taxonID	type	description	language	source
00474142FFF2925A8DC5FF59D3A0A0B7.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Edakkal cave (11 ° 37 ′ 54.0 ″ N, 76 ° 14 ′ 14.9 ″ E, elevation 1233 m, water temperature 30 ºC, pH 7.0) in Wayanad District of Kerala State in the Western Ghats, which constitute one of the key biodiversity hotspot areas of India (Fig. 1 a). This Cave is not technically a cave, but rather a cleft or rift of about 20 m long, 6.7 m wide and 9.1 m deep fissure formed by a piece of rock (probably Kondalite) splitting away from the main body. On one side of the cleft is a huge rock covering the cleft to form the cave roof. Pictorial Stone Age carvings of human and animal figures and tools used by Neolithic man are seen inside the cave. These carvings are said to be as old as 5000 - 6000 B. C., suggesting the prehistoric civilization or settlement in this region (see http: // www. edakkal. com / index. htm). A small stream, probably originating from a perennial underground spring, flows through the length of the cave over fine sand deposit mixed with organic debris. There are no drippings from the rocky roof. Type material examined. Holotype male (MNHN – IU – 2013 – 11244) and allotype female (MNHN – IU – 2013 – 11245) dissected on 3 slides each and 10 paratypes: 1 male (MNHN – IU – 2013 – 11246) and 1 female (MNHN – IU – 2013 – 11247) whole-mounted on 1 slide each, 1 male and 7 females in alcohol in a vial (MNHN – IU – 2013 – 11248). 0 9 May 2008, Coll. V. R. Totakura and Y. Ranga Reddy.	en	Totakura, Venkateswara Rao, Reddy, Yenumula Ranga, Shaik, Shabuddin (2014): Three new species of Parastenocarididae (Crustacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from India. Zootaxa 3821 (5): 501-537, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3821.5.1
00474142FFF2925A8DC5FF59D3A0A0B7.taxon	description	Description of adult male. Total body length, measured from tip of rostrum to posterior margin of caudal rami (excluding caudal setae), 368 Μm. Body heavily chitinized and pitted. Naupliar eye absent. Habitus (Fig. 2 a, b) cylindrical and slender, without any podoplean demarcation between prosome and urosome; prosome / urosome ratio about 0.7 in dorsal view; greatest width in dorsal view falling in distal half of cephalothorax. Body length / width ratio about 7.8. Free pedigerous somites without any lateral or dorsal expansions. All somites connected by well developed arthrodial membranes. Hyaline fringes of all somites smooth, very narrow and hard to distinguish from arthrodial membranes. Integument ornamented only with sensilla, cuticular pores, pits (no spinules), and also with sub-spherical, dorsal double-window on cephalothorax, and elliptical, dorsal simple cuticular window each on genital somite and next 3 somites, window on genital somite smallest. Pleural areas of cephalothorax moderately developed; cephalic appendages and coxae of legs 1 – 4 only partly exposed in lateral view. Rostrum (Fig. 2 a, b) small, membranous, not demarcated at base, ornamented with 2 large dorso-lateral sensilla. Cephalothorax (Fig. 2 a, b): subquadrate, about 1.2 times as long as wide in dorsal view, 1.3 times in lateral view, and representing 16 % of total body length. Surface of cephalic shield ornamented with 4 pairs of large sensilla on anterior half as well as around cuticular double-window; window surface completely smooth, no cuticular pores discernible; second and third pedigerous somites as wide as posterior part of cephalothorax in dorsal view, with 3 and 2 pairs of sensilla (dorsal and lateral), respectively; third somite slightly shorter than second segment with 3 pairs of sensilla. Fourth pedigerous somite longer than preceding somite, with 3 pairs of sensilla (dorsal, lateral). Urosome (Figs. 2 a, b, 3 a): first urosomite about as wide as fourth prosomite, but slightly shorter, ornamented with 3 pairs of sensilla dorsally (Fig. 2 b) and also, 1 sensillum beside leg 5 ventrally (Fig. 3 a), 1 pair of lobes in proximal-half ventrally (Fig. 3 a). Genital somite slightly wider than first urosomite, with small, oval dorsal cuticular window in anterior half, also with 2 pairs of sensilla (dorsal, lateral) and 1 pair of sensilla (ventral) and 1 sensillum on either side of sixth legs. Third and fourth urosomites about as long as first urosomite but slightly narrower, with wider dorsal cuticular window each, and with 2 pairs of large posterior sensilla on distal half and 1 pair of sensilla disto-ventrally. Preanal somite narrower and slightly longer than fourth urosomite, with largest dorsal cuticular window, and without any surface ornamentation. Anal somite about 1.2 times as long as and slightly narrower than preanal somite, 1.2 times as long as its own width; ornamented with 1 pair of large dorsal sensilla and 1 antero-lateral cuticular pore proximally (Fig. 2 a). A single large, longitudinally placed spermatophore discernible through cuticle of fourth and fifth segments, about 3.1 times as long as wide, kidneyshaped, with narrow curved neck. Anal operculum well developed, almost reaching posterior end of distal margin, with smooth and nearly straight distal margin, representing 73.3 % of somite's width, unornamented on outer surface, transverse row of ventral spinules discernible through transparent operculum. Anal sinus wide open. Caudal rami (Figs. 2 a, b, 3 a): divergent, cylindrical, gradually tapering posteriorly, about 3.3 times as long as greatest width in lateral view (Fig. 2 a), 3.2 times in dorsal view (Fig. 2 b), and about 0.6 times as long as anal somite, ornamented with 1 row of tiny spinules on ventral surface disto-laterally and with 1 distolateral pore, and armed with full complement of 7 setae (3 lateral, 1 dorsal, 1 subapical and 2 apical). Setae I – III thin, unequal, located as a group at about the middle of ramus. Dorsal seta (VII) slender and unipinnate, biarticulate basally, inserted closer to inner margin and opposite the level of setae I – III, about 0.6 times as long as caudal ramus. Inner apical seta (VI) smooth, proximally swollen, inserted close to ventral margin, about 0.6 times as long as ramus. Middle apical seta (V) strongest, without breaking plane, unipinnate, with slightly curved tip. Outer subapical seta (IV) strong basally, also without breaking plane and unipinnate, about as long as ramus, inserted close to dorsal surface and directed laterally. Antennule (Fig. 5 a): 1.3 times longer than cephalothorax, slender, 8 - segmented, and prehensile, ‘ pocket-knife type’, digeniculate, proximal geniculation between third and fourth segments, and distal geniculation between sixth and seventh segments. First segment very short, ornamented with 1 row of spinules. Second one longest. Segments 4 – 6 moderately dilated, segment 5 without proximal spinous process on anterior surface; elongate aesthetasc with pointed tip, overreaching midlength of aesthetasc on ultimate segment, fused basally to 1 simple seta; shorter and slenderer apical aesthetasc on eighth segment, fused basally with 2 setae (acrotheck). Setal formula: 0.5.3.1.2 + aes. 0.1.8 + aes. All setae slender, smooth except proximalmost seta on second segment, which is unipinnate, with long setules along outer margin. Length ratios of antennular segments, from proximal to distal end along caudal margin 1: 2.2: 0.8: 0.3: 1.7: 0.5: 0.7: 1.1. Antenna (Fig. 5 b): relatively stout, composed of coxa, allobasis, 1 - segmented endopod, and 1 - segmented exopod. Coxa very short, ornamented with row of short spinule, and unarmed. Allobasis about 2.4 times as long as maximum width, unarmed, ornamented with 1 oblique row of spinules near mid-inner margin. Exopod small, cylindrical, about 2.3 times as long as wide, unornamented, armed with apical unipinnate seta, which is 2.8 times as long as segment. Endopod 0.6 times as long as allobasis and about twice as long as wide, surface frill occurring distally, ornamented with 1 large and 1 small arched spinular rows on inner margin, armed with 2 short bipinnate, unequal spines laterally and with 5 strong elements apically (2 subequal spines, 2 subequal geniculate setae and 1 unipinnate transformed seta). Labrum (Fig. 5 c): large, triangular in lateral view (Fig. 4 a) and sub-ovate in ventral view, with narrow, concave, cutting edge finely denticulate, with short spinous projection on either side; also, ornamented with 1 row of arched spinules on ventral surface close to cutting edge. Mandible (Fig. 5 d): cutting edge narrow on elongate coxa, armed with 2 complex teeth ventrally, 1 unipinnate seta dorsally, and several smaller teeth. Palp 1 - segmented, cylindrical, about 3 times as long as wide, unornamented, and armed apically with 2 smooth, unequal apical setae. Maxillule (Fig. 5 e): with relatively large praecoxa, arthrite rectangular, about 3.3 times as long as wide in lateral view, armed with lateral stout curved seta, and 3 apical claws of which middle one with serrulate outer margin. Coxal endite armed with 2 smooth, unequal setae apically. Basis 1.3 times longer than coxal endite, armed with 1 strong and 2 slender smooth apical setae. Maxilla (Fig. 5 f): composed of syncoxa, basis, and 1 - segmented endopod. Syncoxa with 2 endites, proximal one short, armed with 2 smooth unequal setae apically, distal endite armed with 1 spiniform and 1 smooth setae apically. Allobasis prolonged into strong, unipinnate claw, without seta at base. Endopod represented by small segment, armed with 2 smooth apical setae. Maxilliped (Fig. 5 g): with short and relatively strong syncoxa, unornamented and unarmed; basis slender, 2.5 times as long as wide and 2.1 times as long as syncoxa, unornamented and unarmed; endopod small with unipinnate claw, 0.6 times as long as basis. Legs 1 – 4 (Figs. 6 a – c, 7 a): praecoxa and intercoxal sclerite of all legs smooth and unarmed. Leg 1 (Fig. 6 a): coxa trapezoidal; ornamented with a row of small spinules on antero-distal surface. Basis trapezoidal, somewhat shorter than coxa, ornamented with 1 row of spinules on outer margin and 1 ventral row at base of endopod and another row of small spinules on inner margin, armed with 1 slender seta on outer margin and 1 spiniform seta on inner margin. Exopod 3 - segmented, ornamented with 1 row of spinules along outer margins of all segments, second segment with 1 row of spinules at inner distal corner. First segment 0.7 times as long as next 2 segments combined, armed with 1 outer bipinnate spine; second segment unarmed and with 4 elements on third segment (1 outer spine, 1 apical seta and 2 apical geniculate setae). Endopod 2 - segmented, about as long as exopod; first segment about as long as first 2 exopodal segments combined, 3.3 times as long as wide, unarmed, ornamented with 1 transverse row of elongate spinules on inner margin and 2 arched rows (1 dorsal, 1 ventral) of large spinules on outer margin; second segment ornamented with 1 row of spinules on outer margin, and armed apically with 1 long geniculate seta and 1 spine; endopodal geniculate seta 1.6 times as long as entire endopod, about as long as innermost geniculate seta on exopod (but almost straight). All exopodal and endopodal armature elements unipinnate along outer margin except bipinnate spine on first exopodal segment. Leg 2 (Fig. 6 b): coxa ornamented with 2 arched rows of spinules near outer distal corner (1 dorsal and 1 ventral). Basis rhomboidal, slightly smaller than coxa, unarmed, ornamented with 1 row of large spinules along outer margin. Exopod 3 - segmented; ornamented with 1 row of spinules along outer margins of all segments, hyaline frill each at inner distal corner of first and third exopodal segments, but second segment with 1 row of spinules instead. First segment 0.7 times as long as next 2 segments combined, armed with large, bipinnate outer spine on first segment; second segment unarmed; third segment 1.3 times as long as second segment, armed with 3 long elements, 1 subapical spine and 2 apical bipinnate setae; innermost seta about 1.2 times as long as exopod. Endopod 1 - segmented, spatulate and almost 4.1 times as long as wide, 0.6 times as long as first exopodal segment in length, ornamented with 3 large spinules apically, and armed with 1 smooth seta apically, which is 0.7 times as long as segment. Leg 3 (Fig. 7 a): coxa rhomboidal, smaller than basis, ornamented with arched row of spinules near inner margin ventrally. Basis robust, ornamented with 1 oblique row of large spinules at distal outer corner, 1 ventral row near inner margin and 1 pore on anterior surface, and armed with moderately long, slender seta on outer margin. Endopod represented by 1 small, curved seta, inserted on inner margin at distal third of basis length. Exopod 2 - segmented, perfectly fused with each other; ancestral proximal segment moderately strong, nearly thrice as long as basal width and somewhat bent inwards; proximal region somewhat dilated and ornamented with 1 spinule on outer margin and 1 row of 3 spinules at outer distal corner; ancestral second segment (apophysis) short, unornamented, bent inwardly and armed apically with 2 modified, unequal elements (Fig. 7 c): inner element ladleshaped with hyaline structure on inner margin, and outer one hyaline, bulbous at base and gradually tapering distally. Thumb distinct at base and modified into curved digitiform chitinized structure, as long as apophysis. Leg 4 (Fig. 6 c, d): coxa rhomboidal, ornamented with 1 row of spinules near distal margin. Basis trapezoidal, ornamented with 1 row of spinules and 1 pore on anterior surface, and armed with moderately long seta on outer margin. Exopod 3 - segmented, somewhat bent inwards, ornamented with 1 row of long spinules along outer margins of all segments; hyaline frills at inner distal corner of first and third segments, but second segment with 1 row of spinules. First segment nearly 0.7 times as long as next 2 segments combined, armed with single, strong bipinnate outer spine subdistally; second segment 0.7 times as long as third segment; third segment armed with outer spine and long apical, bipinnate seta; seta 1.6 times as long as spine, 2.4 times as long as third exopodal segment, 0.9 times as long as entire exopod. Basal chitinous complex consisting of large sclerotized plate with 1 small hyaline lobe mid-distally and 1 large hyaline lobe at outer distal angle; 1 sturdy, hook-like spine at inner distal corner. Endopod 1.3 times as long as first exopodal segment, membranous and ventricose in outline, with proximal part bulbous, ornamented with 1 row of spinules and drawn out distally into biserrulate, pointed structure. Leg 5 (Figs. 3 a, 7 d): small, simple, trapezoidal plate, and fused at base; ornamented with 1 group of 2 – 3 tiny spinules on inner margin, 1 small cuticular pore subproximally; distal part expanded and palmate; inner distal corner produced into rather short spiniform process. Basal seta long, articulate at base and arising from lobed projection; inner lobe with 2 unequal, smooth setae (probably ancestral endopodal armature), outer seta 0.7 times as long as inner seta. Leg 6 (Figs. 2 a, 3 a): smooth, unarmed, forming simple operculum covering gonopore, fused with sixth pedigerous somite, elliptical in ventral view. Description of adult female. Body length excluding caudal setae 385 – 405 Μm (397 Μm in allotype). Habitus (Fig. 4 a): ornamentation of prosomites, colour and naupliar eye similar to male, except genital and first abdominal somites fused into double-genital somite. Genital double-somite (Fig. 4 b): genital apertures covered by vestigial sixth legs; median copulatory pores also covered by fused sixth legs; seminal receptacles small; copulatory duct very short and weakly sclerotized. Third urosomite, preanal somite, and anal somite very similar to male. Caudal rami (Figs. 3 b, 4 a, b): 0.7 times as long as anal somite, about 3.2 times as long as wide in dorsal and ventral views, gradually tapering, with armature and ornamentation as in male. Antennule (Figs. 4 a, 8 e): 7 - segmented, first segment short, ornamented with 1 row of spinules on ventral surface; second segment longest; fourth segment with elongate, moderately thick aesthetasc, extending up to the tip of aesthetasc on segment 7; aesthetasc on segment 7 slender and fused basally to 2 apical setae (acrotheck); setal formula: 0.4.2.2 + aes. 0.0.9 + aes. All setae, except unipinnate proximalmost one on segment 2, smooth. Length ratio of antennular segments from proximal to distal end along caudal margin 1.0: 3.0: 1.4: 1.7: 0.7: 0.7: 1.5. Antenna, labrum, mandible, maxillule, maxilla and maxilliped similar to male. Leg 1 (Fig. 8 a): coxa trapezoidal, with arched row of spinules near proximal outer corner, basis also trapezoidal, with 3 rows of spinules and armed with only outer seta. Other details as illustrated. Leg 2 (Fig. 8 b): coxa trapezoidal, ornamented with 1 arched row of spinules at distal inner corner and 1 row of spinules ventrally; basis smaller than coxa, ornamented with 1 row of spinules on outer margin. Exopod same as in male. Endopod somewhat dilated at about midlength; ornamentation and armature same as in male in different views (Fig. 8 f – i). Leg 3 (Fig. 8 c): coxa ornamented with 1 arched row of spinules near posterior margin. Basis ornamented with 1 row of spinules on outer margin; armed with 1 long and smooth outer seta. Exopod 2 - segmented, ornamented with large spinules along outer margin, both segments with hyaline frill each at inner distal corner; first segment armed with 1 outer spine; second segment with 1 outer spine and 1 apical seta; seta 1.8 times as long as spine; all elements bipinnate. Endopod 1 - segmented, slender, almost as long as first exopodal segment, tapering to pointed tip and with spinulose disto-lateral margins. Leg 4 (Fig. 8 d): endopod strong, lanceolate, bent inwards, 1.6 times as long as first exopodal segment together with apical biserrulate spine fused at base; 1 large spinule occurring at about mid-inner margin; other details as illustrated. Leg 5 (Fig. 4 b, c): fused at base; small, simple, trapezoidal plate, ornamented with 1 small cuticular pore subproximally; subdistal part expanded and inner distal corner produced into moderately long spiniform process. Armature elements same as in male, outer seta 0.8 times as long as inner seta. Leg 6 (Fig. 4 b): vestigial, fused into simple cuticular flap, covering gonopores; unornamented and unarmed.	en	Totakura, Venkateswara Rao, Reddy, Yenumula Ranga, Shaik, Shabuddin (2014): Three new species of Parastenocarididae (Crustacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from India. Zootaxa 3821 (5): 501-537, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3821.5.1
00474142FFF2925A8DC5FF59D3A0A0B7.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet, alluding to the type locality, Edakkal Cave; proposed here as a noun in apposition to the generic name.	en	Totakura, Venkateswara Rao, Reddy, Yenumula Ranga, Shaik, Shabuddin (2014): Three new species of Parastenocarididae (Crustacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from India. Zootaxa 3821 (5): 501-537, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3821.5.1
00474142FFF2925A8DC5FF59D3A0A0B7.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This species is only known from the type locality. Ecology. Parastenocaris edakkal n. sp. was accompanied by Proserpinicaris corgosinhoi n. sp. and strays of nematodes. This species was collected at a relatively high elevation of 1233 m, whereas its congeneric Indian cavernicole, Parastenocaris kotumsarensis, occurred at an altitude of 560 m. Even Parastenocaris sutlej from a Himalayan river was collected at an altitude of 656 m. Other hyporheic Indian species occur somewhat close to the sea level.	en	Totakura, Venkateswara Rao, Reddy, Yenumula Ranga, Shaik, Shabuddin (2014): Three new species of Parastenocarididae (Crustacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from India. Zootaxa 3821 (5): 501-537, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3821.5.1
00474142FFF2925A8DC5FF59D3A0A0B7.taxon	description	Variation. Shape of leg 2 endopod (Fig. 8 f – i) varying depending on the angle of view.	en	Totakura, Venkateswara Rao, Reddy, Yenumula Ranga, Shaik, Shabuddin (2014): Three new species of Parastenocarididae (Crustacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from India. Zootaxa 3821 (5): 501-537, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3821.5.1
00474142FFFC924E8DC5FBB7D7CEA61F.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Same as that of Parastenocaris edakkal n. sp. Type material examined. Holotype male, dissected on 2 slides (MNHN-IU- 2013 - 11249), allotype female, dissected on 3 slides (MNHN-IU- 2013 - 11250); 10 paratypes: 1 male (MNHN-IU- 2013 - 11251) and 1 female (MNHN-IU- 2013 - 11252), whole-mounted on 1 slide each, 1 male and 5 females preserved in alcohol (MNHN-IU- 2013 - 11253), and 1 male and 1 female in first author’s personal collections; 9 May 2008; Coll. V. R. Totakura & Y. Ranga Reddy.	en	Totakura, Venkateswara Rao, Reddy, Yenumula Ranga, Shaik, Shabuddin (2014): Three new species of Parastenocarididae (Crustacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from India. Zootaxa 3821 (5): 501-537, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3821.5.1
00474142FFFC924E8DC5FBB7D7CEA61F.taxon	description	Description of adult male. Total body length, measured from tip of rostrum to posterior margin of caudal rami (excluding caudal setae) 346 Μm. Preserved specimens colourless. Naupliar eye absent. Habitus (Fig. 9 a) cylindrical and slender; prosome / urosome ratio about 0.8 in dorsal view; greatest width in dorsal view at subdistal cephalothorax. Body length / width ratio about 7.9. Free pedigerous somites without any lateral or dorsal expansions. All segments connected by well-developed arthrodial membranes. Hyaline fringes of all somites smooth, very narrow. Integument sclerotized, smooth, ornamented with sensilla, spinules, pores, and with somewhat subquadrate double-window in posterior half of cephalothorax, and elliptical, slender, dorsal simple cuticular window each on genital and 2 postgenital somites. Pleural areas of cephalothorax and free pedigerous somites well developed; cephalic appendages and coxae of swimming legs clearly exposed in lateral view (not figured). Rostrum (Figs. 9 a, 10 a) small, linguiform, not demarcated at base, ornamented with 2 large dorsal sensilla, reaching midlength of first antennular segment, about 1.2 times as long as wide. Cephalothorax (Fig. 9 a) elongately oval in outline, with subdistal region dilated, about 1.4 times as long as wide in dorsal view and representing 21.5 % of total body length. Surface of cephalic shield ornamented with subquadrate integumental double-window and 8 pairs of sensilla. Second and third pedigerous somites as wide as fourth pediger; fourth pediger longer than third one, and free pedigers 2 – 4 and first urosomite with 2 pairs of posterior sensilla each (Fig. 9 a); first urosomite shorter than fourth pediger; genital somite widest of all urosomites, with small elliptical dorsal cuticular window in anterior half. Third urosomite as long as second one, with wider elliptical window and 3 pairs of sensilla. Fourth urosomite about as long as second urosomite, with dorsal cuticular window and 3 pairs of large posterior sensilla. Preanal somite narrower and slightly shorter than fourth urosomite, with largest dorsal cuticular window, extending latero-ventrally. Anal somite about as long as wide and slightly narrower than preanal somite, ornamented with 1 pair of large dorsal sensilla near base of anal operculum, 1 pair of large lateral cuticular pores in anterior half and 1 row of spinules on either side proximo-ventrally. A single large, longitudinally placed spermatophore discernible through cuticle of fifth and genital somites, about 2.1 times as long as wide, beanshaped, with narrow neck. Anal operculum well developed, smooth and bowl-shaped, with slightly concave distal margin, representing 59.1 % of somite's width. Anal sinus wide and smooth. Caudal rami (Fig. 9 a – c): short, about 1.3 times as long as greatest width in dorsal view, 1.2 times in lateral view (Fig. 9 b), and about 0.4 times as long as anal somite, proximal third slightly dilated; divergent, with space between them being about 1.2 times as long as that of 1 ramus maximum width; armed with 6 elements (2 lateral, 1 dorsal, 1 subapical, 2 apical); and ornamented with 1 row of spinules, and 1 cuticular pore disto-laterally; setae I and III thin, unequal, inserted at 2 / 5 of ramus; seta II missing. Dorsal seta (VII) slender and inserted close to inner margin in distal half, about 1.8 times as long as caudal ramus, biarticulate basally. Inner apical seta (VI) smooth, proximally swollen, inserted close to ventral margin, about 1.5 times as long as ramus length. Middle apical seta (V) strongest, without breaking plane, bipinnate, about 8.8 times as long as ramus, pointing distally, with straight, acute tip. Outer subapical seta (IV) without breaking plane and unipinnate, about 2.2 times as long as ramus, inserted close to dorsal surface and pointing laterally. Antennule (Fig. 10 b, c): 1.2 times as long as cephalothorax, stout, 8 - segmented, strongly prehensile and digeniculate, proximal geniculation between third and fourth, and distal geniculation between sixth and seventh segments. First segment short, ornamented with 1 row of spinules. Second segment relatively short, about as long as fifth segment. Segments 4 – 5 much dilated, fifth segment with elongate, aesthetasc with narrow, blunt tip, reaching midlength of ultimate segment, fused basally to simple seta; apical aesthetasc on eighth segment slender, shorter than segment, fused basally with 2 setae (acrotheck). Setal formula: 0.6.4.2.8 + aes. 2.0.9 + aes. All setae slender, smooth except proximalmost seta on second segment unipinnate with long setules. Length ratios of antennular segments from proximal to distal end along caudal margin 1: 2.3: 1.1: 0.8: 2.3: 1.1: 1.3: 1.1. Antenna (Fig. 10 d): composed of coxa, allobasis, 1 - segmented endopod, and 1 - segmented exopod. Coxa short, ornamented with 1 row of short spinules, unarmed. Allobasis about 3.2 times as long as maximum width, unarmed, ornamented with 2 rows of spinules on inner margin. Exopod small, cylindrical, about thrice as long as wide, unornamented, armed with 1 unipinnate apical seta, which is about twice as long as segment. Endopod 0.7 times as long as allobasis and about twice as long as wide, with surface frill distally, ornamented with 2 longitudinal rows of spinules on inner margin and 2 rows of spinules distally; and armed with 2 unequal, bipinnate spines laterally and with 5 strong elements apically (2 spines, 2 geniculate setae and 1 unipinnate transformed seta). Labrum large and subtriangular in lateral view, other details not studied (not figured). Mandible (Fig. 10 e): with narrow cutting edge on elongated coxa, armed with 2 complex teeth ventrally, 1 unipinnate seta dorsally, and several smaller teeth. Palp 1 - segmented, cylindrical, about 3.2 times as long as wide, unornamented and armed with 2 smooth, unequal apical setae. Maxillule (Fig. 10 f): arthrite sub-rectangular, about 2.2 times as long as wide in lateral view, armed with 1 strong lateral seta and 3 apical elements. Coxal endite armed with 1 smooth apical seta. Basis twice as long as coxal endite, armed with 2 smooth apical setae. Maxilla (Fig. 10 g): composed of syncoxa, basis, and 1 - segmented endopod. Syncoxa with 2 endites; basal one short, armed with 1 smooth seta apically, distal one long, armed with 1 smooth and 1 pinnate setae apically. Allobasis prolonged into strong unipinnate claw, without seta at base; endopod smallest, armed with 2 setae. Maxilliped (Fig. 10 h): with short syncoxa, unarmed and unornamented; basis slender, 2.3 times as long as wide, unornamented and unarmed; endopod small with unipinnate claw. Swimming legs (Figs. 11 a – b, 12 a – d): praecoxa and intercoxal sclerite of all legs smooth and unarmed. Leg 1 (Fig. 11 a): coxa unarmed, ornamentation not discernible. Basis trapezoidal, ornamented with 1 row of large spinules on outer margin, and 1 row at base of endopod ventrally, armed with small, smooth outer seta. Exopod 3 - segmented, ornamented with 1 row of spinules each along outer margins of all segments; armed with outer bipinnate spine on first segment. First segment 0.6 times as long as next 2 segments combined; second segment unarmed; 4 elements on third segment (1 outer spine, 1 apical seta and 2 apical geniculate setae). Endopod 2 - segmented, first segment 3.3 times as long as wide, unarmed, ornamented with 1 row of spinules on inner margin and 1 ventral row of large spinules on outer margin, 1 row distally; second segment ornamented with spinular row on distal margin, armed apically with 1 outer spine and 1 long geniculate seta; endopodal geniculate seta 1.4 times as long as entire endopod, almost twice as long as outer spine, about as long as inner geniculate seta on exopod. All exopodal and endopodal armature elements unipinnate along outer margins except bipinnate spine on first exopodal segment. Leg 2 (Fig. 11 b): coxa ornamented with 1 arched row of spinules near outer margin and 1 oblique row medially near distal margin. Basis slightly smaller than coxa, unarmed, ornamented with 1 row of large arched spinules at distal outer corner and 1 pore proximally. Exopod 3 - segmented; ornamented with 1 row of spinules each along outer margins of all segments, hyaline frill each at inner distal corner of first and third exopodal segments but second segment with 1 row of spinules instead. First segment 0.6 times as long as next 2 segments combined, armed with large, outer spine on first segment; second segment unarmed; third segment slightly longer than second segment, armed with 3 long elements (1 subapical unipinnate spine and 2 apical bipinnate setae); inner apical seta about 1.2 times as long as exopod. Endopod 1 - segmented, cylindrical, and 3.2 times as long as wide, 0.4 times as long as first exopodal segment, ornamented with 2 large spinules apically on distal margin, 3 small spinules on inner margin and 2 spinules at midlength ventrally; armed apically with 1 smooth, straight seta, which is 0.9 times as long as segment. Leg 3 (Fig. 12 a – c): coxa trapezoidal, ornamented with arched row of ventro-medial spinules close to middistal margin. Basis produced disto-medially into 1 lobed structure; ornamented with 1 oblique row of long spinules and 1 pore on anterior surface. Endopod represented by a short spiniform seta at about proximal third of basis length. Exopod modified, both segments fused; ancestral proximal segment stumpy, with almost straight outer margin, 1.5 times as long as wide, about as long as basis, somewhat bent inwards, ornamented with 1 row of 3 spinules on distal outer margin. A massive tubular pore arising from proximal anterior surface. Ancestral second segment mace-like in anterior view (Fig. 12 b), membranous, dilated subdistally, with irregular lateral margins, unornamented. Thumb dagger-shaped, gradually tapering, with acuminate tip and irregular hyaline membrane laterally (Fig. 12 c). Leg 4 (Fig. 12 d – f): coxa trapezoidal, ornamented with 1 row of spinules near distal margin. Basis longer than coxa and trapezoidal in posterior view, ornamented with 1 row of spinules on outer margin and 1 pore proximally, armed with moderately long seta on outer margin. Exopod relatively short and thick, 3 - segmented; ornamented with 1 row of spinules each along outer and inner margins of all segments; inner spinules on first segment particularly long; hyaline frill at inner distal corner of third segment. First segment 0.7 as long as next 2 segments combined, armed with 1 strong bipinnate outer spine subdistally; second segment unarmed and with straight inner margin; third segment slightly longer than second one, armed with 1 subapical spine and 1 apical bipinnate seta; apical seta 1.8 times as long as outer spine, about 1.7 times as long as third exopodal segment, half as long as entire exopod. Endopod short, membranous and somewhat conical, and additional hyaline structure relatively large, foliaceous and occurring rather close to, and partially overlapping, endopod. Leg 5 (Figs. 9 b, c, 11 c): both legs fused at base, with narrow space proximally; represented by subquadrate plate, with distal inner corner rounded; ornamented with 1 row of spinules along distal half of inner margin, gradually increasing in size distally and 1 small cuticular pore on proximal surface; armed with 3 elements: 1 long articulate basal seta and 1 outer smooth, outcurved, simple seta, slightly shorter than inner spiniform seta (possible ancestral endopod). Leg 6 (Fig. 9 b, c): smooth, unornamented, forming simple operculum covering gonopore, fused with sixth pediger, and plate-like structure in ventral view. Description of adult female. Body length, excluding caudal setae 384 Μm. Habitus (Fig. 13 a): ornamentation of prosomites, colour and naupliar eye similar to male, except genital and first abdominal somites fused into double-genital somite. Genital double-somite: without any trace of subdivision, with oval dorsal cuticular window (Fig. 13 b) in anterior half, ornamented with 1 sensillum on either side of cuticular window (Fig. 13 b). Genital complex occupying anterior ventral half of genital double-somite; genital apertures paired, covered by vestigial sixth legs; copulatory pores median; seminal receptacles small, hard to distinguish from internal tissue and gut content; copulatory duct very short and weakly sclerotized. Preanal somite, anal somite and urosomites very similar to male. Caudal rami (Fig. 13 a – c): divergent, 0.4 times as long as anal somite, about 1.2 times as long as wide in lateral view (Fig. 13 b), 1.4 times in dorsal and ventral views (Fig. 13 a, c), with armature and ornamentation as in male, but inner apical seta (VI) slightly swollen at base. FIGURE. 15. Proserpinicaris karanovici n. sp., (a) paratype male, habitus, lateral view; (b) holotype male, urosome, ventral view. Antennule (Fig. 10 i): 7 - segmented, first segment with few minute spinules at outer distal corner in lateroventral view; slender, elongate aesthetasc on fourth segment reaching almost distal margin of ultimate segment; seventh segment with relatively slender and short apical aesthetasc, which is fused basally to 2 apical setae; setal formula: 0.4.4.3 + aes. 0.0.8 + aes. All setae smooth except unipinnate proximalmost one on second segment. Proximal seta on second and ultimate segment with basal articulation. Length ratio of antennular segments, from proximal to distal end and along caudal margin 1: 2.7: 1.6: 1.8: 1.1: 1.1: 1.6. Antenna, labrum, mandible, maxillule, maxilla, maxilliped, and leg 1 similar to male. Leg 2 (Fig. 14 b): exopodal segments same as in male. Endopod cylindrical, armed with seta, which is 1.5 times as long as segment and reaching distal margin of first exopodal segment; ornamented with 1 spinule on outer margin, and 3 spinules on distal margin. Leg 3 (Fig. 14 c): coxa with arched spinular row on anterior surface. Basis ornamented with 1 row of spinules on outer margin and 1 row near base of endopod and 1 pore; armed with very long and smooth outer seta, articulate at base, 1.2 times as long as entire exopod. Exopod 2 - segmented, ornamented with large spinules along outer margin and 1 row at inner distal corner of first segment; second segment alone with hyaline frill at inner distal corner; first segment armed with outer spine; second segment with 1 outer spine and 1 apical strong seta; seta 1.6 times as long as spine; all elements bipinnate. Endopod small, 2.6 times as long as wide, only half as long as first exopodal segment tapering to pointed tip, ornamented with transverse row of tiny spinules subdistally. Leg 4 (Fig. 14 d): exopod similar to male. Endopod rather slender, lanceolate, 1.5 times as long as first endopodal segment, with apical spine fused at base and having sparse spinules on lateral margins; 1 circlet of 3 spinules occurring at midlength (base of fused apical spine), and 1 spinule on proximal outer margin. Leg 5 (Figs. 11 d, 13 b, c): both legs fused at base with narrow inter-space proximally; each in the form of obovate plate, reaching midlength of next segment and ornamented with 1 row of spinules on inner margin, spinules increasing in size distally; basal seta long, articulate at base; distal margin armed with 1 bare outer seta and 1 bipinnate inner spine, seta about as long as spine; distal inner corner produced into somewhat elongate inner spiniform process. Sixth leg vestigial.	en	Totakura, Venkateswara Rao, Reddy, Yenumula Ranga, Shaik, Shabuddin (2014): Three new species of Parastenocarididae (Crustacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from India. Zootaxa 3821 (5): 501-537, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3821.5.1
00474142FFFC924E8DC5FBB7D7CEA61F.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The new species is named in honour of Dr. P. H. C. Corgosinho, Universitário Frutal-MG in Brazil, a well-known authority on the Neotropical Parastenocarididae. The specific epithet is a noun in the genitive singular. Gender masculine.	en	Totakura, Venkateswara Rao, Reddy, Yenumula Ranga, Shaik, Shabuddin (2014): Three new species of Parastenocarididae (Crustacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from India. Zootaxa 3821 (5): 501-537, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3821.5.1
00474142FFFC924E8DC5FBB7D7CEA61F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. This species is only known from the type locality. Ecology. This species was accompanied by Parastenocaris edakkal n. sp. and nematodes in very small numbers.	en	Totakura, Venkateswara Rao, Reddy, Yenumula Ranga, Shaik, Shabuddin (2014): Three new species of Parastenocarididae (Crustacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from India. Zootaxa 3821 (5): 501-537, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3821.5.1
00474142FFE8924B8DC5FA91D4DEA4AA.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Farm bore in the riparian zone of the River Krishna at Kunchanapalli village (16 º 23 ′ 42.1 ″ N, 80 º 32 ′ 28.2 ″ E, elevation 8.9 m; water temperature 26 ºC, pH 7.0), 3 km from Vijayawada city in Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh (Fig 1 a). Type material examined. Holotype male (MNHN-IU- 2013 - 11935) and allotype female (MNHN-IU- 2013 - 11936), dissected on 3 slides each; 4 paratypes: 1 paratype male (MNHN-IU- 2013 - 11937), dissected on 2 slides; 1 male (MNHN-IU- 2013 - 11938) and 2 females (MNHN-IU- 2013 - 11939 – 11940), whole-mounted on 1 slide each. 4 January 2010, Coll. V. R. Totakura. Other material examined. India, Andhra Pradesh, Guntur District, 1 male and 2 females collected from the type locality; 15 December 2013, Coll. V. R. Totakura.	en	Totakura, Venkateswara Rao, Reddy, Yenumula Ranga, Shaik, Shabuddin (2014): Three new species of Parastenocarididae (Crustacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from India. Zootaxa 3821 (5): 501-537, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3821.5.1
00474142FFE8924B8DC5FA91D4DEA4AA.taxon	description	Description of adult male. Total body length, measured from tip of rostrum to posterior margin of caudal rami (excluding caudal setae), 522 Μm. Preserved specimens colourless. Naupliar eye absent. Habitus (Fig. 15 a) with thin cuticle, smooth and not pitted, cylindrical and slender, without any podoplean demarcation between prosome and urosome; prosome / urosome ratio about 0.8 in lateral view; greatest width at fifth pedigerous somite in lateral view; free pedigerous somites 2 – 4 gradually increasing in size. Body length / width ratio about 8.3. Cephalothorax about as wide as genital somite in lateral view, 18.9 % of body length. Free pedigerous somites with narrow arthrodial membranes. Hyaline fringes of all somites smooth, very narrow and hard to distinguish from arthrodial membranes. Integument smooth, ornamented only with sensilla, spinules and with single rectangular dorsal cuticular window on cephalothorax and vague elliptical cuticular window each on urosomites 2 – 5. Pleural areas of cephalothorax and free pedigerous somites present, cephalic appendages and coxae of swimming legs partly exposed in lateral view (Fig. 15 a). Rostrum (Fig. 16 a) small, membranous, about as long as wide, linguiform, fused at base, ornamented with 2 large dorsal sensilla, reaching about end of first antennular segment. Cephalothorax (Fig. 15 a) subquadrate in lateral view, about 1.5 times as long as wide in lateral view and 21.3 % of total body length. Surface of cephalic shield ornamented with sensilla and 1 elliptical, smooth window in distal half; 4 pairs of sensilla around window; 3 pairs of sensilla on either side and 1 pair at base of antennule. Second pedigerous somite 0.9 times as wide as posterior half of cephalothorax in dorsal view, with 3 pairs of large sensilla (1 dorsal and 1 lateral, 1 ventral). Third pedigerous somite slightly wider than second one, with 3 pairs of large sensilla. Fourth pedigerous somite slightly wider and longer than third prosomite, with only 3 pairs of large posterior sensilla. Urosome (Fig. 15 a, b): urosomites gradually narrowing posteriorly, with poorly developed dorsal hyaline frills, hard to distinguish from arthrodial membranes between urosomites. Urosomites 2 – 5 each with elliptical cuticular window, and 1 – 3 each ornamented with 4 pairs of large posterior sensilla (2 dorsal, 1 lateral, 1 ventral). Fourth urosomite with 3 pairs of large posterior sensilla. Preanal somite slightly narrower and longer than fourth urosomite, without any surface ornamentation in dorsal view. Anal somite about as long as wide and slightly narrower than preanal somite, ornamented with 2 large dorsal sensilla at base of anal operculum, 1 cuticular pore on either side and 1 row of spinules on ventro-distal margin, of which 1 spinule large. A large, longitudinally placed spermatophore (Fig. 15 a) visible through cuticle of fifth pediger and genital somite, about 3.1 times as long as wide, bean-shaped, with narrow and curved neck. Anal operculum well developed, distal margin convex, not reaching posterior end of anal somite, representing 68 % of somite's width. Anal sinus wide; ornamented with 2 diagonal rows of slender spinules. Caudal rami (Fig. 15 a, b): subcylindrical, sub-proximally dilated on inner margin and gradually tapering, about 2.6 times as long as greatest width in ventral view, 2.2 times in lateral view, and about 1.2 times as long as anal somite, slightly divergent, with space between them being about half the maximum width of ramus; armed with 6 setae (seta II absent) and ornamented with posterior row of spinules on ventral margin and 1 disto-lateral cuticular pore. Lateral setae (I and III) located at 2 / 5 of ramus length, unequal. Dorsal seta (VII) inserted at about 3 / 4 of, and close to, inner margin, nearly 1.3 times as long as caudal ramus, plumose, biarticulate basally. Inner apical seta (VI) smooth, inserted close to ventral margin, about 0.7 times as long as ramus. Middle apical seta (V) strongest, without breaking plane, bipinnate, about 2.4 times as long as ramus, pointing distally, with straight tip. Outer apical seta (IV) greatly reduced, smooth, only about 0.3 times as long as ramus length, inserted close to dorsal surface and pointing postero-laterally. Antennule (Fig. 16 b): 8 - segmented, slightly longer than cephalothorax, slender, prehensile, strongly digeniculate, geniculation between third and fourth, and sixth and seventh segments; last 2 segments directed distally (‘ coiled type’). First segment very short, ornamented with 1 row of tiny spinules. Segments 3 – 5 moderately dilated, fifth segment without any proximal spiniform process on anterior surface; aesthetasc elongate with blunt tip, reaching mid-length of ultimate segment, fused basally to simple seta; short and slender apical aesthetasc on ultimate segment, fused basally to 2 setae (acrotheck). Setal formula: 0.6.4.1.5 + aes. 2.0.9 + aes. All setae slender and smooth except 1 spiniform seta on third segment; proximalmost seta on second segment unipinnate, with extremely long setules along outer margin. Length ratios of antennular segments, along medial axis, 1.0: 3.1: 1.1: 0.3: 1.2: 1.1: 1: 1. Antenna (Fig. 16 c): composed of coxa, allobasis, 1 - segmented exopod and 1 - segmented endopod. Coxa very short, unarmed and unornamented. Allobasis about 3.5 times as long as maximum width, unarmed but ornamented with 2 arched rows of spinules on anterior surface. Exopod slender, cylindrical, about 5 times as long as wide, unornamented, and armed with 1 unipinnate apical seta, which is 2.3 times as long as segment. Endopod 0.4 times as long as allobasis and about twice as long as wide, with surface frill subdistally, ornamented with 2 longitudinal spinular rows on inner margin, armed laterally with 2 short, bipinnate, unequal spines and apically with 5 strong elements (2 spines, 2 geniculate setae and 1 unipinnate transformed seta). Labrum (Fig. 16 d): large and subtriangular in ventral view, with narrow and arched cutting edge, and 1 row of elongate spinules on ventral surface. Mandible (Fig. 16 e, f): gnathobase with narrow cutting edge on elongated coxa, armed with 2 complex teeth ventrally, 1 unipinnate seta dorsally, and several smaller teeth. Palp 1 - segmented, cylindrical, about 4.2 times as long as wide, unornamented, armed apically with 2 smooth apical setae. Maxillule (Fig. 16 g): with relatively large praecoxa; praecoxal arthrite about 3.2 times as long as wide; no ornamentation on posterior surface; armed with 3 strong, smooth, apical spinous processes and 1 subapical stout spiniform seta. Coxal endite armed with 2 smooth setae apically. Basis slightly longer than coxal endite, armed with 3 smooth apical setae. Maxilla (Fig. 16 h): composed of syncoxa, basis, and 1 - segmented endopod. Syncoxa with 2 endites, basal one short, armed with 1 apical smooth, fused seta; distal endite armed with 1 smooth seta and 1 unipinnate seta apically. Allobasis prolonged into strong unipinnate claw, without seta at base. Endopod short, with 2 unequal setae. Maxilliped (Fig. 16 i): syncoxa short and relatively strong, unarmed and unornamented; basis slender, 5.4 times as long as wide, unornamented and unarmed; endopod small, with unipinnate claw, about 0.5 times as long as basis. Leg 1 (Fig. 17 a): coxa with 1 circlet of spinules on posterior surface. Basis smaller than coxa, ornamented with 1 row of large spinules along outer margin and another row of spinules between exopod and endopod ventrally, and 1 pore proximally; armed with 1 slender, short seta on outer margin. Exopod 3 - segmented; first segment armed with 1 outer bipinnate spine, 0.9 times as long as next 2 segments combined and 4 elements on third segment (1 outer spine, 1 apical seta and 2 apical geniculate setae); ornamented with few large spinules along outer margin. Endopod 2 - segmented, longer than exopod; first segment longer than proximal 2 exopodal segments combined, ornamented with 1 row of elongate spinules on subdistal inner margin, 2 rows of short spinules on outer margin; second endopodal segment ornamented with 1 row of spinules on mid-outer margin and armed apically with 1 long geniculate seta and 1 short spine; geniculate seta 1.2 times as long as entire endopod, almost 2.1 times as long as outer spine on endopod, about as long as inner geniculate seta on exopod. All exopodal and endopodal armature elements unipinnate along outer margin except bipinnate spine on first exopodal segment. Leg 2 (Fig. 17 b): coxa large, ornamented with 1 transverse row of small spinules on posterior outer margin. Basis ornamented with 1 row of spinules near anterior inner margin, 1 pore on mid-dorsal surface and unarmed. Exopod 3 - segmented; ornamented with 1 row of spinules along outer margins of all segments and hyaline frill at inner distal corner of first and third segments; second segment with 1 row of spinules at inner distal corner; first segment 0.8 times as long as next 2 segments combined and armed with 1 outer bipinnate spine; second segment unarmed; third segment as long as second one, armed with 3 long setae (1 subapical unipinnate and 2 apical bipinnate setae); innermost seta about as long as exopod. Endopod 1 - segmented, cylindrical and almost 6 times as long as wide, reaching 1 / 3 of first exopodal segment in length, ornamented with 2 spinules on distal end, and armed apically with 1 smooth seta, which is about as long as segment and pointing outwards. Leg 3 (Fig. 17 c): characteristically straight; coxa trapezoidal, ornamentation not discernible. Basis rectangular but produced into 1 lobe-like structure at inner distal corner in anterior view; ornamented with 1 oblique row of unequal spinules near outer margin, 2 rows of small spinules near inner proximal margin, 1 pore proximally; armed with long, slender outer seta, which is articulate at base. Endopod represented by short, sturdy spiniform structure, inserted at 2 / 3 of inner margin. Exopod modified, fused; proximal ancestral segment subquadrate; ornamented with 1 row of 3 small spinules on outer distal margin; apophysis doubly curved, claw-like and unornamented; thumb dagger-shaped, membranous, distinct at base, slightly dilated subproximally, and 1.5 times as long as apophysis; 1 narrow hyaline membrane at about mid-inner margin on lateral margins. Leg 4 (Fig. 17 d, e): coxa rhomboidal, ornamented with 1 row of spinules posteriorly. Basis trapezoidal, ornamented with 1 row of spinules on anterior surface, 1 row on outer proximal margin, and 1 pore on proximal surface; armed with moderately long outer seta. Exopod slender, elongate, 3 - segmented, ornamented with spinules only along outer margin; first segment 0.6 as long as next 2 segments combined; hyaline frill at inner distal corner of first and third segments, second segment with 1 row of spinules at inner distal corner; first segment armed with strong bipinnate outer spine subdistally; second segment unarmed; third segment slightly longer than second one and armed with 1 outer spine and 1 inner, apical bipinnate seta; seta 2.7 times as long as spine, 2.3 times as long as third exopodal segment, 0.8 times as long as entire exopod. Endopod nearly as long as first exopodal segment, membranous, proximal 2 / 3 slightly swollen; lateral margins fringed with tiny spinules; the hyaline structure leaflike and occurring close to, and partially overlapping, endopod. Leg 5 (Figs. 15 a, 17 f): both legs separate at base; each leg large, elongate trapezoidal plate, ornamented with longitudinal row of 7 large spinules on distal inner margin, spinules increasing in size posteriorly, distalmost spinule slightly overreaching tip of inner spiniform process; and 1 small cuticular pore on proximal half; inner distal angle protruding as spiniform process and with minute spinules distally, spiniform processes of both legs divergent; each leg armed with 4 smooth setae on uneven outer margin. Basal lobe distinct, carrying 1 long, basally articulate seta followed by 1 tiny seta; next 2 setae unequal and arising from a slight bulge (probably ancestral endopod). Leg 6 (Fig. 15 a): claw-like, bare, posteriorly directed, forming simple operculum covering gonopore, fused with sixth pedigerous somite. Description of adult female. Body length excluding caudal setae 540 Μm. Habitus (Fig. 18 a): ornamentation of prosomites and colour similar to male, except genital somite and first abdominal somite fused into doublesomite. Cephalothorax (Fig. 18 a) elongate-oval with postero-lateral corners dilated in dorsal view, about 1.2 times as long as wide in dorsal view; representing 15.9 % of total body length. Genital double-somite about as long as wide without any trace of subdivision and with vague, elliptical cuticular window on antero-dorsal half, and 4 pairs of large posterior sensilla. Other urosomites gradually decreasing in size. Preanal and anal somites same as in male. Genital complex occupying antero-ventral half of genital double-somite; genital apertures paired, each covered by vestigial sixth legs; copulatory pores medial; seminal receptacles small; copulatory duct very short and weakly sclerotized. Caudal rami (Figs. 18 a, 20 a, b): 1.3 times as long as anal somite, about 2.8 times as long as wide; gradually tapering; armature and ornamentation as in male. Antennule (Fig. 16 j): 7 - segmented, first segment with few minute spinules near outer margin, fourth segment with slender aesthetasc, overreaching midlength of ultimate segment, and more slender apical aesthetasc on seventh segment, which is fused basally to 2 apical setae; setal formula: 0.4.5.2 + aes. 1.1.8 + aes. All setae, except proximalmost one on second segment smooth. Length ratios of antennular segments on medial axis 1.0: 3.5: 1.5: 1.3: 0.7: 1.0: 1.2. Antenna, labrum, mandible, maxillule, maxilla, maxilliped and leg 1 similar to male. Leg 2 (Fig. 19 b): exopod same as in male. Endopod 1 - segmented, slender, 6.3 times as long as wide, somewhat curved, ornamented with 1 spinule subdistally; apex with 2 spinules and 1 slender seta, reaching distal end of first exopodal segment. Leg 3 (Fig. 19 c): coxa with arched row of spinules on anterior surface. Basis ornamented with spinules on outer margin and 1 pore anteriorly, armed with long and smooth outer seta, which is about as long as entire exopod. Exopod 2 - segmented, ornamented with 1 row of large spinules along outer margin, and both segments with hyaline frill each at inner distal corner. First segment armed with 1 outer spine; second one with 1 outer spine and 1 apical strong seta; seta 2.9 times as long as spine; all elements bipinnate. Endopod 1 - segmented, cylindrical, blunt, 4.4 times as long as wide, short, 0.3 times as long as first exopodal segment, ornamented with 1 spinule at midlength on inner margin and 1 spinule apically, which is 0.3 times as long as segment. Leg 4 (Fig. 19 d): exopod similar to male. Endopod lanceolate, about as long as first exopodal segment together with fused apical spine, somewhat curved inwards, ornamented with 2 circlets of spinules in proximal half. Leg 5 (Figs. 19 e, 20 a, b): trapezoidal plate, overreaching posterior margin of fifth pediger; inner margin ornamented with only 3 small spinules, with distinct gap between proximal spinule and distal pair of spinules. Inner spiniform processes on both legs parallel; setal armature same as in male. Leg 6 completely absent.	en	Totakura, Venkateswara Rao, Reddy, Yenumula Ranga, Shaik, Shabuddin (2014): Three new species of Parastenocarididae (Crustacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from India. Zootaxa 3821 (5): 501-537, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3821.5.1
00474142FFE8924B8DC5FA91D4DEA4AA.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The new species is named in honour of Prof. T. Karanovic, Hanyang University in Seoul, in recognition of his significant contributions to the systematics of groundwater copepods. The specific epithet, karanovici, is a noun in the genitive singular.	en	Totakura, Venkateswara Rao, Reddy, Yenumula Ranga, Shaik, Shabuddin (2014): Three new species of Parastenocarididae (Crustacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from India. Zootaxa 3821 (5): 501-537, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3821.5.1
00474142FFE8924B8DC5FA91D4DEA4AA.taxon	distribution	Distribution. The new species is confined to the type locality only. Ecology. The new species was accompanied by various other taxa on two occasions at the type locality: Atopobathynella sp., Habrobathynella sp., Serbanibathynella sp., an unidentified cyclopoid, Nitocrella sp., Parastenocaris sp., an unidentified harpacticoid, water mites, nematodes, oligochaetes and insect larvae on 4 January 2010; and Atopobathynella sp., Serbanibathynella sp., Nitocrella sp., Parastenocaris sp., and an unidentified harpacticoid on 15 December 2013. Similar multiple stygobitic species coexistence has been reported elsewhere (see Corgosinho & Martínez Arbizu 2005; Corgosinho et al. 2007; Karanovic & Cooper 2011).	en	Totakura, Venkateswara Rao, Reddy, Yenumula Ranga, Shaik, Shabuddin (2014): Three new species of Parastenocarididae (Crustacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from India. Zootaxa 3821 (5): 501-537, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3821.5.1
00474142FFE8924B8DC5FA91D4DEA4AA.taxon	description	Variation. Caudal rami varying in size and form in female (Fig. 18 a – e).	en	Totakura, Venkateswara Rao, Reddy, Yenumula Ranga, Shaik, Shabuddin (2014): Three new species of Parastenocarididae (Crustacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida) from India. Zootaxa 3821 (5): 501-537, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3821.5.1
