taxonID	type	description	language	source
097487B5FFDAFFDFFF087F3ACF8391A7.taxon	diagnosis	Revised generic diagnosis. Members of Zanna can be distinguished from other Fulgoridae genera by the combination of the following characters: body distinctly narrow, slender and elongate, usually pale brownish ochraceous, without colorful markings, usually thickly and prominently spotted in black (Figs 1, 2, 3 A – D); head distinctly produced into a very long cephalic process, which is longer than abdomen and more than twice as long as pronotum and mesonotum combined; cephalic process relatively robust, hexagonal, gently narrowing from base to apex, somewhat upturned at apex in lateral view (Figs 1, 2 A – D, 3 A – D); vertex very elongate, lateral margins weakly ridged with carinae being slightly zigzagged, with faint median carina (Figs 1, 2 A, 2 B, 3 A, 3 B); frons distinctly elongate, with lateral margins weakly ridged with carinae being slightly zigzagged, with slightly zigzagged submedian carinae, without median carina (Figs 2 C, 3 C); antennae with pedicle relatively short, subbulbose, fully covered with sensory plaque organs over entire surface (Figs 4, 5 A – D); forewings narrow and elongate, almost entirely reticulate, inner marginal areas overlapping at tips; hind tibiae with 5 – 7 lateral spurs; metatarsomes I and II covered with a pad of dense setae ventrally (Figs 6 E, 6 F); gonoplac in female adults with basal inner area strongly and densely pilose (Figs 7, 8 A, 8 B); anal tube in female adults expanded, nearly cardiform in ventral aspect (Figs 8 B, 8 C), densely covered with long, whitish wax threads ventrally (Fig. 8 A), its ventral surface covered with numerous fine hexagonal wax gland units (Fig. 8 D), each hexagonal unit bearing a long seta coming from center (Fig. 8 B – D) and numerous very tiny wax gland pores on surface (Fig. 8 E – H). Monophyly of Zanna. Currently there are about 143 described genera of Fulgoridae (Bourgoin 2017), however, the monophyly of most genera has not been examined cladistically. The wax-secreting plates in the adults of most fulgorid species are located on the abdominal tergites VI – VIII (O’Brien & Wilson 1985). However, the anal tube in the female adults of the Zanna species is expanded and nearly cardiform in ventral aspect and the wax gland pores are located on the ventral surface of the modified anal tube (see description under Z. robusticephalica sp. nov. below). The very similar wax gland plates are also found in some species of the other fulgoroid families, namely Flatidae, Lophopidae, Ricaniidae and Nogodinidae (Lucchi & Mazzoni 2004; Liang, unpublished data), however, these similarities seem to be the results of parallel developments. In addition, the prolongation of the head into elongate and hexagonal cephalic process (Figs 1, 2 A – D, 3 A – D), forewings with inner marginal areas overlapping at tips (Figs 1, 2 F, 3 A); gonoplac in female adults with basal inner area being strongly and densely pilose (Figs 7, 8 A, 8 B) and the metatarsomeres I and II being covered with a pad of dense setae ventrally (Figs 6 E, 6 F) are found only in Zanna species. These distinct characters appear to be good autapomorphies of Zanna that support the monophyly of the genus.	en	Liang, Ai-Ping (2017): Zanna robusticephalica sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae) from China, with comments on some ultrastructural characters of the new species. Zootaxa 4338 (2): 361-373, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4338.2.10
097487B5FFDAFFDFFF087F3ACF8391A7.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology. In common with most planthopper groups, few biological data are available for species of Zanna. Gade (1985) reported that Z. madagascariensis in Madagascar feeds Lima bean and related plants and that the adults of Z. madagascariensis are known as sakandry, and are consumed by the rural people of Madagascar (van der Heyden 2014). Chou et al. (1985) and Hua (2000) reported that Z. chinensis can infest Glycine max (Linn.) Merr. (soybean) and Cocos nucifera L. (coconut palm) in China. Li (1987) recorded the occurrence of Z. chinensis as Pyrops chinensis in Guizhou of southwest China and reported that in Guizhou the adults of this species can be attracted under light in early May and the nymphs can be found in late October infesting soybeans.	en	Liang, Ai-Ping (2017): Zanna robusticephalica sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae) from China, with comments on some ultrastructural characters of the new species. Zootaxa 4338 (2): 361-373, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4338.2.10
097487B5FFDAFFDFFF087F3ACF8391A7.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Oriental region (India (northern part), Sri Lanka, Sikkim, Bengal, Nepal, China (southern and southwestern parts), Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia (Malay Peninsula, Borneo), Singapore, Indonesia (Java, Sumatra), Afrotropical region.	en	Liang, Ai-Ping (2017): Zanna robusticephalica sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae) from China, with comments on some ultrastructural characters of the new species. Zootaxa 4338 (2): 361-373, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4338.2.10
097487B5FFDBFFDAFF087A3DCA109314.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This new species can be distinguished from both Z. chinensis and Z. affinis by the following characters: body slightly paler, shorter and broader; cephalic process relatively shorter, broader and more robust; vertex with black spots constricted to basal area, without black spots medially and apically; frons without or with only very few black spots on basal area; and the pronotum, mesonotum and forewings with relatively fewer and smaller black spots (Figs 1, 2, 3 A – D).	en	Liang, Ai-Ping (2017): Zanna robusticephalica sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae) from China, with comments on some ultrastructural characters of the new species. Zootaxa 4338 (2): 361-373, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4338.2.10
097487B5FFDBFFDAFF087A3DCA109314.taxon	description	Description. Male: BL: 36.0 – 40.5 mm; HL: 10.0 – 12.3 mm; HW: 4.0 – 4.1 mm; FWL: 23.0 – 25.6 mm. General color pale brownish ochraceous; with numerous small black spots on: cephalic process with dorsal basal area and lateral areas (mainly on basal two thirds) of vertex, basal part of frons, postclypeus (mainly on lateral areas), pronotum, mesonotum, pleurae of thorax, tegulae, legs and forewings; each black spot with one short, brown seta in center, sometimes small black spots merging together and forming bigger spots (Figs 2, 3 A – D); cephalic process sparsely covered with short, pale pubescence laterally and ventrally. Antennae ochraceous, with scape (excluding apex) and flagellum brown. Rostrum ochraceous, with apical segment and apex of penultimate segment fuscous. Forewings densely covered with numerous, very small, protuberant, black spots which are mainly located on veins, spots on anterior and apical areas slightly larger and more prominent; hind wings milky white, veins pale brownish ochraceous. Legs ochraceous, strongly pilose, femora and tibiae covered with small black spots; fore and middle legs with distal part of femora, tibiae and claws fuscous; hind legs with 3 rd tarsomeres (excluding proximal and distal areas) and claws fuscous. Abdomen ventrally ochraceous, with sterna medially largely marked with black in an irregularly inverted trapezoid shape, sometimes the black marking obliterated subapically; sublateral areas with 2 – 5 irregular black spots or small markings resulting from merging of spots; abdomen above black, with posterior segmental margins ochraceous. Pygofer and anal tube blackish; parameres in basal two fifths ochraceous and apical three fifths fuscous; hook-shaped process on basal outer edge blackish with basal area ochraceous. Head (Figs 2 A – D, 3 A – D) with cephalic process relatively broad and robust, hexagonal, gently narrowing from base to apex, slightly upturned at apex in lateral view, apex obliquely truncate, about 2.1 – 2.2 times longer than length of pronotum and mesonotum combined; vertex slightly transversely convex with faint median carina, lateral margins weakly ridged with distal half of carinae being slightly zigzagged. Frons distinctly elongate, with lateral margins weakly ridged, with lateral and submedian carinae, distal half of both carinae being slightly zigzagged, median carina absent (Figs 2 C, 3 C). Postclypeus short and small (Figs 2 C, 3 C). Eyes and ocelli relatively small. Antennae with scape relatively short; pedicel short, thick and subbulbose with top broadly depressed, densely covered with sensory plaque organs over entire surface (Figs 4, 5 A – D). Rostrum moderately long, reaching between coxae of middle legs, apical segment distinctly shorter than penultimate segment; rostral apex consisting of two lateral lobes separated by dorsal stylet groove, each lateral lobe bearing several bristle-like sensilla and numerous peg sensilla and protuberances on disc (Fig. 5 E – H). Pronotum and mesonotum with disc slightly transversely convex, without median carina, lateral areas strongly sloping downwards; pronotum with posterior margin very slightly and broadly arched anteriorly; mesonotum distinctly longer than pronotum. Forewings relatively narrow, elongate and slender, almost entirely reticulate; stigma absent; inner marginal areas overlapping at tips (Figs 2 A, 2 E, 2 F, 3 A). Hindwings semihyaline. Legs relatively robust and short; hind tibiae with 5 – 7 lateral, tip-blacked spurs (proximal one smallest, gradually largened distally) and 8 (6 + 2) apical, tip-blacked spurs; 1 st and 2 nd metatarsomeres covered with a pad of silver, dense setae ventrally, 1 st metatarsomere more than 2 times larger than 2 nd metatarsomere in ventral aspect (Figs 6 E, 6 F); pretarsus of hind legs with two long, dorsal setae on proximal, dorsal area medially (Figs 6 A, 6 B); claws of hind legs with 4 – 5 long setae on subbasal lower margin (Figs 6 A, 6 D). Male genitalia with pygofer (Fig. 3 F) symmetrical, distinctly shorter than parameres, with ventral posterior margin broadly excavated caudad, in ventral view and posterior margin angularly produced posteriorly above middle, in lateral view. Anal tube (Fig. 3 E) relatively short and broad, nearly rectangular in dorsal view, with apical part expanded outwards; anal style short and broad, greater than half length of anal tube, arched in dorsal view (Fig. 3 E). Parameres (Figs 3 F, 3 G) in lateral view elongate, with basal part relatively narrow and apical part somewhat blunt, upper margin expanded upwards submedially; outer edge near upper margin at basal two fifths strongly expanded and armed with a black, robust, hook-shaped process directing outwards and anteroventrally, in lateral view. Aedeagus (Fig. 3 H) relatively short, membranous, compact, with apical three fourths directing posterodorsally, in lateral view; bi-lobated, with each lobe being wrapped by 10 membranous laminates, which are apically slightly curving dorsally and bearing many tiny marginal spines. Female. Similar to males in general appearance and coloration, but cephalic process and other body parts with a few more black spots. BL: 39.0 – 44.5 mm; HL: 12.3 – 13.5 mm; HW: 4.2 – 4.3 mm; FWL: 25.5 – 28.0 mm.. Genitalia not examined. Gonoplac with posterior margin being strongly and densely pilose, with hairs tapering apicad with raised, scale-like tegmental base (Figs 7, 8 A, 8 B). These hairs may play a role of mechanic or chemical sensilla for oviposition. Wax glands. Anal tube in female adults expanded, nearly cardiform in ventral aspect (Figs 8 B, 8 C), with ventral surface densely covered with long, whitish wax threads (Fig. 8 A). When the wax threads are removed, numerous fine wax gland units are visible on the ventral surface of the anal tube (Fig. 8 B – D). The wax gland unit is regularly hexagonal with a side length of 20.0 – 24.7 mm. All hexagonal units possess a single, centrally positioned, long, tapering seta up to 105.5 – 109.5 mm in length (Fig. 8 B – D). Numerous very tiny wax gland pores are present on the surface of each hexagonal unit and they are 0.31 – 0.38 mm in diameter with a density of 3.8 – 5.0 pores per mm 2 (Fig. 8 E – H).	en	Liang, Ai-Ping (2017): Zanna robusticephalica sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae) from China, with comments on some ultrastructural characters of the new species. Zootaxa 4338 (2): 361-373, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4338.2.10
097487B5FFDBFFDAFF087A3DCA109314.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name of this new species is derived from the Latin words “ robust ” and “ cephallica ”, referring to its relatively broad and stout cephalic process.	en	Liang, Ai-Ping (2017): Zanna robusticephalica sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae) from China, with comments on some ultrastructural characters of the new species. Zootaxa 4338 (2): 361-373, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4338.2.10
097487B5FFDBFFDAFF087A3DCA109314.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Southwest China (Yunnan Province).	en	Liang, Ai-Ping (2017): Zanna robusticephalica sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae) from China, with comments on some ultrastructural characters of the new species. Zootaxa 4338 (2): 361-373, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4338.2.10
097487B5FFDBFFDAFF087A3DCA109314.taxon	materials_examined	Type material examined. Holotype ♂, China, Yunnan Province: Jinping, Changpotou, 1200 m, 23 May 1956 (K. R. Huang et al.) (IZCAS). Paratypes. China, Yunnan Province: 1 ♂, definite locality absent, 1956, collector name absent; 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀, same data as holotype; 1 ♀, same data as holotype, but 25 May 1956, collector name absent; 1 ♂, same locality, but 2200 m, 26 Sept 1957 (L. C. Zang); 1 ♀, near Jindong, 1450 m, 23 Mar 1957, collector name absent; 1 ♂, Longling, Sanqu, 1600 m, 12 May 1955 (B. R. Eo); 1 ♀, near Puwen, 1000 m, 27 Mar 1957, collector name absent; 1 ♂, Xishuangbanna, Mt. Kongmingshan, 16 Aug 1957 (S. Y. Wang) (all in IZCAS).	en	Liang, Ai-Ping (2017): Zanna robusticephalica sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae) from China, with comments on some ultrastructural characters of the new species. Zootaxa 4338 (2): 361-373, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4338.2.10
