taxonID	type	description	language	source
016887A7CD636E0EFE38FD3EC810FBC7.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis Carapace usually smooth, lacking any sculpture, shape elongate, rostra well-developed but asymmetrical; posterior dorsal corners usually pointed. The “ asymmetrical glands ” open almost symmetrically just below posterior dorsal corner. Frontal organ long, extends beyond second segment of first antennae (Skogsberg 1920), but ± length of first antenna. First antennae (A 1) show marked sexual dimorphism, in both sexes fourth segment bears ventrally more than 20 bundle setae of similar length and thickness. Terminal A 1 segment bears four or five unarmed setae. In males, two setae are long and powerful; the longest seta more than three times the length of bundle sensory setae and 50 % carapace length (CL). Protopodite of second antenna (A 2) large and powerful. In males A 2 is 35 – 40 % CL. A 2 endopodite lacks any c-, d- and e-setae (that are typical of other halocyprids), f- and g-setae very long. The male right A 2 endopodite with elongate hooked clasping organ, with long proximal shank with h-, i- and j-setae inserted distally, end piece long, curved. Left A 2 endopodite has “ hook ” reduced to just straight basal shank, also carries three setae terminally. Female A 2 endopodite without c-, d- and e-setae, f- and g-setae shorter than in male. First segment with small verucca carrying a single seta (similar in length to i-seta of male). Coxale of mandibular protopodite elongate triangular structure contains complex musculature that generates the biting action. Distal end of the coxale has three parallel rows of teeth: pars incisiva, distal tooth list, and narrower proximal tooth list. Basale with distal edge of sub-serrate teeth, one tubular tooth and one dagger-shaped tooth; laterally with four long setae and a plumose seta. The exopodite consists of a long plumose seta. The segmented endopodite with a short, bare dorsal seta sits on first segment plus three spinose ventral setae. Second segment with one spinose ventral seta and two dorsal spinose setae. Terminal segment with seven spinose setae; the longest almost as long as carapace. Basal segment of maxilla with five anterior, one lateral and four posterior setae. Distal segment short and wide with six claw setae, the posteriormost is longer than others, anterior seta with secondary spines, ornamented with short fine hairs. Ventral edge of basale of fifth limb with five spinose pointed setae, and laterally two plumose setae. First endopodite segment with two ventral setae and one dorsal seta; all spinose. Second segment with three curved unequal terminal claw setae; central claw is longest. Main axes of both fifth and sixth limbs in both sexes are endopodites, the dorsal seta on the basale is a remnant exopodite (see Boxshall 1998; Kornicker 2003). In females, basale of sixth limb with ventrally three spinose setae plus one plumose seta, laterally a plumose seta, dorsally a single seta. First endopodite segment with two ventral setae. Second segment with single spinose setae ventrally and dorsally. Terminal segment with three unequal serrate setae. Male sixth limb differs from female’s. Ventral surface of the basale with five spinose setae, terminal setae very long, subequal, smoothly curved with long hairs. Seventh limb in both sexes with two setae one long, one short. Caudal furca with seven pairs of claw setae that diminish in size dorsally, all with secondary spines along trailing edge, plus dorsally small unpaired seta with secondary spines. Between the first and second pairs of claw setae a verruciform process. Intromittent organ broad, widens distally with rounded tip. Remarks This genus is exceptional among halocyprid ostracods in that the females retain their eggs in a brood pouch within the carapace, releasing them as they complete the first juvenile instar. The earliest juvenile instar has two pairs of caudal furca spines and at each moult an extra pair is added. Most adult halocyprids have eight pairs of caudal furca spines, whereas Euconchoecia has seven pairs, which poses the question of whether Euconchoecia moult just five times from hatching to maturation rather than the usual six of Conchoecia Dana, 1853. If Euconchoecia has evolved neotenously from the Conchoecia type of life cycle by a reduction in the number of moults from six to five, such an abbreviated life cycle would enable populations to respond quicker to any changes resulting from upwelling events.	en	Graves, Carol (2011): Redescription of Euconchoecia chierchiae Müller, 1890 and Euconchoecia aculeata (Scott, 1894) (Halocyprididae: Ostracoda) from the Atlantic, and descriptions of two novel species of Euconchoecia Müller 1890, from the Gulf of Oman. Journal of Natural History 45 (31 - 32): 1937-1981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.573100, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.573100
016887A7CD626E19FE64FB19CB7AFAC3.taxon	description	(Figures 1 – 6, 21 A, B)	en	Graves, Carol (2011): Redescription of Euconchoecia chierchiae Müller, 1890 and Euconchoecia aculeata (Scott, 1894) (Halocyprididae: Ostracoda) from the Atlantic, and descriptions of two novel species of Euconchoecia Müller 1890, from the Gulf of Oman. Journal of Natural History 45 (31 - 32): 1937-1981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.573100, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.573100
016887A7CD626E19FE64FB19CB7AFAC3.taxon	materials_examined	Material The material is not “ type ” material, but material collected from Discovery station 8281 (see above). Permanent preparations of dissected specimens used to prepare the illustrations in this paper have been deposited at the Natural History Museum, London: registration number BMNH 2009.316 for the female and BMNH 2009.317 for the male. Registration numbers BMNH 2009.318 – 327 are for the 32 females and 9 males retained in 80 % ethyl alcohol. Description A full redescription is merited because this is the type species for the genus. The meristic characters of the carapaces of both sexes, the frontal organs, first and second antennae, mouthparts and limbs are listed in Tables 2 – 9, together with comparative data for the other species examined: E. aculeata Scott 1894, and the two new species from the Gulf of Oman. Female Carapace (Figure 1 A, B). Mean length 1.24 ± 0.05 mm (n = 32). Carapace of exemplar specimen (Table 2) with length 1.28 mm, height 0.56 mm and breadth 0.50 mm. Height: length ratio 43.8 %, breadth: length ratio 39.1 %. Carapace unsculptured. In lateral view slightly elongate: maximum height just posterior to mid-length. Ventral margin curves smoothly into posterior margin. Posterior dorsal corner of both valves furnished with a small spine. Spine slightly smaller on left valve. Dorsal margin arcs anteriorly up towards dorsal end of hinge between carapace valves. Both rostra curve ventrally, the left rostrum is the longer and more pointed. The “ asymmetrical ” glands open at a similar height on posterior margin of each valve just below spine at posterior dorsal corner. Frontal organ (Table 2; Figure 1 C). Frontal organ fused into a single slender structure with rounded end that is just shorter than A 1 and 18.9 % CL. First antenna (Table 3 Figure 1 C). With five segments, but suture between fourth and fifth segments ill-defined. Limb length ∼ 31 % CL. Fourth segment with ∼ 24 thin walled bundle setae all 17 % CL. Fifth segment with four more unequal setae; a-seta quite short 5.1 % CL; b-seta 9.4 % CL; c-seta 17.2 % CL; d-seta 13.9 % CL. Second antenna (Table 3; Figure 1 D). Protopodite 27.7 % CL. Length of first exopodite segment ∼ half protopodite. Most swimming setae similar in length to protopodite, all but the shortest terminal seta have long hairs distally. Endopodite (Figure 1 E) with short, pointed, bare a- and b-setae. There are no c-, d- or e-setae. The f- and g-setae, respectively, 26.6 % CL and 44.9 % CL. The i-seta 13.3 % CL, but h- and j-setae are absent. Mandible (Table 4; Figure 2 A, B). Coxale toothed edge of pars incisiva has two large and 10 small smooth teeth. Distal tooth list slightly narrower with two large tusklike teeth and 10 small smooth teeth. The proximal tooth list very narrow, with two large and five small teeth. Outer margin of toothed edge of basal endite with a large dagger-shaped tooth, a slightly smaller, rounded, tubular tooth and six subserrate teeth. Two spinose setae are inserted laterally on basal endite. Exopodite represented by moderately long plumose seta inserted on outer margin of basis. First endopodite segment with one short, bare, subterminal, dorsal seta and three finely spinose ventral setae. Second segment with one ventral and two dorsal setae, all finely spinose. Third segment with seven spinose terminal setae; one very long and robust. Maxilla (Table 4; Figure 2 C). Basal segment with five anterior, one lateral and four posterior setae. Distal segment comparatively short and wide with six terminal claw setae, the posteriormost is longest, anterior claw with secondary spines. Fifth limb (Table 5; Figure 2 D). Ventrally basale with five (2 + 1 + 2) setae all with secondary spines; laterally two plumose setae, dorsally a single long spinose seta – the remnant of the exopodite. First segment with two ventral setae and one dorsal seta, all spinose. Second segment with three unequal, curved terminal claw setae; middle claw the longest 5.7 % CL. Sixth limb (Table 5; Figure 2 E). Basale with one proximal, two medial ventral spinose setae and a distal plumose seta, laterally a plumose seta and dorsally a terminal spinose seta. First endopodite segment with two ventral setae. Second segment with a single spinose seta both ventrally and dorsally. Third segment with three unequal spinose, terminal claw setae; longest middle claw 10.4 % CL. Caudal furca (Table 5; Figure 2 F). Seven pairs of claw setae diminish in size dorsally; longest claw 15.2 % CL. All have secondary spines along their trailing edges. Dorsal to Notes: n = 1 for each species % CL, % of carapace length. the paired spines is a single seta with bilateral secondary spines. Between the first and second pairs of claw setae is a verruciform process. Male Carapace (Figure 3 A, B). Mean length 1.24 ± 0.06 mm (n = 9). Carapace of exemplar specimen (Table 6) with length 1.26 mm, height 0.70 mm and breadth 0.60 mm. Height: length ratio 55.6 %, breadth: length ratio 47.6 %. Carapace unsculptured. Maximum height just anterior to mid-length. Ventral margin curves smoothly into posterior margin. Posterior dorsal corner of both valves furnished with a small spine. On the left valve the spine is slightly smaller. Dorsal margin arcs anteriorly up towards dorsal end of hinge between carapace valves. Both rostra forward pointing and of the same length. The “ asymmetrical ” glands open at a similar height on the posterior margin of each valve just below the spine at the posterior dorsal corner. Frontal organ (Table 6; Figure 3 C). Frontal organ is fused into a slender structure with a rounded end, shorter than A 1 and 23.2 % CL. First antenna (Table 7; Figure 3 C). With five well-defined segments. Limb length ∼ 31 % CL. As in the female, fourth segment with ∼ 24 thin walled bundle setae all 17.5 % CL. Fifth segment with five more unequal setae: a-seta 8.3 % CL; b-seta 18.1 % CL; c-seta 38.9 % CL; d-seta 42.5 % CL; e-seta 65.1 % CL. Second antenna (Table 7; Figure 3 D). Protopodite 38.5 % CL. Length of first segment of exopodite ∼ half protopodite. Most swimming setae similar in length to protopodite, all but the shortest have long hairs distally. Endopodite with short, pointed a- and b-setae. There are no c-, d- or e-setae. The f- and g-setae respectively 22.4 % CL and 79.8 % CL. Right endopodite (Figure 4 B) with elongated clasping organ in form of hook with long proximal shank and very long curved end piece 9.1 % CL. The h-, i- and j-setae attached distally to basal shank, h-seta is short 3.4 % CL and curves over bases of other two, i-seta longest 15.9 % CL. Left endopodite (Figure 4 A) “ hook ” reduced to just basal shank with three setae. Mandible, maxilla, fifth limb (Tables 8, 9; Figures 4 C – E, 5 A). Structure and arrangement of setae for mandible, maxilla and fifth limb are same as for female. Sixth limb (Table 9; Figure 5 B). Basale with five spinose setae ventrally, one lateral spinose seta and one bare dorsal exopodal seta. First endopodite segment with two ventral setae. Second endopodite segment with a single seta both ventrally and dorsally. Third segment with three subequal terminal setae, very long, evenly curved ventrally with long hairs 28.6 % CL. Caudal furca (Table 9; Figure 5 C). Structure and arrangement of furcal claws similar to female. The longest claw is 18.7 % CL. Intromittent organ (Table 9; Figure 5 C). Male copulatory appendage is exceptionally long, 27.4 % CL. Remarks The original description of E. chierchiae by Müller (1890) and subsequent redescription (Müller 1906) specified a wide size range; females from 1.15 to 1.53 mm and males from 1.15 to 1.45 mm. Size is a significant taxonomic feature of halocyprid ostracods, so a wide range such as this often suggests that there may be more than one species present. The redescriptions of E. chierchiae by Brady (1902) and by Vavra (1906) were considered doubtful by Skogsberg (1920), and the illustration by Skogsberg (1920) of a female specimen in lateral aspect differs from those of Müller (1890, 1906). Euconchoecia chierchiae as described by George (1977) from the Indian Ocean appears very similar to Atlantic E. chierchiae as described by Müller (1890). Deevey (1968) and later Angel (1999) identified and illustrated E. chierchiae from off Bermuda, and recently specimens from waters west of Bermuda have had the cytochrome oxidase type 1 gene (COI) sequenced (Angel, personal communication). However, critical comparisons of these two authors’ descriptions and figures deviate from those of both Müller (1906) and Skogsberg (1920), and the attributions of their specimens to this species remain open to question (Figure 6). There is a now a need for systematic and molecular studies to clarify the status of this species. Unfortunately, despite the remarkably high abundances of Euconchoecia in tropical waters especially in the Pacific, no sequencing of this genus has been undertaken, and the Gulf of Oman material is unsuitable for molecular sequencing because it was initially preserved in formalin.	en	Graves, Carol (2011): Redescription of Euconchoecia chierchiae Müller, 1890 and Euconchoecia aculeata (Scott, 1894) (Halocyprididae: Ostracoda) from the Atlantic, and descriptions of two novel species of Euconchoecia Müller 1890, from the Gulf of Oman. Journal of Natural History 45 (31 - 32): 1937-1981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.573100, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.573100
016887A7CD756E15FE11FA3BC9E4FF78.taxon	description	(Figures 7 – 10, 21 C, D)	en	Graves, Carol (2011): Redescription of Euconchoecia chierchiae Müller, 1890 and Euconchoecia aculeata (Scott, 1894) (Halocyprididae: Ostracoda) from the Atlantic, and descriptions of two novel species of Euconchoecia Müller 1890, from the Gulf of Oman. Journal of Natural History 45 (31 - 32): 1937-1981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.573100, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.573100
016887A7CD756E15FE11FA3BC9E4FF78.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Permanent preparations of the dissected specimens selected as lectotype and paralectotype and used in this detailed description of the species are deposited at the Natural History Museum, London registration number BMNH 2009.328 for the lectotype (female) and BMNH 2009.329 for the paralectotype (male). The remaining undissected paralectotypes retain the original registration numbers, 1893.4.22. 14 – 17. Description The meristic characters of the carapaces of males and females, and the frontal organs, first and second antennae, mouthparts and limbs are listed in Tables 2 to 9 together with comparative data for the other species described here. Female Carapace (Figure 7 A, B). Material deposited in the Natural History Museum contained two females: one measured 1.18 mm. The other, selected as lectotype (Table 2), Notes: n = 1 for each species. % CL, carapace length; n. d., no data. has length 1.28 mm, height 0.64 mm and breadth 0.42 mm. Height: length ratio was 50.0 %, breadth: length ratio was 32.8 %. Carapace unsculptured. Lateral view elongate. Ventral margin curves smoothly into posterior margin. Posterior dorsal corner of both valves furnished with a small spine. Spine smaller on left valve. Dorsal margin straight and parallel to the ventral margin. Both rostra curve ventrally, with the left rostral process longer and more pointed. The “ asymmetrical ” glands open at a similar height on posterior margin of each valve just below spine at posterior dorsal corner. Frontal organ (Table 2; Figure 7 C). Frontal organ fused into a slender structure with a rounded end that is slightly longer than A 1 and 22.3 % CL. First antenna (Table 3; Figure 7 C). With five segments, but suture between fourth and fifth segments ill-defined. Limb length ∼ 34 % CL. Fourth segment with ∼ 24 thin walled bundle setae all 17.0 % CL. Fifth segment with four more unequal setae, the a-seta short 3.1 % CL; b-seta 6.1 % CL; c-seta 14.5 % CL; d-seta 11.5 % CL. Second antenna (Table 3; Figure 7 D). Protopodite 29.3 % CL. Length of first exopodite segment approximately half protopodite. Most swimming setae are similar length to protopodite, all but the shortest terminal seta have long hairs distally. Endopodite (Figure 7 E) with short, pointed, bare a- and b-setae. There are no c-, d- or e-setae. The f- and g-setae respectively 25.4 % CL and 35.2 % CL. The i-seta 23.0 % CL, but the h- and j-setae are absent. Mandible (Table 4; Figure 8 A). Coxale toothed edge of pars incisiva has two large and 10 small smooth teeth. Distal tooth list slightly narrower with two large tusk-like teeth and 10 small smooth teeth. Proximal tooth list very narrow, with two large and five small teeth. Outer margin of toothed edge of basal endite with a large dagger-shaped tooth, a slightly smaller, rounded, tubular tooth and six subserrate triangular teeth. Two spinose setae are inserted laterally on the basal endite. Exopodite represented by moderately long plumose seta inserted on outer margin of basis. First endopodite segment with one short, bare, subterminal, dorsal seta and three finely spinose ventral setae. Second segment with one ventral and two dorsal setae all finely spinose. Third segment with seven spinose terminal setae, one very long and robust. Maxilla (Table 4; Figure 8 B). Basal segment with five anterior, one lateral and four posterior setae. Distal segment comparatively short and wide with six terminal claw setae, the posteriormost is longest, anterior claw with secondary spines. Fifth limb (Table 5; Figure 8 C). Ventrally basale with five (2 + 1 + 2) setae all with secondary spines, laterally two plumose setae, dorsally a single long dorsal spinose seta – the remnant of the exopodite. First segment with two ventral setae and one dorsal seta, all spinose. Second segment with three unequal curved terminal claw setae of unequal length; middle claw the longest 6.0 % CL. Sixth limb (Table 5; Figure 8 D). Basale with one proximal, two medial ventral spinose setae and a distal plumose seta, laterally a plumose seta and dorsally a terminal spinose seta. First endopodite segment with two ventral setae. Second segment with a single spinose seta both ventrally and dorsally. Third segment with three unequal, spinose terminal claw setae; longest middle claw 8.1 % CL. Caudal furca (Table 5; Figure 8 E). Seven pairs of claw setae diminish in size dorsally; longest claw 14.1 % CL. All have secondary spines along their trailing edges. Dorsal to the paired spines is a single seta with bilateral secondary spines. Between the first and second pair of claw setae is a verruciform process. Male Carapace (Figure 9 A, B). Material deposited in the Natural History Museum contained two males. One measured 1.14 mm. The paralectotype (Table 6) with a length of 1.06 mm, height of 0.60 mm and breadth of 0.46 mm. Height: length ratio 56.6 %, breadth: length ratio 43.4 %. Carapace unsculptured. In lateral view maximum carapace height is just anterior to mid-length. Ventral margin curves uniformly. Dorsal margin curves upwards towards the rostral processes. Posterior dorsal corner of both valves furnished with a small spine. On the left valve the spine is slightly the smaller. Both rostra curve ventrally, the left rostrum is slightly smaller. The specimen was damaged, so measurements are imprecise. The “ asymmetrical ” glands open at a similar height on posterior margin of each valve just below spine at posterior dorsal corner. Frontal organ (Table 6; Figure 9 C). Frontal organ fused into a single slender structure with rounded end that is shorter than A 1 and 22.2 % CL. First antenna (Table 7; Figure 9 C). With five well-defined segments. Fourth segment with ∼ 24 thin walled bundle setae. All broken, so no measurements obtained. Fifth segment with five unequal setae. All broken, so no measurements obtained. Second antenna (Table 7; Figure 9 D). Protopodite 38.2 % CL. Length of first exopodite segment approximately half prodopodite. Swimming setae shorter than the protopodite and all but the shortest have long hairs distally. Endopodite with short, pointed, bare a- and b- setae. There are no c-, d- or e-setae. The f-seta and gseta respectively 36.8 % CL and 38.4 % CL. Right endopodite (Figure 9 F) with an elongated clasping organ in the form of a hook with long proximal shank and curved end piece 1.7 % CL. The h-seta is short 1.9 % CL with long i-seta 16.0 % CL. Left endopodite (Figure 9 E) “ hook ” is reduced to basal shank with three setae terminally. Mandible, maxilla (Table 8; Figure 10 A, B). The full detailed structure of these limbs cannot be described because of the poor state of preservation of the material. Structure and arrangement of setae on the endopodite and the structure of the maxilla are same as female. Fifth limb. Missing. Sixth limb (Table 9; Figure 10 C). Basale with five spinose setae ventrally, one lateral spinose seta and one bare dorsal seta. First endopodite segment with two ventral setae. Second endopodite segment with a single seta both ventrally and dorsally. Terminal setae broken. Caudal furca (Table 9; Figure 10 D). Structure and arrangement of the furcal claws is same as female. Longest claw is 17.5 % CL. Intromittent organ (Table 9; Figure 10 E). The male copulatory appendage is exceptionally long, 27.4 % CL. Remarks A full and detailed description of the type material is given here because the original description is so incomplete that it has undoubtedly led to confusion in the subsequent literature. By unambiguously describing all its characters, even when very similar, if not identical, to those described above for E. chierchiae, confusion should be avoided in future. Scott’s original description of this species as Halocypris aculeata (Scott 1894) was vague and incomplete. Cleve (1905), with approval from Scott, transferred this species to the genus Euconchoecia, because Scott’s specimens were clearly not Halocypris, and Müller had described his new genus Euconchoecia. The description of E. aculeata by Müller (1912) records a length of 0.9 – 1.05 mm for females and 0.95 mm for males. This is smaller than the type specimens deposited by Scott at the Natural History Museum, London. Poulsen (1969) and Tseng (1969) both reported E. aculeata from various locations outside the Atlantic without re-examining Scott’s material. Given the inadequate quality of the original description, subsequent records of E. aculeata remote from the type locality require confirmation. The species E. aculeata is very similar to E. chierchiae and both are of similar size. The female of E. aculeata is more elongate and the rostrum is narrower and more downward pointing in both sexes (Figure 21). The frontal organ of female E. aculeata is marginally longer than the first antenna (Table 2), and in the male the second antenna right clasper shank length is very much smaller than that of E. chierchiae (Table 7). These characters readily distinguish these two species.	en	Graves, Carol (2011): Redescription of Euconchoecia chierchiae Müller, 1890 and Euconchoecia aculeata (Scott, 1894) (Halocyprididae: Ostracoda) from the Atlantic, and descriptions of two novel species of Euconchoecia Müller 1890, from the Gulf of Oman. Journal of Natural History 45 (31 - 32): 1937-1981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.573100, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.573100
016887A7CD796E2AFDF8FE80C83AFC99.taxon	description	(Figures 11 – 15, 21 E, F) Type material Permanent preparations of the dissected holotype and allotype used in this description are deposited at the Natural History Museum, London registration number BMNH 2009.330 for the holotype (female) and BMNH 2009.331 for the allotype (male). Registration numbers BMNH 2009.332 – 341 are for the remaining female and male paratypes retained in 80 % ethyl alcohol. Etymology The specific name refers to the type locality of the Gulf of Oman. Description The meristic characters of the carapaces of males and females, and the frontal organs, first and second antennae, mouthparts and limbs are listed in Tables 2 to 9 together with comparative data for the other species described here. Female Carapace (Figure 11 A, B). Mean length measured 1.42 ± 0.06 mm (n = 100). Carapace of holotype (Table 2) with a length of 1.42 mm, a height of 0.46 mm and a breadth of 0.40 mm. Height: length ratio 32.4 %, breadth: length ratio 28.2 %. Carapace is unsculptured. In lateral view elongate: maximum height is just anterior to mid-length. Ventral margin curves smoothly into posterior margin. Posterior dorsal corner of both valves furnished with a spine. Spine much smaller on left valve. Dorsal margin arcs anteriorly up towards dorsal end of hinge between carapace valves. Both rostra narrow and point forward, the left rostral process longer and more pointed. The ‘ asymmetrical’ glands open at a similar height on posterior margin of each valve just below spine at posterior dorsal corner. Frontal organ (Table 2; Figure 11 C). Frontal organ fused into a slender structure with rounded end, that is significantly longer than A 1 and 18.7 % CL. First antenna (Table 3; Figure 11 C). With five segments, but the suture between fourth and fifth segments ill-defined. Limb length is ∼ 35 % CL. Fourth segment with ∼ 24 thin walled bundle setae all 9.2 % CL. Fifth segment with four more unequal setae, a-seta quite short 2.1 % CL; b-seta 3.5 % CL; c-seta 10.0 % CL; d-seta 7.7 % CL. Second antenna (Table 3; Figure 11 D). Protopodite is 24.6 % CL. Length of first exopodite segment is approximately half protopodite. Most swimming setae are similar in length to protopodite, all but the shortest terminal seta have long hairs distally. Endopodite (Figure 11 E) with short, pointed, bare a- and b-setae. There are no c-, d- or e-setae. The f- and g-setae, respectively, 17.8 % CL and 23.2 % CL. The i-seta is 7.2 % CL, but h- and j-setae are absent. Mandible (Table 4; Figure 12 A, B). Coxale toothed edge of pars incisiva has two large and 10 small smooth teeth. Distal tooth list slightly narrower with two large tusk-like teeth and 10 small smooth teeth. Proximal tooth list very narrow, with two large and five small teeth. Outer margin of toothed edge of basal endite with a large daggershaped tooth, a slightly smaller, rounded, tubular tooth and six subserrate teeth. Two spinose setae are inserted laterally on basal endite. Exopodite represented by moderately long plumose seta inserted on outer margin of basis. First endopodite segment with one short, bare, subterminal dorsal seta and three finely spinose ventral setae. Second segment with one ventral and two dorsal setae all finely spinose. Third segment with seven spinose terminal setae, one very long and robust. Maxilla (Table 4; Figure 12 C). Basal segment with five anterior, one lateral and four posterior setae. Distal segment comparatively short and wide, with six terminal claw setae, the posteriormost is longest, anterior claw with secondary spines. Fifth limb (Table 5; Figure 12 D). Ventrally basale with five (2 + 1 + 2) setae all with secondary spines, laterally two plumose setae, dorsally a single long spinose seta. First segment with two ventral setae and one dorsal seta, all spinose. Second segment with three unequal curved terminal claw setae; middle claw the longest and is 4.1 % CL. Sixth limb (Table 5; Figure 12 E). Basale with one proximal, two medial ventral spinose setae and a distal plumose seta, laterally a plumose seta and dorsally a terminal spinose exopodal seta. The first endopodite segment with two ventral setae. Second segment with a single spinose seta both ventrally and dorsally. Third segment with three unequal spinose terminal claw setae; longest middle claw is 7.1 % CL. Caudal furca (Table 5; Figure 12 F). Seven pairs of claw setae diminish in size dorsally; longest claw 10.4 % CL. All have secondary spines along their trailing edge. Dorsal to the paired spines is a single seta with bilateral secondary spines. Between first and second pair of claw setae is a verruciform process. Male Carapace (Figure 13 A, B). Mean length measured 1.15 ± 0.04 mm (n = 100). Carapace of allotype (Table 6) with length of 1.20 mm, a height of 0.44 mm and breadth of 0.40 mm. Height: length ratio 36.7 %, breadth: length ratio 33.3 %. Carapace unsculptured. Maximum carapace height just anterior to mid-length. Ventral margin curves smoothly into posterior margin. Posterior dorsal corner of both valves furnished with a small spine. On the left valve the spine is smaller. The dorsal margin arcs anteriorly up towards dorsal end of hinge between carapace valves. Both rostra broad, curve ventrally, the left rostral process is longer. The “ asymmetrical ” glands open at a similar height on the posterior margin of each valve just below the spine at posterior dorsal corner. Frontal organ (Table 6; Figure 13 C). Frontal organ fused into a single slender structure with a rounded end that is significantly longer than A 1 and 31.3 % CL. First antenna (Table 7; Figure 13 C). With five well-defined segments. Limb length ∼ 35 % CL. Fourth segment with ∼ 24 thin walled bundle setae all 14.4 % CL. Fifth segment with five more unequal setae: a-seta 8.8 % CL; b-seta 15.0 % CL; c-seta 18.3 % CL; d-seta 32.1 % CL; e-seta 46.3 % CL. Second antenna (Table 7; Figure 13 D). Protopodite 37.1 % CL. Length of first exopodite segment approximately third of protopodite. Most swimming setae similar in length to protopodite, all but the shortest have long hairs distally. Endopodite with short, pointed, bare a- and b-setae. There are no c-, d- or e-setae. The f-seta, very long, g-seta, respectively, 39.2 % CL and 60.0 % CL. Right endopodite (Figure 14 A) with elongated clasping organ in form of hook with a long proximal shank and very long curved end piece 5.4 % CL. The h-seta is short and curved 2.9 % CL; i-seta 19.2 % CL; j-seta 9.6 % CL. Left endopodite (Figure 14 B) the hook reduced to just basal shank with three setae terminally. Mandible, maxilla, fifth limb (Tables 8, 9; Figure 14 C – E, 15 A). Structure and arrangement of setae of mandible, maxilla and fifth limb are same as female. Sixth limb (Table 9; Figure 15 B). Basale with five spinose setae, one lateral spinose seta and one bare dorsal exopodal seta. First segment with two ventral setae. Second segment with a single bare seta both ventrally and dorsally. Third segment with three very long subequal terminal setae, with long hairs distally 30.4 % CL. Caudal furca (Table 9; Figure 15 C). Structure and arrangement of claws same as female. Longest claw 12.5 % CL. Intromittent organ (Table 9; Figure 15 C). Male copulatory appendage long 19.6 % CL. Remarks Euconchoecia omanensis should be regarded as a separate species on the basis of the following combination of characters: both females and males are more elongate than E. chierchiae and E. aculeata; the height: length ratio of E. omanensis was 32.4 % and the breadth: length ratio was 28.2 %; the spines on the posterior dorsal corner of the female were almost twice the length of the spines of E. chierchiae, and in the male the left spine on the posterior dorsal corner was 2 % longer and the right spine was 3 % longer. In both sexes the frontal organ reached well beyond the first antenna and on the second antenna the right clasper shank length was significantly smaller than in E. chierchiae, but longer than in E. aculeata.	en	Graves, Carol (2011): Redescription of Euconchoecia chierchiae Müller, 1890 and Euconchoecia aculeata (Scott, 1894) (Halocyprididae: Ostracoda) from the Atlantic, and descriptions of two novel species of Euconchoecia Müller 1890, from the Gulf of Oman. Journal of Natural History 45 (31 - 32): 1937-1981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.573100, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.573100
016887A7CD466E23FE55FCFFCB35FB5D.taxon	description	(Figures 16 – 20, 21 G, H) Type material Permanent preparations of the dissected holotype and allotype used in this description are deposited at the Natural History Museum, London, registration number BMNH 2009.342 for the holotype (female) and BMNH 2009.343 for the allotype (male). Registration numbers BMNH 2009.344 – 353 are for the 48 female and 36 male paratypes retained in 80 % ethyl alcohol. Etymology The specific name refers to the type locality close to the Gulf of Hormuz. Description The meristic characters of the carapaces of males and females, and the frontal organs, first and second antennae, mouthparts and limbs are listed in Tables 2 to 9 together with comparative data for the other species described here. Female Carapace (Figure 16 A, B). Mean length measured 1.04 ± 0.05 mm (n = 48). Carapace of holotype (Table 2) with length 1.00 mm, height 0.42 mm and breadth 0.40 mm. Height: length ratio 42.0 %, breadth: length ratio of 40.0 %. Carapace unsculptured. In lateral view slightly elongate: maximum height just anterior to mid-length. Ventral margin curves smoothly. Posterior dorsal corner of both valves furnished with a small spine. Spine slightly smaller on left valve. Dorsal margin arcs anteriorly up towards dorsal end of hinge between carapace valves. Both rostra curve ventrally and are of the same length. The “ asymmetrical ” glands open at a similar height on posterior margin of each valve just below spine at posterior dorsal corner. Frontal organ (Table 2; Figure 16 C). Frontal organ fused into a single slender structure with a rounded end that is slightly longer than A 1 and 20.3 % CL. First antenna (Table 3; Figure 16 C). With five segments, but suture between fourth and fifth segment ill-defined. Limb length is ∼ 37 % CL. Fourth segment with ∼ 24 thin walled bundle setae all 16.3 % CL. Fifth segment with four more setae of different lengths; a-seta quite short 3.8 % CL; b-seta 5.5 % CL; c-seta 17.0 % CL; d-seta 13.5 % CL. Second antenna (Table 3; Figure 16 D). Protopodite 30 % CL. Length of first exopodite segment approximately half length of protopodite. Swimming setae shorter in length than protopodite, all but shortest have long hairs distally. Endopodite (Figure 16 E) with short, pointed, bare a- and b-setae. There are no c-, d- or e-setae. The f- and gsetae respectively 24.0 % CL and 43.5 % CL. The i-seta is long 11.5 % CL, but h- and j-setae are absent. Mandible (Table 4; Figure 17 A, B). Coxale toothed edge of pars incisiva has two large and 10 small smooth teeth. Distal tooth list narrower with two large tusk-like teeth and 10 small smooth teeth. Proximal tooth list very narrow, with two large and five small teeth. Outer margin of toothed edge of basal endite with a large dagger-shaped tooth, a slightly smaller, rounded, tubular tooth and six subserrate triangular teeth. Two spinose setae are inserted laterally on basal endite. Exopodite represented by moderately long plumose seta of moderate length inserted on outer margin of basis. First endopodite segment with one short, bare, subterminal, dorsal seta and three finely spinose ventral setae. Second segment with one ventral and two dorsal setae, all finely spinose. Third segment with seven spinose terminal setae; one very long and robust. Maxilla (Table 4; Figure 17 C). Basal segment with five anterior, one lateral and four posterior setae. Distal segment comparatively short and wide with six terminal claw setae; the posteriormost is longest; anterior claw with secondary spines. Fifth limb (Table 5; Figure 17 D). Ventrally basale with five (2 + 1 + 2) setae all with secondary spines; laterally plumose setae, dorsally a single long spinose seta – the remnant of the exopodite. First segment with two ventral setae and one dorsal seta, all spinose. Second segment with three unequal spinose, terminal claw setae; longest middle claw 5.5 % CL. Sixth limb (Table 5, Figure 17 E). Basale with one proximal, two medial ventral spinose setae and a distal plumose seta, laterally a plumose seta and dorsally a terminal spinose exopodal seta. First endopodite segment with two ventral setae. Second segment with a single spinose seta both ventrally and dorsally. Third segment with three unequal spinose, terminal claw setae; longest middle claw 8.5 % CL. Caudal furca (Table 5; Figure 17 F). Seven pairs of claw setae diminish in size dorsally; longest claw 12.0 % CL. All have secondary spines along the trailing edges. Dorsal to the paired spines is a small unpaired seta with bilateral secondary spines. Between the first and second pair of claw setae is a verruciform process. Male Carapace (Figure 18 A, B). Mean length measured 1.00 ± 0.03 mm (n = 36). Allotype (Table 6) with length of 0.98 mm, a height of 0.40 mm and breadth of 0.40 mm. Height: length ratio 40.8 %, breadth: length ratio 40.8 %. Carapace unsculptured. In lateral view maximum height just anterior to mid-length. Ventral margin curves smoothly into posterior margin. Posterior dorsal corner of both valves furnished with a small spine. On the left valve the spine is slightly smaller. Dorsal margin arcs anteriorly up towards carapace hinge between carapace valves. Both rostra curve ventrally, the left is the longer and more pointed. The “ asymmetrical ” glands open at a similar height on posterior margin of each valve just below spine at posterior dorsal corner. Frontal organ (Table 6, Figure 18 C). Frontal organ fused into a single slender structure with a rounded end that is slightly longer than A 1 and 21.1 % CL. First antenna (Table 7; Figure 18 C). With five well-defined segments. Limb length ∼ 34 % CL. Fourth segment with ∼ 24 thin walled bundle setae all 17.1 % CL. Fifth segment with five more setae; a-seta 3.7 % CL; b-seta 4.6 % CL; c-seta 13.8 % CL; d-seta 34.2 % CL; e-seta 50.0 % CL. Second antenna (Table 7; Figure 18 D). Protopodite 40.8 % CL. Length of first exopodite segment 15.3 % CL approximately third protopodite. Most swimming setae are about two-thirds the length of protopodite, all but shortest have long hairs distally. Endopodite with short, pointed, bare a- and b-setae. There a no c-, d- or e-setae. The fseta and g-seta respectively 39.8 % CL and 119.9 % CL. Right endopodite (Figure 19 B) with elongated clasping organ in form of hook with a long proximal shank and long curved end piece 6.4 % CL. The h-seta is short and curved 2.8 % CL; the i-seta 20.7 % CL; j-seta 9.7 % CL. Left endopodite (Figure 19 A) “ hook ” reduced to just basal shank with three setae terminally. Mandible, maxilla, fifth limb (Tables 8, 9; Figure 19 C, D, E, 20 A). Mandible, maxilla and fifth limb structure and arrangement of setae are same as female. Sixth limb (Table 9; Figure 20 B). Basale with five spinose setae, one lateral spinose seta and one bare dorsal exopodal seta. First segment with two ventral setae. Second segment with a single bare seta both ventrally and dorsally. Third segment with three subequal terminal setae, all very long, evenly curved with long hairs distally 34.7 % CL. Caudal furca (Table 9; Figure 20 C). Structure and arrangement of the furcal claws are same as female; longest claw 14.5 % CL. Intromittent organ (Table 9; Figure 20 C). The male copulatory appendage is long, 20.9 % CL. Remarks Euconchoecia hormuzensis may be regarded as a separate species on the basis of both sexes being markedly smaller in length, breadth and height than the other three species; the height: length ratio in both sexes is approximately 40 % and the breadth: length ratio in both sexes is approximately 40 %. The spines on the posterior dorsal corner are similar in length and the rostral processes are quite short. The frontal organ is marginally longer than the first antenna in both sexes, whereas in E. chierchiae the frontal organ is shorter and in E. aculeata it is marginally longer in the female, but shorter in the male. In E. omanensis the frontal organ is significantly longer than the first antenna in both sexes. On the second antenna the right shank length, at 6.4 %, is greater than the shank length of E. aculeata and E. omanensis, but less than the shank length of E. chierchiae. These differences are sufficient to justify the establishment of a new species.	en	Graves, Carol (2011): Redescription of Euconchoecia chierchiae Müller, 1890 and Euconchoecia aculeata (Scott, 1894) (Halocyprididae: Ostracoda) from the Atlantic, and descriptions of two novel species of Euconchoecia Müller 1890, from the Gulf of Oman. Journal of Natural History 45 (31 - 32): 1937-1981, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2011.573100, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2011.573100
