identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
083387CDFFD0FFAFFCCEFB5DFC71F892.text	083387CDFFD0FFAFFCCEFB5DFC71F892.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phlebotomus (Phlebotomus) papatasi (Scopoli 1786)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Phlebotomus (Phlebotomus) papatasi (Scopoli, 1786)</p>
            <p>The male is characterised by the presence of two spines at the end of the surstyle, by a group of more than ten big setae at the distal part of the gonocoxite, by the upper part of the paramere longer than the other ones and covered with setae along its full length. The ascoids are relatively short and never reach the next articulation.</p>
            <p>The female is identified by its annealed spermathecae with sessile head wrapped in a cloud. Its pharyngeal armature presents teeth with, at the anterior part, many comb-like ones. Ascoids never reach the next articulation.</p>
            <p> The distribution of this major vector of  L. major [34] is very large, from Bangladesh to Morocco and from Crimea to Sudan. Limited to the North of the Sahara in West Africa, the species is most southern in East Africa. In Oman, the species is absent in the Dhofar, but dominates in the Sharqiyah. It was previously recorded in the Wahiba sands of the Sultanate [36]. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/083387CDFFD0FFAFFCCEFB5DFC71F892	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rioux, Jean-Antoine;Gramiccia, Marina;Léger, Nicole;Desjeux, Philippe;Depaquit, Jérôme	Rioux, Jean-Antoine, Gramiccia, Marina, Léger, Nicole, Desjeux, Philippe, Depaquit, Jérôme (2020): Leishmaniasis and phlebotomine sand flies in Oman Sultanate. Parasite (Paris, France) 27 (68): 1-13, DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2020064, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2020064
083387CDFFD0FFAEFCCEF8A6FE10F9CC.text	083387CDFFD0FFAEFCCEF8A6FE10F9CC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phlebotomus (Phlebotomus) bergeroti Parrot 1934	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Phlebotomus (Phlebotomus) bergeroti Parrot, 1934</p>
            <p>The male is characterised by the presence of two spines at the end of the surstyle. The gonocoxite has a subapical tuft not exceeding ten setae. The upper part of the paramere is slightly longer than the other ones and covered with bristles in its distal half only.</p>
            <p>The female is identified by its annealed spermathecae with sessile head, by a pharynx armed with teeth without spines or denticles on the posterior part and by the presence of anterior bilateral teeth. Ascoids reach or exceed the next articulation.</p>
            <p> The distribution of  Ph. bergeroti is wide: from Morocco to Iran. Its southern limit is the Sudan. In Oman, it is a scarce species in the Sharqiyah and the semi-arid zone of Dhofar, but it becomes abundant in the perarid part of the latter region. The strong anthropophily of  Ph. bergeroti , and its abundance in certain perarid areas [2, 44] are arguments in favor of a significant vector role for  L. major in the extreme deserts of Africa and the Arabian peninsula. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/083387CDFFD0FFAEFCCEF8A6FE10F9CC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rioux, Jean-Antoine;Gramiccia, Marina;Léger, Nicole;Desjeux, Philippe;Depaquit, Jérôme	Rioux, Jean-Antoine, Gramiccia, Marina, Léger, Nicole, Desjeux, Philippe, Depaquit, Jérôme (2020): Leishmaniasis and phlebotomine sand flies in Oman Sultanate. Parasite (Paris, France) 27 (68): 1-13, DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2020064, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2020064
083387CDFFD1FFAEFF92F911FB66FAF0.text	083387CDFFD1FFAEFF92F911FB66FAF0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phlebotomus (Phlebotomus) duboscqi (Scopoli 1786) Neveu-Lemaire 1906	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Phlebotomus (Phlebotomus) duboscqi Neveu-Lemaire, 1906</p>
            <p>The male is characterised by the presence of four to seven spines at the end of the surstyle. The gonocoxite has about ten setae in its distal half, and usually two ones in its proximal part. The upper part of the paramere is slightly shorter than the other ones and is covered with setae throughout its length. The female is identified by its annealed spermathecae with sessile head. Its pharyngeal armature does not exhibit comb-like or lateral teeth. Ascoids sometimes reach the next articulation.</p>
            <p>  Its distribution is south of the Sahara to the  Equator in Africa , and extends into the Arabian Peninsula. In Oman, the species is absent from Dhofar and seems rare in  Sharqiyah , where we captured only two specimens  . </p>
            <p>This species constitutes in some foci a good alternative to L. major transmission by Ph. papatasi [15].</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/083387CDFFD1FFAEFF92F911FB66FAF0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rioux, Jean-Antoine;Gramiccia, Marina;Léger, Nicole;Desjeux, Philippe;Depaquit, Jérôme	Rioux, Jean-Antoine, Gramiccia, Marina, Léger, Nicole, Desjeux, Philippe, Depaquit, Jérôme (2020): Leishmaniasis and phlebotomine sand flies in Oman Sultanate. Parasite (Paris, France) 27 (68): 1-13, DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2020064, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2020064
083387CDFFD1FFADFCCEFA1BFEB2FC7C.text	083387CDFFD1FFADFCCEFA1BFEB2FC7C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) sergenti Parrot 1917	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) sergenti Parrot, 1917</p>
            <p> The male has, like all  Paraphlebotomus , a basal lobe on gonocoxite and its gonostyle carries four spines. However, it is easily identified by the curved shape of this basal lobe and by the brush of some setae that it carries, by its hooked parameral sheath, and by its globular gonostyle. </p>
            <p> The female of  Ph. sergenti is very difficult to separate from that of  Ph. saevus . In  Ph. sergenti , the well-developed pharyngeal armature contains strong elongated teeth, which are less numerous than in  Ph. saevus . The geographical distribution of  Ph. sergenti is very wide: from the Canary Islands to India and from Ukraine to Kenya. However, the diagnosis is delicate with an affine species  Ph. similis whose distribution area that was initially thought to be limited to the North-east of the Mediterranean basin [17] is finally greater with a large area of sympatry in the Middle-East [47]. In Oman, we identified  Ph. sergenti in small numbers (10 males) and still in wild sites (cavities and rocky chaos) in the Sharqiyah (Wadi Mouqal, at altitudes ranging from 550 to 600 m) and in the Dhofar (Wadi Herwouib, altitude 600 m). This species had already been captured in the north-east of the country, near the village of Awabi [61]. </p>
            <p> Ph. sergenti is the most important proven vector of  L. tropica [4, 28]. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/083387CDFFD1FFADFCCEFA1BFEB2FC7C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rioux, Jean-Antoine;Gramiccia, Marina;Léger, Nicole;Desjeux, Philippe;Depaquit, Jérôme	Rioux, Jean-Antoine, Gramiccia, Marina, Léger, Nicole, Desjeux, Philippe, Depaquit, Jérôme (2020): Leishmaniasis and phlebotomine sand flies in Oman Sultanate. Parasite (Paris, France) 27 (68): 1-13, DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2020064, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2020064
083387CDFFD2FFADFCCEFBF1FC3DF9D4.text	083387CDFFD2FFADFCCEFBF1FC3DF9D4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Grassomyia dreyfussi (Parrot 1933)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Grassomyia dreyfussi (Parrot, 1933)</p>
            <p> This species is distinguished from other Oman species by the absence, in both sexes, of ascoids on the first flagellomere, which is a characteristic of the genus  Grassomyia . Moreover, both male and female harbour strong spines on each femur (pro- and meso- and metafemur). </p>
            <p>The female is recognised by the very characteristic pattern of her spermathecae, in capsule of opium poppy.</p>
            <p> The distribution of  Gr. dreyfussi extends from Morocco to Iran and goes down to Kenya. It has recently been recorded in the Arabian Peninsula [20]. Its record in Oman is not surprising in this context. In the Sultanate, we have captured very rare specimens in the Sharqiyah and Dhofar. </p>
            <p> Its role in the transmission of a  Leishmania has never been mentioned. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/083387CDFFD2FFADFCCEFBF1FC3DF9D4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rioux, Jean-Antoine;Gramiccia, Marina;Léger, Nicole;Desjeux, Philippe;Depaquit, Jérôme	Rioux, Jean-Antoine, Gramiccia, Marina, Léger, Nicole, Desjeux, Philippe, Depaquit, Jérôme (2020): Leishmaniasis and phlebotomine sand flies in Oman Sultanate. Parasite (Paris, France) 27 (68): 1-13, DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2020064, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2020064
083387CDFFD2FFADFF92F9AEFC2DFBD0.text	083387CDFFD2FFADFF92F9AEFC2DFBD0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) alexandri Sinton 1928	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) alexandri Sinton, 1928</p>
            <p>The male and female are easily identifiable thanks to their short first flagellomere (= AIII).</p>
            <p>Moreover, in the male, there is a short basal lobe of the gonocoxite, with a spherical head, provided with radiant, generally rectilinear setae. The apical spine of the style is inserted on a long process, far from the subapical spine.</p>
            <p>The female exhibits a pharyngeal armature of rectangular overall appearance without anterior extension, consisting of strongly chitinised, spiniform scales forming a thick network.</p>
            <p> Ph. alexandri occupies a vast geographical area: from Morocco to Mongolia down to Sudan. In Oman,  Ph. alexandri is a fairly abundant  Phlebotomus , especially in Dhofar. Here,  Ph. alexandri is mainly found in the desert zone at  Boswellia (Incense Tree) , and more particularly in bottom of the Wadi (Herwouib). </p>
            <p> With the exception of the isolation of  L. donovani in China [27], the role of  Ph. alexandri as a vector is still under discussion. Its low abundance in the prospected areas of the Sharqiyah cannot yet explain its potential role in the transmission of  L. donovani . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/083387CDFFD2FFADFF92F9AEFC2DFBD0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rioux, Jean-Antoine;Gramiccia, Marina;Léger, Nicole;Desjeux, Philippe;Depaquit, Jérôme	Rioux, Jean-Antoine, Gramiccia, Marina, Léger, Nicole, Desjeux, Philippe, Depaquit, Jérôme (2020): Leishmaniasis and phlebotomine sand flies in Oman Sultanate. Parasite (Paris, France) 27 (68): 1-13, DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2020064, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2020064
083387CDFFD2FFADFF92FB94FF69F98B.text	083387CDFFD2FFADFF92FB94FF69F98B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) saevus Parrot & Martin 1939	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Phlebotomus (Paraphlebotomus) saevus Parrot &amp; Martin, 1939</p>
            <p>The male of Ph. saevus has a straight, non-hooked parameral sheath, a large basal lobe of the gonocoxite, with a weakly dilated distal portion carrying many long and slightly curved setae.</p>
            <p>The Ph. saevus female is difficult to distinguish from that of Ph. sergenti. Its pharyngeal armature is well developed and contains more teeth than those of Ph. sergenti (Fig. 4).</p>
            <p>Ph. saevus has a distribution including East Africa and Arabia. In Oman, this is its first record. We caught Ph. saevus only in Dhofar (Djebel Quara), at the Dh3 capture site, an isolated farm where a female patient with leishmaniasis caused by L. tropica (LCO 4) lived.</p>
            <p>Ph. saevus is a vector suspected of transmitting L. tropica in households where Ph. sergenti is absent, like in Kenya [45] or Yemen [14].</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/083387CDFFD2FFADFF92FB94FF69F98B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rioux, Jean-Antoine;Gramiccia, Marina;Léger, Nicole;Desjeux, Philippe;Depaquit, Jérôme	Rioux, Jean-Antoine, Gramiccia, Marina, Léger, Nicole, Desjeux, Philippe, Depaquit, Jérôme (2020): Leishmaniasis and phlebotomine sand flies in Oman Sultanate. Parasite (Paris, France) 27 (68): 1-13, DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2020064, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2020064
083387CDFFD2FFACFCCEF9C8FD2EFED7.text	083387CDFFD2FFACFCCEF9C8FD2EFED7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sergentomyia (Sergentomyia) fallax (Parrot 1921)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Sergentomyia (Sergentomyia) fallax (Parrot, 1921)</p>
            <p>The male genitalia has a long and narrow gonostyle with a non-deciduous silk implanted very distally.</p>
            <p>The female has a large pharynx with a well-developed armature consisting with monomorphic teeth forming a heartshaped pattern. The cibarium is armed with 15–23 pointed teeth, equal or sub-equal, arranged in an arch. The sclerotised area (= pigment patch) is oval.</p>
            <p> The distribution of  Se. fallax is wide. It extends from the Canary Islands and Morocco to Pakistan, covers the Arabian Peninsula and remains north of the Sahara. In Oman,  Se. fallax is abundant in the Dhofar, while it is rather rare in the Sharqiyah. </p>
            <p> The role of this species has never been mentioned in the transmission of a  Leishmania , despite its vicariant  Se. dubia being a possible vector of  L. infantum in Senegal [68]. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/083387CDFFD2FFACFCCEF9C8FD2EFED7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rioux, Jean-Antoine;Gramiccia, Marina;Léger, Nicole;Desjeux, Philippe;Depaquit, Jérôme	Rioux, Jean-Antoine, Gramiccia, Marina, Léger, Nicole, Desjeux, Philippe, Depaquit, Jérôme (2020): Leishmaniasis and phlebotomine sand flies in Oman Sultanate. Parasite (Paris, France) 27 (68): 1-13, DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2020064, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2020064
083387CDFFD3FFACFCCEFDA7FBCFFC59.text	083387CDFFD3FFACFCCEFDA7FBCFFC59.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sergentomyia (Parrotomyia) africana (Newstead 1912)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Se. (Parrotomyia) africana (Newstead, 1912)</p>
            <p> The female has a well-developed palisade-like cibarial armature of 55–80 teeth and smooth elongated capsule-like spermathecae typical of the subgenus  Parrotomyia . </p>
            <p>The male shows a cibarial armature of 20–35 teeth, palisade-like.</p>
            <p> Se. africana is a member of a species complex called the Africana group, which requires revision by molecular tools as some identifications refer to the group rather than to the species sensu stricto. Its distribution area is wide. It includes Africa and the Middle-East, including the Arabian Peninsula. </p>
            <p> This species has never been reported to be involved in the transmission of  Leishmania . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/083387CDFFD3FFACFCCEFDA7FBCFFC59	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rioux, Jean-Antoine;Gramiccia, Marina;Léger, Nicole;Desjeux, Philippe;Depaquit, Jérôme	Rioux, Jean-Antoine, Gramiccia, Marina, Léger, Nicole, Desjeux, Philippe, Depaquit, Jérôme (2020): Leishmaniasis and phlebotomine sand flies in Oman Sultanate. Parasite (Paris, France) 27 (68): 1-13, DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2020064, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2020064
083387CDFFD3FFACFF92FCE7FE75FADE.text	083387CDFFD3FFACFF92FCE7FE75FADE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sergentomyia (Sintonius) christophersi (Sinton 1927)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Se. (Sintonius) christophersi (Sinton, 1927)</p>
            <p> As a member of the subgenus  Sintonius , the male exhibits a pointed parameral sheath, whereas the female has annealed spermathecae, a common character in the genus  Phlebotomus but an original character in the genus  Sergentomyia , shared only by the members of the subgenus  Trouilletomyia [55]. </p>
            <p>The identification of the male is based on a few teeth (3–7) of the cibarial armature and the existence of a row of a few vertical teeth. Similarly, the female exhibits a few cibarial teeth (2–5) and a few anterior vertical teeth (4–6) arranged along a line.</p>
            <p> The distribution area of Se.  christophersi is wide: from Morocco to India, including Cameroon [69] and the Arabian Peninsula [20, 42]. In Oman, we found  Se. christophersi both in the Sharqiyah and in the Dhofar. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/083387CDFFD3FFACFF92FCE7FE75FADE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rioux, Jean-Antoine;Gramiccia, Marina;Léger, Nicole;Desjeux, Philippe;Depaquit, Jérôme	Rioux, Jean-Antoine, Gramiccia, Marina, Léger, Nicole, Desjeux, Philippe, Depaquit, Jérôme (2020): Leishmaniasis and phlebotomine sand flies in Oman Sultanate. Parasite (Paris, France) 27 (68): 1-13, DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2020064, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2020064
083387CDFFD3FFACFCCEFC62FA1EFA9B.text	083387CDFFD3FFACFCCEFC62FA1EFA9B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sergentomyia baghdadis (Adler & Theodor 1929)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Se. (Par.) baghdadis (Adler &amp; Theodor, 1929)</p>
            <p>The male can be identified thanks to its cibarium with angle-shaped notch and 14–16 teeth. The identification is easy thanks to the deep notch on the cibarium, also exhibiting about 30 teeth (Fig. 4).</p>
            <p> Its distribution is limited to a zone ranging from Iraq to India). The record in Oman is the first in the Arabian Peninsula. We recorded it only in the Sharqiyah, not in the Dhofar. It has never been suspected of transmitting human  Leishmania . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/083387CDFFD3FFACFCCEFC62FA1EFA9B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rioux, Jean-Antoine;Gramiccia, Marina;Léger, Nicole;Desjeux, Philippe;Depaquit, Jérôme	Rioux, Jean-Antoine, Gramiccia, Marina, Léger, Nicole, Desjeux, Philippe, Depaquit, Jérôme (2020): Leishmaniasis and phlebotomine sand flies in Oman Sultanate. Parasite (Paris, France) 27 (68): 1-13, DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2020064, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2020064
083387CDFFD3FFACFF92FEF2FE77FCC2.text	083387CDFFD3FFACFF92FEF2FE77FCC2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sergentomyia cincta (Parrot & Martin 1944)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Se. (Ser.) cincta (Parrot &amp; Martin, 1944)</p>
            <p> This species belongs to the  “Fallax group”. The male cannot be distinguished from those of  Se. antennata . The female of  Se. cincta exhibits fewer cibarial teeth (&lt;20) than  Se. antennata (&gt;22). </p>
            <p> Se. cincta is mainly distributed throughout eastern Africa, but has also been reported in West Africa [1, 67, 69]. It was recently found in Cameroon [69]. Taking into consideration the number of cibarial teeth as a valid specific character, we identified the female specimens of Oman as  Se. cincta and associated males, pending revision of this group, using molecular tools to check whether  Se. cincta is individualised from  Se. antennata . </p>
            <p> This is the first record of  Se. cincta in the Arabian Peninsula. In Oman, we recorded it mostly in the Sharqiyah, and a few specimens in the Dhofar. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/083387CDFFD3FFACFF92FEF2FE77FCC2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rioux, Jean-Antoine;Gramiccia, Marina;Léger, Nicole;Desjeux, Philippe;Depaquit, Jérôme	Rioux, Jean-Antoine, Gramiccia, Marina, Léger, Nicole, Desjeux, Philippe, Depaquit, Jérôme (2020): Leishmaniasis and phlebotomine sand flies in Oman Sultanate. Parasite (Paris, France) 27 (68): 1-13, DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2020064, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2020064
083387CDFFD3FFACFF92FAFBFEFEF8C9.text	083387CDFFD3FFACFF92FAFBFEFEF8C9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sergentomyia clydei (Sinton 1928)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Se. (Sin.) clydei (Sinton, 1928)</p>
            <p> As a member of the subgenus  Sintonius , the male exhibits a pointed parameral sheath, whereas the female has annealed spermathecae. </p>
            <p>The identification of the male is based on the presence of 16–35 small cibarial teeth. The female exhibits a row counting 10–15 cibarial teeth and a row of vertical teeth in variable number (from 4 to about 20) [19].</p>
            <p> The distribution of  Se. clydei is wide and was recently revised [19]: from Senegal to Afghanistan, through the Arabian Peninsula and the Seychelles. </p>
            <p>In Oman, we recorded a limited number of specimens, more in in the Sharqiyah than in the Dhofar.</p>
            <p> Se. clydei is a sandfly feeding on humans as well as on reptiles [1, 68] but no  Leishmania vectorial role has been demonstrated for this species. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/083387CDFFD3FFACFF92FAFBFEFEF8C9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rioux, Jean-Antoine;Gramiccia, Marina;Léger, Nicole;Desjeux, Philippe;Depaquit, Jérôme	Rioux, Jean-Antoine, Gramiccia, Marina, Léger, Nicole, Desjeux, Philippe, Depaquit, Jérôme (2020): Leishmaniasis and phlebotomine sand flies in Oman Sultanate. Parasite (Paris, France) 27 (68): 1-13, DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2020064, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2020064
083387CDFFD3FFACFF92F8E8FC64FD8D.text	083387CDFFD3FFACFF92F8E8FC64FD8D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sergentomyia tiberiadis (Adler, Theodor & Lourie 1930)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Se. (Sin.) tiberiadis (Adler, Theodor&amp; Lourie, 1930)</p>
            <p> As a member of the subgenus  Sintonius , the male exhibits a pointed parameral sheath, whereas the female has annealed spermathecae. </p>
            <p>The identification of the male is based on the presence of one row of 10–15 cibarial teeth, the median ones smaller than the lateral ones and 6–10 anterior vertical teeth. The female exhibits one row of 10–20 cibarial teeth, the median ones smaller than the lateral ones and two anterior rows of vertical teeth.</p>
            <p> Se. tiberiadis is a species from the Middle East, including the Arabian Peninsula. It has never been involved in the transmission of  Leishmania . It was previously recorded in the Wahiba sands [36]. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/083387CDFFD3FFACFF92F8E8FC64FD8D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rioux, Jean-Antoine;Gramiccia, Marina;Léger, Nicole;Desjeux, Philippe;Depaquit, Jérôme	Rioux, Jean-Antoine, Gramiccia, Marina, Léger, Nicole, Desjeux, Philippe, Depaquit, Jérôme (2020): Leishmaniasis and phlebotomine sand flies in Oman Sultanate. Parasite (Paris, France) 27 (68): 1-13, DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2020064, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2020064
083387CDFFDDFFA1FF92F901FF51FEB0.text	083387CDFFDDFFA1FF92F901FF51FEB0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leishmania (Leishmania) donovani (Laveran et Mesnil 1903) Nicolle 1908	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Leishmania (Leishmania) donovani (Laveran et Mesnil, 1903)</p>
            <p>The record of L. donovani ZMON- 31 in Oman leads us to briefly discuss the taxonomic status and the geographical distribution of this zymodeme and closely related zymodemes.</p>
            <p> Starting in the 1980s, enzymatic taxonomy studies led to consider the linnean taxa L. donovani and L. infantum as two distinct phenetic groups. Cladistic analysis confirmed these results by showing their monophyly [37, 48, 60]. In fact, these phylogenetic groups (or complex) possessed a series of synapomorphic states, such as G6 PD 100, G6 PD 102 G6 PD 105, GPI 86, GPI 100, GOT1 100, GOT2 100, GOT 113, and GOT2 113. Some of these states were common to both branches, others only present in one of them. This was the case of PGM 100, present in the donovani-infantum set (complex synapomorphies), GOT1 100 and GOT2 100 present in the single subset L. infantum, and GOT1 113 and GOT2 113 present in the single subset L. donovani (specific synapomorphies). The taxonomic status of the donovani-infantum group changed at the end of the 1980s. Enzymatic analysis of human Leishmania strains isolated in Sudan [49, 60] and the vector Ph. orientalis [11] showed an original zymodeme (MON-82, L. archibaldi) characterised by a heterozygous structure for GOT1 (100/113) and GOT2 (100/113), and highlighted the complexity of the systematics of L. donovani  s. l. [54]. Moreover, hybrids could develop differently in sandfly vectors [66]. </p>
            <p>L. donovani ZMON-31, isolated from CL in Oman, was already known from Saudi Arabia [51] and Yemen [56] as responsible for VL. Moreover, this zymodeme is phylogenetically closely related to L. donovani ZMON-83 (Ethiopia), ZMON-3 (Iraq), ZMON-37 (Kenya), and ZMON-2 (India), all responsible for VL. Finally, a new zymodeme, L. donovani MON-191, close to ZMON-31, was isolated from a French tourist traveling to Yemen contracting a CL [52]. Multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT) revealed genetically isolated populations in the main endemic VL regions [35]. Leishmania donovani ZMON31 was identified within the predominantly anthroponotic L. donovani cluster of Sudan / Ethiopia.</p>
            <p>Regarding the clinical aspect, even though L. donovani s.st. is poorly studied for tissue tropism, the complex L. donovani–L. infantum appears to cause both CL and VL.</p>
            <p>Therefore, we consider L. donovani s.st. as the most probable agents of VL in Oman. However, L. infantum s. st. would be in second place, if its presence should be confirmed, as it is in Yemen (Taëz), a country where L. donovani, L. infantum and L. tropica are sympatric [57]. In Oman, the scarcity of dogs, domestic or feral, in relation to the significant number of reported human cases seems more in agreement with the circulation of L. donovani than that of L. infantum. On the basis of the sandflies collected, the proven or candidate vectors of L. donovani were not recorded: Ph. (Eup.) argentipes [34], Ph. (Lar.) orientalis, Ph. (Syn.) celiae, Ph. (Syn.) martini, or Ph. (Ana.) rodhaini [3]. Consequently, the vector candidates for L. donovani transmission in the Sharqiyah region still remain unknown. For us, the only candidate could be Ph. alexandri, a species suspected in China [27] or in Cyprus [9, 38], but the low densities of this species observed in Oman do not argue in favour of any role.</p>
            <p>The low positivity rate of the skin test (8%) reported in children of Ibra province suggests a weak interaction between the young population and the Leishmania parasite, confirming a low density of sandfly vectors or their weak anthropophilia.</p>
            <p> Consequently, in order to better understand the epidemiology of the leishmaniases in Oman, we encourage the isolation and typing of Leishmania strains in the future, because each Leishmania complex often corresponds to a specific vector and to a particular parasitic cycle (anthroponosis/zoonosis). This was the problem previously raised when L. infantum was suspected to be the causative agent of VL in Oman [30], whereas L. donovani  s.l. was later incriminated as the agent of VL [63]. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/083387CDFFDDFFA1FF92F901FF51FEB0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rioux, Jean-Antoine;Gramiccia, Marina;Léger, Nicole;Desjeux, Philippe;Depaquit, Jérôme	Rioux, Jean-Antoine, Gramiccia, Marina, Léger, Nicole, Desjeux, Philippe, Depaquit, Jérôme (2020): Leishmaniasis and phlebotomine sand flies in Oman Sultanate. Parasite (Paris, France) 27 (68): 1-13, DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2020064, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2020064
083387CDFFDDFFA2FF92FB9CFD68F9F2.text	083387CDFFDDFFA2FF92FB9CFD68F9F2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Leishmania (Leishmania) tropica (Wright 1903)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Leishmania (Leishmania) tropica (Wright, 1903)</p>
            <p> The finding and isolation of  L. tropica in Oman is not surprising. This parasite suspected of being responsible for CL [64], was recently isolated in Muscat from a Pakistani resident [65]. Moreover, several countries in the Middle East (Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, Iran, Pakistan) and East Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Sudan) are known foci of  L. tropica CL [8, 13, 53]. In neighbouring Yemen, there is an increasing trend of  L. tropica CL [31 – 33]. Our results show the strain we isolated in the present study is related to Middle Eastern strains confirming the high polymorphism of  L. tropica species and the description of a new variant zymodeme ROM 102 (ZMON 39 cluster). </p>
            <p> The  L. tropica isolation in a young girl who had never left the Dhofar region (case LCO 4, strain IBM-105) suggests the hypothetic vectorial role of  Ph. saevus , the only  Paraphlebotomus well represented on the site with 56 specimens caught (Tables 2 and 3), and the only member of the genus  Phlebotomus , except one male of  Ph. bergeroti . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/083387CDFFDDFFA2FF92FB9CFD68F9F2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Rioux, Jean-Antoine;Gramiccia, Marina;Léger, Nicole;Desjeux, Philippe;Depaquit, Jérôme	Rioux, Jean-Antoine, Gramiccia, Marina, Léger, Nicole, Desjeux, Philippe, Depaquit, Jérôme (2020): Leishmaniasis and phlebotomine sand flies in Oman Sultanate. Parasite (Paris, France) 27 (68): 1-13, DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2020064, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2020064
