identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
083087C86F73FF9AFF26FCA3DCA1FE8D.text	083087C86F73FF9AFF26FCA3DCA1FE8D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Episyron Schiodte 1837	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Genus  Episyron Schiødte, 1837</p>
            <p> Episyron Schiødte, 1837: 341 . Type species:  Sphex rufipes Linnaeus, 1758 , by monotypy. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Ground colour black; dense brown, grey, or bluish white lanceolate scales or setae largely covering pronotum, scutellum, metanotum, mesopleura, metapleura, propodeum, dorsum of hind coxa and T1; clypeus large, upper margin somewhat sinuous; mandibles bidentate in female, unidentate in male; malar space, if any, shorter than half of pedicel; apex of apical flagellomere obliquely truncated with smooth area; metapostnotum strongly developed, constricted on the median line and just in front of spiracles, posterior margin arcuately expanded between the constrictions; posterolateral portion of propodeum smooth; protarsus with comb, tarsomere 2 with 1–2 midspines; all claws in both sexes bifid; fore wing with three SMC; anal lobe of hind wing fairly large, about half the length of submedian cell; metasoma stouter in female than male; female pygidium without bristles (Evans 1949; Loktionov &amp; Lelej 2015; Kim 2022).</p>
            <p> Biology. Members are found to be ectoparasitoids of the spider family  Araneidae (Wasbauer &amp; Kimsey 1985) . </p>
            <p>Distribution. All major zoogeographic regions (Kim 2022).</p>
            <p> Key to species of  Episyron Schiødte occurring in India </p>
            <p> (  E. zebra (Cameron, 1891) excluded due to lack of sufficient details in description). </p>
            <p>1. T3 almost entirely reddish brown or yellow................................................................. 2</p>
            <p>- T3 either entirely black or black with yellow markings........................................................ 3</p>
            <p> 2. Clypeus very convex, its anterior margin boldly arcuate and turned downwards; propodeum gradually sloping to apex; metasoma black with basal three segments and base of fourth ferruginous red.......................  E. fenestratum (Smith, 1855)</p>
            <p> - Clypeus moderately convex, transversally rectangular; propodeum with a steep slope to apex; metasoma black with third and fourth segments yellow..........................................................  E. infestum (Bingham, 1896)</p>
            <p>3. Primary colour of hind tibia red.......................................................................... 4</p>
            <p>- Primary colour of hind tibia black........................................................................ 5</p>
            <p> 4. Propodeum gradually sloping to apex; hind tibia dorsally with a yellowish white spot.......  E. vagabundum (Smith, 1858)</p>
            <p> - Propodeum with a steep slope to apex (Fig. 34); hind tibia dorsally without any coloured spot (Fig. 39).........................................................................  E. rufotibius Anju, Girish Kumar &amp; Thejass ,  sp. nov.</p>
            <p> 5. Clypeus entirely black (Fig. 19); hind tibia black without any marking (Fig. 27); tibial spurs black (Fig. 27); numerous long black setae on T6, almost uniformly distributed (Fig. 25)......  E. nigrocalcarius Anju, Girish Kumar &amp; Thejass ,  sp. nov.</p>
            <p>- Clypeus black with pale yellow markings; hind tibia black with pale yellow fascia in dorsal face basally; tibial spurs pale yellow; long black setae on T6 moderate, concentrated laterally................................................. 6</p>
            <p> 6. Head not wider than mesosoma; SMC3 distinctly smaller than SMC2; crossvein 2m-cu of forewing nearly straight.......................................................................................  E. arrogans (Smith, 1873)</p>
            <p> - Head wider than mesosoma; SMC2 and SMC3 almost equal in size (Fig. 12); crossvein 2m-cu distinctly curved basally (Fig. 12)....................................................  E. keralaensis Anju, Girish Kumar &amp; Thejass ,  sp. nov.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/083087C86F73FF9AFF26FCA3DCA1FE8D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Anju, K.;Kumar, P. Girish;Thejass, P.	Anju, K., Kumar, P. Girish, Thejass, P. (2024): Review of the spider wasp genus Episyron Schiødte, 1837 (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) from India, with description of three new species. Zootaxa 5405 (4): 562-576, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.5
083087C86F70FF9AFF26FE9CDA0FFB34.text	083087C86F70FF9AFF26FE9CDA0FFB34.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Episyron arrogans (Smith 1873)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Episyron arrogans (Smith, 1873)</p>
            <p> 
Pompilus arrogans 
Smith, 1873: 187 , ♀. Holotype: ♀, “Hiogo” [Japan, Honshu], deposited in  British Museum of Natural History , London. </p>
            <p> Episyron arrogans : Kim 1970: 558, ♀; Lelej et al. 1994: 143, ♀, ♂. </p>
            <p> Episyron capitosus : Kim 1970: 559, ♂. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Female. Body largely black, following markings creamy yellow: narrow stripes along inner orbit in median part of frontal face (much separating from clypeal base), stripes along upper half, posterior margin of eyes, medially interrupted posterior margin of pronotum, paired basolateral round spots on T1, paired basal transverse spots on T2, T3 and T5 (sometimes connected), and tibial spurs and dorsobasal spot on hind tibia; wings hyaline, broadly infuscated at apex; wing veins and tegulae black; obscurely pruinose; head not wider than mesosoma; clypeus very slightly convex, nearly vertical, anterior margin widely arched; propodeum with a rounded steep slope to apex; SMC3 distinctly smaller than SMC2; and crossvein 2m-cu of forewing nearly straight. Male. In addition to spots seen in female, basal transverse line (or shortly interrupted medially) on T3 and T7 creamy yellow; ventral face of fore tibia and basal half of hind tibia reddish yellow; and ventral faces of antennal flagellomeres brownish (Smith 1873; Bingham 1897; Kim 2022).</p>
            <p>Distribution. India: Uttarakhand. Elsewhere. Oriental: Myanmar; Philippines; Sri Lanka. Palearctic: Austria; Belarus; Bosnia and Herzegovina; China; Corsica; Czech Republic; France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Iran; Italy; Japan; North Korea; Portugal; Romania; Russia; Sardinia; Sicily; Slovakia; Slovenia; South Korea; Spain; Switzerland; Turkey; Ukraine (Bingham 1897; Wahis 2007; Amiresmaeili et al. 2011; Ghahari et al. 2014; Loktionov &amp; Lelej 2014; Kim 2022).</p>
            <p>Note. The markings on the body segments are highly variable within the species. Sometimes anterior margin of clypeus narrowly and square spot at apex of mesoscutum are yellowish white. T4 and T5 with yellowish white fascia in some specimens in addition to the usual markings.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/083087C86F70FF9AFF26FE9CDA0FFB34	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Anju, K.;Kumar, P. Girish;Thejass, P.	Anju, K., Kumar, P. Girish, Thejass, P. (2024): Review of the spider wasp genus Episyron Schiødte, 1837 (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) from India, with description of three new species. Zootaxa 5405 (4): 562-576, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.5
083087C86F70FF9AFF26FACADD3CF965.text	083087C86F70FF9AFF26FACADD3CF965.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Episyron fenestratum (Smith 1855)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Episyron fenestratum (Smith, 1855)</p>
            <p> 
Pompilus fenestratus 
Smith, 1855: 144 , ♀. Holotype, ♀, India: West Bengal, deposited in  British Museum of Natural History , London. </p>
            <p> Episyron fenestratum : Wahis 2018: 8. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Female. Head, mesosoma and apical segments of metasoma black, basal three segments of metasoma and base of fourth ferruginous red; mandibles rufo-piceous, palpi testaceous; wings hyaline for half their length, fuscous beyond; head and mesosoma densely covered with silvery pile; head, mesosoma and metasoma smooth; clypeus very convex, its anterior margin boldly arched and turned downwards; scutellum raised and prominent; propodeum with smooth rounded slope at apex which is recurved; legs with tibiae and tarsi spinose, claws unidentate at base below; and fore wing SMC2 wider than SMC3, which is narrowed towards margin (Smith 1855; Bingham 1897). Male. Unknown.</p>
            <p>Distribution. India: West Bengal. Elsewhere: Myanmar (Bingham 1897).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/083087C86F70FF9AFF26FACADD3CF965	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Anju, K.;Kumar, P. Girish;Thejass, P.	Anju, K., Kumar, P. Girish, Thejass, P. (2024): Review of the spider wasp genus Episyron Schiødte, 1837 (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) from India, with description of three new species. Zootaxa 5405 (4): 562-576, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.5
083087C86F70FF9BFF26F8FADAC1FE58.text	083087C86F70FF9BFF26F8FADAC1FE58.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Episyron infestum (Bingham 1896)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Episyron infestum (Bingham, 1896)</p>
            <p> Pompilus infestus Bingham 1896: 430 , ♀. Holotype, ♀, India, deposited in British Museum of Natural History, London.  Episyron infestum : Wahis 2018: 10. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Female. Body with following yellow markings: clypeus, inner margin of eyes, line on posterior margin of pronotum, spot on hind tibiae at base, basal two segments of mid and hind tarsi and third and fourth segments of metasoma; tegulae ferruginous; wings flavo-hyaline, broadly infuscated at apex, veins brown; head, mesosoma and metasoma smooth; front of face flat with an abbreviated impressed line running from anterior ocellus to between antennae; clypeus convex, transversely rectangular, its sides rounded; propodeum short, rounded posteriorly with steep slope at apex; legs stout, tibiae and tarsi with a few scattered spines, fore tibiae and tarsi weakly haired on outer side; and claws unidentate (Bingham 1896, 1897). Male. Unknown.</p>
            <p>Distribution. India (Bingham 1897).</p>
            <p>Note. Bingham (1897) stated that the species occurs “Throughout India ”.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/083087C86F70FF9BFF26F8FADAC1FE58	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Anju, K.;Kumar, P. Girish;Thejass, P.	Anju, K., Kumar, P. Girish, Thejass, P. (2024): Review of the spider wasp genus Episyron Schiødte, 1837 (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) from India, with description of three new species. Zootaxa 5405 (4): 562-576, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.5
083087C86F71FF9EFF26FDE6DC40FA41.text	083087C86F71FF9EFF26FDE6DC40FA41.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Episyron keralaensis Anju, Girish Kumar & Thejass 2024	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Episyron keralaensis Anju, Girish Kumar &amp; Thejass ,  sp. nov.</p>
            <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: A292974A-3C0F-423A-973A-8851501BBD46</p>
            <p>Figures 1–16</p>
            <p>
                 Type material.   Holotype ♀, India: Kerala, Wayanad district,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.07166/lat 11.740278)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.07166&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.740278">Panamaram</a>
                 (11º44’25’’N, 76º04’18’’E), 10.iv.2021, Coll. K. Anju, [ZSIK] ZSIK Regd. No. ZSI / WGRC /IR/INV.24957  .   Paratypes. Kerala: 1♀, Kozhikode district,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 75.57056/lat 11.643888)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=75.57056&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.643888">Madappally</a>
                 (11º38’38’’N, 75º34’14’’E), 28.viii.2020, Coll. K. Anju, [ZSIK] ZSIK Regd. No. ZSI / WGRC /IR/ INV.24958  ;   1♀ Wayanad district,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.07166/lat 11.740278)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.07166&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.740278">Panamaram</a>
                 (11º44’25’’N, 76º04’18’’E), 10.iv.2021, Coll. K. Anju, [ZSIK] ZSIK Regd. No. ZSI / WGRC /IR/INV.24959  ;   1♂, Kozhikode district,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 75.818054/lat 11.443334)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=75.818054&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.443334">Balussery</a>
                 (11º26’36’’N, 75º49’05’’E), 27.iii.2019, Coll.C. Binoy.Regd.No. ZSI / WGRC /IR/INV.24960  ;   4♂, Kasaragod district,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 75.36222/lat 12.429167)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=75.36222&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.429167">Ranipuram</a>
                 (12º25’45’’N, 75º21’44’’E), 22.i.2020, Coll. K. Anju, [ZSIK] ZSIK Regd. No. ZSI / WGRC /IR/INV.24961–24964  . 
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            <p>Diagnosis. The female of new species differs from all other congeners by the following set of characters: pale yellow stripes along inner orbits interrupted at vertex; clypeus black with pale yellow markings; pale yellow band along posterior margin of pronotum interrupted at middle; small round spot on mesoscutum postero-medially; hind tibia black with pale yellow fascia in dorsal face basally; tibial spurs pale yellow; basal pale yellow fascia on T2, T3 and T5; head wider than mesosoma; SMC2 and SMC3 almost equal in size; crossvein 2m-cu distinctly curved basally; and long black setae on T6 moderate, concentrated laterally.</p>
            <p>Description of Female. Holotype, female (Figs 1–12). Body length 8.62 mm (8.41 mm – 9.15 mm for paratypes); length of fore wing 7.38 mm (7.1 mm – 7.95 mm for paratypes).</p>
            <p>Colour. Overall colour black with pale yellow markings as follows: narrow stripes along inner orbits interrupted at vertex, stripes along posterior margin of eyes, stripes along anterior margin of clypeus subapically, band along posterior margin of pronotum interrupted at middle, small round spot on mesoscutum postero-medially, basal fascia on T2, T3 and T5, and fascia at dorsal region of hind tibia basally; antenna brownish black; tibial spurs pale; pale spot on apical dorsal region of all coxae; wings fusco-hyaline, infuscated at apex; veins and pterostigma brown.</p>
            <p>Pubescence. Pubescence moderate; pronotum, propodeum and T1 having genus specific metallic reflection with bluish white appressed flattened and squamiform setae; whitish pubescence moderate in frons and clypeus; mesosoma highly pubescent in some regions with moderate pubescence on pleura; silver shiny pubescence at base of metanotum and at two concavities of metapostnotum; pubescence on propodeum more concentrated at posterior half; soft long setae on mesosoma, mainly concentrated along lateral sides of propodeum; T6 with long suberect brownish black setae concentrated laterally.</p>
            <p>Head. Head a trifle wider than high in frontal view (1.12–1.2×), wider than mesosoma (Fig. 3); minutely punctate, punctuations hardly visible over underlying pubescence on frons; shallow median line extending from anterior ocellus to interantennal space; eyes 1.89–1.93× as long as wide (Fig. 5), slightly emarginated above middle frons with MID slightly greater than LID, UID 0.73–0.8× MID (Fig. 3); ocelli in triangle, anterior ocellus slightly wider than posterior ocelli, POD about as long as OOD (0.21: 0.22) (Fig. 4); clypeus large, nearly flat with slight convexity, more than twice as broad as long, anterior margin widely arched, posterior margin transverse (Fig. 3); mandible long, crossing each other, bidentate; malar space reduced, less than half of pedicel; toruli situated slightly above posterior clypeus margin; antennae long, closely placed; F1 the longest flagellomere 1.69–1.73× as long as scape, scape longer than twice its width; pedicel as wide as long; F2–F5 almost equal in length with a slight decrease in length towards the apical flagellomeres; gena narrower than compound eye in lateral view; occiput carinate.</p>
            <p>Mesosoma. Pronotum 2–2.14× as wide as long, angulate postero-laterally; mesoscutum large, prominent, 1.36– 1.4× as long as scutellum in dorsal view (Fig. 7); abbreviated furrow on each side close to the apex not reaching anterior margin; scutellum with conspicuous prescutellar sulcus, medially triangularly raised; metanotum curved; metapostnotum much reduced with two curves at posterior margin (Fig. 7); propodeum 1.28–1.38× as wide as long along middle, no apparent sculpturing (Fig. 7), posteriorly with rounded steep slope at apex.</p>
            <p>Legs. Tibiae and tarsi with irregular scattered spines throughout, apically with different length spines; fore tarsus with cylindrical tapering spines, tarsomere 1 with three outer spines; tarsal claws bifid; hind basitarsus 0.62– 0.69× hind tibia, hind tibial spur long, 0.77–0.81× as long as hind basitarsus.</p>
            <p>Wings. Fore wing with upper margin of SMC2 and SMC3 almost of equal length; length of SMC3 less than half of its distance from the wing apex; SMC2 and SMC3 receiving crossveins 1m-cu and 2m-cu respectively at the middle; crossvein 2m-cu curved basally; marginal cell long about twice its width; pterostigma shorter than vein r-rs (Fig. 12); crossvein cu-a of hind wing arc-like forming obtuse angle with vein A.</p>
            <p>Metasoma. Smooth; slightly longer than mesosoma, subsessile, T1 thick at base (Fig. 8); apical segment slightly acute.</p>
            <p>Male. (Figs 13–16).</p>
            <p>Resembles female in general appearance and coloration with slight variations in markings. However, as in the case of other genera, male is smaller and slender than females with following differences: the genus specific bluish white shiny pubescence seen on T 2 in addition to T1, where as in female, pubescence mainly concentrated on T1; antennae shorter and stouter and ventrally brownish in colour in contrast to the long slender, black antennae of female (Fig. 14); and T6 is pale almost entirely, as compared to the black T 6 in female. Hypopygium and genitalia as in figures 15 &amp; 16.</p>
            <p>Remarks. Occurrence of both males and females in the same habitat along with the similarity in morphology and colour patterns supports sex association.</p>
            <p>Etymology. The species name refers to the Indian state of Kerala, where the holotype was collected.</p>
            <p>Variation. Pale yellow markings on body segments vary in intensity and distribution in paratypes along with variation in the relative density of pubescence.</p>
            <p>Distribution. India (Kerala).</p>
            <p> Comparison. The female of new species  E. keralaensis Anju, Girish Kumar &amp; Thejass ,  sp. nov. closely resembles  E. arrogans in general appearance, morphology and coloration of the body. However it differs from  E. arrogans as follows: head wider than mesosoma (in  E. arrogans , head not wider than mesosoma); fore wing with upper margin of SMC2 and SMC3 almost equal in length (in  E. arrogans, SMC 3 is smaller than SMC2); crossvein 2m-cu of fore wing basally curved (in  E. arrogans , crossvein 2m-cu is almost straight); and forewing SMC2 receives crossvein 1m-cu medially (in  E. arrogans, SMC 2 receives crossvein 1m-cu beyond the middle of basal margin). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/083087C86F71FF9EFF26FDE6DC40FA41	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Anju, K.;Kumar, P. Girish;Thejass, P.	Anju, K., Kumar, P. Girish, Thejass, P. (2024): Review of the spider wasp genus Episyron Schiødte, 1837 (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) from India, with description of three new species. Zootaxa 5405 (4): 562-576, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.5
083087C86F74FF91FF26F9DCDC20FCD4.text	083087C86F74FF91FF26F9DCDC20FCD4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Episyron nigrocalcarius Anju, Girish Kumar & Thejass 2024	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Episyron nigrocalcarius Anju, Girish Kumar &amp; Thejass ,  sp. nov.</p>
            <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 8A4CD7D8-A1A3-41A3-8DDD-E79B718DFEAF</p>
            <p>Figures 17–28</p>
            <p>
                 Type material.   Holotype, ♀, India: Kerala, Wayanad district,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 75.84139/lat 11.774166)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=75.84139&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.774166">Thondernad</a>
                 (11º46’27’’N, 75º50’29’’E), 29.ix.2021, Coll. T.A. Arvind, [ZSIK] ZSIK Regd. No. ZSI/WGRC/IR/INV.24965. 
            </p>
            <p>
                  Paratypes. Kerala: 1♀, Kasaragod district,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 75.36222/lat 12.429167)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=75.36222&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.429167">Ranipuram</a>
                 (12º25’45’’N, 75º21’44’’E), 22.i.2020, Coll. K. Anju, [ZSIK] ZSIK Regd. No. ZSI / WGRC /IR/INV.24966  ;   1♀, Kozhikode district,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 75.973335/lat 11.493334)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=75.973335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.493334">Kakkavayal</a>
                 (11º29’36’’N, 75º58’24’’E), 26.vii.2017, Coll. P. Girish Kumar, [ZSIK] ZSIK Regd. No. ZSI / WGRC /IR/INV.24967  ;   1♀, Wayanad district,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 76.03917/lat 11.553056)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=76.03917&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.553056">Vythiri</a>
                 (11º33’11’’N, 76º02’21’’E), 4.iii.2019, Coll. P.M. Sureshan &amp; Party, [ZSIK] ZSIK Regd. No. ZSI/ WGRC/IR/INV.24968  . 
            </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. The new species differs from all other congeners by the following characters: Clypeus entirely black; hind tibia black without any marking; tibial spurs black; numerous long black setae on T6, almost uniformly distributed; and paired basolateral transverse fascia on T2 and T3.</p>
            <p>Description of Female. Holotype, Female (Figs 17–28). Body length 10.15–11.13 mm; length of fore wing 9.18–10.23 mm.</p>
            <p>Colour. Body largely black with following markings creamy yellow/yellowish white: narrow stripes alopng inner orbits in the median part of frontal face, stripes along the posterior margin of eye more narrower and pale, medially interrupted band on posterior margin of pronotum, paired basolateral transverse fascia on T2 and T3 and spot on apex of all coxae; very narrow orange brown smooth line along anterior margin of clypeus; tibial spurs black; wings fusco-hyaline, broadly infuscated at apex; veins and pterostigma brown.</p>
            <p>Pubescence. Pubescence moderate; pronotum, propodeum and T1 having metallic reflection with bluish white appressed flattened and squamiform setae; head moderately pubescent with whitish pubescence mainly concentrated below the antennal region and clypeus; pubescence on clypeus uniform with pubescent-free anterior medial region; few smooth long setae along lateral regions of mesosoma; silver pubescence at joining region of scutellum and metanotum; metapostnotum with silver shiny pubescence at cavities; bluish white shining pubescence on plural region minimum; pubescence on propodeum concentrated towards posterior half; T6 with numerous long black setae.</p>
            <p>Head. Head slightly wider than high in frontal view (1.09–1.13×), wider than mesosoma (Fig. 19); hardly visible minute punctuations on frons; shallow median line or furrow present from anterior ocellus to interantennal space; eyes 1.92–1.98× as long as wide (Fig. 21), slightly arcuate above, the rest parallel; MID as long as LID, UID 0.66–0.71× MID and LID (Fig. 19); ocelli equal sized forming acute angle; POD about as long as OOD (0.25: 0.22) (Fig. 20); clypeus large, convex in lateral view, semi-circular in frontal view, anterior margin boldly arched, posterior margin straight, more than twice as broad as long (Fig. 19); labrum small, concealed beneath clypeus, not visible in frontal view; mandible long crossing each other, bidentate; malar space reduced, shorter than half of pedicel; toruli situated little above posterior clypeus margin; antennae slender, closely placed, F1 the longest flagellomere, 1.8–1.9× as long as scape, almost 1.7–1.82× as long as F2 and F3, scape slightly longer than twice of its width, pedicel about as wide as long; gena narrower than compound eye in lateral view (Fig. 21).</p>
            <p>Mesosoma. Pronotum 1.8–1.9× as wide as long; mesoscutum large, prominent, 1.34–1.48× as long as scutellum in dorsal view (Fig. 23), abbreviated furrow on each side not reaching the anterior margin; scutellum smooth with conspicuous prescutellar sulcus, medially triangularly raised; metanotum curved; metapostnotum much reduced with two curves posteriorly (Fig. 23); propodeum 1.2–1.3× as wide as long along the middle, smooth without apparent sculpturing (Fig. 23), gradually sloped at apex.</p>
            <p>Legs. Tibiae and tarsi with long hard spines throughout, apically with different length spines; fore tarsus with cylindrical tapering spines, tarsomere 1 with three outer spines; tarsal claws bifid; basitarsus 0.51–0.59× hind tibia, hind tibial spur long, 0.67–0.71× as long as hind basitarsus.</p>
            <p>Wings. Fore wing with SMC3 smaller than SMC2; length of SMC3 less than its distance from the wing apex; SMC2 receiving crossvein 1m-cu beyond middle of base, SMC3 receiving crossvein 2m-cu medially; crossvein 2m-cu curved basally; pterostigma elongated, about as long as vein r-rs (Fig. 28); crossvein cu-a of hind wing arc-like forming obtuse angle with vein A.</p>
            <p>Metasoma. Smooth; subsessile; as broad and long as mesosoma (Fig. 24); apical segment slightly acute.</p>
            <p>Male. Unknown.</p>
            <p>Etymology. The species epithet is derived from black coloured hind tibia and tibial spur.</p>
            <p>Variation. Pale yellow markings on body segments vary in intensity and distribution in paratypes.</p>
            <p>Distribution. India (Kerala).</p>
            <p> Comparison. The new species  E. nigrocalcarius Anju, Girish Kumar &amp; Thejass ,  sp. nov. shows similarities with  E. arrogans and  E. keralaensis Anju, Girish Kumar &amp; Thejass ,  sp. nov. , in general body coloration but can be segregated from them by its entirely black clypeus, hind tibia and tibial spurs all without any markings. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/083087C86F74FF91FF26F9DCDC20FCD4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Anju, K.;Kumar, P. Girish;Thejass, P.	Anju, K., Kumar, P. Girish, Thejass, P. (2024): Review of the spider wasp genus Episyron Schiødte, 1837 (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) from India, with description of three new species. Zootaxa 5405 (4): 562-576, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.5
083087C86F7BFF94FF26FC62DCAAFF5D.text	083087C86F7BFF94FF26FC62DCAAFF5D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Episyron rufotibius Anju, Girish Kumar & Thejass 2024	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Episyron rufotibius Anju, Girish Kumar &amp; Thejass ,  sp. nov.</p>
            <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: F3D00A1D-0A3F-4744-BE96-C9 ACE 64B531A</p>
            <p>Figures 29–40</p>
            <p>
                 Type material.   Holotype ♀, India: Kerala, Kasaragod district,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 75.36222/lat 12.429167)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=75.36222&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.429167">Ranipuram</a>
                 (12º25’45’’N, 75º21’44’’E), 22.i.2020, Coll. K. Anju, [ZSIK] ZSIK Regd. No. ZSI / WGRC /IR/INV.24969. 
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            <p>Diagnosis. The new species differs from all other Indian congeners by the following characters: primary colour of hind tibia red, dorsally without any coloured spot, tibial spur yellowish red, fore and mid tibial spurs reddish brown; small yellow spot at medial posterior region of mesoscutum and on T2, paired basolateral transverse fascia on T3 and T5; and propodeum with a steep slope to apex.</p>
            <p>Description of Female. Holotype, female (Figs 29–40). Body length 8.53 mm; length of fore wing 6.69 mm.</p>
            <p>Colour. Body largely black with following markings pale yellowish: narrow stripes along inner orbits interrupted at vertex in frontal view and stripes along posterior margin of compound eyes, stripes along anterior margin of clypeus subapically, medially interrupted posterior margin of pronotum, small yellow spot at medial posterior region of mesoscutum and on T2, paired basolateral transverse fascia on T3 and T5 and spot on apex of all coxae; mandible black with yellowish red patch subapically; antenna brownish black; lateral corner of pronotum yellowish red; hind tibial spur and hind tibia except at apex yellowish red; fore and mid tibial spurs reddish brown; wings fusco-hyaline, broadly infuscated at apex, veins and pterostigma brown.</p>
            <p>Pubescence. Pubescence moderate; pronotum, propodeum and T1 having metallic reflection with bluish white appressed flattened and squamiform setae; head moderately pubescent with whitish pubescence mainly concentrated from antennal region till clypeus; long smooth setae on posterior region of head and lateral sides of pronotum; pronotum with small golden setae in addition to normal genus specific characteristic pubescence; few smooth long setae along lateral regions of mesosoma; silver pubescence at the joining region of scutellum and metanotum; bluish white shiny pubescence on plural region minimum; T6 with numerous long brownish black setae mainly concentrated on lower lateral sides.</p>
            <p>Head. Head slightly wider than long (1.17×) in frontal view, wider than mesosoma (Fig. 31); minutely punctate, micropunctations uniform in all facial regions, hardly visible over short pubescence in lower frons region; eyes 1.93× as long as wide (Fig. 33), almost parallel except at upper vertex region, MID and LID almost of equal length, UID 0.63× MID and LID (Fig. 31); ocellar area slightly raised, ocelli equal sized; POD about as long as OOD (0.19: 0.17) (Fig. 32); clypeus large, not convex, more than twice as broad as long, anterior margin widely arched, transverse in the middle (Fig. 31); mandible long crossing each other, bidentate; malar space reduced, less than half of pedicel; toruli situated little above posterior clypeus margin; long antennae closely placed; F1 the largest flagellomere 1.5× as long as scape, scape longer almost twice its width, pedicel as wide as long; F2–F4 almost equal in length; gena narrower than eye in lateral view (Fig. 33); occiput carinate throughout.</p>
            <p>Mesosoma. Pronotum 1.7× as wide as long, lateral region of pronotum angulate; mesoscutum large, prominent, 1.2× as long as scutellum in dorsal view (Fig. 35), shallow abbreviated furrow on each side not reaching the anterior margin; scutellum with conspicuous prescutellar sulcus, medially triangularly raised; metanotum curved; metapostnotum much reduced with two curves; propodeum nearly as wide as long along middle (1.02×), no apparent sculpturing (Fig. 35), posteriorly rounded with steep slope at apex, posterior margin transverse.</p>
            <p>Legs. Tibiae and tarsi with long spines irregularly scattered throughout, apically with different length spines; fore tarsus with cylindrical tapering spines, tarsomere 1 with three outer spines including the apical one; all tarsal claws bifid; hind basitarsus 0.53× hind tibia, hind tibial spur long, 0.57× as long as hind basitarsus.</p>
            <p>Wings. Fore wing with SMC3 smaller than SMC2; length of SMC3 less than half of its distance from the wing apex; SMC2 receiving crossvein 1m-cu beyond middle, SMC3 receiving crossvein 2m-cu almost medially; marginal cell long, more than twice its width; pterostigma elongated, longer than vein r-rs (Fig. 40); crossvein cu-a of hind wing arc-like forming obtuse angle with vein A.</p>
            <p>Metasoma. Smooth; as broad as mesosoma, as long as head and mesosoma combined (Fig. 36); subsessile; apical segment aciculate.</p>
            <p>Male. Unknown.</p>
            <p>Etymology. The species epithet is derived from yellowish red coloured hind tibia, all other segments of the legs and body are black in colour.</p>
            <p>Distribution. India (Kerala).</p>
            <p>Note. The study of this species is based on a single female specimen, as further attempts did not yield any additional materials.</p>
            <p> Comparison. The new species resembles  E. vagabundum in general morphology and coloration as described by Bingham (1897), Banks (1934), and Wahis (1980). However the new species can be distinguished from  E. vagabundum as follows: propodeum with a steep slope posteriorly (in  E. vagabundum , propodeum with a gradual slope); hind tibia yellowish red without any markings (in  E. vagabundum , hind tibia dorsally with a yellowish white spot); hind tibial spur 0.57× as long as hind basitarsomere (in  E. vagabundum , hind tibial spur almost as long as hind basitarsomere); and wings fusco-hyaline infuscated at apex (in  E. vagabundum , wings hyaline infuscated at apex). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/083087C86F7BFF94FF26FC62DCAAFF5D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Anju, K.;Kumar, P. Girish;Thejass, P.	Anju, K., Kumar, P. Girish, Thejass, P. (2024): Review of the spider wasp genus Episyron Schiødte, 1837 (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) from India, with description of three new species. Zootaxa 5405 (4): 562-576, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.5
083087C86F7EFF94FF26FEE3DD3EFBF3.text	083087C86F7EFF94FF26FEE3DD3EFBF3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Episyron vagabundum (Smith 1858)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Episyron vagabundum (Smith, 1858)</p>
            <p> Pompilus vagabundus Smith, 1858: 92–93 . Lectotype (♀); Sarawak, Borneo (Oxford Museum);? Bingham, 1897: 153, ♀ ♂, Burma, Tenasserim; Dalla Torre, 1897: 331 (catalogue); Junco 1960: 52 (list). </p>
            <p> Pompilus capitosus Smith, 1879: 147 . Holotype, ♀, Burma, deposited in British Museum of Natural History, London; Bingham 1897: 153–164, ♀ ♂, Burma, Tenasserim; Dalla Torre 1897: 278; Junco 1960: 48. A junior subjective synonym of  Pompilus vagabundus Smith, 1858 according to Wahis 1980: 308. </p>
            <p> Pompilus arrogans : Bingham 1897: 152 partim, ♀, Tenasserim. </p>
            <p> Episyron vagabundus : Banks 1934: 88, ♀ ♂; Banks 1938: 248, ♀ ♂; Junco 1963: 491; Baltazar 1966: 320. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Female. Black, pruinose; following yellow markings: a line on anterior margin of clypeus, line along inner orbit except at top, scape of antennae in front, posterior margin of pronotum, minute spot on tegulae and mesoscutum, spot on base of hind tibiae, and transverse fascia at base of T2, T3 and T5; flagellum of antennae below and hind tibiae red; head and mesosoma with silvery and silky pile; head broader than mesosoma; clypeus subconvex, its anterior margin arched; propodeum rounded posteriorly, gradually sloping to the apex and slightly depressed in middle; tibiae and tarsi spinose, fore tarsi haired; inner spur of mid and hind tibiae nearly as long as hind basitarsus; and wings hyaline, broadly infuscated at apex, veins fuscous, marginal cell as long as SMC2 and SMC3 combined, SMC2 twice the width of SMC3 (Smith 1858, 1879; Bingham 1897; Banks 1934; Wahis 1980).</p>
            <p>Male. A trifle smaller than female; and clypeus has a large pale spot on each side, not connected below.</p>
            <p>Distribution. India: Maharashtra, Sikkim. Elsewhere: Indonesia; Japan; Malaysia; Myanmar; Philippines; Singapore; Thailand (Bingham 1897; Wahis 1980).</p>
            <p>Note. The markings are highly variable in this species resulting their identification difficult to some extent. As variation, the clypeus may be without coloured line, scutellum may be marked with yellow, the femora and tibiae of all legs may red, yellow fascia on the metasoma except on T2 may be entirely lacking and spines of legs may be light red or pale in some members (Bingham 1897; Banks 1934; Wahis 1980).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/083087C86F7EFF94FF26FEE3DD3EFBF3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Anju, K.;Kumar, P. Girish;Thejass, P.	Anju, K., Kumar, P. Girish, Thejass, P. (2024): Review of the spider wasp genus Episyron Schiødte, 1837 (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) from India, with description of three new species. Zootaxa 5405 (4): 562-576, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.5
083087C86F7EFF94FF26FB09DBCEF939.text	083087C86F7EFF94FF26FB09DBCEF939.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Episyron zebra (Cameron 1891)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Episyron zebra (Cameron, 1891)</p>
            <p> 
Pompilus zebra 
Cameron, 1891: 460 , 475. India:  Shillong (Type depository?). </p>
            <p> Episyron zebra : Wahis 2018: 11. </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Female. Black with the following portions dull ferruginous: mandibles, apex of clypeus, inner orbits of eyes to near the top broadly and the outer narrowly, broad band on pronotum, tegulae, band on base of T2, T3 entirely, on others except a band on base of T4, apex of femora, tibiae and tarsi and the antennae; head and mesosoma bearing long white setae; no apparent sculpture on body; head little wider than mesosoma; narrow furrow in the middle of frons; eyes arcuate above, the rest parallel; POD as long as OOD; clypeus short, rounded at apex; occiput convex; propodeum about as long as pronotum, gradually rounded at apex, apical half bearing dense covering of white setae; metasoma subsessile, apical segment aciculate; long hind tibial spur reaching beyond middle of hind basitarsus; claws with a thick basal tooth; and wings infuscated at apex (Cameron 1891; Bingham 1897). Male. Unknown.</p>
            <p>Distribution. India: Meghalaya (Bingham 1897).</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/083087C86F7EFF94FF26FB09DBCEF939	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Anju, K.;Kumar, P. Girish;Thejass, P.	Anju, K., Kumar, P. Girish, Thejass, P. (2024): Review of the spider wasp genus Episyron Schiødte, 1837 (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) from India, with description of three new species. Zootaxa 5405 (4): 562-576, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.5, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5405.4.5
