taxonID	type	description	language	source
0967711CFFABFFB6FF324B93FBA226CA.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. TURKEY, Hatay: 30 km W of Gaziantep, 30.5.1998, ♀ (leg. M. Halada). Deposited in the Entomological Collection of ETH Zurich. Paratypes. TURKEY, Bolu: Yedi Göller National Park, 14.6.1987, 1 ♀ (leg. Madl); Hakkari: E of Uludere, 5.6.1977, 1 ♀, 3 ♂ (leg. K. Warncke); Tanin-Tanin pass, 1700 m, 12.6.1984, 1 ♀ (leg. K. Warncke); S of Beytüssebap, 1300 m, 13.6.1984, 4 ♀ (leg. K. Warncke); 5 km N of Oramar, 1500 m, 16.6.1984, 1 ♂ (leg. K. Warncke); 10 km NE of Oramar, 1700 m, 29.6.1985, 1 ♀ (leg. M. Schwarz); Hatay: 30 km NW of Gaziantep, 2001, 2 ♀ (leg. M. Snizek); Sirnak: Cizre, 16.5.1975, 2 ♂ (leg. K. Warncke); 40 km E of Midyat, 900 m, 25.5.1983, 5 ♂ (leg. K. Warncke). Deposited in the Entomological Collection of ETH Zurich, the Oberösterreichische Landesmuseum Linz and the private collection of M. Schwarz (Ansfelden).	en	Müller, Andreas (2015): Palaearctic Chelostoma bees of the subgenus Gyrodromella (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 3936 (3): 408-420, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3936.3.6
0967711CFFABFFB6FF324B93FBA226CA.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The female is easily recognizable by the shape of the clypeus characterized by a narrow apical zone, which is flat and distinctly separated from the moderately bulging main part of the clypeus, and by its straight or at most slightly irregular anterior margin lacking small tooth-like projections (Fig. 5). The male differs from all species of the rapunculi species group except C. tonsum by the uninterrupted comb of long bristles at the apical margin of sternum 5 in combination with the widely spaced and parallel-sided upper lateral teeth of tergum 7 (Fig. 6). In contrast to C. tonsum, the distance between the spots of black bristles at the apical margin of sternum 3 is narrower than the maximal spot width (Fig. 7), sternum 4 lacks small lateroapical tufts of bristles, the pilosity along the lower genal area is of normal length, the projecting apex of the upper lateral teeth of tergum 7 are about as long as wide (Fig. 6), the lower median tooth of tergum 7 is of roughly triangular rather than trapezoidal shape (Fig. 6), and the membraneous appendage of sternum 4 is shorter than the length of tarsal segment 3 of the hind leg.	en	Müller, Andreas (2015): Palaearctic Chelostoma bees of the subgenus Gyrodromella (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 3936 (3): 408-420, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3936.3.6
0967711CFFABFFB6FF324B93FBA226CA.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE: Body length 6.5 – 8 mm. Head: Head about 1.1 x as long as broad. Labrum about 1.25 x as long as broad, flat and unpunctured except for its apical fifth, which is slightly thickened and punctured; its anterior margin broadly emarginate. Mandible short, three-toothed. Second segment of labial palpus about 4.5 x as long as first segment. Clypeus with narrow apical zone, which is flat and distinctly separated from the slightly bulging main part of the clypeus (Fig. 5); its anterior margin straight or slightly undulated, without tooth-like projections. Clypeus densely punctured with interspaces not exceeding the diameter of one puncture except for a rather broad median zone, where the punctation is distinctly more scattered with interspaces reaching the diameter of two to three, rarely more punctures. Distance between lateral ocellus and preoccipital ridge about 2 x as long as ocellar diameter. Preoccipital ridge raised to a very short carina. Mesosoma: Scutum rather densely punctured with interspaces varying in size between the diameter of less than half a puncture and the diameter of one and a half, rarely two punctures. Scutellum densely punctured with interspaces mostly smaller than the diameter of one puncture except mediobasally where the punctation is occasionally more scattered. Basal zone of propodeum sloping, half to two third as long as metanotum and with longitudinal ridges, which laterally become gradually more distinct and more spaced. Metasoma: Anterior surface of tergum 1 shallowly concave. Discs of terga 1 – 4 with rather coarse punctation, which is scattered medially with interspaces reaching the diameter of up to two, rarely more punctures. Marginal zones of terga 1 – 4 slightly impressed, medially one third to nearly half as long as tergal length and with finer and denser punctation than on discs. Terga 5 – 6 very densely punctured with interspaces rarely exceeding the diameter of half a puncture. Bases of terga 2 – 4 distinctly constricted. Terga 1 – 4 with dense apical white hair bands, which are uninterrupted in fresh specimens. MALE: Body length 6 – 8 mm. Head: Head about as long as broad. Second segment of labial palpus about 4.5 x as long as first segment. Pilosity along lower genal area shaggy and long, hairs just behind mandibular base as long as length of first segment of labial palpus or longer. Distance between lateral ocellus and preoccipital ridge about 1.75 x as long as ocellar diameter. Preoccipital ridge raised to a very short carina. Mesosoma: Punctation of scutum and scutellum as well as length and sculpture of basal zone of propodeum as in the female. Metasoma: Anterior surface of tergum 1 shallowly concave. Punctation of tergal discs 1 – 4 less coarse and more scattered than in the female, interspaces reaching the diameter of up to four punctures. Punctation of marginal zones of terga 1 – 4 slightly finer and distinctly denser than on discs. Terga 5 – 6 densely punctured with interspaces rarely exceeding the diameter of one puncture. Bases of terga 2 – 3 constricted. Terga 1 – 4 (5) with dense apical white hair bands, which appear to be interrupted on terga 1 – 2 even in fresh specimens. Tergum 7 with large, deep and polished pit surrounded by two widely spaced and parallel-sided upper lateral teeth, whose projecting apex is about as long as wide, and one small lower median tooth, which is of roughly triangular shape (Fig. 6). Median elevation on sternum 2 triangular in profile, its anterior surface angularly delimited from the posterior surface, which is evenly sloping, half-elliptical in shape and almost flat. Sternum 3 medioapically with two oval spots of black bristles, which are separated from each other by a distance only about half to three quarters as long as maximal width of spot (Fig. 7). Membraneous appendage of sternum 4 shorter than length of tarsal segment 3 of hind leg. Apical margin of sternum 5 with uninterrupted comb of long yellowish bristles.	en	Müller, Andreas (2015): Palaearctic Chelostoma bees of the subgenus Gyrodromella (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 3936 (3): 408-420, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3936.3.6
0967711CFFABFFB6FF324B93FBA226CA.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Central to easternmost Turkey; westernmost record: Yedi Göller National Park (Bolu province). Pollen hosts. Probably oligolectic on Campanula (Campanulaceae) and possibly also closely related genera (based on the microscopical analysis of 3 pollen loads from the same locality). Nesting biology. Unknown.	en	Müller, Andreas (2015): Palaearctic Chelostoma bees of the subgenus Gyrodromella (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 3936 (3): 408-420, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3936.3.6
0967711CFFABFFB6FF324B93FBA226CA.taxon	etymology	Etymology. clypealis = referring to the unique form of the female clypeus.	en	Müller, Andreas (2015): Palaearctic Chelostoma bees of the subgenus Gyrodromella (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 3936 (3): 408-420, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3936.3.6
0967711CFFAAFFB6FF324943FDAD24A7.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known so far only from the type locality and southernmost Armenia. Host plants. Probably oligolectic on Campanula (Campanulaceae) and possibly also closely related genera (based on the microscopical analysis of 2 pollen loads from 2 different localities). Nesting biology. Unknown.	en	Müller, Andreas (2015): Palaearctic Chelostoma bees of the subgenus Gyrodromella (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 3936 (3): 408-420, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3936.3.6
0967711CFFAAFFB3FF3248E8FEFE2622.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Widespread in the Palaearctic region, from the Maghreb (Morocco, Algeria) and the Levant (Israel and Palestine, Jordan and Syria) northwards over the whole of Europe (except Norway) up to northern Finland (northernmost record south of Inari 68.44 ° N, 27.36 ° E), and from Turkey and the Caucasus (Azerbaijan, Georgia) eastwards to Iran, Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan), China, Mongolia and Far eastern Russia. The species has been introduced into the Nearctic region and occurs in a small region encompassing northeasternmost USA and southeastern Canada (Ascher and Pickering, 2014). Pollen hosts. Oligolectic on Campanula (Campanulaceae) and possibly also on closely related genera (Fig. 3; Amiet et al., 2004, Sedivy et al., 2008, Westrich, 1989). In fact, the species epithet “ rapunculi ” and the vernacular name “ Hériade de la raiponce ” both given by Lepeletier (1841) refer to Phyteuma, suggesting that flowers of this Campanulaceae genus might occasionally be exploited by C. rapunculi in addition to Campanula. Nesting biology. Nesting sites are preexisting linear cavities such as insect burrows and drilled borings in dead wood or bark, hollow stems (e. g. reed, bamboo), drilled borings in stems or glas tubes (Benoist, 1929; Bonelli, 1967; Brechtel, 1986; Käpylä, 1978; Ruszkowski et al., 1995; Stoeckhert, 1933; Westrich, 1989). Inside these narrow cavities, one to several brood cells are arranged in a linear series (Fig. 1). Cell partitions and nest plug are made of mud mixed with nectar and probably also saliva (Westrich, 1989). Small pebbles, sand grains and other particles are embedded in the outer surface of the nest plug (Fig. 2). Note. The shape of male tergum 7 was hitherto assumed to be the only reliable character for the discrimination of the widespread C. rapunculi from C. confusum and C. proximum, which have been described based on specimens collected in northern Africa and the Caucasus, respectively. The examination of a large number of specimens of C. rapunculi, however, revealed a considerable intraspecific variability in the shape of tergum 7 on the one hand and gradual transitions in the shape of tergum 7 between these taxa on the other hand. Specifically, i) the lower median tooth of tergum 7 gradually gets narrower and shorter towards northern Africa and the Levant resulting in the relatively small lower tooth considered typical for C. confusum, and ii) the upper lateral teeth gradually get wider and increasingly fuse with each other and with the lower median tooth towards eastern Turkey and the Caucasus resulting in the straight transverse apical margin of tergum 7 considered typical for C. proximum. Due to this clinal variation, which eliminates the morphological gaps previously assumed to exist between the three taxa, and the absence of any other clear characters separating C. rapunculi, C. confusum and C. proximum in either sexes, these three taxa are considered here to be conspecific, representing a single widespread and morphologically variable species.	en	Müller, Andreas (2015): Palaearctic Chelostoma bees of the subgenus Gyrodromella (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 3936 (3): 408-420, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3936.3.6
0967711CFFAFFFB2FF324A6BFAB5267F.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. TURKEY, Adiyaman: Kuyucak, 8.6.1998, ♂ (leg. M. Halada). Deposited in the Entomological Collection of ETH Zurich. Paratypes. TURKEY, Adiyaman: Kuyucak, 8.6.1998, 2 ♂ (leg. M. Halada, M. Snizek); Karadut, 50 km NE of Adiyaman, 1000 m, 1.6.2001, 2 ♀, 1 ♂ (leg. K. Denes); Bingöl: Buglan Gecidi, 40 km NW of Mus, 1600 m, 27.5.2010, 1 ♂ (leg. M. Halada); Hakkari: W of Uludere, 17.5.1975, 3 ♂ (leg. K. Warncke); 25 km SW of Hakkari, 1200 m, 31.5.1980, 1 ♂ (leg. M. Schwarz); 30 km SW of Hakkari, 1150 m, 1.6.1980, 1 ♂ (leg. M. Schwarz); Semdinli, 1700 m, 12.6.1981, 3 ♂ (leg. K. Warncke); S of Beytüssebap, 1300 m, 13.6.1984, 4 ♀, 4 ♂ (leg. K. Warncke); 5 km N of Oramar, 1500 m, 16.6.1984, 1 ♀, 3 ♂ (leg. K. Warncke); Mardin: Midyat, 900 m, 15.5.1983, 2 ♂ (leg. K. Warncke); Siirt: 20 km NW of Sirnak, 1500 m, 5.6.1980, 1 ♂ (leg. M. Schwarz). Deposited in the Entomological Collection of ETH Zurich, the Oberösterreichische Landesmuseum Linz and the private collection of M. Schwarz (Ansfelden).	en	Müller, Andreas (2015): Palaearctic Chelostoma bees of the subgenus Gyrodromella (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 3936 (3): 408-420, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3936.3.6
0967711CFFAFFFB2FF324A6BFAB5267F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. The female is morphologically identical to the female of C. rapunculi; in most cases, however, its smaller body length not exceeding 7 mm allows its separation from the larger C. rapunculi, whose body length is rarely below 7.5 mm. The male differs from all species of the rapunculi species group except C. clypeale by the uninterrupted comb of long bristles at the apical margin of sternum 5 in combination with the widely spaced and more or less parallel-sided upper lateral teeth of tergum 7 (Fig. 9). In contrast to C. clypeale, the distance between the spots of black bristles at the apical margin of sternum 3 is as wide as the maximal spot width or wider (Fig. 10), sternum 4 has small lateroapical tufts of yellowish bristles, the pilosity along the lower genal area is sheared in appearance and very short behind the mandibular base (Fig. 8), the projecting apex of the upper lateral teeth of tergum 7 is slightly wider than long (Fig. 9), the lower median tooth of tergum 7 is of trapezoidal rather than triangular shape (Fig. 9), and the membraneous appendage of sternum 4 is about as long as to slightly longer than the length of tarsal segment 3 of the hind leg.	en	Müller, Andreas (2015): Palaearctic Chelostoma bees of the subgenus Gyrodromella (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 3936 (3): 408-420, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3936.3.6
0967711CFFAFFFB2FF324A6BFAB5267F.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE: Body length 6.5 – 7 mm. Apart from the smaller body size morphologically identical to C. rapunculi. MALE: Body length 6.5 – 8 mm. Head: Head about 1.1 x as long as broad. Second segment of labial palpus about 4 x as long as first segment. Pilosity along lower genal area straightly sheared and short, hairs just behind mandibular base half as long as length of first segment of labial palpus (Fig. 8). Distance between lateral ocellus and preoccipital ridge slightly less than 2 x as long as ocellar diameter. Preoccipital ridge raised to a very short carina. Mesosoma: Punctation of scutum rather scattered with interspaces reaching the diameter of two, rarely three punctures. Scutellum more densely punctured with interspaces usually not exceeding the diameter of half a puncture except medially where the punctation is more scattered. Basal zone of propodeum sloping, half as long as metanotum and with more or less distinct longitudinal ridges. Metasoma: Anterior surface of tergum 1 shallowly concave. Punctation of tergal discs 1 – 5 moderately dense, interspaces varying in size between the diameter of half a puncture and the diameter of two, rarely three punctures. Punctation of marginal zones of terga 1 – 5 slightly finer and distinctly denser than on discs. Tergum 6 densely punctured with interspaces rarely exceeding the diameter of one puncture. Bases of terga 2 – 4 distinctly constricted. Terga 1 – 3 (4) with dense and medially interrupted apical white hair bands. Tergum 7 with large, deep and polished pit surrounded by two widely spaced and more or less parallel-sided upper lateral teeth, whose projecting apex is slightly wider than long, and one small lower median tooth, which is of trapezoidal shape (Fig. 9). Median elevation on sternum 2 triangular in profile, its posterior surface evenly sloping, half-elliptical in shape and almost flat. Sternum 3 medioapically with two oval spots of black bristles, which are separated from each other by a distance equal to or slightly longer than maximal width of spot (Fig. 10). Sternum 4 with small lateroapical tufts of yellowish bristles. Membraneous appendage of sternum 4 about as long as to slightly longer than tarsal segment 3 of hind leg. Apical margin of sternum 5 with uninterrupted comb of long yellowish bristles.	en	Müller, Andreas (2015): Palaearctic Chelostoma bees of the subgenus Gyrodromella (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 3936 (3): 408-420, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3936.3.6
0967711CFFAFFFB2FF324A6BFAB5267F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Eastern Turkey; westernmost record: Kuyucak (Adiyaman province). Pollen hosts. Probably oligolectic on Campanula (Campanulaceae) and possibly also closely related genera (based on the microscopical analysis of 3 pollen loads from the same locality). Nesting biology. Unknown.	en	Müller, Andreas (2015): Palaearctic Chelostoma bees of the subgenus Gyrodromella (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 3936 (3): 408-420, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3936.3.6
0967711CFFAFFFB2FF324A6BFAB5267F.taxon	etymology	Etymology. tonsus = sheared, referring to the short pilosity along the lower genal area of the male.	en	Müller, Andreas (2015): Palaearctic Chelostoma bees of the subgenus Gyrodromella (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 3936 (3): 408-420, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3936.3.6
0967711CFFA1FFBDFF324926FB3124E0.taxon	distribution	Distribution. From Crete and the Aegean islands (Ikaria, Lesvos, Samos) to central Turkey; easternmost record: Cornelek, 40 km E of Mut (Mersin province, Turkey). Nesting biology. Unknown. Pollen hosts. Probably oligolectic on Campanula (Campanulaceae) and possibly also closely related genera such as Legousia (Müller, 2012). Flower records: Legousia speculum-veneris (label record).	en	Müller, Andreas (2015): Palaearctic Chelostoma bees of the subgenus Gyrodromella (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 3936 (3): 408-420, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3936.3.6
0967711CFFA1FFBCFF324F23FE562622.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Reliable records exist only for Romania and Bulgaria. The records of C. handlirschi given by Zanden (1984) for Macedonia and by Schletterer (1889) for Turkey are not free of doubt as the identification of these individuals could not be checked (see Notes). The occurrence of C. handlirschi in northern Italy (Schletterer 1889) seems highly improbable. Pollen hosts. Probably oligolectic on Campanula (Campanulaceae) and possibly also closely related genera (based on the microscopical analysis of 1 pollen load). Nesting biology. Unknown. Notes. C. handlirschi was obviously unknown to most European bee taxonomists including K. Warncke, who treated C. hebraeum and C. nasutum as subspecies of C. handlirschi. Thus, literature records of C. handlirschi as well as specimens labelled as C. handlirschi are expected to often refer to C. aegaeicum, C. hebraeum or C. nasutum. The syntype series of C. handlirschi consisting of males and females from “ Nord-Italien, Ungarn (Mehadia), Kleinasien ” (Schletterer, 1889) could be located neither in the Natural History Museum Wien nor in the Hungarian Natural History Museum Budapest (M. Vizek and Z. Vas, personal communication), suggesting that Schletterer did not deposit the syntypes in these two museums as mentioned in the original publication. However, a male specimen collected at Mehadia in 1859 and labelled as C. handlirschi with the handwriting probably of Schletterer was found in the Schulthess collection at ETH Zürich. This male, which most likely belongs to the syntype series, is here newly designated as lectotype. The description of the female of C. handlirschi by Schletterer (1889) does not agree with the morphology of typical C. handlirschi females collected together with males identical to the lectotype of C. handlirschi. Thus, the two sexes described by Schletterer are not conspecific, which suggests that the information Schletterer gives on the species’ distribution range might be partly erroneous (see Distribution). As no female syntype could be found, the species identity of Schletterer’s females remains unclear, the characters listed by Schletterer, however, fit best to C. (Chelostoma) comosum Müller.	en	Müller, Andreas (2015): Palaearctic Chelostoma bees of the subgenus Gyrodromella (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 3936 (3): 408-420, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3936.3.6
0967711CFFA0FFBCFF324A6BFDAD2488.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Central to easternmost Turkey and southwards to the Levant (Israel and Palestine, Jordan); westernmost record: Göksu (Mersin province, Turkey). Pollen hosts. Probably oligolectic on Campanula (Campanulaceae) and possibly also closely related genera (based on the microscopical analysis of 2 pollen loads from 2 different localities). Nesting biology. Unknown.	en	Müller, Andreas (2015): Palaearctic Chelostoma bees of the subgenus Gyrodromella (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 3936 (3): 408-420, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3936.3.6
0967711CFFA0FFBFFF324F0EFDAD267F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. To the present knowledge, the distribution range of C. nasutum is split into four disjunct areas: i) northern Algeria, ii) southern France and northernmost Spain, iii) southeastern Europe (Greece without Crete and the Aegean islands, Romania and Bulgaria), and iv) easternmost Turkey. Pollen hosts. Oligolectic on Campanula (Campanulaceae) and possibly also closely related genera (Sedivy et al., 2008; Ebmer, 2009). Flower records: Campanula topaliana (Ebmer, 2009). Nesting biology. Unknown.	en	Müller, Andreas (2015): Palaearctic Chelostoma bees of the subgenus Gyrodromella (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species. Zootaxa 3936 (3): 408-420, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3936.3.6
