal smooth border forming mesal margin (Fig. 9, mb), border converging on posterior margin posterad level of procoxae and meeting posterior margin just laterad midpoint; mesal border bordered laterally by shallow groove; smooth border with linear row of punctures of various number; posterolateral angle variously projecting posterad posterior margin of hypomeron; setae directed away from procoxae: anterior setae directed anterolaterally, mesal setae directed laterally, posterior setae directed posterolaterally; procoxal cavities partially closed laterally by subquadrate to subtriangular projection of hypomeron. Prosternum: convex; anterior lobe convex anteriorly, anterior and lateral margins thickened, lobe directed anteroventrally, somewhat produced anteriorly at midline; raised margin of anterior lobe continuing along lateral margin (Fig. 9, lb), ending just anterad procoxal cavities, margin impunctate, bordered by submarginal groove; margin of procoxal cavity raised, thickened, darkly pigmented; prosternal spine (Figs. 9, 50 –58): elongate in ventral and lateral aspects, ventrolateral margin carinate and rounded, ventral apex (Fig. 9, va) smooth, shiny, subacute to acute; posterior margin concave; dorsal apex (Fig. 9, da) more posterior than ventral apex, rugose, rounded apically, setose; dorsal margin directed posterodorsally, stepped at level of ventral apex; lateral margins with conspicuous ventral submarginal groove, groove rugose, setose at least anteriorly, setae somewhat finer but same length as pronotal setae.</p> <p>Mesothorax. Mesonotum with pair of longitudinal, slightly divergent grooves laterad level of scutellum, grooves bordered laterally by acute carina, cuticle between grooves concave, glabrous; anteromesal margin vertical, setae as in pronotum. Scutellum shieldshaped, angled anteroventrally; lateral margins subparallel, posterior margin broadly rounded to subtruncate, anterior margin variously convex and on same plane as anterior margin of elytra in most species, anterior margin darkly pigmented and thickened; setae as long as pronotal setae, directed posteriorly. Mesosternum (Figs. 10, 48) with posterior 1/4 variously raised and thickened between mesocoxae and raised ventrad metasternum; ventral surface between mesocoxae various: horizontal, convex or sloping anteriorly in lateral aspect; mesosternum separated from metasternum by transverse groove; posterior margin of mesosternum between mesocoxae various: concave to convex in ventral aspect; mesosternal cavity: margins subparallel, almost vertical in ventral aspect, posterior margin U­shaped, lateral margins immediately anterad mesocoxa raised, carinate, declivous, beaded, slope of declivity various, lateral margins not raised in anterior 1/2; anterior articulating surface (sensu Gurjeva 1974) ventral (Figs. 10, 48, as); “lateral wings” (sensu Gurjeva 1974) with elongate posterolaterally directed tear­drop shaped depression (Figs. 10, 48, d), anterior margin of depression almost vertical, posterior margin sloping; mesosternum forming anterior margin of mesocoxal cavity; posterolateral angle of mesosternum glabrous; suture between mesosternum and mesepisternum excavated from anterior margin of sclerite to level of lateral depression of mesosternum; setae same length as prosternal setae, directed posteriorly. Mesepisternum (Figs. 10, 48) not forming part of margin of mesocoxal cavity; anterolateral margin with deep broadly U­shaped diagonal groove (Figs. 10, 48, ag) in most species, anterior margin of groove thickened, rounded, anteromesal margin striate, posterior margin of groove carinate in most species; posterior and posteromesal margin glabrous, amount of glabrous cuticle various; setae, cuticle and punctures as on mesosternum. Mesepimeron (Figs. 10, 48) forming lateral margin of mesocoxal cavity, junction between mesepimeron and posterolateral angle of mesosternum narrow; sclerite narrower than mesocoxa mesally, abruptly widened laterally, wider than mesocoxa laterally; anterolateral angle produced, projection about as long as basal width, apex bluntly rounded (Figs. 10, 48, lp); punctures and setae as on mesosternum. Elytra: punctatostriate; anterior margin angulate in most species (Figs. 64, 65); humeral angle and anterior margin of epipleura grooved for reception of pronotal hind angles, anterior surface of elytra adjacent to pronotal hind angles with short oblique carina; elytra excavated around anterior 2/3 of scutellum; elytra overhanging epipleural margin at apex of elytra; ventral surface of elytra with apical, submarginal carina meeting sutural margin, diverging from lateral margin at about level of middle of abdominal ventrite 5; sutural margin carinate except near scutellum, sutural interval angled dorsolaterally; sutural interneur shallowly impressed, other interneurs not or shallowly impressed; intervals flat; epipleura subrectangular, posterior margin arched dorsally at level of metacoxal plate, dorsal margin carinate, ventral margin with distinctly punctate submarginal stria; elytral setae same length and thickness as pronotal setae, directed posteriorly.</p> <p>Metathorax. Wings and metanotum not examined. Metasternum convex, somewhat flattened around midline, sloping anterodorsally along anterior margin, median longitudinal groove various: extending 2/3 distance to mesosternum from posterior margin, or absent, posterior end of midline produced into equilateral triangle between metacoxal plates; metasternum with broad anterior and lateral marginal ridge and narrow submarginal groove in most species, both ridge and groove becoming obsolete just anterad posterior margin, ridge almost as wide as metepipleuron; ridge bearing posterolaterallydirected acute carina of various length adjacent to mesocoxae; metasternum between mesocoxae as wide as mesocoxa; setae same length as on mesosternum, directed posteriorly. Metepimeron subrectangular, narrow, tapered and weakly rounded posteriorly, depressed adjacent to posterolateral angle of mesepimeron; setae as in adjacent metasternum.</p> <p>Legs. Prothoracic legs: procoxae globular, cuticle microrugose, setae as on prosternum, punctures minute; protrochanter without obvious modifications, subtriangular, length ca. 3/4 width of coxa, anterior surface concave, same curvature as procoxae, cuticle microrugose, setae as on prosternum, directed distally; profemur elongate elliptical, extending from posteromesal to posterolateral margin of hypomeron, anterior surface grooved for reception of protibia, cuticle in groove microrugose, glabrous except proximally, punctures minute, arranged in vaguely diagonal rows, widely separated, setae as on prosternum, directed anterolaterally; protibia elongate, subequal in length to posterior margin of femur, weakly curved posteriorly at apex, two stout, conspicuous tibial spurs present, anterior margin with row of shorter, stouter setae along distal 2/3, apical fringe of stout setae present, punctures minute, relatively widely spaced, setae as on prosternum, directed distally; protarsus about 2/3 length of protibia, tarsomeres 1–3 with posterodistal fringe of stout setae, fringe becoming thinner on tarsomeres 2–3; ventral margin of tarsomeres 1–4 with dense fringe of setae; tarsomere 5 longest, tarsomeres 1–4 decreasing in length, tarsomere 1 twice length of tarsomere 2, tarsomere 2 slightly longer than tarsomere 3, tarsomeres 3 and 4 subequal in length, tarsomere 5 subequal in length to tarsomeres 2+3+4 dorsally; tarsomere 4 with distal end oblique, with variously conspicuous ventral lobe in most species (Fig. 7, 8), lobe rounded, setose, only slightly wider than tarsomere in most species; tarsomere 5 curved dorsally, flattened distally on dorsal surface, tarsomere 5 inserted dorsally on tarsomere 4, claws pectinate (Figs. 5, 6), number and shape of tines various; setae same length as tibial setae, directed distally, semi­erect. Mesothoracic leg as in prothoracic leg except: slightly longer, mesocoxa oblong, mesotrochantin concealed, coxal punctures and setae unmodified, rugose cuticle restricted to groove for reception of mesotrochanter; mesofemur more robust: anterior and posterior margins more convex; mesotibia with dorsal and ventral row of anterior stout setae; tarsomeres 1 and 5 subequal in length, tarsomere 1 slightly more than twice length of tarsomere 2, tarsomeres 2 and 3 subequal in length, tarsomere 4 about 1/2 length of tarsomere 3. Metathoracic leg as in mesothoracic leg except: metacoxa: posterior margin weakly sinuate, troughs of wave at point of trochanteral insertion and near midpoint; coxa mesad trochanteral insertion produced slightly posterad trochanteral condyle, apex directed posterolaterally, bluntly rounded, coxa laterally about 2/3 maximum mesal width, lateral 1/2 about 2X as wide as posterior width of metepimeron; punctures minute, separated by about own diameters; setae as on metasternum; trochanter oval, distal end broadly in contact with femur; setae and punctures as on metacoxa; metafemur elongate, less elliptical than pro­ and mesofemur; setae as on mesosternum; metatibia with stout outer setae on distal 1/2, tarsi as in mesotarsi except 1/2 again as long; tarsomere 1 longest, subequal in length to tarsomeres 2+3; tarsomeres 2 and 5 subequal in length; tarsomere 3 twice length of tarsomere 4.</p> <p>Abdomen. Terga variously sclerotized, spiracles on segments 2–6 enclosed on tergum or not depending on species; spiracle of segment 8 free. Ventrites convex, convexity decreasing posteriorly; ventrites 1–4 transverse, posterolateral angle produced into rounded lobe overlying next ventrite; ventrite 5 only slightly convex, subtriangular, length:width ratio various, apex rounded, free margins curved dorsally, punctures slightly larger than other ventrites, somewhat tear­drop shaped; anterolateral punctures on ventrite 1 larger than on other ventrites. Male genitalia: Sternum 9 shoe­sole shaped, constricted in “shoe instep” just anterad midline, narrowed in apical third, posterior margin thicker and more darkly pigmented, apex with broad, shallow notch, with a pair of stout lateral posteromesally directed setae. Tergum 9 with lateral lobes narrow and bearing long apical setae, anterior margin with wide rugose band, Y­shaped suture between terga 9 and 10 extending to anterior rugose band. Tergum 10 subrectangular, anterior margin broadly rounded. Phallobase (Fig. 66, ph) twisted dorsally, in dorsal aspect genitalia curved to left in most species, anterior and lateral margins of phallobase more heavily sclerotized than rest of phallobase; parameres (Fig. 66, pa) with 2 dorsal subapical setae and 1 ventral subapical seta in most species; in ventral aspect parameres almost contiguous anteriorly or widely separated anteriorly (Fig. 71b) depending on species; median lobe elongate, much longer than median struts (Fig. 66, ms) in most species. Female genitalia: Tergum 8 subtriangular, anterior margin concave, dorsolateral margin of aperture for ovipositor produced, forming unpigmented glabrous, subpentagonal apex of tergum 8, dorsolateral projections lightly pigmented; setae arranged in irregular subcrescentic pattern; setae grading in length from anterior to posterior, longest setae along posterior margin, longest setae with about 1/2 length extending beyond posterior margin; punctures subcircular, shallow, separated by 2–3X own diameter, posterior punctures slightly larger than anterior punctures; cuticle microrugose. Sternum 8 subtriangular, smaller and narrower than tergum, anterior margin truncate; apex, length of setae and spacing of punctures as in tergum; cuticle microrugose; anterolateral extensions of sternum 8 restricted to laterally curved part of apodemes, extensions wider than long, lightly pigmented; apodemes of segment 8 rod­like, separated in posterior 1/3, abruptly divergent at sternum 8; anterior end of apodemes slightly recurved. Segment 8 spiracle large, conspicuous, subcircular; posterior spiracular sclerite curved anteromesally; anterolateral margin of tergum 8 curved ventrally to enclose spiracle anteriorly, spiracle almost contiguous with anterolateral margin of tergum. Sternum 9 and tergum 10 not visible. Coxites evenly sloping from phallobase to ventral suture, narrowing to about ½ basal width between middorsal and subapical setae; coxites largely membranous, pigmentation restricted to dorsal and anterior bar sclerites; bar sclerites thin and rod­like in most species; coxites with scattered long setae laterally and short apical tuft, lateral tuft represented by single seta; styli elongate, virtually apical on coxites, styli with 2–3 apical setae, longest setae subequal in length to stylus; bacculi subequal in length to segment 8 apodemes, rod­like, expanded and recurved anteriorly. Colleterial glands arising ventrolaterally posterad tubular extension, glands elongate, lying ventrally in situ, glands as long as or longer than unexpanded bursa; bursa copulatrix with one pair of subsymmetrical plates (Fig. 86a, bp) and large band of anteriorly­directed spines (Fig. 86a, bs) posterolaterad plates; plates either subreniform (Figs. 98–105) or with margin along long axis of bursa copulatrix greatly attenuated posteriorly (Figs. 86b, 89–94, 96, 97); plates bearing numerous short stout spines on inner surface and long narrow spines along anterior margin; tubular extension various, bearing proximally­directed spines of various size and shape, and either with basal sac­like spermatheca (Fig. 86a, di) or spermatheca absent.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>The concept of Ctenoplus introduced here differs from that of previous authors (Candèze 1891; Schwarz 1907; Fleutiaux 1940a; Hayek 1990) in that species with ventrally lobed tarsomere 4 are included. The configuration of the periocular pits is unique among the Synaptina. All known females of Ctenoplus species have the combination of a broad band of spines on the bursa and short non­marginal spines on the bursal plates. However, female genitalia of species of Silesis Candèze are poorly known and further refinement of the diagnosis may be required. In S. hilaris Candèze, the type species of Silesis, the bursa bears a narrow line of spines and the bursal plates bear short marginal and non­marginal spines (Fig. 87). In contrast, an unidentified species of Silesis (s.s.) from China has a broad band of spines on the bursa like Ctenoplus, but subequally long marginal and non­marginal spines of the bursal plates. Silesis, as defined by Platia &amp; Schimmel (1991), is probably not a monophyletic group, if the structure of the periocular space has any value as a diagnostic character. In S. hilaris the dorsal periocular pit is a small shallow pit about midway between the dorsal and ventral margins of the periocular space (Fig. 2, dp). Silesis musculus Candèze, the type species of Parasilesis Ohira, has deep, well­defined dorsal and ventral periocular pits, similar in appearance to those of Synaptus Eschscholtz (Fig. 3, dp, vp), most species of Glyphonyx Candèze examined (Fig. 4, dp, vp), and those species of Peripontius Gurjeva examined. This suggests that S. musculus is more closely related to Peripontius, Synaptus and Glyphonyx than to S. hilaris. A third group of species in Silesis (s.l.) lacks any pits on the periocular space. However, relatively few of the described species of Silesis have been examined for this or other characters, and Silesis (s.l.) requires further study.</p> <p>In order to reflect the revised definition of Ctenoplus presented above, the most recent key to genera of Synaptina (Hayek 1990, as Adrastus group) is modified at triplet 6 as follows:</p> <p>Triplet 6</p> <p>Dorsal periocular pit shallow, irregular in shape, interrupting margin of antennal socket (Fig. 1, dp); tarsomere 4 variously lobed ventrally (Figs. 7, 8)........... Ctenoplus ­ Dorsal and ventral periocular pits relatively deep, circular, not interrupting margin of antennal socket (Fig. 3, dp, vp); tarsomere 3 with a membranous lobe extending beneath and beyond tarsomere 4....................................................................... Synaptus ­ Periocular pits various: deep and circular (Fig. 4, dp, vp), or shallow and not interrupting margin of antennal socket (Fig. 2, dp, vp), or absent; tarsomere 4 lobed ventrally in most species.................................................................................................................. 7</p> <p>Natural history</p> <p>Little is known about the biology of the species of Ctenoplus. Larvae have not been associated, and for most adult specimens examined in this study, habitat data are not recorded.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0F7C9B43FFC2E97DFE8DF9AD964FFA43	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fuller, E.;Platia, G.	Fuller, E., Platia, G. (2006): A revision of the click beetle genus Ctenoplus Candèze, 1863 (Coleoptera: Elateridae, Synaptina). Zootaxa 1217 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1217.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1217.1.1
0F7C9B43FFD6E974FE8DFA879232FC93.text	0F7C9B43FFD6E974FE8DFA879232FC93.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenoplus javanensis Candeze	<div><p>Ctenoplus javanensis Candèze</p> <p>Figures 15, 31, 60, 66, 86, 107</p> <p>Ctenoplus javanensis Candèze 1863: 463, pl. 6, fig. 2; one specimen, sex not stated; type locality: " Java ".</p> <p>Ctenoplus javanus (misspelling), Candèze 1891: 209; Schwarz 1907: 295.</p> <p>Ctenoplus javanensis, Schenkling 1927: 490.</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Medium­sized Ctenoplus with bidentate elytral apices (Fig. 60), pronotum longer than wide (Fig. 31) and head and pronotum red­brown. This species is similar to C. sumatrensis n.sp., but can be distinguished by pronotal shape; in C. javanensis, the pronotum is longer than wide (Fig. 31), whereas in C. sumatrensis, the pronotum is subquadrate (Fig. 32).</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Head, thorax and most of ventral surface reddish­brown; elytra varying from entirely reddish­brown like prothorax to almost entirely piceous; ventrite 5 varying from reddishbrown to blackish­brown; legs and epipleura brownish­yellow; setae whitish­yellow. Length: 7.5– 9.5 mm; width: 2.0 mm.</p> <p>Head. Punctures varying from almost contiguous to separated by slightly more than their own diameters; setae long, erect, as long as longest setae on antennae, as fine as setae on antennae; frontal punctures deep, circular. Antenna (Fig. 15) not reaching apex of pronotal hind angle by about length of antennomere 11 in female, slightly exceeding apex of pronotal hind angle in male; most antennal setae on each article as long as antennomere 2, with 5–10 setae each as long as antennomere 4 on each article.</p> <p>Prothorax. Pronotum (Fig. 31) with sides varying from slightly convergent anteriorly to parallel; punctures small, deep, sparse: separated by 1–2X own diameters, simple; setae as on head. Hypomeron: punctures circular, simple, deep, about same size as lateral pronotal punctures, separated by 0.5–1.5X own diameter; posterior 1/5 glabrous; setae long, fine. Prosternum evenly convex; anterior lobe punctures coarse as on hypomeron, almost contiguous; prosternal punctures grading in size from those of anterior lobe anteriorly to minute on prosternal spine; setae as on hypomeron; prosternal spine: Vshaped; straight in anterior­posterior plane; dorsal apex carinate laterally, carina extending anteriorly about 1/2 length of spine; ventrolateral carinae remaining separate to ventral apex, extending slightly anterad anterior margin of procoxal cavities.</p> <p>Mesothorax. Scutellum convex, midline carinate, anterior margin slightly emarginate, posterior margin broadly rounded; punctures shallow, small, simple, separated by up to 3X own diameter. Mesosternum: margins of cavity raised above metasternum and mesosternum in posterior 1/2, horizontal, thickened. Mesepisternum: anterior 1/2 to 3/4 with shallow, almost contiguous, simple punctures, posterior 1/4 to 1/2 glabrous. Elytra: posterior margin of epipleuron at level of metacoxal plate almost vertical; apex of elytron (Fig. 60) emarginate, bidentate; strial punctures up to 1.5X size of pronotal punctures; interval punctures small, sparse, in vaguely posterolaterally­directed diagonal rows.</p> <p>Metathorax. Metasternum with carina posterad mesocoxae ca. 3–5X basal width; punctures as in mesepisternum, variable in size, separated by less than 1/2 own diameters.</p> <p>Legs. Tarsomere 4 with small ventral lobe; claws with 5 long subapical tines, longest tine subequal to level of apex of apical tine.</p> <p>Abdomen. Terga relatively heavily sclerotized; spiracles enclosed in tergum on segments 2–6; terga 1–6 conspicuously punctured, punctures decreasing in size, depth and number on posterior terga: punctures on terga 1 and 2 covering most of tergum and almost contiguous, those on 6 restricted to wide central band and separated by 1–3X their own diameters. Ventrite 5 slightly wider than long, dome­shaped, apex truncate with cuticle thin and somewhat ragged in specimens examined; lateral punctures somewhat tear­drop shaped, simple, separated by up to own diameters, punctures on midline much smaller, separated by 1–3X own diameters, more circular, simple; setae coarser than on metasternum; dorsal surface of ventrite 5 with Y­shaped submarginal carina. Male genitalia, Fig. 66; parameres not enclosing median lobe ventrally, separated by about width of median lobe. Female genitalia, Fig. 86; sternum 8 with small anterolateral glabrous patch along margin; aperture for ovipositor in intersegmental membrane sclerotized ventrally, sclerotization subtriangular in ventral aspect. Coxites with right angled shoulder at ventral suture. Bursal plates ventral, attenuated posteriorly almost to posterior margin of bursal spines, plates curved around anterior end onto dorsal surface, outer margin of plate curved dorsally forming thin rim; mesal margin of plates with stout projecting spines, spines increasing in length anteriorly; inner surface of plates with short stout spines, posterior spines directed anteriorly, anterior spines directed mesally; dorsal inner surface of bursa with cluster of moderately long, stout spines directed anteriorly, point of attachment of spines suboval, wider than spine; posterior end of ventral cluster of spines linear; tubular extension: arising dorsolaterally at about midpoint of bursa, proximal 1/2 armed with wide band of short spines of same basic shape as spines of bursa; wide band of spines grading into two bands of stouter spines distally, more distal spines with stout bases as in bursal plates, two types grade into each other; base with sac­like spermatheca dorsally; base around insertion of spermatheca without spines, area devoid of spines about same size as spermatheca; spermathecal gland with subreniform reservoir.</p> <p>Variation. The apparent colour of the folded elytra is influenced by some undetermined factor of the underlying structures. Unfolded elytra are transparent reddishbrown like the head and pronotum, but folded elytra vary from appearing completely reddish­brown, to reddish­brown anteriorly and black posteriorly, to almost completely black. This may be due to the amount of dark pigment in the underlying flight wings, but at present this is uncertain.</p> <p>Type material</p> <p>Candèze (1863) described C. javanensis based on one specimen collected on Java. The holotype, a female, is deposited in The Natural History Museum, London, and has been examined. It bears the following labels: “Type; HOLO VZ 1958” [on reverse]/ “ Java.”/</p> <p>“ Ctenoplus, javanensis, Java Cdz ”./ “Janson Coll., ex Candeze, 1903–20”/ “ Holotype, Ctenoplus, javanensis Cand. 1863, TYPE SERIES CHECKED, C. M. F. von Hayek 1991”.</p> <p>Material examined and range</p> <p>2♂, 2♀. [INDONESIA]: holotype, [BMNH]; 1♂, “ Java, Preanger, Mt. Djampanes, ex coll. Oberthur ”[CPG]; 1♂, " Java "/ " Janson coll. 1903­130" [BMNH]; 1♀, “ Java, rec: Pasteur, ex coll. E. Candeze ” [ISNB]. This species has been found only on Java (Fig. 107).</p> <p>Ctenoplus sumatrensis n. sp.</p> <p>Figures 16, 32, 67, 89, 107</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Small to medium­sized, unicoloured reddish­brown Ctenoplus with notched apices of the elytra and subquadrate pronotum (Fig. 32). C. sumatrensis is similar to C. javanensis Candèze, but in the latter species the pronotum is longer than wide (Fig. 31).</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Uniformly reddish brown, legs and antennae yellowish brown, setae yellowish white. Length: 7.0– 8.5 mm; width: 1.5–2.0 mm.</p> <p>Head. Punctures moderately deep, separated from nearest neighbour by about 1/2 own diameters, punctures slightly larger than those of anterior pronotum; setae relatively long. Antenna (Fig. 16) not reaching apex of pronotal hind angle by about 1/2 length of antennomere 11; sexual dimorphism not apparent; punctures small, widely spaced.</p> <p>Prothorax. Pronotum, Fig. 32: sexual dimorphism not apparent; posterior 1/2 with shallow groove along midline; hind angles varying from subparallel to slightly divergent, apex truncate in dorsal aspect; posterior margin with median projection adjacent to scutellum formed of two pairs of smaller, rounded projections, lateral projections about twice as long as median pair of projections; punctures about as deep as, and about 3/4 size of frontal punctures, separated by 1–2X own diameters on midline, by about own diameters laterally; setae as long as frontal setae, erect, directed posteriorly along anterior margin and midline, curved posteromesally or mesally laterally. Hypomeron: punctures subequal in size and density to lateral pronotal punctures; posterior 1/5–1/4 glabrous; posterolateral angle slightly obliquely truncate in ventral aspect, slightly wider than long; posterior margin more or less straight adjacent to epipleura, concave adjacent to mesepisternum. Prosternum: anterior lobe with punctures larger and more closely spaced than other punctures; punctures about 1/2 size of hypomeral punctures, separated by 1.5–2X own diameters; setae about same size and thickness as hypomeral setae, directed posteriorly; prosternal spine: triangular in ventral aspect, tapered posteriorly, dorsal and ventral margins and lateral margins subparallel, ventral margin horizontal in lateral aspect; in ventral aspect lateral carinae remaining separate to apex, submarginal groove present, extended slightly anterad anterior procoxal margin, groove carinate laterally anterad procoxae.</p> <p>Mesothorax. Scutellum convex, center line subcarinate anteriorly, posterior margin subtruncate. Elytra subparallel for anterior 2/3, narrowing posteriorly; apex shallowly notched, sutural and lateral angles slightly produced and acute, lateral tooth placed slightly more dorsally than sutural tooth in lateral aspect; strial punctures somewhat oblong, separated by up to own diameters; in most specimens strial punctures surrounded by subquadrate to subcircular patch of transparent cuticle; interval punctures minute, in diagonal rows. Mesosternum: posterior margin between mesocoxae straight, elevated. Mesepisternum: punctures minute, much smaller than hypomeral punctures; up to 1/2 of sclerite glabrous posteriorly; anterior marginal groove without submarginal lateral carina.</p> <p>Metathorax. Metasternum: carina posterad mesocoxae subacute, 4–5X basal width, directed towards midpoint of metacoxal plate; punctures grading from large, shallow, simple, almost contiguous laterally to minute, separated by 2–3X own diameter along midline.</p> <p>Legs. Profemur with anterior margin of groove bearing minute, dark, stout setae; tarsomere 4 with small ventrodistal lobe, lobe often difficult to distinguish, claws with 4–5 subapical tines.</p> <p>Abdomen. Terga 2–7 relatively heavily sclerotized; spiracles enclosed on terga 2–6, free on 7; terga 3–6 with lateral carina posterad spiracle; tergum 7 subrectangular, posterior margin with submarginal sclerotized projection medially on internal surface, apex of tergum 7 weakly sclerotized, flap­like, with dense short setae, flap offset from lateral margin by diagonal shoulder, median projection bordered by diagonal bar sclerites; surface of terga 3–6 microrippled longitudinally with scattered punctures. Anteromedian and lateral punctures of ventrite 1 much larger than punctures of other ventrites, almost contiguous anteromedially; punctures on other ventrites about 1/2 size of large punctures on ventrite 1, separated by a little less than own diameters, punctures along midline smaller. Ventrite 5 about as long as basal width, apex somewhat sharply rounded, punctures appear tear­drop shaped apically and laterally, almost contiguous apically; dorsal surface of ventrite 5 with submarginal carina curved mesally and produced posteriorly at midline, not connected to posterior margin of ventrite 5, apex rounded; mesal margin of elytral groove setate; lateral margin of ventrite 5 more heavily sclerotized than apex. Male genitalia, Fig. 67; parameres not enclosing median lobe ventrally; parameres with 2 dorsal setae well separated from apex. Female genitalia, Fig. 89; bursal plates symmetrical, mesal margin (left margin in dorsal aspect) greatly attenuated; tubular extension: short, in situ coiled like watch spring dorsad base, overlying sac­like spermatheca; basally with relatively long thin spines like free spines on bursa; basal spines grading into coarser spines of about same length with conspicuous bases on each spine; coarse middle spines grading into shorter but equally coarse spines initially without conspicuous bases then with conspicuous bases; most distal part without spines; spermathecal gland with subreniform reservoir.</p> <p>Material examined and range</p> <p>7♂, 10♀. [INDONESIA:] Holotype male, Allotype female, “Mentawei, Si Oban, IV–VIII 94, Modigliani”/ “ Coll. Kraatz ” [DEIC]. Paratypes: 2♀, same data as holotype [ISNB]; 5♂, 7♀, “W. Sumatra, Siberut Isl., Maura Siberut, 1.9.1992 " [ERFC, CCW, CPG, CSV]; 1♂, same data except 30.8.1992 / “ Indonesia 1992, leg. Barries &amp; Cate ” [CCW]. This species is known from the Mentawei Islands south of Sumatra (Fig. 107).</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>The species epithet is derived from ‘sumatr­’ + ‘­ensis’, denoting Sumatra, the origin of known specimens.</p> <p>Natural history Specimens with complete data were collected between 30 August and 1 September.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0F7C9B43FFD6E974FE8DFA879232FC93	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fuller, E.;Platia, G.	Fuller, E., Platia, G. (2006): A revision of the click beetle genus Ctenoplus Candèze, 1863 (Coleoptera: Elateridae, Synaptina). Zootaxa 1217 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1217.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1217.1.1
0F7C9B43FFDDE972FE8DFC3795DEFD13.text	0F7C9B43FFDDE972FE8DFC3795DEFD13.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenoplus sanguinolentus (Candeze)	<div><p>Ctenoplus sanguinolentus (Candèze)</p> <p>Figures 17, 50, 90, 107</p> <p>Silesis sanguinolentus Candèze, 1880: 5; three specimens, sex not stated; type locality: [Sumatra] "district of Rawas ", May 1878.</p> <p>Ctenoplus sanguinolentus, Candèze, 1889: 57, 1891: 209; Schwarz, 1907: 295; Schenkling, 1927: 490.</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Small yellowish brown and black Ctenoplus with notched elytral apices. This species has an identical colour pattern to C. sanguinolentoides n.sp., but can be distinguished by the shape of the elytra. In C. sanguinolentus, the apex of each elytron is notched with the sutural and lateral margins of the notch produced into small teeth (as in C. javanensis, Fig. 60), whereas in C. sanguinolentoides, the apex of each elytron is produced into a single tooth (Fig. 61). See C. sanguinolentoides for further comparison.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Head, labrum, mandibles and apical 1/3 of elytra black; thorax, abdomen, appendages and basal 2/3 of elytra yellowish brown; setae whitish yellow. Length: 7.5 mm; width: 2.0 mm.</p> <p>Head. Punctures almost contiguous, circular, shallow; setae as long as longest setae on antenna, erect. Antenna (Fig. 17) not reaching apex of pronotal hind angle by 1–2 lengths of antennomere 11, setae conspicuous, setae of anterodistal angle shorter and denser.</p> <p>Prothorax. Pronotum: subquadrate; posteromesal groove very shallow, indistinct; sides slightly converging anteriorly, hind angles slightly divergent; apex of hind angles obliquely truncate in dorsal aspect; lateral and anterior pronotal punctures about same size as frontal punctures, separated by slightly less than own diameter laterally, punctures smaller on disk, separated by up to 2X own diameter; setae as on head but slightly more appressed; punctures moderately deep, simple; setae directed posteriorly on lateral margins, mesally on disk. Hypomeron: posterior 1/5 glabrous; posterolateral angles not greatly produced beyond posterior margin; punctures separated by about own diameter; setae about 1/2 length of pronotal setae, fine, inconspicuous. Prosternum as in C. javanensis; prosternal spine (Fig. 50): ventrolateral carinae meeting at ventral apex.</p> <p>Mesothorax. Scutellum convex, midline subcarinate, anterior margin slightly emarginate, posterior margin rounded; punctures small, simple, lateral punctures subequal in size to interval punctures of elytra, decreasing in size towards midline, separated by ca. 2X own diameter. Mesepisternum punctate. Elytra: apex as in C. javanensis, c.f. Fig. 60.</p> <p>Metathorax. Metasternum densely, almost contiguously punctate, punctures variable in size, simple, largest punctures larger than those of mesepimeron and about same size as abdominal punctures; punctures laterad lateral submarginal groove much finer than those mesad groove; setae as in hypomeron; carina posterad mesocoxa 2–4X as long as basal width.</p> <p>Legs. Profemur with black microspines; tarsomere 4 with small lobe.</p> <p>Abdomen. Terga relatively heavily sclerotized, but translucent; spiracles enclosed on terga 2–6. Dorsal surface of ventrite 5 with Y­shaped submarginal carina like C. javanensis; ventral surface of ventrites as in C. javanensis except densely punctate: punctures almost contiguous throughout, those on centerline not visible; apex of ventrite 5 truncate and ragged like C. javanensis. Female genitalia, Fig. 90; bursa elongate (spermatophore present); bursal plates attenuated posteriorly almost to level of posterior margin of band of spines; plates subsymmetrical; band of free spines extending to anterior end of base of tubular extension; bursa unspined around insertion of spermatheca; tubular extension: relatively short, irregularly coiled, with 2 bands of dense free spines in proximal 1/2, spines about as long as free spines of bursa but slightly thicker, distal 1/2 with sparse free stout spines bearing stout bases in distal 1/4 and without spines in proximal 1/4; sac­like spermatheca at base; spermathecal gland with subreniform reservoir.</p> <p>Male unknown.</p> <p>Type material</p> <p>Candèze (1880) described this species based on three specimens collected on Sumatra. Four specimens of C. sanguinolentus were received from ISNB. Only the fourth specimen, bearing the label data "Rawas", "5/78", is part of the type series. This specimen, a female, is here designed lectotype. It bears the following labels: [the original label with data as above on grey paper with a double lined border now glued to a yellow ISNB curatorial label]/ " Silesis sanguinolentus, Cnd. " handwritten/ " Ctenoplus sanguinolentus Cd [handwritten] dét. E. Candeze ". The whereabouts of the other two specimens studied by Candèze are unknown.</p> <p>Material examined and range</p> <p>2♀. [INDONESIA:] lectotype [ISNB]; 1♀, E. SUMATRA. Riau Prov., Bukit Tigapuluh N.P., 0°50’S 102°25’E, 18– 15.1.2000, leg. J. Bezdek [CCW]. This species has been recorded only from eastern and central Sumatra (Fig. 107).</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>Female genitalia are difficult to distinguish from those of C. javanensis. In C. sanguinolentus, the tubular extension bears long dense proximal bands of spines and a short sparse distal band of spines; in the specimens available, these two bands of spines are disjunct. In C. javanensis, only the proximal dense bands are present; the spines at the distal end of these proximal bands are stouter with larger bases than the spines nearer the base of the duct. In C. sanguinolentus, the spines nearer the distal end of the proximal bands are as stout as those nearer the base of the extension and lack pronounced bases.</p> <p>Ctenoplus sanguinolentoides n. sp.</p> <p>Figures 18, 33, 51, 61, 68, 91, 107, 116</p> <p>Ctenoplus sanguinolentus (in part), Candèze 1894: 502. Diagnosis</p> <p>Medium­sized yellowish­brown and black Ctenoplus (Fig. 116) with apex of elytron produced to a subacute point. C. sanguinolentoides is similar to C. sanguinolentus (Cand.), but can be distinguished by the form of the apex of the elytra and prosternal spine, the length of the antennae and the length of the tubular extension. In C. sanguinolentoides, the apex of each elytron is produced into a single tooth (Fig. 61), the dorsal tooth of the prosternal spine is relatively long (Fig. 51), the antennae extend to the apex of the pronotal hind angles in both sexes, and the tubular extension is relatively long (about three times length of bursa copulatrix, Fig. 91). In C. sanguinolentus, the apex of each elytron is notched (as in C. javanensis, c.f. Fig. 60), the dorsal tooth of the prosternal spine is relatively shorter (Fig. 50), the antennae do not reach the apex of the pronotal hind angles in the female (male unknown), and the tubular extension is shorter (about twice length of bursa copulatrix, Fig. 90).</p> <p>Description</p> <p>As in C. sanguinolentus, except as noted.</p> <p>Metasternum and abdominal ventrites black; apical black patch of elytra varying in size from 1/4–1/3 length of elytron. Length: 8.0–10.0 mm; width: 2.0– 2.5 mm.</p> <p>Head. Antennae (Fig. 18) reaching slightly posterad apex of pronotal hind angles, antennomeres relatively longer; male antennomeres 4–11 with fine, moderately long, erect setae along anterior margin.</p> <p>Prothorax. Pronotum, Fig. 33: carina of hind angles extending farther anteriorly than carina of sublateral longitudinal incision; lateral margin not arched dorsally (difference between C. sanguinolentus and C. sanguinolentoides subtle). Prosternal punctures very small, separated by at least 3X own diameter, setae as on hypomeron, directed anteriorly on anterior lobe, posteriorly elsewhere; prosternal spine, Fig. 51.</p> <p>Mesothorax. Mesosternum raised above level of mesocoxae in lateral aspect, margin angled anteriorly. Mesepisternum: posteromesal angle glabrous. Elytra: apex entire and produced into point (Fig. 61).</p> <p>Metathorax. Metasternum: median sulcus extending almost to mesosternum; metasternal punctures becoming smaller, finer and simple towards midline.</p> <p>Legs. Tarsomere 4 with lobe visible or not; claws with 4–5 subapical tines.</p> <p>Abdomen. Terga more heavily sclerotized than C. sanguinolentus and much more opaque; spiracles enclosed on terga 3–6; pigmented portion of apex of tergum 7 produced at midline. Ventrites densely punctured, punctures almost contiguous; punctures at anterolateral angle of ventrite 1 larger and shallower than others. Male genitalia, Fig. 68; parameres not enclosing median lobe ventrally; articulation between basal piece and parameres conspicuous, heavily sclerotized; parameres with 2–3 dorsal setae well separated from apex and 1 ventral subapical seta near apex. Female genitalia, Fig. 91; tubular extension: at least 3X length of bursa; in situ coiled irregularly dorsad and laterad bursa; dorsal row of dense basal spines much wider than ventral row; apical row of stout spines with bases wider than spine; dense basal spines about as long and thick as free spines of bursa; sac­like spermatheca present.</p> <p>Material examined and range</p> <p>4♂, 7♀. INDONESIA: Holotype male, 2 paratype females, “ Sumatra, Pangherang­ Pisang, X.90–III. 91, E. Modigliani ” [ISNB]. Paratypes: 2♂, 1♀, “N. Sumatra, Brastagi, Mt. Sibayak, 1300m, 7– 15.8.1992, leg. Barries &amp; Cate ” [CCW, ERFC]; 1♂, “ Sumatra, Utara, Berastagi [sic], Sikulikap, 2.6.94, leg. Barries &amp; Weiss ” [CCW]; 2♀?, “ Sumatra, Utara, Berastagi [sic], 1500m, 14.5.94, leg. Barries &amp; Weiss ” [CPG]; 1♀, “ Sumatra, 28 km SW Pematang Siantar, road to Prapat, 18.4.1993, 1100–1200 m, leg. E.W. Diehl ” [CCW]; 1♀, “INDONESIA. Sumatra, Umg. Prabat, LF, 10.III.1995, leg. U. Buchsbaum ” [CSV]. All known specimens were collected in the vicinity of Lake Toba in western Sumatra (Fig. 107).</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>The species epithet is derived from ‘sanguinolent­’ + ‘­oides’ and refers to its resemblance to C. sanguinolentus.</p> <p>Natural history</p> <p>Specimens with precise data are were collected from 10 March to 2 June and 7–15 August, at elevations from 1100–1500m.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>Some specimens identified by Candèze (1894) as C. sanguinolentus are here described as C. sanguinolentoides. Additional specimens cited by Candèze (op. cit.) may be in Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Genoa.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0F7C9B43FFDDE972FE8DFC3795DEFD13	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fuller, E.;Platia, G.	Fuller, E., Platia, G. (2006): A revision of the click beetle genus Ctenoplus Candèze, 1863 (Coleoptera: Elateridae, Synaptina). Zootaxa 1217 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1217.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1217.1.1
0F7C9B43FFDBE94BFE8DFCB793CFFE2B.text	0F7C9B43FFDBE94BFE8DFCB793CFFE2B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenoplus nitidipennis , Schwarz 1907	<div><p>Ctenoplus nitidipennis Schwarz</p> <p>Figures 19, 47, 69, 92, 107</p> <p>Ctenoplus nitidipennis Schwarz 1900: 355; sex and number of specimens not stated; type locality: “Borneo, Kina Balu ”.</p> <p>Ctenoplus nigripennis Schwarz 1900: 356; sex and number of specimens not stated; type locality: “ N. Borneo ”. NEW SYNONYMY.</p> <p>Ctenoplus nitidipennis, Schwarz 1907: 295; Schenking 1927: 490.</p> <p>Ctenoplus nigripennis, Schwarz 1907: 295; Schenkling 1927: 490.</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Medium­ to large­sized, red and black Ctenoplus; head, prothorax and ventral surface of meso­ and metathorax red, elytra black; prosternum with curved groove anterad prosternal spine (Fig. 47). C. nitidipennis is similar in size and colour to C. indicus n.sp., but can be distinguished by the red head and curved grooves on the prosternum. In C. indicus, the head is black and the prosternum is ungrooved. In addition, C. nitidipennis is known only from Borneo while C. indicus is known from Nepal, India and Laos.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Head, prothorax, venter of meso­ and metathorax, and legs red; scutellum and antennomeres red, bordered with black; elytra and abdomen black, epipleura and mouthparts blackish red in most specimens, epipleura varying from black to red; setae mainly brownish yellow with some black setae interspersed. Length: 8.0– 11.5 mm; width: 2.0– 2.5 mm.</p> <p>Head. Punctures separated by up to own diameters anteriorly, almost contiguous posteriorly; anterior tentorial pit small, round. Antennae (Fig. 19) reaching apex of pronotal hind angle in female, 1.5–2 segments posterad apex of hind angle in male; antennomere 1 with cuticle microreticulate posterodorsally and ventrally, shiny anteriorly, punctures small, shallow, almost contiguous; cuticle of other antennomeres microreticulate, punctures very small, separated by up to 3X own diameters, setae relatively long, black; secondary male setae not apparent. Labrum with impunctate basomedian band, punctures simple, cuticle microstriate, dull; right mandible with mandibular groove setate, punctures simple; left mandible with anterior margin of basal expansion almost vertical, not excavated by mandibular groove, mandibular groove short, shallow, situated at anterior margin of basal expansion.</p> <p>Prothorax. Pronotum: lateral carina at about midline of prothorax in lateral aspect; lateral margin weakly sinuate in dorsal aspect, concave at base of hind angles; hind angles slightly divergent, more so in male; punctures small, simple, separated by up to 3X own diameters in male, about own diameters in female, gradually decreasing in size and density posteriorly. Hypomeron: surface sculpture and setae as on pronotum, though setae finer; cuticle becoming glabrous near level of posterior margin of procoxae; apex of posterolateral angles slightly produced laterally, truncate posteriorly in ventral aspect; apex of posterolateral angles produced posterad adjacent posterior margin. Prosternum, Fig. 47; anterior lobe punctures larger and closer than other punctures, punctures almost contiguous; submarginal groove of prosternal spine extending anteriorly for about 1/2 length of prosternum, curved ectally anteriorly, whole configuration appears gobletshaped, lateral margin of groove carinate; punctures slightly smaller and denser than adjacent punctures of hypomeron, grading to minute posteromesally; setae as on hypomeron, directed posteriorly; prosternal spine: elongate: about 2X as long to posterior concavity as width immediately posterad procoxae; subhorizontal, dorsal and ventral margins subparallel, ventrolateral margins thickened, rounded laterally, subcarinate medially, carina becoming sharper anteriorly and continuous with lateral carina of prosternal groove, submarginal groove creating raised center line on spine.</p> <p>Mesothorax. Scutellum: median line subcarinate, punctures small, separated by 2–3X own diameter. Elytra: lateral margins subparallel in anterior two­thirds, narrowed posteriorly, apex with short subsutural tooth; punctures separated by about own diameters; intervals with punctures in roughly diagonal rows, minute; posterior margin of epipleura oblique. Mesosternum horizontal and thickened between mesocoxae; posteromesal margin between mesocoxae sinuate. Mesepisternum: posterior 1/4 glabrous.</p> <p>Metathorax. Metasternum: carina posterad mesocoxal cavity long, directed towards posterolateral angle of metasternum, extending between 1/4 and 1/3 distance from mesocoxae to posterolateral angle of mesosternum; setae as in hypomeron, though slightly shorter; punctation appears double: major punctures as on hypomeron, very small punctures interspersed, especially towards midline and posteriorly, slightly denser in female.</p> <p>Legs. Femur with poorly developed groove for tibia, without obvious marginal spinelike setae; tarsomere 4 with small distoventral lobe, claw with 7 stout subapical tines.</p> <p>Abdomen. Terga relatively heavily sclerotized; spiracles enclosed on terga 3–6. Ventral punctures separated by up to own diameter, setae as in metasternum. Male genitalia, Fig. 69; parameres not enclosing median lobe ventrally: separated by slightly more than width of median lobe for most of length then abruptly converging at ca. anterior 1/8; anterior margin of parameres at same level dorsally and ventrally; mesal margin of parameres with subrectangular angle near point of divergence of median struts, margin more heavily pigmented across angle; angle slightly raised above median lobe, but not above rest of paramere; paramere with 2 subapical dorsal setae and 2 apical ventral setae. Female genitalia, Fig. 92; spermatophore present in bursa copulatrix and tubular extension of specimen illustrated; bursa with 1 pair of elongate ventral spiny plates, plates tapered anteriorly and posteriorly; plates somewhat sinuate in outline but one plate more so than other; plates extending almost full length of bursa; bursa with band of free spines extending from level of posterior end of plates almost to recurved end of plates, band of spines almost enclosing base of tubular extension, spines slightly longer and more dense posteriorly; bursa with patch of unspined membrane about size and shape of spermatheca anterad point of insertion of spermatheca; tubular extension: arising dorsally, very long, 4–5X length of bursa with 5 proximal coils in dorsal aspect and convoluted coiling distally; gradually narrowing in proximal coils to about 1/2 width at bursa; spined throughout in single band not enclosing extension, grading in proximal coils from long stout spines subequal in size and density to bursal spines to shorter and thinner spines with conspicuous bases in distal part; small sac­like spermatheca at point of insertion with bursa.</p> <p>Type material</p> <p>We have examined the type material of C. nitidipennis and C. nigripennis. C. nitidipennis was described based on an unspecified number of specimens from “Borneo, Kina Balu ”. Two specimens of C. nitidipennis were received from DEIC when types were requested. The first specimen, a male, bears the following labels: “ Kina Balu ” [handwritten]/ “Coll. Schwarz”/ “ Syntypus ” [red paper]/ “ nitidipennis Schw. ” [handwritten]. This specimens is here designated the lectotype. The second specimen, a female, lacks the handwritten labels of the lectotype as well as the “Coll. Schwarz” label, and is probably not part of the type series.</p> <p>C. nigripennis was described based on an unspecified number of specimens from “N. Borneo”; two specimens labelled syntypes, both females, were received from DEIC. The first specimen bears the following labels: “Borneo” [handwritten]/ “Coll. Schwarz”/ “ nigripennis Schwarz ” [handwritten]/ “ Syntypus ” [red paper]. This specimen is here designated the lectotype. The second specimen bears a printed “Borneo” label and lacks the handwritten determination label. It is here designated a paralectotype. The characters cited by Schwarz (1900) to distinguish C. nigripennis from C. nitidipennis are variable and the character states intergrade. No other characters have been found to distinguish them.</p> <p>Material examined and range</p> <p>14♂, 16♀, 1 undetermined. BRUNEI: 1♂, 1 undetermined, Temburon, Kuala Belalong, V–VII.1995, Borcherding [CCW]; 1♀, Bukit Sulang, nr. Lamunin, 28 viii – 5 ix 82, N.E. Stork [BMNH]. MALAYSIA. SABAH: lectotype of C. nitidipennis; 1♀, Kina Balu [DEIC]; 9♂, 3♀, Bettotan, nr. Sandakan, July 26 – Aug. 7, 1927 [BMNH]; 1♀, Crocker Range, V.1988, leg. Koo [CPG]; 4♂, 9♀, SARAWAK: foot of Mt. Dulit, junction of rivers Tinjar &amp; Lejok, 3 ix 1932, Oxford Univ. Exp., B.M. Hobby &amp; A.W. Moore [BMNH]; 2♀, Kuching distr., Mt. Penrissen, m 1000, 24–26.III.1994, lg. J. Horak. [CPG, CHP]. “BORNEO”, lectotype, paralectotype of C. nigripennis [DEIC]. C. nitidipennis is known only from northwestern Borneo (Fig. 107).</p> <p>Natural history</p> <p>Adults have been collected between 24 March and 5 September, though most specimens examined were collected between 26 July and 5 September. The only recorded elevation was 1000m.</p> <p>Ctenoplus indicus n. sp.</p> <p>Figures 20, 34, 70, 93, 108</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Large, red and black Ctenoplus with a small tooth at apex of elytron. C. indicus is similar in size and shape to C. nitidipennis Schwarz, but can be distinguished by the colour of the head and by distribution. In C. indicus, the head is black, the same colour as the elytra, while in C. nitidipennis, the head is red like the pronotum. C. indicus is known from Nepal, northern India and Laos, whereas C. nitidipennis is known from Borneo.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Head and elytra black, pronotum and legs yellowish­red; antennae reddish­brown; most of ventral surface either red as on pronotum, or with mesosternum, mesepisternum, mesepimeron and metasternum variably red and black and abdominal ventrites black (see variation), prosternal spine and margins of mesosternal cavity black; setae yellowish­white on most of body, dark brown to black on disk of pronotum and elytra. Length: 10–14 mm, width 2.0– 4.5 mm.</p> <p>Head. Punctures moderately deep, almost contiguous. Antennae (Fig. 20) extending about 1/2 segment posterad apex of pronotal hind angles; antennomere 1 with cuticle microrugose dorsally and ventrally, smooth and subshiny anteriorly, dorsal and ventral punctures minute, anterior punctures slightly smaller than frontal punctures, almost contiguous, setae slightly shorter than frontal setae, semierect, directed distally; other articles with microrugose cuticle, punctures minute, setae as on antennomere 1 though longer; male antennomeres 4–11 with fine, moderately long, erect setae along anterior margin.</p> <p>Prothorax. Pronotum (Fig. 34): broadly flattened on disc, posterior margin gradually elevated to transverse tubercle opposite scutellum, elevated portion notched to receive scutellum, midline with very shallowly impressed longitudinal impunctate groove in posterior 1/2; punctures shallow, simple, separated from nearest neighbour by up to 2X own diameter on disk, slightly closer towards lateral margin. Hypomeron: posterior margin between apex of posterolateral angles and level of lateral margin of mesepisternum almost straight; punctures shallow, simple, subequal in size to lateral pronotal punctures, separated from nearest neighbour by up to 1.5X own diameters, setae as on pronotum. Prosternum broadly flattened in center; surface sculpture and setae as on hypomeron except punctures separated by about own diameters in center, contiguous on anterior lobe, almost contiguous around procoxal cavities, setae directed anteriorly on lobe, mesally elsewhere; prosternal spine: ventral margin horizontal, apical 1/2 smooth, shiny, impunctate, lateral margin slightly concave, shape as in C. dorsalis n. sp., c.f. Fig. 57; posterior concavity between dorsal and ventral apices varying in shape from semicircular to subquadrate; anterior 1/2 with setae and surface sculpture as on adjacent prosternum, setae directed more or less posteriorly; punctures of lateral margin relatively deep, simple, almost contiguous.</p> <p>Mesothorax. Scutellum: variably convex, midline raised anteriorly but not acute, posterior margin varying from broadly rounded to subtruncate; punctures shallow, simple, in most specimens slightly smaller than those of pronotal disc and separated by about 1/2 own diameters, one specimen with minute punctures separated by own diameters, setae as in pronotum, directed posteromesally. Elytron about 5X as long as maximum width, lateral margins subparallel, converging in apical 1/4 to 1/5, apex produced into small tooth at suture; punctures moderately deep, separated by up to own diameters; interval punctures very small, irregularly spaced but separated by up to 3X own diameter; striae obliterated at apex of basal declivity. Mesosternal cavity with margins thickened, raised above mesocoxae posterad anterior margin of mesocoxal cavities. Mesepisternum: anterior groove not divided by lateral carina; posterior and posteromesal margin glabrous.</p> <p>Metathorax. Metasternum: carina at mesocoxae as long as basal width.</p> <p>Legs. Tarsomere 4 with small lobe; claws with 6–7 tines.</p> <p>Abdomen. Terga 2–7 relatively heavily sclerotized, spiracles enclosed on terga 2–6; lateral carina absent; posterior 1/2 of terga 2–6 with moderately deep, circular, simple punctures, density of punctures decreasing posteriorly: almost contiguous on 2, separated by 2–3X own diameter on 6; anterior 3/4 of tergum 7 with punctures as terga 2–6, density decreasing posteriorly as on terga 2–6; cuticle microreticulate. Dorsal surface of ventrite 5 with submarginal carina parallel to margin of tergum 7; ventral punctures with setae arising on anterior margin; punctures grading from large, simple, contiguous at anterolateral angle of ventrite 1 to about 1/2 that size and separated by about own diameter at midline, lateral punctures of ventrites 2–4 slightly smaller than those of ventrite 1; ventrite 5 with all punctures about same size as lateral punctures of ventrites 2–4, separated by about 1/2 own diameters. Male genitalia, Fig. 70; parameres not enclosing median lobe ventrally; apex of parameres with 2 long and 4 short subapical setae dorsally and 2 long subapical setae ventrally. Female genitalia, Fig. 93; bursa copulatrix somewhat elongate (spermatophore in bursa), bursal plates somewhat club­shaped, posterior end greatly attenuated, plates subsymmetrical; bursa with band of free spines anterad and laterad plates, enclosing base of tubular extension; tubular extension: very long, loosely coiled like watch spring proximally, sinuate distally, with regularly spaced, moderately dense spines throughout, spines longer, denser and thinner in proximal coils, and shorter, stouter and more widely spaced distally; conspicuous sac­like spermatheca at base.</p> <p>Variation. Some ventral sclerites vary in colour, possibly in a clinal pattern. Specimens from Nepal and Sikkim have the abdominal ventrites completely black whereas those from Assam and Laos have these ventrites red as in the prosternum. Specimens from Assam and Laos also have the ventral surface of the meso­ and metathorax red, while specimens from Nepal and Sikkim have the metasternum varying from completely black to almost completely red. Male and female genitalia of the two morphs do not differ.</p> <p>Punctures on the pronotum vary in size such that they are separated by about their own diameters in some specimens, but separated by up to twice their own diameters in others. Variation is independent of gender.</p> <p>Material examined and range</p> <p>9♂, 8♀, 1 undetermined sex. INDIA: Holotype female, “ India, Darjeeling”/ “Janson Coll. 1903–130"/ “ Silesis sp. ” [BMNH]; Allotype male, 3♂, 2♀ paratypes, “Khasia Hills, Assam ”/ “Brit. Mus. 1964–130"/ Ctenoplus C.M.F. von Hayek, det 1965 [BMNH]. Paratypes: 1♂, “ Gangtok, Sikkim, 1– 4.5.1984, dr. A. Hamet, lgt [CPG]; 1♀, “ Rangeli River, 900m 15.4.77"/ “ Sikkim, Bhakta B” [NHMB]; 1♂, “N. INDIA, West Bengal, Darjeeling, Kalimpong, Khangebung, 1400 m. leg. N Dangal, 30.4.1987 " [CCW]; 1♀, “NE INDIA: Meghalaya 1999, 3 km E <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=90.23333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 90.23333/lat 25.5)">Tura</a> 1150 m; 25°30’N 90°14’E, 18.iv, Dembicky &amp; Pacholäko leg” [CCW]; NEPAL: 1♀, “Kathmandu, 24.5–21.6"/ “Gokarnabarz”/ “Nepal, W. Wittmer, C. Baroni U. 1976 [NHMB]; 1 gender undetermined, “ C. Nepal, Janakpur, Tamba­Koshi­Khola, SE Charikot”/ 900–1200m, 5.– 10.6.1997, leg. C. Holzschuh ” [CCW]; 1♂, “C NEPAL Kathmandu Valley, Balaju, 1500–1596 m, Leg. J. Probst, 3.6.1993 " [CCW]; LAOS: 1♂, “ LAOS north 5–11.v.1997, 20 km NW Louang Namtha, N21°09.2 E101°18.7, alt 900± 100m, M. Štrba &amp; R. Hergovits leg” [CPG]; 1♂, ibid, but “ E. Jendek, &amp; O. Šauša leg.” [CPG]; 1♀, “ LAOS north 13–24.v.1996, 15 km NW Louang Namtha, N21°07.5 E101°21.0, alt 750± 100m, M. Štrba &amp; R. Hergovits leg” [CPG]; 1♀, “ LAOS centr. 27.iv–1.v.1997, 70 km NE Vientiane, BAN PHABAT env. 150 m, N18°18.1 E103°10.9, E. Jendek, &amp; O. Šauša leg” [CPG]. C. indicus has been found in central and eastern Nepal, northeastern India and <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.18166&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=18.301666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.18166/lat 18.301666)">northwestern Laos</a> (Fig. 108).</p> <p>Etymology The species epithet is derived from ‘indicus’, meaning of India.</p> <p>Natural history This species has been collected between 150 and 1200 m from 3 April to 21 June.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0F7C9B43FFDBE94BFE8DFCB793CFFE2B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fuller, E.;Platia, G.	Fuller, E., Platia, G. (2006): A revision of the click beetle genus Ctenoplus Candèze, 1863 (Coleoptera: Elateridae, Synaptina). Zootaxa 1217 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1217.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1217.1.1
0F7C9B43FFE2E944FE8DFDCF967CFC4B.text	0F7C9B43FFE2E944FE8DFDCF967CFC4B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenoplus collaris , Candeze 1891	<div><p>Ctenoplus collaris Candèze</p> <p>Figures 11, 62, 71, 94, 109</p> <p>Ctenoplus collaris Candèze 1889: 123; sex and number of specimens not stated; type locality: " Sumatra; Bodjo ".</p> <p>Ctenoplus collaris, Candèze 1891: 209, 1894: 502; Schwarz 1907: 295; Schenkling 1927: 490.</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Small, red and black Ctenoplus, with relatively large, dense frontal punctures. C. collaris is similar to C. pseudocollaris n. sp. but can be distinguished by the punctation on the frons and by the male genitalia. In C. collaris, frontal punctures are larger and more dense (Fig. 11) and the apex of the median lobe is more rounded (Fig. 71). In C. pseudocollaris, the frontal punctures are smaller and sparser (Fig. 12) and the apex of the median lobe is pointed (Fig. 72). Distribution can also be used to separate C. collaris from C. pseudocollaris: the former is known from the Mentawei Islands south of Sumatra and northwestern Sumatra, while the latter is known from Malaysia.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Prothorax red; head and elytra black; venter of meso­ and metathorax reddish­black to black; legs and palpomeres yellowish­brown; antennae reddish­black to black, darker in males than females; setae yellowish­white. Length: 6.0– 7.5 mm; width: 2.0 mm.</p> <p>Head. Punctures separated from nearest neighbour by less than 1/2 own diameter (Fig. 11); punctures relatively deep, those between eyes about 2X diameter of those on vertex; setae about as long as longest setae on antennae. Antenna: antennomere 1 with punctures slightly smaller than lateral frontal punctures, almost contiguous, cuticle microrugose, shiny; antennomere 2 globular, antennomere 3 subtriangular, about 2/3 width of antennomere 4, cuticle like antennomere 1; antennomeres 2+3 slightly longer than antennomere 4; antennomeres 4–10 subtriangular, anterior margin convex beyond basal stalk, antennomeres 4 and 5 about as long as distal width, antennomeres 6–10 progressively longer than wide, anterior margin of antennomeres 4–10 lighter in colour and more densely setate than posterior margin; antennae extending to apex of pronotal hind angles.</p> <p>Prothorax. Pronotum subquadrate, somewhat flattened along midline; lateral margins subparallel to slightly convex at middle, converging in anterior 1/4–1/2, hind angles slightly divergent; punctures about same size as posterior frontoclypeal punctures, separated by about 2X own diameters at center of disk, becoming separated by about 1/2 own diameters at lateral margin; posterior margin as in C. javanensis (c.f., Fig. 31). Hypomeron: punctures about 1/2 size of lateral pronotal punctures, separated from nearest neighbour by about 2X own diameters; setae subequal in length to pronotal setae; posterolateral angle acute in most specimens, with abrupt right angle in one specimen (asymmetrical); posterior 1/4 glabrous. Prosternum: anterior lobe with minute punctures on anterior ridge, punctures on rest of lobe large, contiguous, relatively deep, simple; punctures grading from relatively large anteriorly, subequal to those on lobe and almost contiguous, to very small, widely spaced posteriorly; prosternal setae somewhat finer than and about same length as pronotal setae, directed mesally laterally, becoming directed posteriorly along midline; prosternal spine: submarginal groove­carina combination continuing anteriorly onto prosternum for distance subequal to width of procoxa, groove divergent posteriorly, becoming slightly convergent anteriorly.</p> <p>Mesothorax. Scutellum convex, midline bluntly pointed; posterior margin broadly rounded, anterior margin weakly convex; punctures minute. Mesosternum: posterior 1/4 raised and thickened laterally between mesocoxae, lateral margins between mesocoxae horizontal in lateral aspect, posterior margin weakly concave; in ventral aspect posterior margin between mesocoxae variably concave; punctures small, inconspicuous. Mesepisternum: posterior margin narrowly and posteromesal angle broadly glabrous; anterior setae as on mesosternum, posterior setae shorter with somewhat larger punctures.</p> <p>Metathorax. Metasternum: carina posterad mesocoxae about as long as mesocoxa; punctures simple, grading from medium­sized, almost contiguous near submarginal groove to minute, separated by 3–5X own diameter near midline. Elytra: lateral margins subparallel in basal 1/2, gradually converging in apical 1/2; apex of each elytron with tooth­like projection, projections slightly divergent from each other, tooth about as long as basal width (Fig. 62); striae 1–3 weakly impressed, other striae absent; margins of striae 1 and 2 vertical basally, stria 3 with sloping margins; punctures of striae separated by up to 1.5X own diameters, punctures with vertical walls, moderately deep, simple; intervals with minute punctures, irregularly arranged.</p> <p>Legs. Tarsomere 4 with small ventral lobe; claws with 5 tines.</p> <p>Abdomen. Terga heavily sclerotized; spiracles enclosed on terga 2–6; cuticle microrugose, punctures decreasing in number from tergum 1 to tergum 6, no obvious punctures on tergum 7; tergum 7 apex less heavily sclerotized than rest of tergum. Ventral punctures relatively dense throughout, separated by 1–2X own diameter along midline, punctures larger and shallower laterally; ventrite 5 about as long as basal width; punctures slightly larger than other ventrites, somewhat tear­drop shaped, lateral punctures about 2X diameter of median punctures, shallow, simple, extreme lateral punctures minute; dorsal submarginal carina broadly V­shaped, becoming distinctly elevated anteriorly; sternum 8 with heavily pigmented triangular sclerites on dorsal surface by intersegmental membrane at posterolateral angle. Male genitalia, Fig. 71; median lobe widening in basal 3/4, then narrowing, apical 1/4 thickened laterally and apically; mesal margins of paramere straight in ventral aspect, not covering median lobe; articulation between parameres and basal piece darkly pigmented; in lateral aspect, parameres narrowed to 2/3 basal width at level of apical expansion, dorsal margin relatively straight, ventral margin declivous at narrowed part. Female genitalia, Fig. 94; bursal plates narrow, attenuated posteriorly, rounded anteriorly, with moderate covering of stout triangular spines; ventral plate longer than dorsal plate, ventral plate extending to anterior end of bursa, dorsal plate about 3/4 length of ventral plate; bursa with band of free spines at posterior end of plates, covering middle 1/3 of bursa; remains of spermatophore in bursa and tubular extension in specimen examined; tubular extension: relatively long, irregularly but strongly coiled, with 2 rows of spines in specimens with inflated extension, spines larger and irregularly spaced near spermathecal gland, rows of spines uniform in width; sac­like spermatheca at base.</p> <p>Type material</p> <p>Candèze (1889) did not state the sex or number of specimens examined in the original description of this species. Three specimens were received from ISNB when the type material of C. collaris was requested. The first specimen, a male, bears the following labels: “Bodjo” [small label glued to yellow ISNB curatorial label]/ “n. sp. collaris; Bodjo Weyers”/ “ Ctenoplus collaris Cd ” [handwritten]; “dét. E. Candeze”/ “TYPE” [red curatorial label]. This specimen is designated the lectotype of C. collaris. The second specimen, a female, bears the following labels: “ INDONESIE Ile Bodjo” [handwritten on yellow ISNB curatorial label]/ “ Ctenoplus collaris Cand ” [handwritten], dét E. Candeze”. This specimen is designated the lectoallotype. The third specimen was collected between Oct. 1890 and Mar. 1891 and cannot be part of the type series.</p> <p>Material examined and range</p> <p>2♂, 2♀, 34 undetermined sex. INDONESIA: lectotype male, lectoallotype female, Bodjo Isl. [ISNB]; 1♀, “ Sumatra, Pangherang­Pisang; X.90–III.91; E. Modigliani ” [ISNB]; 1♂, “W. Sumatra, Siberut Isl., Muara Siberut 1.9.1992 " [ERFC]. The material from Siberut Island consists of 34 additional specimens from Muara Siberut and Saliguma collected between 30 August and 1 September 1992 [CCW, CPG]. This species is known from the Mentawei Islands south of Sumatra and western Sumatra around Lake Toba (Fig. 109).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0F7C9B43FFE2E944FE8DFDCF967CFC4B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fuller, E.;Platia, G.	Fuller, E., Platia, G. (2006): A revision of the click beetle genus Ctenoplus Candèze, 1863 (Coleoptera: Elateridae, Synaptina). Zootaxa 1217 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1217.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1217.1.1
0F7C9B43FFEDE947FE8DFBEF9316FD13.text	0F7C9B43FFEDE947FE8DFBEF9316FD13.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenoplus pseudocollaris Fuller & Platia 2006	<div><p>Ctenoplus pseudocollaris n. sp.</p> <p>Figures 12, 72, 109</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Small, red and black Ctenoplus with small, sparse frontal punctures. This species is very similar to C. collaris Candèze. In C. pseudocollaris, the apex of the median lobe is produced to a point (Fig. 72), whereas in C. collaris, the apex of the median lobe is more rounded (Fig. 71). Also, the lateral margins of the median lobe in C. pseudocollaris are evenly tapered to the apex, whereas they are sinuate in C. collaris. Externally, the only distinguishing character found is in the punctures of the frontoclypeus. In C. pseudocollaris, the frontal punctures are smaller and sparser (Fig. 12), whereas in C. collaris, the frontal punctures are larger and more dense (Fig. 11). The venter of the meso­ and metathorax is reddish in C. pseudocollaris. In C. collaris, the venter of the meso­ and metathorax is reddish in females but black in males. The female of C. pseudocollaris is unknown.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Externally as in C. collaris except as noted above.</p> <p>Length: 6.5–7.0 mm, width: 1.5 mm</p> <p>Male Genitalia as in Fig. 72; articulation between basal piece and parameres heavily sclerotized and conspicuous; parameres not enclosing median lobe ventrally except at base.</p> <p>Material examined and range</p> <p>3♂. [MALAYSIA] Holotype male, paratype male. “MALAYA. Pahang, Kuala Tahan, 200m, Dec. 14, 1958 "; “ T. C. Maa, Collector, BISHOP”; “ Ctenoplus collaris Candeze, 1889, H. OHIRA Det. 1978" [BPBM]; paratype male, “ Malacca, Tenga Gebirge, P. Zobris. V.” [CPG]. This species has been found only in Malaysia (Fig. 109).</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>The species epithet is derived from ‘pseudo­’ + ‘collaris’, denoting its similarity to C. collaris.</p> <p>Natural history C. pseudocollaris has been collected at 200 m in mid­December.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0F7C9B43FFEDE947FE8DFBEF9316FD13	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fuller, E.;Platia, G.	Fuller, E., Platia, G. (2006): A revision of the click beetle genus Ctenoplus Candèze, 1863 (Coleoptera: Elateridae, Synaptina). Zootaxa 1217 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1217.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1217.1.1
0F7C9B43FFEEE946FE8DFCB79642F9A3.text	0F7C9B43FFEEE946FE8DFCB79642F9A3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenoplus neosiamensis Fuller & Platia 2006	<div><p>Ctenoplus neosiamensis n. sp.</p> <p>Figures 21, 73, 95, 109, 115</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Small, black and red Ctenoplus (Fig. 115) with rounded apices of the elytra and serrate intermediate antennomeres. This species in similar to C. siamensis n. sp. but can be distinguished by the colour of the antennae, the shape of antennomeres 5–8 and the male genitalia. In C. neosiamensis, the basal three antennomeres are yellowish­red and the remaining antennomeres are black, antennomeres 5–8 are slightly longer than distal width (Fig. 21) and the lateral margins of the parameres are concave (Fig. 73). In C. siamensis, all antennomeres are brownish­yellow to brown, intermediate antennomeres are about 1.5–2X as long as distal width (Fig. 22), and the lateral margins of the parameres are straight (Fig. 74). These two species are sympatric.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Generally as in C. collaris except as noted below.</p> <p>Head and elytra black; pronotum, hypomeron, prosternum between anterior lobe and posterior margin of procoxal cavities red; abdomen, venter of meso­ and metathorax, and rest of prothorax reddish black; basal 2 or 3 (asymmetrical) antennal segments and legs yellowish red; setae yellowish to brownish­black on body, brown on elytra, lateral pronotal setae bright yellow, discal pronotal setae brown to brownish­black on most specimens. Length: 6.0– 7.5 mm; width: 1.5–2.0 mm.</p> <p>Head. Eyes relatively small: ocular index, male 72–83, female 76–78. Antenna, Fig. 21; male antennomeres 4–11 with fine, moderately long, erect setae along anterior margin.</p> <p>Prothorax. Prosternum: punctures somewhat larger than in C. collaris; prosternal spine: ventral surface narrowed posterad procoxae, thus ventral surface narrower than dorsal surface in ventral aspect, ventrolateral carinae not extended anterad procoxal cavities, more convergent posterad procoxae, remaining separate almost to ventral apex.</p> <p>Mesothorax. Scutellum flat. Mesepisternum glabrous except along anterior margin. Elytra: shape of posterior 1/2 as in C. siamensis (c.f. Fig. 63) except apex with small sutural tooth, apices slightly dehiscent; interval punctures larger, subequal in size to midline pronotal punctures, separated by 1.5–2X own diameters.</p> <p>Metathorax. Metasternum lacking lateral submarginal groove; punctures along midline about 1/2 size of lateral punctures, simple, separated by about own diameters.</p> <p>Abdomen. Male genitalia, Fig. 73. Female genitalia, Fig. 95; spermatophore present in bursa and most of tubular extension in specimen illustrated; bursal plates attenuated posteriorly along ventral surface of bursa; free spines of bursa enclosing base of tubular extension; tubular extension: relatively long, bearing single band of spines, basal spines same length and thickness as free spines on bursa, grading into short, thorn­like spines with wide conical bases distally; sac­like spermatheca present.</p> <p>Material examined and range</p> <p>13♂, 2♀. [THAILAND:] Holotype male: “NW THAILAND, 19.19N 97.59E, Mae Hong Son, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=97.59&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.19" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 97.59/lat 19.19)">Ban Huai Po</a>, 1600–2000m, 9– 16.5.1991, L. Dembický leg.” [NHMW]. Paratypes. 1♂: same locality and elevation as holotype but collected “8– 18.5.1992, J. Horak leg” [CCW]; 3♂: same data as holotype but collected by J. Horak [CCW, CSV, CHP]; 1♂, “THAILAND bor occ., 30.4– 14.5. 1991, Mae Hong Son env., Ban Huai Po, 1800m, Jan Farkač leg.” [ERFC]; 3♂, 1♀: “NW THAILAND Mae Hong Son Prov., BAN HAUI PO 1600m, 15– 19.5.1996, leg Bíly” [CCW, ERFC]; 1♂: “Thai 25.5.1991, FANG 300m, 19°55’N 99°12’E, David Král lgt”/ “Thailand ‘91, ‘Ihanon Thong Choi’, D. Král &amp; V. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.916666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.2/lat 19.916666)">Kuban</a> ” [CSV]; 2♂, 1♀: “NE [sic] Thailand, 1– 15.5.1991, Mae Hong Son, Ban Haui Po 800–1600 m, S. Bíly leg” [CBP, CCW]; 1♂: “ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=98.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 98.95/lat 16.8)">Thai</a> 18–24.iv.1991, LANSANG n.p. 500m, 16°48’N 98°57’E, David Král lgt.”/ “Thailand ‘91, ‘Ihanon Thong Choi’, D. Král &amp; V. Kuban” [CSV]. This species has been collected in northwest Thailand (Fig. 109).</p> <p>Etymology The species epithet is derived from ‘neo­’ + ‘siamensis’, denoting new siamensis.</p> <p>Natural history</p> <p>Specimens have been collected from 18 April to 25 May, and from 300 to 2000 m in elevation.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0F7C9B43FFEEE946FE8DFCB79642F9A3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fuller, E.;Platia, G.	Fuller, E., Platia, G. (2006): A revision of the click beetle genus Ctenoplus Candèze, 1863 (Coleoptera: Elateridae, Synaptina). Zootaxa 1217 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1217.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1217.1.1
0F7C9B43FFEFE940FE8DF94796F2FE7B.text	0F7C9B43FFEFE940FE8DF94796F2FE7B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenoplus siamensis Fuller & Platia 2006	<div><p>Ctenoplus siamensis n. sp.</p> <p>Figures 22, 63, 74, 109</p> <p>Diagnosis Medium­sized, reddish­brown and black Ctenoplus with rounded apices of the elytra and a small ventral lobe on tarsomere 4. C. siamensis is similar in size and colour to C. rufoantennatus n. sp., but males are slightly larger (8.0– 8.5 mm vs. 6.5–7.5 mm) and C. siamensis lacks a well developed ventral lobe on tarsomere 4. The two species are also allopatric, C. siamensis living in Thailand and C. rufoantennatus in India.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Generally as in C. collaris except as noted.</p> <p>Elytra reddish­brown, suffused with black in apical 1/2, setae brown; antennae indistinctly bicoloured: basal 3 articles brownish­yellow, articles 4–11 darker brown. Length: 8.0– 8.5 mm; width: 2.0 mm.</p> <p>Head. Antenna, Fig. 22; male antennomeres 4–11 with fine moderately long, erect setae along anterior margin.</p> <p>Prothorax. Pronotal punctures on disk slightly larger and denser than most specimens of C. collaris examined. Hypomeron: inner angle of posterolateral angles varying from obtuse to vertical. Prosternal spine: ventrolateral carinae not extending anterad procoxal cavities, fusing near midpoint of spine in ventral aspect, carina visible to apex.</p> <p>Mesothorax. Scutellum flat. Mesepisternum varying from completely glabrous to bearing 7–9 punctures mesolaterally. Elytra slightly less narrowed in apical 1/2 than C. collaris, apex rounded (Fig. 63), apices only very slightly dehiscent; striae shallowly impressed, most punctures connected by shallow groove, most punctures separated by slightly less than own diameters.</p> <p>Metathorax. Metasternum: punctures of uniform density and size throughout, separated by less than 1/2 own diameters.</p> <p>Legs. Claws with 6–7 subapical tines.</p> <p>Abdomen. Male genitalia, Fig. 74. Female unknown.</p> <p>Variation. Three paratypes have the elytra, venter of meso­ and metathorax and abdomen more darkly pigmented than the other two specimens of the type series.</p> <p>Material examined and range</p> <p>5♂. [THAILAND:] Holotype male: “NW THAILAND 19.19N 97.59E, Mae Hong Son, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=97.59&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.19" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 97.59/lat 19.19)">Ban Si Long</a>, 1200m, 23– 31.5.1991, L. Dembický leg.” [NHMW]. Paratypes: 2♂ same locality and date as holotype, but collected by J. Horak [CPG, CSV]; 1♂, “NW THAILAND 19.19N 97.59E, Mae Hong Son, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=97.59&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.19" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 97.59/lat 19.19)">Ban Huai Po</a>, 1600–2000m, 17– 23.5.1991, L. Dembický leg.”[NHMW]; 1♂, “THAILAND bor occ., 30.4.–14.5 1991, Mae Hong Son env., Ban Huai Po, 1800m, Jan Farkač leg.” [ERFC]. This species is known from northwest Thailand (Fig. 109).</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>The species epithet is derived from ‘siam’ + ‘­ensis’, denoting from Siam (Thailand), the provenance of known specimens.</p> <p>Natural history</p> <p>The type series was collected between 1200 and 2000 m in elevation, and from 30 April to 31 May.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0F7C9B43FFEFE940FE8DF94796F2FE7B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fuller, E.;Platia, G.	Fuller, E., Platia, G. (2006): A revision of the click beetle genus Ctenoplus Candèze, 1863 (Coleoptera: Elateridae, Synaptina). Zootaxa 1217 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1217.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1217.1.1
0F7C9B43FFE9E942FE8DFE1F945EFD63.text	0F7C9B43FFE9E942FE8DFE1F945EFD63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenoplus rufoantennatus Fuller & Platia 2006	<div><p>Ctenoplus rufoantennatus n. sp.</p> <p>Figures 6, 8, 23, 35, 75, 96, 109</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Small to medium­sized red and black Ctenoplus with unicoloured yellowish­brown antennae and a well developed ventral lobe on tarsomere 4 (Fig. 8). C. rufoantennatus is similar in size and colour to C. siamensis n. sp. which lacks a well developed lobe on tarsomere 4. Distribution can also be used to distinguish these species; C. rufoantennatus is known from India, while C. siamensis is known from Thailand.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Body fusiform, tapered posteriorly. Head, elytra, ventral surface of meso­ and metathorax, and abdomen reddish­black; prothorax yellowish­red; antenna, legs and palpi yellowish­brown; setae opaque yellowish­white. Length: male, 6.5–7.5 mm; female, 7.5–8.5 mm; width: 1.5–2.0 mm.</p> <p>Head. Punctures relatively deep, almost contiguous throughout; punctures adjacent to eye forming shallow groove along margin of eye. Eyes relatively small: ocular index, male 68–73, female 71–76. Antenna, Fig. 23; segment 1 not carinate anteriorly; male antennomeres 4–11 with fine, moderately long, erect setae along anterior margin; antenna extending to or slightly posterad apex of pronotal hind angles in male, not reaching apex of pronotal hind angles by less than length of antennomere 11 in female. Left mandible with variably developed pit on lateral surface at level of anterior margin of dorsal expansion, cuticle of pit as in adjacent lateral surface; apex of terminal palpomeres slightly recurved.</p> <p>Prothorax. Pronotum (Fig. 35): carina of hind angles not obscuring lateral carina of pronotum in dorsal aspect; punctures subequal in size to head punctures, moderately deep, simple, separated from nearest neighbour by less than 1/2 own diameters in most specimens, but separated by about own diameter in one paratype and variable in another. Hypomeron: carina of anterior concavity meeting lateral pronotal carina posterad anterior pronotal margin; mesal margin with linear row of 5–6 punctures; mesal margin adjacent to procoxa with short, wide, rounded projection; punctures as on pronotum anteriorly, grading into glabrous area in posterior 1/4; posterolateral angle varying from not projecting posterad posterior margin to projecting by up to 1/2 basal width. Prosternum: punctures as on hypomeron, but separated by about own diameters posteriorly; prosternal spine: elongate, length from procoxae to posterior concavity about twice width of spine immediately posterad procoxae; ventrolateral carinae remaining separate to ventral apex, continued anteriorly on prosternum just anterad margin of procoxal cavities; ventral surface narrowed posterad procoxa, thus ventral surface narrower than dorsal surface in ventral aspect; dorsal apex somewhat nipple­like.</p> <p>Mesothorax. Scutellum concave, about 2.5X as long as broad, anterior margin convex. Mesosternum not raised above level of mesocoxae posteriorly, only slightly raised above metasternum along posterior margin, posterior margin almost straight; margin between mesocoxae sloping anterodorsally, beaded declivous margin angled at ca. 45°. Mesepisternum with pronounced diagonal carina in anterolateral groove; posterior 1/3 of mesepisternum glabrous with 0–2 punctures. Elytra elongate but not attenuated; apex broadly rounded to subtruncate, with very small tooth at apex of sutural interval; apices of elytra slightly dehiscent; striae variably but shallowly impressed, more pronounced basally and on sutural stria; punctures of intervals relatively large, up to 1/2 diameter of strial punctures; posterior margin of epipleura subtruncate.</p> <p>Metathorax. Metasternum without lateral marginal ridge and submarginal groove except at anterolateral angle; carina posterad mesocoxae about 3–5X as long as basal width; punctures grading from almost contiguous, subequal in size to median hypomeral punctures laterally to about 1/2 that size, slightly more widely spaced along midline. Metepimeron subtruncate posteriorly; punctures closely spaced, about 1/3 size of lateral metasternal punctures.</p> <p>Legs. Profemur with black microspines on anterior margin of groove, cuticle microrugose; protibia with cuticle as in profemur; tarsomere 4 with well developed ventral lobe (Fig. 8), dorsal surface with V­shaped incision; claws robust, apical tine ca. 1.5X as long as subapical tines (Fig. 6).</p> <p>Abdomen. Terga heavily sclerotized, spiracles enclosed on terga 2–6, spiracle on segment 2 2X size of those on segments 3–6. Punctures of ventrites 1–4 as on metasternum. Ventrite 5 with basal width greater than median length; apex broadly rounded to bluntly pointed at midline; dorsal submarginal carina very broadly V­shaped; punctures almost contiguous throughout. Male genitalia, Fig. 75; parameres at anterior end separated ventrally by about maximum width of median lobe. Female genitalia, Fig. 96; spermatophore present in bursa and almost all of tubular extension in specimen illustrated; bursal plates attenuated posteriorly; band of free spines on bursa incomplete ventrally; bursa with patch of unspined cuticle anterad base of tubular extension; length of band of bursal spines almost 1/2 length of bursa, posterior margin of band of spines linear; tubular extension: long, irregularly coiled basally; with single band of spines, spines grading from subequal in size and length to bursal spines basally to short, stout, thorn­like spines with large bases distally; sac­like spermatheca at base; spermathecal gland with reservoir.</p> <p>Material examined and range</p> <p>5♂, 4f. INDIA: Holotype male: “INDIA. Karnataka, Bangalore, 916m, 19.ii.1976, KD Ghorpade A280” [BMNH]. 2♂, 4♀ paratypes, same data as holotype [UASM, ROME, CPG, ERFC]; 2♂ paratypes: “INDIA. ASSAM: 8 km. W. Bokakhat, 100m, 29.iv.1985,</p> <p>K.Ghorpade”[ERFC]. C. rufoantennatus is known from southwestern and northeastern India (Fig. 109).</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>The species epithet is derived from ‘rufo­’ + ‘antennatus’, denoting the reddish antennae.</p> <p>Natural history</p> <p>Specimens were collected on 19 February in southern India and 29 April in northern India, at elevations of 916m and 100m respectively.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0F7C9B43FFE9E942FE8DFE1F945EFD63	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fuller, E.;Platia, G.	Fuller, E., Platia, G. (2006): A revision of the click beetle genus Ctenoplus Candèze, 1863 (Coleoptera: Elateridae, Synaptina). Zootaxa 1217 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1217.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1217.1.1
0F7C9B43FFEBE95FFE8DFD0796DCFD3B.text	0F7C9B43FFEBE95FFE8DFD0796DCFD3B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenoplus castaneus (Fleutiaux) Fuller & Platia 2006	<div><p>Ctenoplus castaneus (Fleutiaux), n. comb.</p> <p>Figures 24, 36, 49, 76, 97, 110</p> <p>Silesis castaneus Fleutiaux 1934: 486; sex and number of specimens not stated; type locality: “Mindanao: Zamboanga, Kabasalan, mars (H.C. Muzzall); Bukidnon, Diklom, 3000 pieds (F.C. Haden)”.</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Medium­sized, unicoloured reddish­brown to yellowish­brown Ctenoplus with a well developed ventral lobe on tarsomere 4. The only other known species of Ctenoplus with a well­developed lobe on tarsomere 4 is C. rufoantennatus n. sp., which is bicoloured red and black.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Body fusiform posteriorly. Head, pronotum and ventral surface reddish­brown, elytra, antennae, legs and palpi yellowish­brown; setae opaque pale yellowish­white. Length: 8.0– 10.5 mm; width: 2.0–3.0 mm.</p> <p>Head. Punctures relatively deep, almost contiguous throughout. Eye ringed by patch of smooth cuticle delineated from eye mesally by carina, width of ring slightly less than diameter of adjacent punctures. Dorsal periocular pit appears deeper than other species. Antenna (Fig. 24) reaching apex of pronotal hind angles in male, not reaching apex of pronotal hind angles by about length of antennomere 11 in female; male antennomeres 4–11 with fine, moderately long, erect setae along anterior margin; cuticle microrugose. Right mandible with groove for reception of left mandible slightly wider than in other species.</p> <p>Prothorax. Pronotum (Fig. 36) varying from subquadrate to longer than wide, length:width ratio: 1.0–1.09; carina of hind angles not obscuring lateral carina of pronotum in dorsal aspect; pronotal punctures varying in size and density from subequal to head punctures to about 1/2 that size and separated by about own diameters; lateral pronotal carina and mesal hypomeral carina meeting posterad anterior pronotal margin. Hypomeron: mesal margin with broad rounded projection adjacent to procoxa, mesal margin with ca. 10 relatively large punctures posterad anteromesal concavity; posterolateral angle projecting beyond posterior margin by about own basal width; punctures grading from subequal in size to pronotal punctures anteriorly to minute posteriorly, absolute size variable, generally reflecting size on pronotum; posterior 1/4 glabrous. Prosternal punctures subequal in size to hypomeral punctures, almost contiguous anteriorly, separated by about 1/2 diameters posteriorly; prosternal spine: elongate: ca. 2.5X to posterior concavity as width posterad procoxa; ventrolateral carinae conspicuous, remaining separate almost to ventral apex; otherwise in lateral aspect as in C. coomani (c.f. Fig. 52).</p> <p>Mesothorax. Scutellum flat, anterior margin slightly elevated above adjacent elytron; anterior margin slightly emarginate, darkly pigmented, posterior margin broadly rounded; punctures dense, setae directed posteriorly. Mesosternum: margin between mesocoxae slightly raised, varying from slightly sloping anteriorly to subhorizontal; declivous beaded margin angled at ca. 45°. Mesepisternum with posteromesal angle glabrous, extent variable; anterolateral groove sparsely setate, with low carina in lateral 1/3. Elytra not attenuated, broadly rounded posteriorly with small tooth at sutural interval, apices contiguous; punctures surrounded by subquadrate to subrectangular patch of darker cuticle; intervals with moderately dense minute punctures; posterior margin of epipleura oblique.</p> <p>Metathorax. Metasternum: carina posterad mesocoxa varying from absent to about 3X basal width; size and density of punctures variable: generally reflecting those of pronotum. Metepimeron: punctures minute, separated by about own diameters; anterolateral angle slightly produced, rounded.</p> <p>Legs. Profemur with dark microspines along anterior margin of groove; punctures random, closely spaced, as on meso­ and metafemora; tarsomere 4 mostly membranous dorsally, tarsomere 3 about 1/2 membranous dorsally; tarsomere 4 with well developed ventral lobe (Fig. 49), lobe slightly wider than tarsomere 5; claws robust, with 5–6 subapical tines, apical tine about 1/2 again as long as subapical tines.</p> <p>Abdomen. Spiracles enclosed on terga 2–6. Dorsal submarginal carina of ventrite 5 broadly V­shaped; ventrite 5 slightly wider than long, punctures coarse, close except smaller and separated by about own diameters anteromesally. Punctures on other ventrites grading to smaller, more widely spaced along midline, but variable; punctures slightly larger than metasternal punctures laterally, about 1/2 size of lateral punctures along midline. Male genitalia, Figs. 76a, b; genitalia arched dorsally; junction between phallobase and parameres darkly pigmented, conspicuous; in ventral aspect, anterior end of parameres separated along midline by about width of ejaculatory duct, produced anteriorly, apex narrowly rounded. Female genitalia, Fig. 97; bursal plates attenuated posteriorly, with relatively sparse spines compared to other species; tubular extension: arising dorsally, about 3–4X as long as bursal plates, spined for most of length; proximal spines same size and length as bursal spines, arranged in short narrow band at base, but forming much wider, denser band immediately distad base; spines grading into coarser, sparser spines with wide bases in distal 1/2; spermatheca absent.</p> <p>Type material</p> <p>Fleutiaux (1934) described this species based on at least two specimens from Mindanao, Philippines. A cotype in the MNHN, Paris has been examined by Platia and a cotype female in BPBM, Honolulu has been examined by Fuller. The form of the periocular pit and the female genitalia are consistent with Ctenoplus as defined here, and this species is here transferred from Silesis to Ctenoplus.</p> <p>Material examined and range 5♂, 4♀. PHILIPPINES: cotype female, “ Mindanao, Bukidnon, Diklom, 3000 ft. ” /</p> <p>“F.C. Hadden Collection” [BPBM]; 2♂, 3♀, “ Luzon, Laguna, Mt. Makiling ”, vi–1–32 to vi–26–32/ “ F.C. Hadden Collection ”/ “Elevation 2000 ft ” [BPBM]; 1♂, “ Negros, Cuernos Mts., Baker” [MNHN]; 1♂, “ Samar, Baker” [CPG]. VIETNAM: 1♂, “ 25 km. SW of Pleiku, 400 m, 12.v.1960, L.W. Quate ” [CPG]. This species appears to be widely distributed in the Philippines with records from Luzon, Negros, Samar and Mindanao, and is here recorded from Vietnam (Fig. 110).</p> <p>Natural history</p> <p>In the Philippines, specimens have been collected from 1–26 June and from 608–912 m in elevation; in Vietnam, the only known specimen was collected on 12 May at an elevation of 400m.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0F7C9B43FFEBE95FFE8DFD0796DCFD3B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fuller, E.;Platia, G.	Fuller, E., Platia, G. (2006): A revision of the click beetle genus Ctenoplus Candèze, 1863 (Coleoptera: Elateridae, Synaptina). Zootaxa 1217 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1217.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1217.1.1
0F7C9B43FFF6E95BFE8DFCDF95A6FE2B.text	0F7C9B43FFF6E95BFE8DFCDF95A6FE2B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenoplus coomani Fleutiaux	<div><p>Ctenoplus coomani Fleutiaux</p> <p>Figures 25, 37, 52, 77, 98, 110</p> <p>Ctenoplus coomani Fleutiaux 1940a: 20; one specimen, sex not stated; type locality: “ Tonkin: Hoa­Binh (A. de Cooman)”.</p> <p>Silesis tonkinensis Fleutiaux 1940a: 22; one specimen, sex not stated; type locality: “ Tonkin: Chapa ”. NEW SYNONYMY</p> <p>Ctenoplus confusus Platia, new name for Silesis coomani Fleutiaux 1940a: 23, secondary homonym of Ctenoplus coomani Fleutiaux 1940a: 20; NEW COMBINATION; sex and number of specimens not stated; type locality: “ Tonkin: Hoa­Binh (A. de Cooman); environs de Lam (Blaise)”. NEW SYNONYMY</p> <p>Ctenoplus topali Ohira 1973: 333; holotype ♂, 20 paratypes; type locality: “ Cuc Phuong, Ninh binh, 3–10.V.1966, Ex Gy. TOPÁL”. NEW SYNONYMY</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Medium­sized, unicoloured brown Ctenoplus with apices of the elytra subtruncate, a subquadrate pronotum bearing subparallel hind angles, and tarsomere 4 with small ventral lobe; male genitalia with lateral margins of median lobe parallel (Fig. 77); female genitalia with tubular extension coiled in distinctive rows (Fig. 98). C. coomani is difficult to distinguish externally from C. brunneus Fleutiaux and C. divergens n. sp. (q.v.).</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Body medium brown; legs, palpi and antennae yellowish­brown; setae yellowishwhite. Length: 7.5–10.0 mm; width: 2.0 mm.</p> <p>Head. Punctures relatively shallow, almost contiguous throughout; setae almost as long as antennomeres 2+3. Antenna (Fig. 25) extending posterad apex of pronotal hind angles by 1.5–2 antennomeres in male, by ca. 1.5 antennomeres in female; antennomeres without obvious fine, erect setae along anterior margin; antennomeres 2–11 with cuticle appearing microrugose and duller than basal segment.</p> <p>Prothorax. Pronotum (Fig. 37): midline not impressed; punctures shallow, simple; anterior and lateral punctures about same size and density as those on frons, grading to smaller and separated by about own diameters posteriorly along midline, setae as on frons; lateral margins subparallel in dorsal aspect, hind angles subparallel to weakly divergent. Hypomeron: posterolateral angle projecting beyond posterior margin, projection about as long as basal width, subtriangular; setae slightly shorter and finer than lateral pronotal setae; punctures shallow, simple, separated by about own diameters, posterior 1/4 glabrous. Prosternum: punctures shallow, simple, more dense than hypomeron, separated by about own diameters; setae directed mesally along lateral margin, gradually shifting to posteriorly directed along midline; prosternal spine (Figs. 52a, b): V­shaped in ventral aspect, lateral carinae meeting posteriorly at ventral apex, extending anteriorly onto prosternum for distance subequal to width of procoxae, lateral margin sloping dorsomesally, punctures and setae like prosternum.</p> <p>Mesothorax. Scutellum flat; punctures shallow, simple, separated by slightly less than own diameters, setae as long as posterior pronotal setae. Mesosternum between mesocoxae horizontal, conspicuously elevated above mesocoxae and metasternum, posterior margin emarginate and darkly pigmented laterally. Mesepisternum glabrous except for narrow band along anterior and lateral margins. Elytra elongate, margins subparallel in basal 1/2, increasingly convergent apically, apex subtruncate, not toothed or notched; striae impressed, punctures relatively large, almost contiguous, most punctures lacking setae; intervals relatively densely punctured, punctures small, shallow, simple, separated by about own diameters, setae as on pronotum, directed posteriorly throughout; anterior margin inconspicuously angulate, coming to small point opposite pronotal sublateral longitudinal incision.</p> <p>Metathorax. Metasternum: carina posterad mesocoxa up to 5X basal width (see Variation); punctures shallow, simple; setae as in pronotum.</p> <p>Legs. Tarsomere 4 with small but distinct lobe ventrally, claws conspicuously stout, with 6 tines, bases of tines broadly fused.</p> <p>Abdomen. Terga relatively lightly sclerotized; spiracles partially enclosed on terga 2–6. Ventrites with punctures shallow, simple, almost contiguous, setae arising anteriorly in pit; dorsal surface of ventrite 5 with U­shaped submarginal carina; ventrite 5 longer than basal width, apex broadly rounded, apical 1/3–1/2 with band of shorter, stouter setae with a few unmodified setae intermixed. Male genitalia, Fig. 77; articulation between basal piece and parameres not conspicuously sclerotized; median lobe with margins subparallel in basal 3/4, apical 1/4 gradually convergent and produced at tip into blunt point; inner margins of parameres converging in basal 1/4 covering base of median lobe ventrally. Female genitalia, Fig. 98; bursa copulatrix with plates subequal in size but ventral plate varying in size from slightly larger than, to slightly smaller than dorsal plate; band of thorn­like spines around base of tubular extension same width as base of tubular extension; tubular extension: arising dorsally about halfway between base of colleterial glands and bursal plates; long, in situ lying in two parallel coils, proximal coils shorter; with thorn­like spines proximal to first coil, area covered by spines variable (see Variation); densely spined where proximal coils merge into distal coils, patch of spines continuous between proximal and distal coils or not (see Variation); at distal end of proximal coils spines small and fine, coarse and robust at proximal end of distal coils, fine spines fairly abruptly merging into coarse spines; orientation of spines in coils variable (see Variation); large unspined coil at end of distal coils; spermathecal gland surrounded by distal coils; spermatheca absent.</p> <p>Variation. Separation of pronotal punctures from nearest neighbour varies from almost contiguous to up to 1/2 own diameters, more widely spaced posteriorly in some specimens. The hind angles of pronotum vary from slightly convergent to slightly divergent. The carina of the hind angles extend variably from level of middle of procoxa to anterad the procoxal cavity, bilaterally symmetrical or not. The ventral margin of the prosternal spine is variably concave posterad the procoxae in lateral aspect; in the type of C. confusus, the ventral margin is smoothly though weakly convex posterad the procoxae, whereas in the type of C. coomani and the specimen from Tuyen Quang (see Material examined), the prosternal spine is shallowly concave anterad the ventral apex in lateral aspect. The posterior concavity of the prosternal spine is variable in shape (Figs. 52a, b). The carina on the metasternum posterad the mesocoxae is variable in length; in two specimens from Cuc Phuong, the carina is barely longer than its basal width, whereas in the specimens from Cao Bang and Tuyen Quang, the carina is about five times as long as its basal width, and the carina is intermediate in length in the holotype of C. coomani.</p> <p>The impunctate border of the hypomeron adjacent to the procoxae bears a variably developed triangular projection. The projection is almost as well developed as the projection in C. girardianus (c.f., Fig. 46) in a specimen from Cuc Phuong, and absent or very small in the other specimens where this part of the hypomeron is visible.</p> <p>The length of the basal piece of the male genitalia relative to the length of the parameres is variable.</p> <p>The distribution and orientation of spines on the tubular extension is variable. The spines are continuous between proximal and distal coils in the C. topali paratypes examined, but separated by a long section of unspined extension in the specimen from Cao Bang. The area covered by spines proximal to the first coil of the tubular extension is variable: in three of four specimens, the spines extend to the base of the proximal coils, though the size and density of spines are variable relative to most basal spines. The orientation of spines in the coils of the tubular extension is also variable: the spines are distally pointing in the C. topali paratypes examined, and proximally pointing in the specimen from Cao Bang.</p> <p>Type material</p> <p>We have examined the type material of C. coomani, S. tonkinensis, C. confusus and C. topali.</p> <p>Ctenoplus coomani was described from one specimen collected in Vietnam. The holotype, a male in the MNHN, Paris, bears the following labels: “ TONKIN, Lac Thô, HOA­BINH, A. DE COOMAN”/ “ TYPE ” [red ink]/ “ Ctenoplus coomani Fleut. ” [handwritten], “COLLECTION FLEUTIAUX type” [latter handwritten].</p> <p>Silesis tonkinensis was described based on a single specimen collected in Vietnam. The holotype, a female in the MNHN, Paris, bears the following labels: “Chapa. prov.de. LaoKay, Ht Tonkin ”/ “MUSEUM PARIS, COLL. E. FLEUTIAUX”/ “TYPE” [red ink]/ “ Silesis tonkinensis Fleut. type” [handwritten] “COLLECTION FLEUTIAUX”/ “ HOLOTYPUS female Silesis tonkinensis Fl. des. Platia 1997"/ “ Ctenoplus tonkinensis (FL.) det Platia 1997". S. tonkinensis is here transferred to Ctenoplus as Ctenoplus tonkinensis (Fleutiaux) NEW COMBINATION. There are no significant differences between C. coomani and C. tonkinensis.</p> <p>Silesis coomani Fleutiaux was described from at least two specimens collected in Vietnam. One male specimen was received from MNHN, Paris. It bears the following labels: “ TONKIN, Lac Thô, HOA BINH, A. DE COOMAN”/ “TYPE” [red ink]/ “ MUSEUM PARIS, COLL. E. FLEUTIAUX”/ “ Silesis coomani Fleutiaux type” [handwritten] “COLLECTION FLEUTIAUX”/ “ LECTOTYPUS Silesis coomani FL male, des Platia 1996 "/ “ Ctenoplus confusus n. nam., det Platia 1996 ". The size range (6.5–8.0 mm) and two localities given in the original description indicates more than one specimen was part of the type series. The specimen examined above is here designated the lectotype. S. coomani is here transferred to Ctenoplus as Ctenoplus coomani (Fleutiaux, 1940a: 23) NEW COMBINATION. C. coomani (Fleut.) is a secondary homonym of C. coomani Fleut., and is renamed Ctenoplus confusus Platia. There are no significant differences between the types of C. coomani and C. confusus.</p> <p>Ctenoplus topali was described based on a series of specimens collected in Vietnam. The holotype and 33 paratypes deposited in the National Museum of Hungary, Budapest, have been examined. There are no significant differences between the types of C. coomani and C. topali.</p> <p>Material examined and range</p> <p>29♂, 19♀. VIETNAM: holotype of C. coomani, lectotype of C. confusus, holotype of C. tonkinensis [MNHN]; 18♂, 15 ♀, 1 undetermined sex, “Cuc Phuong, Ninh Binh, 3–17 v 1966, Gy. Topal” [type series of C. topali, HNHM]; 6♂, 1♀, “Cuc Phuong, 2–11. V.91, Strnad Jan leg” [CCW, CPG], ibid but “ 21–22. V.1996, leg. Dembicky &amp; Pacholatko” [CPG]; 1♂, “ Tuyen Quang: ca. 6 km NE Pac Ban, 22° 25’N 105° 25’E, 23.v – 1.vi 1996, DC Currie, DC Darling, J Swann, ROM 963003" [ERFC]; 1♀, “ Cao Bang: Ba Be Natl. Park, 14–23 v 1995, D. Currie, B. Hubley, J. Swann, ROM 956049" [ERFC]; 1♂, ibid but “ 18 v 1995, D. Currie, J. Swan, ROM 956068" [ROME]; 1♂, “Sapa, m 1530, 25.v–9.vi.1991, leg., J. Strnad” [CPG]; 1♀, “ Yen Bai, 10.vi.1990, J. Horak” [CPG]. C. coomani has been found only in northern Vietnam (Fig. 110).</p> <p>Natural history</p> <p>Specimens have been collected by a malaise trap in a “burnt area on hillside surrounding 1° rainforest”, beaten from bushes in forest and by creek, and at UV light at “1° forest edge”. Specimens examined were collected between 2 May and 10 June. The only recorded elevation is 1530 m.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0F7C9B43FFF6E95BFE8DFCDF95A6FE2B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fuller, E.;Platia, G.	Fuller, E., Platia, G. (2006): A revision of the click beetle genus Ctenoplus Candèze, 1863 (Coleoptera: Elateridae, Synaptina). Zootaxa 1217 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1217.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1217.1.1
0F7C9B43FFF2E95BFE8DFDCF9492F8C4.text	0F7C9B43FFF2E95BFE8DFDCF9492F8C4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenoplus brunneus Fleutiaux	<div><p>Ctenoplus brunneus Fleutiaux</p> <p>Figure 58, 99, 110</p> <p>Ctenoplus brunneus Fleutiaux 1940b: 197; sex and number of specimens not stated; type locality: “ Laos: Haut­Mékong, Ban Mone, mai (Vitalis de Salvaza)”.</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Medium sized, uniformly brown Ctenoplus indistinguishable externally from C. coomani Fleutiaux. In the female genitalia of C. brunneus, the tubular extension is less elaborately coiled and relatively shorter (Fig. 99). In C. coomani, the tubular extension is relatively long and has a characteristic proximal and distal set of coils (Fig. 98). The male of C. brunneus is unknown.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>As in C. coomani, except as noted.</p> <p>Colour slightly darker than C. coomani, with setae slightly more yellowish. Length: 8.0 mm; width: 2.0 mm (n=1).</p> <p>Female genitalia, Fig. 99; bursa copulatrix with band of individual thorn­like spines in concavity of bursal plates and continuing around base of tubular extension; tubular extension: long, proximal 1/2 uncoiled, distal 1/2 strongly coiled (8–9 coils); with 2 bands of spines increasing in width distally, extending almost to spermathecal gland, spines with expanded bases; spermatheca absent.</p> <p>Type material</p> <p>C. brunneus was described based on an unspecified number of specimens collected in Laos. A single female specimen was received from MNHN. It bears the following labels: “Ban Mone, Ht Mekong, 16­5­18" [handwritten]/ “ LAOS, LUANG PRABANG ENVIRONS, VITALIS DE SALVAZA”/ “ TYPE “[red ink]/ “ Ctenoplus brunneus Fleut. type” [handwritten] “COLLECTION FLEUTIAUX”. This specimen is here designated the lectotype.</p> <p>Material examined and range The lectotype is the only known specimen (Fig. 110).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0F7C9B43FFF2E95BFE8DFDCF9492F8C4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fuller, E.;Platia, G.	Fuller, E., Platia, G. (2006): A revision of the click beetle genus Ctenoplus Candèze, 1863 (Coleoptera: Elateridae, Synaptina). Zootaxa 1217 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1217.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1217.1.1
0F7C9B43FFF3E954FE8DFEE796AAFC9B.text	0F7C9B43FFF3E954FE8DFEE796AAFC9B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenoplus divergens Fuller & Platia 2006	<div><p>Ctenoplus divergens n. sp.</p> <p>Figures 14, 26, 38, 55, 78, 100, 110</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Small to medium­sized, uniformly brown Ctenoplus with divergent pronotal hind angles in males and most females; male genitalia as in Fig. 78; female genitalia as in Fig. 100. C. divergens is similar to C. coomani Fleutiaux but can be distinguished by the divergent hind angles of the pronotum in the male (Fig. 38a, but see Variation below) and the sinuate lateral margins of the median lobe (Fig. 78). In males of C. coomani, the hind angles are subparallel (Fig. 37) and the lateral margins of the median lobe are straighter (Fig. 77). Females of these two species can be distinguished by the length of the tubular extension, which is shorter in C. divergens than in C. coomani (c.f., Figs. 98, 100). In addition, C. divergens is known only from northern Thailand and Myanmar, while C. coomani is known only from Vietnam.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Head, pronotum and ventral surface brown; elytra, antennae, palpi and legs yellowishbrown; setae whitish­yellow. Length: 6.0–10.0 mm; width: 1.0–2.0 mm.</p> <p>Head, Fig. 14; supra­antennal carina obliterated at level of anterior tentorial pits in holotype, curving ventrally to meet anterior margin in paratypes; setae slightly longer than antennomeres 2+3. Eyes in dorsal aspect protuberant (Fig. 14), but not protruding laterad anterolateral angle of pronotum. Antenna, Fig. 26; extending less than length of antennomere 11 posterad apex of pronotal hind angles; punctures about 1/2 size of frontal punctures, almost contiguous, longest setae slightly shorter than frontal setae, directed distally; male antennomeres 4–11 with fine, moderately long, erect setae along anterior margin; cuticle of antennomeres 2–11 microrugose.</p> <p>Prothorax. Pronotum (Figs. 38a, b): hind angles variably divergent; punctures in male grading from coarse, simple and almost contiguous anteriorly to minute posteriorly along midline and separated by about 2X own diameter; in female, punctures coarse throughout and only slightly more separated posteriorly than anteriorly; setae same length as frontal setae. Hypomeron: impunctate mesal border with lateral projection adjacent to procoxae, projection subtriangular, apex broadly rounded; setae same length as pronotal setae; punctures shallow, simple, subequal to pronotal punctures in size, separated by about own diameters. Prosternum: punctures grading from subequal in size to hypomeral punctures anteriorly to minute between procoxae, separated by about 1/2 own diameters anteriorly grading to about 2X own diameters posteriorly; setae same length as hypomeral setae, anterior and mesal setae directed posteriorly, posterolateral setae directed mesally; prosternal spine (Fig. 55): ventrolateral carinae extending onto prosternum to level of anterior margin of procoxal cavity, anterior extensions subparallel, carinae convergent posteriorly and fused for posterior 1/4 of ventral surface; dorsal margin about 1/3 again as long as ventral margin; spine between ventrolateral carinae punctate, punctures same size as posterior prosternal punctures, separated by about own diameters anteriorly, almost contiguous posteriorly.</p> <p>Mesothorax. Scutellum flat, slightly longer than anterior width; anterior margin slightly produced, with transverse microstriae; setae as on pronotum; punctures minute, separated by 2–3X own diameters. Mesosternum between mesocoxae moderately thickened, posterior margin between mesocoxae not darkly pigmented in ventral aspect, lateral margins between mesocoxae slightly divergent; punctures subequal in size to middle prosternal punctures, separated by about own diameters; setae same length as prosternal setae, directed posteriorly. Mesepisternum almost glabrous with up to 12 setae. Elytra about 4X as long as basal width, lateral margins convergent apically; apex rounded, without sutural tooth; striae impressed in basal 1/4, grading into rows of punctures in apical 3/4, margins of impressed striae sharp; punctures circular, relatively deep, steepsided, separated by about 1/2 own diameters, without setae; intervals microrugose, punctures minute, separated by 2–3X own diameters.</p> <p>Metathorax. Metasternum: projection posterad mesocoxa very short, present only as small rounded bump on ridge; punctures minute throughout, separated by 1–2X own diameters.</p> <p>Legs. Shorter than other species; tarsomere 4 with very small lobe ventrally; claws with 6–8 subapical tines, longest only slightly shorter than apical tine, most about 3/4 length of apical tine, shortest about 1/3 length of apical tine, base of claw thick.</p> <p>Abdomen. Terga lightly sclerotized, spiracles partially enclosed on terga 2–7; dorsal submarginal carina on ventrite 5 broadly V­shaped and less heavily sclerotized at apex; punctures along midline on ventrites 1–4 like metasternum, grading to larger, shallower, simple punctures laterally; setae as on metasternum. Male genitalia, Fig. 78; parameres separated ventrally by about width of median lobe, apex of parameres bluntly pointed; apex of median lobe nipple­like. Female genitalia, Fig. 100; spermatophore present in specimen illustrated, coiling of tubular extension lost; tubular extension: short, closely coiled with 3–4 coils then abruptly narrowed and recurved down through center of coils, coils increasing in width distally, recurved section straight and thin; with single sparse row of spines in proximal 2–3 coils; distal coil with broad patch of spines along distal end, spines about same density as more proximal coils, spines thorn­like, bases conspicuous.</p> <p>Variation. The hind angles of the pronotum are divergent in most specimens of both sexes, but more conspicuously divergent in some specimens of both sexes. In side by side comparison, the hind angles are more divergent than those of C. coomani, but some specimens may be difficult to distinguish without having both species for comparison.</p> <p>The sinuosity of the lateral margin of the median lobe varies from barely perceptible to as sinuous as illustrated (Fig. 78). In the female, both the density of spines on the tubular extension and the number of non­marginal spines on the bursal plates are variable.</p> <p>Material examined and range</p> <p>6♂, 3♀. [THAILAND:] holotype male, “NW THAILAND, Mae Hong Son, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=97.59&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.19" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 97.59/lat 19.19)">Ban Haui Po</a>, 1600–2000m; 19.19N 97.59E, 17.­ 23.5.1991; L. Dembický leg” [NHMW]. Allotype female, same data as holotype [CPG]. Paratypes: 1♂, same data as holotype except “ J. Horák leg.”[CCW]; 2♂, “NE [sic] THAILAND 1–15. [sic]1991, Mae Hong Son, Ban Huai Po, 800–1600 m, S. Bíly ” [CCW]; [MYANMAR] 2♂, 2♀, “BURMA SW Shan State, Taunggyi, 1–18.vi.1997, J. Kalib. leg” [CCW, ERFC]. This species has been found in northwestern Thailand and northeastern Myanmar (Fig. 110).</p> <p>Etymology The species epithet refers to the divergent pronotal hind angles.</p> <p>Natural history</p> <p>Adults have been collected between 17 May and 18 June, at elevations between 800 and 2000m.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0F7C9B43FFF3E954FE8DFEE796AAFC9B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fuller, E.;Platia, G.	Fuller, E., Platia, G. (2006): A revision of the click beetle genus Ctenoplus Candèze, 1863 (Coleoptera: Elateridae, Synaptina). Zootaxa 1217 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1217.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1217.1.1
0F7C9B43FFFDE956FE8DFC2F969BFA93.text	0F7C9B43FFFDE956FE8DFC2F969BFA93.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenoplus alutaceus Fuller & Platia 2006	<div><p>Ctenoplus alutaceus n. sp.</p> <p>Figures 27, 39, 44, 56, 79, 101, 111</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Small, uniformly yellowish­brown Ctenoplus with a broad patch of alutaceous cuticle on the posterolateral margin of the hypomeron (Fig. 44) and with the pronotum broader than long (Fig. 39). C. alutaceus is similar to C. divergens, but the latter species lacks alutaceous cuticle on the hypomeron.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>As in C. divergens except as noted below.</p> <p>Body light yellowish­brown; antennae, legs and palpi light brownish­yellow; setae opaque light yellow. Length: 6.0– 6.5 mm; width 1.0–2.0 mm.</p> <p>Head. Punctures shallow, almost contiguous throughout; antenna (Fig. 27) extending almost to apex of pronotal hind angles.</p> <p>Prothorax. Pronotum (Fig. 39): punctures grading from separated by about 1/2 own diameters anteriorly to separated by about own diameters posteriorly, punctures shallow, simple; carina of hind angles slightly less than 1/2 length of pronotum in lateral aspect. Hypomeron: mesal margin bearing linear row of five punctures and with small rounded projection adjacent to procoxa; posterolateral margin with broad band of alutaceous cuticle (Fig. 44), band separated from lateral margin by single row of punctures, band about 1/3 width of hypomeron at level of procoxa. Prosternum: punctures grading from almost contiguous anteriorly to separated by about own diameters around procoxa; prosternal spine (Fig. 56): ventral margin concave in lateral aspect; ventrolateral carinae joining about 2/3 length of spine posterad procoxae.</p> <p>Mesothorax. Scutellum flat; anterior margin convex; scutellum depressed below level of adjacent elytra anteriorly. Mesosternum moderately raised between mesocoxae, margin convex in lateral aspect, declivous beaded margin angled at ca. 45°; posterior margin of mesosternum slightly concave; posterolateral angle glabrous. Mesepisternum glabrous on posterior 1/2. Elytra not attenuated posteriorly, broadly rounded at apex; apices subtruncate, without sutural teeth; striae shallowly impressed; intervals moderately densely punctured with minute punctures, punctures separated by about 2X own diameters.</p> <p>Metathorax. Metasternum: carina posterad mesocoxa 3–5X as long as basal width; punctures separated by own diameters along midline.</p> <p>Legs. Claws with 4 subapical tines, apical tine slightly longer than subapical tines; tarsomere 4 with indistinct lobe.</p> <p>Abdomen. Terga not heavily sclerotized; spiracles marginal on terga 2–6 and appearing narrowly enclosed in cuticle laterally; dorsal carina of ventrite 5 broadly Ushaped. Male genitalia, Fig. 79; parameres not enclosing median lobe ventrally, separated by slightly less than width of median lobe across basal struts; median lobe evenly tapered from basal struts to apex, curved ventrally. Female genitalia, Fig. 101; bursal plates subcrescentic, symmetrical; band of bursal spines extending almost completely around bursa anterad base of tubular extension; tubular extension: base very wide, length of base about 1/2 length of bursa; base almost completely covered with pale spines, spines smaller and finer than bursal spines, grading to size of bursal spines, band of pale spines continuous around extension proximally, interrupted distally; distal bulbous spineless section of extension arising laterally on base; spermatheca absent; spermathecal gland tubular, with subreniform reservoir.</p> <p>Material examined and range</p> <p>1♂, 2♀. THAILAND: Holotype female, “Thailand, Chiang Dao, 21.v –11.vi. 1995, M Snížek lgt.”/ SRGI [CRG]. Paratypes: 1♂, 1♀, “THAILAND bor., CHIANG DAO env., 21.5– 4.6.1995, M. Snížek leg.” [CPG]. This species is known from northern Thailand (Fig. 111).</p> <p>Etymology The species epithet refers to the alutaceous cuticle of the hypomeron.</p> <p>Natural history Adults have been collected between 21 May and 11 June.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>Female genitalia are similar to those of C. divergens, suggesting a close relationship, but can be distinguished by the bursal plates, and the length and shape of the tubular extension (c.f., Figs 100, 101). The bursal plates of C. alutaceus are narrower and less heavily spined than those of C. divergens. The tubular extension of C. alutaceus is shorter (about half the length of the bursa vs. subequal in length to the bursa), and the extension appears to branch laterally from the wide base, rather than being continuous distally as in C. divergens.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0F7C9B43FFFDE956FE8DFC2F969BFA93	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fuller, E.;Platia, G.	Fuller, E., Platia, G. (2006): A revision of the click beetle genus Ctenoplus Candèze, 1863 (Coleoptera: Elateridae, Synaptina). Zootaxa 1217 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1217.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1217.1.1
0F7C9B43FFFFE950FE8DFA3795D6FCC3.text	0F7C9B43FFFFE950FE8DFA3795D6FCC3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenoplus semialutaceus Fuller & Platia 2006	<div><p>Ctenoplus semialutaceus n. sp.</p> <p>Figures 28, 40, 45, 80, 111</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Medium­sized, uniformly dark brown Ctenoplus with a narrow band of alutaceous cuticle on the posterolateral margin of the hypomeron (Fig. 45). C. alutaceus n. sp. also has alutaceous cuticle on the hypomeron, but C. alutaceus is smaller than C. semialutaceus (6.0– 6.5 mm vs. 9.0– 10.5 mm) and has a wider band of alutaceous cuticle (Fig. 44).</p> <p>Description Body uniformly dark brown dorsally, ventral surface of meso­ and metathorax and abdomen variably reddish­brown to brown; antennae, legs and palpi yellowish­brown; setae opaque light yellow. Length: 9.0– 10.5 mm; width 2.0– 2.5 mm.</p> <p>Head. Punctures relatively large, shallow, almost contiguous throughout. Antennae (Fig. 28) not reaching apex of pronotal hind angles by about length of antennomere 11; cuticle with dense minute punctures.</p> <p>Prothorax. Pronotum (Fig. 40): lateral margin varying from subparallel to slightly sinuate; lateral carina distinctly sinuate; punctures as on head, almost contiguous throughout; carina of hind angles sharp, slightly elevated, extending anteriorly slightly more than 1/3 length of pronotum in lateral aspect; posterior margin adjacent to scutellum sinuate. Hypomeron, Fig. 45; lateral margin with narrow band of alutaceous cuticle opposite procoxa, band about 1/4 width of hypomeron at level of procoxa; punctures as on head; mesal border with linear row of 6 punctures. Prosternum: punctures about 1/2 size of hypomeral punctures, almost contiguous throughout; prosternal spine: elongate, length to posterior concavity about 2X width immediately posterad procoxae, ventrolateral carinae joining slightly anterad apex.</p> <p>Mesothorax. Scutellum flat, sloping slightly below level of adjacent elytra, anterior margin straight. Mesosternum posteriorly slightly raised above level of mesocoxae in lateral aspect, raised margin weakly concave, declivous beaded margin sloping at ca. 45°; posterior margin straight, slightly raised above metasternum. Mesepisternum glabrous on posterior 1/2; anterolateral groove punctate and setose. Elytra elongate but not attenuated, somewhat rounded apically, apices contiguous, each with or without a very small sutural tooth; striae weakly impressed; intervals moderately densely punctured; punctures in striae and on intervals separated by about own diameters; posterior margin of epipleura truncate.</p> <p>Metathorax. Metasternum: carina posterad mesocoxa variable in length, up to 3X as long as basal width; punctures slightly smaller than hypomeral punctures, almost contiguous throughout.</p> <p>Legs. Profemur with black microspines; claws robust, apical tine only slightly larger than subapical tines; tarsomere 4 with very small lobe.</p> <p>Abdomen. Ventrite 5 about as long as basal width, subtriangular; dorsal submarginal carina broadly V­shaped; ventrites 1–5 closely punctured, punctures grading from subequal in size to those of metasternum laterally to about 1/2 that size along midline, almost contiguous throughout. Male genitalia, Fig. 80; parameres not enclosing median lobe ventrally, mesal margin of parameres sinuate ventrally. Female genitalia damaged; bursal plates subreniform, apparently symmetrical; tubular extension: proximal spines about same thickness and density as basal spines but shorter; distal spines larger, stouter, less dense, with large bases; other details unknown.</p> <p>Material examined and range</p> <p>2♂, 1♀. [LAOS:] Holotype female, “ Laos, Vientiane, 30.iv.1965 "/ “ Native Collector, Bishop Mus.”[BPBM]. Paratypes. 2♂, [THAILAND:] “THAILAND bor. CHIANG DAO</p> <p>env. 21.5– 4.6.1995, Lgt. SNIZEK M.” [CPG]. This species is known from northern Thailand and western Laos (Fig. 111), but see Discussion below.</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>The species epithet is derived from ‘semi­’ + ‘alutaceus’, referring to a small patch of alutaceous cuticle on the hypomeron.</p> <p>Natural history Adults have been collected between 30 April and 4 June.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>The males and female of the type series were not collected at the same time or place. Given the presence of externally indistinguishable species pairs in Ctenoplus, the association must be regarded as tentative.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0F7C9B43FFFFE950FE8DFA3795D6FCC3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fuller, E.;Platia, G.	Fuller, E., Platia, G. (2006): A revision of the click beetle genus Ctenoplus Candèze, 1863 (Coleoptera: Elateridae, Synaptina). Zootaxa 1217 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1217.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1217.1.1
0F7C9B43FFF9E92DFE8DFC6795D6FEA3.text	0F7C9B43FFF9E92DFE8DFC6795D6FEA3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenoplus balli Fuller & Platia 2006	<div><p>Ctenoplus balli n. sp.</p> <p>Figures 1, 5, 7, 9, 10, 53, 64, 81, 102, 112</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Large­sized, uniformly reddish brown Ctenoplus with relatively short, wide prosternal spine, subquadrate pronotum and indistinct lobe on tarsomere 4. C. balli is similar to C. gigas n. sp., but can be distinguished by body size and male genitalia. C. balli is smaller than C. gigas (10.5 mm vs. 12.5–15 mm), and the apices of the parameres are straight (Fig. 81), whereas C. gigas is larger, and the apices of the parameres are slightly curved laterally (Fig. 83).</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Body including antennae and legs uniformly dark reddish­brown, elytra lighter reddish­brown; setae opaque pale yellow. Length: 10.5 mm; width 2.0– 2.5 mm.</p> <p>Head. Punctures shallow, almost contiguous throughout; setae erect, subequal in length to antennomere 3. Eyes: ocular index, males, 65–67 (c.f., C. gigas). Antenna: antennomeres 2 and 3 elongate, subcylindrical, antennomeres 4–10 elongate, length slightly more than 2X apical width; cuticle microrugose; antenna extending posterad apex of pronotal hind angles by about length of antennomere 11; anterior margin of antennomeres 4–10 with sparse fringe of erect setae in both sexes.</p> <p>Prothorax. Pronotum slightly wider than long (length:width ratio 0.91–0.97), hind angles slightly divergent; apex of hind angles bluntly pointed; carina of hind angles slightly less than 1/2 length of pronotum; lateral carina weakly sinuate; punctures as on head, very slightly more widely spaced on disk, size equal throughout; posterior 1/2 glabrous along midline; setae as on head; posterior margin adjacent to scutellum transverse, not sinuate. Hypomeron (Fig. 9) glabrous on posterior 1/4; smooth mesal border (Fig. 9, mb) with ca. 5 setae anterad procoxae; mesal smooth border bearing triangular projection at level of procoxa (Fig. 9, pr); punctures and setae as on head, but separated by up to 1/2 own diameters; posterolateral angle in ventrolateral aspect set off from margin adjacent to epipleuron, angle obtuse. Prosternum: punctures grading from subequal to hypomeral punctures anteriorly to minute around procoxal cavities; prosternal spine (Figs. 9, 53): ventrolateral carinae remaining separate until apex, continued anteriorly slightly anterad margin of procoxal cavities (Fig. 9); ventral surface slightly narrower than dorsal surface (Fig. 9), margins subparallel, with median carina posterad procoxae, ventral apex very slightly produced, forming ventral surface of U­shaped ridge around posterior vertical margin, U­shaped ridge accentuating medial ridge on posterior surface.</p> <p>Mesothorax. Scutellum flat; punctures minute, almost contiguous; anterior margin straight and transverse, posterior margin slightly produced. Mesosternum with posterior margin distinctly raised above mesocoxae, horizontal in lateral aspect, concave in ventral aspect; declivity anterad level of mesocoxae angled at ca. 45°; setae finer than pronotal setae. Mesepisternum with anterior groove bearing setae laterally, elsewhere almost glabrous with less than 6 punctures anterolaterally and 3–4 punctures posteromesally in some specimens. Elytra somewhat attenuated posteriorly (Fig. 64); punctures relatively deep, slightly smaller than pronotal punctures; intervals with relatively dense, minute punctures, punctures separated by slightly more than own diameter; apices of elytra dehiscent, sutural interval with small triangular tooth.</p> <p>Metathorax. Metasternum densely punctured, punctures separated by less than 1/2 own diameters, punctures subequal in size to median prosternal punctures; setae as on mesosternum; carina posterad mesocoxae up to 2X as long as basal width.</p> <p>Legs. Profemur without obvious dark microspines. Tarsomere 4 with inconspicuous ventral lobe (Fig. 7); claws robust (Fig. 5).</p> <p>Abdomen. Terga relatively lightly sclerotized, spiracles partially enclosed on terga 3–6. Ventrite 5 about as long as basal width; punctures as in metasternum except becoming separated by about own diameters along midline; dorsal submarginal carina of ventrite 5 broadly rounded. Ventral setae grading from same as metasternum along midline to same as pronotum laterally. Apex of sternum 9 of male with 2 lateral and 1 medial stout setae. Male genitalia, Fig. 81; parameres converging anteriorly, separated by width of ejaculatory duct along midline; ventral surface of median lobe with elliptical sclerite like C. girardianus. Female genitalia, Fig. 102; bursal plates subreniform, symmetrical; tubular extension: about 2X length of bursa, with 1 distal coil, expanded distally, bearing reticulate pattern of grooves; spines coarse, with conspicuous bases; proximal spines in single row, distal spines in 2 rows; spermatheca absent.</p> <p>Material examined and range</p> <p>3♂, 1♀. THAILAND: Holotype male, “ THAI 24–29.IV.1992, DOI SUTHEP, Pacholatko &amp; Dembicky leg”. [CPG]. Paratypes: 1♂, “ THAILAND. CHIANG MAI: Doi Inthanon NP, 1300m, UV light 1900–2300h, 1 MAY 1990, EF#90037; E. Fuller ”[ERFC]; 1♂, same data except: “ 4 MAY 1990, on plants, EF#90043A” [ERFC]; LAOS: 1♀, “ LAOS, 600–700 m, Luang Namtha, 13–24.v.1997, leg Hergovitz” [CCW]. This species is known from northwestern Thailand and western Laos (Fig. 112), but see Discussion below.</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>The species is named in honour of Dr. George E. Ball, carabidologist, University of Alberta.</p> <p>Natural history</p> <p>Specimens have been collected between 24 April and 24 May, and between 600 and 1600m in elevation. At Doi Inthanon, both specimens were collected in predominantly pine forest; one specimen was attracted to UV light, the other hand­picked from roadside vegetation.</p> <p>Discussion The males and female of the type series were not collected at the same time or place.</p> <p>Given the presence of externally indistinguishable species pairs in Ctenoplus, the association must be regarded as tentative.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0F7C9B43FFF9E92DFE8DFC6795D6FEA3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fuller, E.;Platia, G.	Fuller, E., Platia, G. (2006): A revision of the click beetle genus Ctenoplus Candèze, 1863 (Coleoptera: Elateridae, Synaptina). Zootaxa 1217 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1217.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1217.1.1
0F7C9B43FF84E92FFE8DFE5D9531FBFB.text	0F7C9B43FF84E92FFE8DFE5D9531FBFB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenoplus girardianus Fuller & Platia 2006	<div><p>Ctenoplus girardianus n. sp.</p> <p>Figures 46, 65, 82, 103, 112</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Medium­sized, uniformly brown Ctenoplus with a relatively short, broad prosternal spine and relatively rounded elytral apices. C. girardianus is similar to C. balli n. sp., with which it shares the short, broad prosternal spine (c.f., Fig. 53); however, C. girardianus is smaller (8.0–8.5 vs. 10.5 mm) and the apex of the elytron is less attenuated than in C. balli (c.f., Figs. 64, 65). In addition, C. girardianus is known from the Philippines and Vietnam, whereas C. balli is known only from northern Thailand and Laos.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Medium brown; setae whitish­yellow throughout. Length: 8.0– 8.5 mm; width: 2.0 mm.</p> <p>Head. Punctures moderate, almost contiguous throughout, setae slightly longer than antennomere 4. Antenna reaching or almost reaching apex of pronotal hind angles; antennomere 1 with punctures 1/2 size of frontal punctures, separated by about own diameters, setae varying from 2/3 to subequal in length to frontal setae; antennomere 2 about 1/3 longer than wide, cylindrical; antennomere 3 2X as long as wide, somewhat flattened, cuticle as in antennomere 2, anterior and posterior margins subparallel; antennomere 4 2X as long as greatest width, flattened, anterior and posterior margins weakly divergent distally, anterodistal angle rounded, distal end yellowish, cuticle microrugose, subshiny; antennomeres 5–10 like antennomere 4 but subtriangular, antennomeres 8–10 narrower than antennomeres 5–7; antennomere 11 slightly longer and narrower than antennomere 10; cuticle microrugose. Cuticle between eye and supraantennal carina microrugose, dull. Gena microrugose, subshiny; punctures minute, separated by about 2X own diameter; setae shorter and finer than frontal setae.</p> <p>Prothorax. Pronotum slightly wider than long, lateral margins subparallel; punctures moderate sized, relatively shallow, simple, separated by about own diameter on disk, becoming almost contiguous anteriorly and laterally; setae same length as frontal setae, erect, directed posteriorly; posterior margin as in C. coomani (c.f. Fig. 37); apex of hind angles acute. Hypomeron: posterior 1/4 glabrous (Fig. 46); anterior 3/4 with shallow, simple punctures, punctures subequal in size to pronotal punctures, separated by about own diameters; setae same length as pronotal setae; mesal smooth border bearing triangular projection at level of procoxa (Fig. 46), projection as long as basal width; mesal smooth border with single row of setae, setae about 3/4 length of other hypomeral setae, punctures minute; posterolateral angle projecting posterad posterior margin (Fig. 46), projection about as long as basal width in ventrolateral aspect. Prosternum: anterior lobe with shallow inconspicuous punctures and row of marginal setae anteriorly; punctures posterad lobe subequal in size to hypomeral punctures, shallow, simple, separated by about own diameter anteriorly, grading to 1/2 own diameter separation posteriorly including prosternal spine; setae same length as on hypomeron, directed posteriorly; prosternal spine: in lateral aspect, relatively short: length to posterior concavity about 1.5X width immediately posterad procoxae, slightly curved dorsally, ventral apex slightly produced, as long as wide, acute, triangular, slightly recurved, dorsal apex triangular, about 3X as long as basal width, with low lateral carina, posterior margin between apices vertical, straight; ventral apex forming ventral surface of U­shaped ridge around posterior vertical margin, U­shaped ridge accentuating medial ridge on posterior surface, ventrolateral carinae fused in apical 1/5 but not darkly pigmented, extending slightly anterad anterior margin of procoxal cavity; lateral margin sparsely punctured, punctures minute, posterodorsal angle glabrous, impunctate, setae as on hypomeron, directed ventrally.</p> <p>Mesothorax. Scutellum flat, slightly longer than anterior width; anterior margin slightly produced, with transverse microstriae; setae as on pronotum, directed posteriorly, semi­erect; punctures minute, separated by 2–3X own diameters. Mesosternum in ventral aspect with posterior margin truncate; in lateral aspect mesosternum between mesocoxae raised, horizontal; margin of mesosternal cavity anterad mesocoxa sloping almost vertically to level of mesepisternum; punctures minute, separated by 1–3X own diameters. Mesepisternum: anterior margin bearing circular pit adjacent to mesosternum; posteromesal 1/2 glabrous. Mesepimeron: punctures shallow, simple, almost contiguous. Elytra (Fig. 65) about 4X as long as basal width, lateral margins convergent apically; anterior margin projecting; apex with very small acute tooth at suture; striae impressed in basal 1/4, grading into rows of punctures in apical 3/4, margins of impressed striae sharp; punctures circular, relatively deep, steep­sided, separated by about 1/2 own diameters, without setae; interval punctures minute, separated by 2–3X own diameters.</p> <p>Metathorax. Metasternum: carina posterad mesocoxa very short, present only as small rounded bump on marginal ridge; medial punctures minute, separated by 1–2X own diameters, grading into larger, shallow, simple, almost contiguous punctures laterally.</p> <p>Legs. Tarsomere 4 with small ventrodistal lobe; claws with 5–6 subapical tines, base of claws relatively thick, subapical tines 1/3–2/3 length of apical tine, middle pair of subapical tines longest, innermost tine shortest.</p> <p>Abdomen. Terga lightly sclerotized. Dorsal submarginal carina of ventrite 5 broadly U­shaped. Setae, punctures and cuticle as on metasternum except on ventrite 5 where punctures closer throughout. Male genitalia, Fig. 82; parameres in ventral aspect contiguous at anterior end; median lobe with apical portion curved ventrally, dorsal surface with sharp but only slightly raised V­shaped carina, ventral surface with elongate elliptical sclerite tapered to a point at each end. Female genitalia, Fig. 103; bursal plates crescentic, symmetrical; tubular extension: arising dorsolaterally on bursa; with 2 bands of spines of approximately equal width; spines grading from subequal in appearance to bursal spines basally to more darkly pigmented spines with larger bases in mid­region to spines subequal in appearance to bursal spines distally; spermatheca absent.</p> <p>Material examined and range</p> <p>1♂, 2♀. [PHILIPPINES] Holotype female: “ Cuernos Mts.; Negros I Baker”/ “Collection; E. Fleutiaux ”/ “Museum Paris; Coll. E. Fleutiaux; 1919" [MNHN]. Paratypes: 1♂, 1♀, VIETNAM. “ Dong Nai: Cat Tien Natl. Pk., ca. 1.23 km on road N from park HQ, 28 May 1999, DC Currie, DC Darling, B. Hubley. ROM993041 ” / “tropical lowland forest; UV / MV light 120 m; 11°26’02.6"N 107°25’45.6"E ” [ROME]. This species is known from Negros Island, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=107.42933&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.434055" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 107.42933/lat 11.434055)">Philippines</a> and <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=107.42933&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.434055" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 107.42933/lat 11.434055)">southern Vietam</a> (Fig. 112).</p> <p>Etymology</p> <p>The species is named in honour of Dr. Claude Girard, curator of Elateridae at MNHN, Paris.</p> <p>Natural history</p> <p>Specimens with data were collected at lights in tropical lowland forest in late May at an elevation of 120m.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0F7C9B43FF84E92FFE8DFE5D9531FBFB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fuller, E.;Platia, G.	Fuller, E., Platia, G. (2006): A revision of the click beetle genus Ctenoplus Candèze, 1863 (Coleoptera: Elateridae, Synaptina). Zootaxa 1217 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1217.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1217.1.1
0F7C9B43FF86E929FE8DFB9F9642FE03.text	0F7C9B43FF86E929FE8DFB9F9642FE03.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenoplus gigas Fuller & Platia 2006	<div><p>Ctenoplus gigas n. sp.</p> <p>Figures 41, 54, 83, 104, 112, 114</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Large unicoloured brown Ctenoplus (Fig. 114) with a relatively short, wide prosternal spine, a distinctly lobed tarsomere 4 and relatively fine tarsal claws. C. gigas is similar to C. balli n. sp.; for a comparison, see C. balli.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>As in Ctenoplus and C. balli except as noted.</p> <p>Body and elytra dark brownish­red; antennae, legs and palpi yellowish­brown; setae opaque pale yellow. Length: 12.5–15.0 mm; width 3.0–4.0 mm.</p> <p>Head. Punctures coarse, shallow to moderately deep. Eyes relatively large, ocular index, males 58–60, females 57–63. Antennae reaching to or slightly posterad apex of pronotal hind angles; antennomere 2 elongate, subcylindrical, antennomere 3 elongate, subcylindrical to subtriangular, antennomeres 4–10 elongate, about 2X as long as distal width.</p> <p>Prothorax. Pronotum (Fig. 41): carina of hind angles about 1/3 pronotal length in lateral aspect. Hypomeron: mesal smooth border bearing 7–8 punctures and variably developed lateral projection adjacent to procoxa. Prosternum densely punctured from anterior margin to procoxae, punctures subequal to hypomeral punctures anteriorly, slightly smaller posteriorly; prosternal spine (Fig. 54): ventral apex slightly produced, forming ventral surface of U­shaped ridge around posterior vertical margin, U­shaped ridge accentuating medial ridge on posterior surface.</p> <p>Mesothorax. Scutellum flat to slightly convex. Mesosternum: declivous beaded margin of cavity almost vertical; raised margin between mesocoxae robust. Mesepisternum punctured and setose in anterior 1/2 like mesosternum. Elytra: striae weakly impressed; apices with small, variably developed tooth, otherwise broadly rounded to subtruncate; left elytron slightly longer than right elytron in most specimens.</p> <p>Metathorax. Metasternum: carina posterad mesocoxa about 2.5X as long as basal width.</p> <p>Legs. Tarsomere 4 with small but distinct lobe; claw with apical tine about 2X length of other tines.</p> <p>Abdomen. Terga relatively lightly sclerotized; spiracles partially enclosed on terga 2–6. Ventrites with punctures almost contiguous throughout; ventrite 5 about as long as basal width, bearing scattered longer and slightly thicker setae. Male genitalia, Fig. 83; parameres converging anteriorly on ventral surface, separated at base by about width of ejaculatory duct; parameres with 2 dorsal and 1–3 ventral subapical setae; size of basal piece variable (see Variation); slope of mesal margin of parameres variable in dorsal aspect; articulation between basal piece and parameres darkly pigmented and conspicuous. Female genitalia, Fig. 104; bursal plates subreniform, symmetrical; tubular extension: very long, in situ coiled irregularly dorsad bursa; spines grading from short and fine at base, to longer, thicker and denser about mid­length, to thinner, sparser and less pigmented at apex; spermatheca absent.</p> <p>Variation. The size of the basal piece of the male genitalia is variable. In a paratype from Cuc Phuong, the basal piece is about 1/4 longer and ventral posterior emargination shallower and more rounded anteriorly than the illustrated paratype from Tam Dao.</p> <p>Material examined and range</p> <p>11♂, 6♀, 1 undetermined sex. VIETNAM: Holotype female, “Vietnam N., TamDao ­ 900m, 16–23.v.1991, Strnad Jan lgt”/ “ Coll. Strnad ”/ “Cate Coll.” [CCW]. Paratypes: 3♂, 2♀, with same data as holotype [CRG, CPG, CCW, ERFC]; 3♂, 2♀, 1 undetermined sex, from same locality as holotype, collected “27.5– 2.6.1986 "(1), “3.6– 11.6. 1985 "(4), “ 3–10. VI.1989" (1) collected by Jan Visa, V. Svinhlo, A. Olexa and J. Pioka [CBP]; 1♂, “Vietnam, Cuc­Phuong, prov. Ninh Binh, 6.vi.1966, leg. R. Bielawski et B. Pisarski ”/ “ Inst. Zool. P.A.N. Warszawa, 52/66" [ZMPA]. LAOS: 3♂, 1♀, “NE Laos ­ Hua Phan Prov., 25 km SE Vieng Xai, Ban Kang Prabang, 14.18.v.01, D. Hauck ” [CRG, ERFC]; 1♀, “NE Laos ­ Huan Phan Prov., Ban Saluei, Phu Phan Mt., m 1500– 2000, 26.IV. –11. V.01, D. Hauck ” [CRG]. C. gigas is known from northern Vietnam and eastern Laos (Fig. 112).</p> <p>Etymology The species epithet refers to the relatively large size of this species.</p> <p>Natural history</p> <p>Specimens have been collected between 26 April and 11 June, from 900–2000 m in elevation.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0F7C9B43FF86E929FE8DFB9F9642FE03	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fuller, E.;Platia, G.	Fuller, E., Platia, G. (2006): A revision of the click beetle genus Ctenoplus Candèze, 1863 (Coleoptera: Elateridae, Synaptina). Zootaxa 1217 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1217.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1217.1.1
0F7C9B43FF80E92BFE8DFDA79512FA43.text	0F7C9B43FF80E92BFE8DFDA79512FA43.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenoplus cateianus Fuller & Platia 2006	<div><p>Ctenoplus cateianus n. sp.</p> <p>Figures 29, 42, 84, 105, 111, 113</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Large­sized Ctenoplus with bicoloured black and yellowish­brown elytra, and black pronotum (Fig. 113). C. cateianus is externally indistinguishable from C. deceptus n. sp., but can be distinguished by the male and female genitalia. In C. cateianus, the parameres of the male genitalia are more or less straight from the base to the apex and the median lobe is subparallel almost to the apex (Fig. 84), and the tubular extension of the female genitalia bears a broad band of spines at least proximally and distally (Fig. 105). In C. deceptus, the parameres are angulate subapically and the median lobe is evenly tapered to the apex (Fig. 85), and the tubular extension bears two narrow bands of spines for most of its length (Fig. 106).</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Head and ventral surface black; pronotum black in most specimens, but margins and hind angles variably blackish­red; elytra yellowish­brown to reddish brown in basal 1/2, variably grading to black in apical 1/2; antennae, legs and palpi yellowish­brown; setae opaque pale yellowish­white. Length: 11.0–12.0 mm; width: 2.0– 2.5 mm.</p> <p>Head. Punctures relatively shallow, varying from almost contiguous to separated by about own diameters. Antenna, Fig. 29; male antennomeres 4–11 with fine, moderately long erect setae along anterior margin; antennomeres 2 and 3 subglobular, elongate or subtriangular, antennomeres 2 and 3 subequal in size or antennomere 3 longer than 2; antenna extending from about 0.5–3 distal antennomeres posterad apex of pronotal hind angles in male, extending less than length of antennomere 11 in female.</p> <p>Prothorax. Pronotum (Fig. 42): carina of hind angles about 1/3 pronotal length in lateral aspect, variable; lateral pronotal carina visible at base of hind angles in dorsal aspect; punctures grading from subequal to head punctures anteriorly to 1/2 that size posteriorly, grading from almost contiguous anteriorly to separated by about 1/2 own diameters posteriorly, variable in absolute size, shallow, simple; setae long, those on disk orientated transversely and overlapping along midline, grading to posteriorly directed adjacent to scutellum. Hypomeron: punctures shallow, simple, almost contiguous; mesal border bearing linear row of about 16 setae. Prosternum: punctures becoming separated posteriorly by about own diameters and grading to about 1/2 size of anterior punctures; setae finer than dorsal setae; prosternal spine: elongate in lateral aspect, about 2X as long as width at ventral apex; ventrolateral carinae joining about 1/2 way between posterior margin of procoxae and ventral apex, carinae not extending anterad anterior border of procoxal cavities.</p> <p>Mesothorax. Scutellum flat, anterior margin convex; surface densely covered with setae. Mesosternum: posterior margin slightly raised above mesocoxae, horizontal in lateral aspect, declivous beaded margin sloping at ca. 45°. Mesepisternum glabrous on posterior 1/2; anterior groove punctate. Elytral punctures surrounded by subquadrate to subrectangular patch of darker cuticle; intervals finely punctured; apices dehiscent, sutural interval produced into tooth of variable size but up to as long as basal width; length of elytron asymmetrical in many specimens.</p> <p>Metathorax. Metasternum densely punctured, punctures shallow, almost contiguous throughout; without carina posterad mesocoxa.</p> <p>Legs. Profemur with black microspines anteriorly; claws robust, apical tine 1.5–2X as long as subapical tines; tarsomere 4 lobed.</p> <p>Abdomen. Terga relatively heavily sclerotized, spiracles enclosed on terga 2–6. Ventrites with punctures and setae as on metasternum. Ventrite 5 about as long as basal width, dorsal submarginal carina U­shaped. Male genitalia, Fig. 84; parameres about 1.5X as long as median lobe, converging anteriorly in ventral aspect, separated anteriorly by about width of ejaculatory duct; ventral membrane between parameres with 1 or 2 elongate dark sclerites. Female genitalia, Fig. 105; spermatophore present in specimen illustrated; bursa copulatrix twisted and coiled posteriorly (not shown); bursal plates subreniform, symmetrical in individuals, variable in shape; tubular extension: relatively short; with band of spines along whole length, spines same length and thickness as free bursal spines, density variable; spermatheca absent.</p> <p>Variation. The genitalia of two females have been examined, one from Nepal and one from Sikkim. The specimen from Nepal is illustrated. The bursal plates of the specimen from Sikkim have the posterior margin straight rather than concave, giving the plate a semicircular shape. The tubular extension of the specimen from Sikkim has about the proximal third and the most distal portion densely spined with a single band of spines, but the intervening portion of the extension bears a pair of narrow bands of spines like C. deceptus. These narrow bands of spines rather abruptly merge into the wide single band proximally and distally.</p> <p>Material examined and range</p> <p>14♂, 2♀. NEPAL: Holotype male, paratype female, “ Lamobagar Gola, 1400m, 8–14.vi.1983 "/ E. Nepal, Arun V., M. Brancucci” [NHMB]; paratypes: 1♂, “ Nepal, Arun Valley, Chichila­Tumlingtar, 2000– 1000m [sic], 9.6.1988, leg. Lebisch &amp; Probst ”; 2♂, “ Nepal, Arun Valley, Khandbari­Bhotebas, 1000–1750m, 5.6.1988, leg. Lebisch &amp; Probst ”; 1♂, “Nepal, Arun Valley, Hille­Dholikhorka, 1750– 1250 m [sic], 31.5.1988, leg. Lebisch &amp; Probst ” [NHMB, CPG, CSV, CCW, ERFC]. INDIA: Paratypes: 4♂, “ Gurubathan, 350m 15–19.v.1986 "/ “ Indien, Darjeeling D., B. Bhakta ”; 1♂, “ Rangpo 680m, 3.ix.1981 "/ “ Sikkim, Bhakta B.”; 1♀, “ Kalimpong, Nunsung 700 m, 7.v.1987 "/ “ Indien, Darjeeling D., Ch.J.Rai ”; 1♂, “N. India, Darjeeling, Kalimpong, 1.8.1984, leg. Holzschuh ” [CCW]; 3♂, “N. INDIA. West Bengal, Darjeeling, Kurseong, Mana Village, 1500m, leg. N. Dangal, 19.3.1987 " [CCW]. C. cateianus is known from eastern Nepal and northeastern India (Fig. 111).</p> <p>Etymology The species is named in honour of Dr. Peter C. Cate, elateridologist, Vienna.</p> <p>Natural history</p> <p>This species has been collected between 19 March and 3 September, and between 350 and 2000 m in elevation.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0F7C9B43FF80E92BFE8DFDA79512FA43	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fuller, E.;Platia, G.	Fuller, E., Platia, G. (2006): A revision of the click beetle genus Ctenoplus Candèze, 1863 (Coleoptera: Elateridae, Synaptina). Zootaxa 1217 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1217.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1217.1.1
0F7C9B43FF82E92AFE8DF9E796C3F9DB.text	0F7C9B43FF82E92AFE8DF9E796C3F9DB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenoplus deceptus Fuller & Platia 2006	<div><p>Ctenoplus deceptus n. sp.</p> <p>Figures 85, 106, 111</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Externally indistinguishable from C. cateianus n. sp., C. deceptus is distinguished from C. cateianus by details of the male and female genitalia. In C. deceptus, the median lobe is evenly tapered to the apex and the parameres are angulate subapically (Fig. 85); in C. cateianus, the median lobe is subparallel for most of its length and the parameres are more or less straight laterally (Fig. 84). The tubular extension of C. deceptus bears two narrow bands of spines for most of its length and appears less densely spined (Fig. 106); the tubular extension of C. cateianus has one broad band of spines (at least proximally and distally) and appears more densely spined (Fig. 105). At present, these two species are not sympatric. C. deceptus is known from central and western Nepal and northwestern India; C. cateianus is known from eastern Nepal and northeastern India.</p> <p>Description</p> <p>As in C. cateianus, except as noted.</p> <p>Male genitalia, Fig. 85; parameres converging at anterior end in ventral aspect; ventral surface with long thin sclerite along midline, sclerite about 3/4 length of parameres; articulation between basal piece and parameres darkly pigmented and conspicuous. Female genitalia, Fig. 106; spermatophore present in specimen illustrated; bursa copulatrix twisted and coiled posteriorly (not shown); bursal plates attenuated at posterior angles, symmetrical; tubular extension: arising dorsally on bursa; with 2 narrow bands of spines along most of length, bands merging into broad band around base; spines about 1/2 size of bursal spines; spermatheca absent.</p> <p>Material examined and range</p> <p>8♂, 2♀. INDIA: Holotype male, 1♂, 2♀ paratypes, “India, Uttar Pradesh, 1900m, Mussoorie ”/ “ vii. 1989, Hiermeier” [CRG, CPG]. NEPAL: Paratypes: 1♂, “Basantapur, 2300m, 30.5.–2.6.85"/ “C. Nepal, Kathmandu V, M. Brancucci ” [CSV]; 3♂, “Nepal, Kathmandu V, Godavari 1500 m ”/ “ 21–27.v.1989, M. Brancucci ” [NHMB]; 1♂, “Nepal, Kathmandu V, Godavari, 1500–1700m, 19.6.1988, leg. Lebisch &amp; Probst ” [ERFC]; 1♂, “Parbat Distr., Kusma­Karkineta, 900–1600m, 2.vii.1986 "/ “ W. Nepal, Dhawalagiri, C. Holzschuh” [CPG]. C. deceptus is known from northwestern India, and western and central Nepal (Fig. 111).</p> <p>Etymology The species epithet refers to the similarity of this species and C. cateianus.</p> <p>Natural history</p> <p>This species has been collected between 21 May and 2 July, and between 900 and 2300 m in elevation.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0F7C9B43FF82E92AFE8DF9E796C3F9DB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fuller, E.;Platia, G.	Fuller, E., Platia, G. (2006): A revision of the click beetle genus Ctenoplus Candèze, 1863 (Coleoptera: Elateridae, Synaptina). Zootaxa 1217 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1217.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1217.1.1
0F7C9B43FF83E924FE8DF97F9316FDDB.text	0F7C9B43FF83E924FE8DF97F9316FDDB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ctenoplus dorsalis Fuller & Platia 2006	<div><p>Ctenoplus dorsalis n. sp.</p> <p>Figures 13, 30, 43, 48, 57, 108</p> <p>Diagnosis</p> <p>Large­sized Ctenoplus with red and black pronotum; the median black vitta on the pronotum is distinctive (Fig. 43).</p> <p>Description</p> <p>Head, prosternum, meso­ and metathorax, and abdomen black; antennae, outer parts of mouthparts, legs reddish­brown; pronotum (Fig. 43) with anteromedial and medial part of pronotum black; lateral and posterior margins of pronotum and hypomeron yellowish­red; elytra brownish­black; setae pale yellowish­white. Length: 11.0 mm; width: 2.5 mm.</p> <p>Head, Fig. 13. Frons conspicuously sculptured with moderately deep, coarse punctures, punctures almost contiguous throughout. Antenna (Fig. 30) almost reaching apex of pronotal hind angles. Eyes small: head appearing broad between eyes, ocular index, female, 76.</p> <p>Prothorax. Pronotum (Fig. 43): punctures and cuticle as on head except becoming separated by about own diameters posteriorly; carina of hind angle converging on lateral pronotal carina only near apex of hind angle, otherwise subparallel to lateral carina, carina of hind angle sharp; setae semierect. Hypomeron: posterolateral angle distinctly set off from posterior margin, about as long as basal width, apex rounded but produced; posterior 1/4 glabrous; punctures small, simple, shallow, separated by about 2X own diameters. Prosternum: punctures relatively small, simple, separated by about 1/2 own diameters; prosternal spine: elongate in lateral aspect (Fig. 57), lateral margin irregular, diagonally striate anterad ventral apex; ventrolateral carina rounded, divided anteriorly at level of base of protrochanter, mesal branch of carina extending to level of anterior edge of procoxae, carinae convergent posteriorly posterad base of protrochanter and meeting about halfway between procoxae and ventral apex.</p> <p>Mesothorax. Scutellum convex. Mesepisternum (Fig. 48) glabrous only along posterior margin; anterior groove weakly developed, punctate, shallow; anterolateral angle with relatively large shallow depression separated from anterior groove by rounded carina. Elytra subparallel in basal 1/2, convergent in posterior 1/2, apices rounded, slightly dehiscent at sutural margin with very small tooth at sutural interval; striae moderately impressed, punctures separated by about own diameters but variable; intervals relatively densely punctured, punctures moderately deep, separated by about own diameters.</p> <p>Metathorax. Metasternum without carina posterad mesocoxae; punctures moderately deep, almost contiguous; punctures of metacoxa as on metasternum except smaller.</p> <p>Legs. Tarsomere 4 about as long as wide, oblique distally, ventral surface densely setose.</p> <p>Abdomen. Terga moderately sclerotized, spiracles partially enclosed on terga 2–6. Ventrites relatively densely punctured, punctures small, separated by about own diameters, punctures larger, shallow, simple at anterolateral angle of ventrite 1 and apex of ventrite 5; dorsal submarginal carina of ventrite 5 broadly U­shaped. Female genitalia damaged: bursal plates subcresentic or subreniform; bursa with moderately dense spines, large patch immediately posterad concavity of bursal plates.</p> <p>Material examined and range</p> <p>1♀. [CHINA:] Holotype female, “Chine Sichuan prov.; MOXI env., Gonge Mt.; 21– 24.7.1992; 3000–4000m./ Cervenka leg./ Schimmel Coll.” [CSV]. The holotype was collected in southwestern China (Fig. 108).</p> <p>Etymology The species epithet refers to the distinctive dorsal colour pattern.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0F7C9B43FF83E924FE8DF97F9316FDDB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fuller, E.;Platia, G.	Fuller, E., Platia, G. (2006): A revision of the click beetle genus Ctenoplus Candèze, 1863 (Coleoptera: Elateridae, Synaptina). Zootaxa 1217 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1217.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1217.1.1
0F7C9B43FF8DE924FE8DFD7F96BFF8AC.text	0F7C9B43FF8DE924FE8DFD7F96BFF8AC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Silesis fulvus Fleutiaux	<div><p>Silesis fulvus Fleutiaux</p> <p>Figures 59, 88</p> <p>Silesis fulvus Fleutiaux 1918: 271; sex and number of specimens not stated; type locality: " Tonkin: Hoa­Binh (DuPort)".</p> <p>Silesis fulvus, Schenkling 1927: 489.</p> <p>Ctenoplus fulvus, Fleutiaux 1940a: 20.</p> <p>This species was transferred to Ctenoplus from Silesis by Fleutiaux (1940a). Fleutiaux (1918) described this species based on an unspecified number of specimens from Vietnam. A single female was received from MNHN. It bears the following labels: “Hoa­Binh; Tonkin 1912" [handwritten]/ “TYPE” [red ink]/ “ Silesis; fulvus Fleut.; type” [handwritten]/ “ Ctenoplus; fulvus Fleut. ” [handwritten]; “COLLECTION FLEUTIAUX”. This specimen is here designated the lectotype.</p> <p>Externally, this species has two shallow periocular pits, but differs from Ctenoplus in having the anteromesal margin of the hypomeron not raised and concave, a visible and subrectangular mesotrochantin, and the dorsal surface of the prosternal spine is much wider than the ventral surface (Fig. 59). In Ctenoplus, the anteromesal margin of the hypomeron is raised and concave, the mesotrochantin is concealed, and except for C. rufoantennatus and C. neosiamensis, the dorsal surface of the prosternal spine is only slightly wider than the ventral surface (c.f., Fig. 58). The female genitalia of S. fulvus (Fig. 88) differs from the species of Ctenoplus in having three spiny plates on the bursa, no free spines on the bursa, and two tubular spermathecae on the tubular extension. In Ctenoplus (Fig. 86), only two spiny plates are present on the bursa, the bursa bears a band of free spines, and a spermatheca, if present, is sac­like. On the basis of these differences, S. fulvus is not regarded as a species of Ctenoplus as defined in this work, and is returned to Silesis, in which it was originally described.</p> <p>Whether or not S. fulvus belongs in Silesis cannot be definitively established at present. S. fulvus differs from other species of Silesis in lacking a ventral lobe on tarsomere 4, traditionally a diagnostic character of Silesis. However, we have concluded that the presence or absence of a lobed tarsomere 4 alone is insufficient to define Silesis or Ctenoplus.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0F7C9B43FF8DE924FE8DFD7F96BFF8AC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fuller, E.;Platia, G.	Fuller, E., Platia, G. (2006): A revision of the click beetle genus Ctenoplus Candèze, 1863 (Coleoptera: Elateridae, Synaptina). Zootaxa 1217 (1): 1-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.1217.1.1, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1217.1.1
