identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03B94C5BFFCF3C4B67DA33FDFDAF72B0.text	03B94C5BFFCF3C4B67DA33FDFDAF72B0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alavesia Waters and Arillo	<div><p>Alavesia Waters and Arillo</p> <p>Alavesia Waters and Arillo, 1999: 60. Type species Alavesia subiasi † Waters and Arillo, by original designation.</p> <p>Neoalavesia Poinar and Vega, 2020: 2. Type species Neoalavesia hadroceria † Poinar and Vega, by original designation, new synonymy.</p> <p>NOTE ON SYNONYMY: The genus Neoalavesia is considered a junior synonym of Alavesia. The characters proposed by Poinar and Vega (2020) justifying their new genus (e.g., length of cell dm, apical curvature of CuA+CuP, slanting h crossvein, M 1+2 straight, length of R 1, shape of postpedicel) all fall within the present definition of Alavesia and identify only species differences. For this reason Neoalavesia is proposed as a new synonym of Alavesia.</p> <p>DIAGNOSIS: Readily differentiated from all other empidoid genera by the diminutive cell dm, M 1+2 and M 4 long, greater than half length of wing and widely divergent, postpedicel very long and lanceolate (longer in males than females), stylus three-articled, legs with parallel rows of setulae, scutal chaetotaxy thickened; vein CuA straight, convex or arched to CuA+CuP.</p> <p>GENERAL DESCRIPTION (updated from Sinclair and Kirk-Spriggs, 2010): Male. Dichoptic, frons broad (fig. 8A); inner margin of eye near antenna with shallow notch. Ocellar triangle slightly raised. Antenna (figs. 1, 8): postpedicel elongate, lanceolate to long triangular shape, tapered to apical point, micropubescent; stylus aristalike, terminal, 1/3 to 3× length of postpedicel (very long in males of two fossil species, which also have broadened apical “flags” on stylus), with 2 minute, ringlike basal articles. Proboscis (fig. 9): Short, labellum fleshy, with ~10 pseudotracheae per lobe; labrum well developed, lacking epipharyngeal blades; laciniae and hypopharynx well developed; palpus from short and paddlelike to long and digitate or spatulate.</p> <p>Thorax: Antepronotum without setulae; postpronotal lobe protruding (fig. 5), with short, stout setulae. Scutum moderately to strongly arcuate (figs. 12–17). Acrostichal setulae usually biserial (fig. 5), sometimes uniserial; dorsocentrals similar to acrostichals, minute, irregular, prescutellar dorsocentrals macrosetose; 2–5 notopleural setae, 1 stout supraalar seta, 1 stout postalar seta; 2–4 pairs marginal scutellar setae. Laterotergite bare. Legs: Length moderate, with distinct rows of setulae, mostly lacking large setae, except for subapical tibial setae. Fore- and mid femora slightly swollen, hind femur more strongly so; mid and hind femora with shallow longitudinal furrow, bare of setulae (fig. 11) on lateral or lateral + mesal surfaces; tibiae sometimes with such thin furrows (see below, Femoral Furrows). Tibiae slender, subequal in length to femur, foretibial gland absent; 1–2 stout apical setae present. Tarsi slender; pretarsal claws short, pulvilli small, padlike.</p> <p>Wing (figs. 2–4, 10A): Hyaline to slightly tinted/infuscate; with fine microtrichia over entire membrane. Pterostigma absent. Vein C terminating slightly beyond apex of M 1+2; Sc apically evanescent, ending slightly before costal margin; Rs arising near or distant from level of humeral crossvein; R 1 ending at or slightly beyond midlength of wing; R 2+3 shortly curved to C apically, ending closer to apex of R 1 than R 4+5; R 4+5 unbranched, slightly divergent to parallel to M 1+2; cell dm very small, nearly or more than half length of basal cells, emitting two veins M 1+2 and M 4; M 1+2 and M 4 moderately to strongly divergent; CuA straight, curved, or sharply recurved; apex of cell cua truncate or acute. Anal lobe broad to very shallow, alula reduced.</p> <p>Abdomen: Sclerites covered in distinct, short setae, posteromarginal setae slightly thicker on largest sclerites. Segments 1–5 broad, with remaining gradually narrowed. Tergum 8 very narrow, straplike, greatly prolonged laterally with triangular dorsomedial posterior extension. Sternite 8 greatly reduced, as pair of slender sclerites, weakened and partially folded at midlength; longer than sternite 7. Terminalia (figs. 6, 7; 10B): Symmetrical, unrotated, held posterodorsal to abdomen. Cercus small, flat, oval, and weakly sclerotized; hypoproct subtriangular. Epandrium U-shaped with dorsal bridge anterior to cerci. Surstylus subapical, commonly with small dorsal lobe at base. Hypandrium (in Recent species) short, divided into slender, straplike sclerites; anterolateral corner extending to articulate with epandrium. Postgonites caplike, joined or fused medially. Paired ventral apodemes extending anteriorly from postgonites; gonocoxal apodeme with slender rodlike process longer than hypandrium; ejaculatory apodeme articulated at base of phallus (observed in Recent specimens). Phallus tubelike, arched and pointing ventrally; apex bifid in fossil species.</p> <p>Female. Similar to male except postpedicel shorter; abdomen well sclerotized, tergites nearly twice as broad as long. Postabdomen (fig. 10C, D) weakly sclerotized, telescoping into segment 5. Tergites 6 and 7 reduced to pair of slender sclerites; sternites 6 and 7 rectangular, slender; tergite 10 absent; cercus well developed, pubescent, length about twice width. Spermathecal capsule spherical, darkly pigmented.</p> <p>SPECIES COMPOSITION: The two species in Early Cretaceous amber from Spain, Alavesia subiasi Waters and Arillo and A. prietoi Peñalver and Arillo, exhibit all the diagnostic features of the living species. Distinctive features in both of these fossil species are: (1) the position of vein CuA, which is straight but strongly recurved, such that it is in line with crossvein m-cu or nearly so, and (2) veins R 4+5 and M 1+2 straight and parallel for their entire length. The species in Burmese amber with these features are A. angusta, sp. nov., A. latala, sp. nov., A. longicornuta, sp. nov., and A. longistylata Zhang and Wang. Alavesia longicornuta and A. longistylata are distinguished from the Spanish amber species by the very long stylus with apical flag. Alavesia latala has a distinctively broad wing. The wing of Alavesia angusta is quite similar to A. prietoi, in size (i.e, 1.4 and 1.5 mm, respectively), in the slender shape, and venation, including the slanted crossvein m-m. The postpedicel of A. prietoi is triangular and slightly broader (L/ W 3.0), that of A. angusta is slender and fusiform (L/ W 4.47).</p> <p>The extant species from Namibia, Alavesia brandbergensis Sinclair and Kirk-Spriggs and A. daura Sinclair and Kirk-Spriggs, have a distinctively arched vein M 1+2 that is widely divergent with M 4, and cell dm is very small. Burmese amber species sharing these features are A. brevipennae, sp. nov., A. myanmarensis, and A. pankowskiorum, sp. nov., although in the last-named species there is significantly less arching. Of the seven species in Burmese amber where details of the male genitalia could be observed, all except one have a fringe of long setae on the distal margin of the ventral epandrial lamella and a slender, digitiform surstylus. The surstylus has at its base a slender or small dorsal lobe in A. longistylata, and A. magna, sp. nov. Like the Namibian species A. brandbergensis, the phallus in A. longistylata, A. magna, sp. nov., A. pankowskiorum, sp. nov., and A. zigrasi, sp. nov., is bent ventrad, but significantly longer in the fossil species and with a bifid, “feathered” apex. The male genitalia of A. lanceolata, sp. nov., and A. spinosa, sp. nov., are each unique and very different from other species in the genus, as described under those species.</p> <p>FEMORAL FURROwS: In the course of this study it was noticed that some species and specimens possess a shallow longitudinal furrow along the lateral (sometimes medial) surface of the femora (especially mid and hind legs), and sometimes on the tibiae (fig. 11). The furrow readily appears to be an artifact of preservation, and in fact when the legs are slightly compressed or shrivelled the furrow is unapparent. However, the structure is certainly not preservational since in fully distended legs the furrow area is devoid of microsetae/setulae (which otherwise cover the rest of the femur), it is symmetrical between legs of the same pair, and there is often an even row of setulae bordering the furrow. Femoral furrows are well developed in Alavesia longistylata, A. magna, A. pankowskiorum and A. zigrasi, and are faint in A. angusta and A. lanceolata, suggesting this may be a distinctive feature for Alavesia, or at least the Burmese amber species. Preservation of specimens in the other species may be insufficient to determine if the furrows are present or absent. Available living specimens have compressed legs due to air drying, but a longitudinal region devoid of setulae is apparent and likely represents a shallow furrow. The condition is Spanish amber species is unknown.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B94C5BFFCF3C4B67DA33FDFDAF72B0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sinclair, Bradley J.;Grimaldi, David A.	Sinclair, Bradley J., Grimaldi, David A. (2020): Cretaceous diversity of the relict genus Alavesia Waters and Arillo (Diptera: Empidoidea: Atelestidae). American Museum Novitates 2020 (3961): 1-40, DOI: 10.1206/3961.1, URL: https://bioone.org/journals/american-museum-novitates/volume-2020/issue-3961/3961.1/Cretaceous-Diversity-of-the-Relict-Genus-Alavesia-Waters-and-Arillo/10.1206/3961.1.full
03B94C5BFFC13C4B67CD3538FD8A7598.text	03B94C5BFFC13C4B67CD3538FD8A7598.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alavesia angusta Sinclair & Grimaldi 2020	<div><p>Alavesia angusta, new species</p> <p>Figures 1A, 2A, 12A</p> <p>DIAGNOSIS: Postpedicel slender, fusiform, L/ W 4.47; wing slender, L/ W 2.8; M 1+2 and R 4 +5 parallel for entire lengths; crossvein bm-cu at midlength of cell dm; crossvein dm-m slanted; CuA straight, directed to wing base, in line with crossvein m-cu; cell dm extending well beyond apex of cell cua.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION: Male. Coloration not preserved. Head: Scape small, goblet-shaped; pedicel quadrate; postpedicel narrow, almost fusiform, L/ W 4.47 (figs. 1A, 12A); stylus short, length 0.46 × the postpedicel, with 2 small basal articles. Palpus light, extended slightly beyond level of proboscis.</p> <p>Thorax: Chaetotaxy: acrostichals fine, short, in biserial rows; dorsocentrals similar to acrostichals, ending in pair of long, fine prescutellars; 2 short postpronotal setae; 4 short, fine anterior notopleural setae, 2 large posterior notopleural setae; 1 postsutural supraalar seta; 1 finer postalar seta; 3 pairs scutellar setae, apical pair longest, upright, crossed for ~0.5 × their length.</p> <p>Legs: Forecoxa with many short setae on anterior surface. Forefemur with ventral row ~15 short, stiff setae. Tibiae with long, apical ventral seta. Hind tibia with dense dorsal row of setae, length about half width of tibia; posterior surface with fine, brushy setae.</p> <p>Wing: Length 1.4 mm (fig. 2A); C terminating slightly beyond M 1+2; Sc nearly reaching costal margin; R 4+5 parallel to M 1+2 for entire lengths; crossvein r-m slightly distal to middle of cell dm; apex of M 4 slightly closer to M 1+2 than to CuA+CuP; CuA strongly recurved, in line with bm-m; apex of cell cua truncate, cell cua shorter than cell bm; CuA+CuP slightly curved.</p> <p>Abdomen: No longer than thorax; setae short, without differentiated posteromarginal setae. Segments 1–5 broad, other segments retracted into segment 5. Terminalia well preserved in holotype (not illustrated): Epandrium complete dorsally, U-shaped, with fringelike row of five long setae on ventral margin; cercus flat, broad, scalelike, meeting medially. Surstylus long, slightly curved (as in A. magna, sp. nov.); postgonites + phallus as for most other species: thicker at base, hook-shaped, bend in middle, phallus downturned.</p> <p>TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype, male, USNM PAL 726867 (USNM).</p> <p>ETYMOLOGY: The specific epithet is from the Latin angustus (narrow, slender), in reference to the narrow wing and cell cua.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B94C5BFFC13C4B67CD3538FD8A7598	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sinclair, Bradley J.;Grimaldi, David A.	Sinclair, Bradley J., Grimaldi, David A. (2020): Cretaceous diversity of the relict genus Alavesia Waters and Arillo (Diptera: Empidoidea: Atelestidae). American Museum Novitates 2020 (3961): 1-40, DOI: 10.1206/3961.1, URL: https://bioone.org/journals/american-museum-novitates/volume-2020/issue-3961/3961.1/Cretaceous-Diversity-of-the-Relict-Genus-Alavesia-Waters-and-Arillo/10.1206/3961.1.full
03B94C5BFFC23C4867EB37C0FF2B7617.text	03B94C5BFFC23C4867EB37C0FF2B7617.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alavesia brevipennae Sinclair & Grimaldi 2020	<div><p>Alavesia brevipennae, new species</p> <p>Figures 1B, 2B, 8D, 12B, C</p> <p>DIAGNOSIS: Tiny species (fig. 12B, C), wing length 0.75 mm; postpedicel 2.3 × longer than aristalike stylus, slightly curved; wing shortened, rounded, and broad (L/ W 1.75); M 1+2 strongly arched, this vein and M 4 very divergent; CuA arched apically, CuA+CuP weakened, not reaching wing margin, M 4 closer to CuA+CuP than M 1+2.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION: Male. Coloration not preserved. Head: Scape and pedicel quadrate, subequal in size and length. Postpedicel elongate, straplike, slightly curved, gradually tapered apically, 2.3 × longer than stylus (fig. 1B). Stylus with two basal articles, short (fig. 8D), without apical flaglike expansion; length 0.32 × that of postpedicel. Mouthparts very short; palpus short, not projecting.</p> <p>Thorax: Chaetotaxy thickened, in numerous rows (not clearly visible): 2 anterior and 1 posterior postpronotal setae; 4 notopleural setae of variable lengths, 1 postsutural supraalar seta; 1 postalar seta; 2 pairs of scutellar setae.</p> <p>Legs: Most setae thickened. Forecoxa with short erect anterior setae; anteroapical setae longer and stouter. Forefemur with anteroventral and posteroventral row of short setae. Mid and hind femora with anteroventral row of short setae. Mid and hind coxae with 2–3 stout lateral setae on apical half. Tibiae with biserial row of short, stout ventral setae; apex of tibiae with long, apical ventral seta; hind tibia with several dorsal setae, length about half width of tibia.</p> <p>Wing (wing length 0.75 mm) (fig. 2B): shortened and rounded; costa terminating slightly beyond M 1+2; Sc nearly reaching costal margin; R 4+5 closely associated with M 1+2; M 1+2 arched, strongly divergent from R 4+5 distally; cell dm very short, crossvein r-m nearly opposite apex of cell bm; M 4 straight to wing margin; apex of M 4 closer to CuA+CuP than M 1+2; CuA arched; apex of cell cua convex, length of cell cua subequal to cell bm; CuA+CuP mostly straight, strongly curved subapically to wing margin.</p> <p>Abdomen: Setae short, without distinct posteromarginal setae. Segments 1–5 broad. Terminalia and remaining segments damaged and partially obscured.</p> <p>TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype, male, AMNH Bu-494 (AMNH).</p> <p>ETYMOLOGY: The specific epithet is from the Latin penna (wing, feather) and brevis (short), referring to the shortened wing that characterizes this species.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B94C5BFFC23C4867EB37C0FF2B7617	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sinclair, Bradley J.;Grimaldi, David A.	Sinclair, Bradley J., Grimaldi, David A. (2020): Cretaceous diversity of the relict genus Alavesia Waters and Arillo (Diptera: Empidoidea: Atelestidae). American Museum Novitates 2020 (3961): 1-40, DOI: 10.1206/3961.1, URL: https://bioone.org/journals/american-museum-novitates/volume-2020/issue-3961/3961.1/Cretaceous-Diversity-of-the-Relict-Genus-Alavesia-Waters-and-Arillo/10.1206/3961.1.full
03B94C5BFFC23C4867683258FFB5759F.text	03B94C5BFFC23C4867683258FFB5759F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alavesia hadroceria (Poinar and Vega) Sinclair & Grimaldi 2020	<div><p>Alavesia hadroceria (Poinar and Vega), new combination</p> <p>Neoalavesia hadroceria Poinar and Vega, 2020: 2.</p> <p>DIAGNOSIS: A large species (wing length 2.8 mm), distinguished by scape longer than pedicel; forefemur with row of long ventral setae; CuA straight, angled obliquely outward; R 4+5 parallel to M 1+2 slightly diverging at apices; CuA+CuP strongly arched on apical third.</p> <p>REMARKS: No specimens of this recently described species were discovered or identified. The report of a gelatinous deposit or possible spermatophore attached to the tip of abdomen of the holotype (Poinar and Vega, 2020, figs. 1, 8) is merely an air bubble.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B94C5BFFC23C4867683258FFB5759F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sinclair, Bradley J.;Grimaldi, David A.	Sinclair, Bradley J., Grimaldi, David A. (2020): Cretaceous diversity of the relict genus Alavesia Waters and Arillo (Diptera: Empidoidea: Atelestidae). American Museum Novitates 2020 (3961): 1-40, DOI: 10.1206/3961.1, URL: https://bioone.org/journals/american-museum-novitates/volume-2020/issue-3961/3961.1/Cretaceous-Diversity-of-the-Relict-Genus-Alavesia-Waters-and-Arillo/10.1206/3961.1.full
03B94C5BFFC33C4967FF37C0FC9875F0.text	03B94C5BFFC33C4967FF37C0FC9875F0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alavesia lanceolata Sinclair & Grimaldi 2020	<div><p>Alavesia lanceolata, new species</p> <p>Figures 1D, 2D, 6A, 8A, 13A</p> <p>DIAGNOSIS: A larger species (fig. 13A) (wing length 1.8 mm), male postpedicel broad and large (L/ W 3.4 – 4.0), tapered on apical half, stylus short (0.35x L of postpedicel); 3 pairs of scutellar setae; M 1+2 and R 4+5 parallel for much of their length but slightly divergent at apex (parallel in A. zigrasi); crossvein dm-m clearly positioned beyond apex of cell bm; CuA arched apically (hybotidlike); female aristalike stylus slightly longer than postpedicel (female with similar CuA and thickened setae).</p> <p>DESCRIPTION: Male. Coloration preserved: Frons and vertex dark brown. Pleura light including halter, except for anepisternum (which is light, fuscous brown, same color as scutum and dorsum of scutellum). Femora and tibiae light, tarsi dark. Tergites 1–5 dark, posterior ones light. Head: Scape short, pedicel quadrate, postpedicel broad and large (figs. 1D, 8A) (L/ W 3.4 –4.0), tapered on apical half, stylus short (0.35 × L of postpedicel). Palpus very small; proboscis barely projecting beyond oral margin.</p> <p>Thorax: Macrosetae thickened, acrostichals short, biserial; dorsocentral setae similar to acrostichals, ending in pair of long prescutellar dorsocentrals&gt;2 × length of preceding ones. Postpronotum with 1 small seta, barely larger than setulae; notopleural setae of graded lengths, 3 posterior ones largest; 1 postsutural supraalar seta; 1 postalar seta; 3 pairs scutellar setae, lateral pair ~0.3 × length of apical pair, apical pair upright and crossed.</p> <p>Legs: Forecoxa with short, decumbent setae on anterior surface. Forefemur with row of short, spinulelike setae on distal 2/3 of ventral surface; none on mid femur, a short distal row on hind femur. Foretibia with long, apical ventral seta; mid and hind tibiae with 2 such setae (1-2-2). Hind tibia with dense dorsal row of setae, lengths about 1/3 width of tibia; posterior surface with fine brush of setae.</p> <p>Wing: Length 1.8 mm, slender, L/ W 2.66 (fig. 2D). Vein C terminating slightly beyond M 1+2; Sc nearly reaching costal margin; R 4+5 parallel to M 1+2 but diverging at apices; crossvein r-m near middle of cell dm; apex of M 4 slightly closer to CuA+CuP than to M 1+2; CuA arched, not aligned with bm-m; apex of cell cua acute, cell cua longer than cell bm; CuA+CuP slightly curved.</p> <p>Abdomen: Shorter than thorax; setae short, little differentiated except for margins of sternites 2–5 with short, thick, spinulelike setae. Male terminalia distinctive (fig. 6A): Epandrium short, ringlike, ventral lobe with relatively shorter setae ~0.5 × length of epandrium; posterior surface of terminalia extensively membranous, cerci small and separated by distance about equal to their diameter. Surstylus short, digitate, simple (no apparent dorsal lobe). Terminal median structure (postgonites + phallus) lobelike, very integrated, having small lateral lobe with central depression, apically microtrichose and with pair of downturned, spinelike apical lobes/setae.</p> <p>TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype, male, USNM PAL 726868.</p> <p>ETYMOLOGY: The specific epithet is named in reference to the broad, lanceolate postpedicel.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B94C5BFFC33C4967FF37C0FC9875F0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sinclair, Bradley J.;Grimaldi, David A.	Sinclair, Bradley J., Grimaldi, David A. (2020): Cretaceous diversity of the relict genus Alavesia Waters and Arillo (Diptera: Empidoidea: Atelestidae). American Museum Novitates 2020 (3961): 1-40, DOI: 10.1206/3961.1, URL: https://bioone.org/journals/american-museum-novitates/volume-2020/issue-3961/3961.1/Cretaceous-Diversity-of-the-Relict-Genus-Alavesia-Waters-and-Arillo/10.1206/3961.1.full
03B94C5BFFDC3C5667C037C0F8F97616.text	03B94C5BFFDC3C5667C037C0F8F97616.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alavesia latala Sinclair & Grimaldi 2020	<div><p>Alavesia latala, new species</p> <p>Figures 1F, 2E, 13C</p> <p>DIAGNOSIS: Wing short, broad, L/ W 2.15, apex broadly rounded (fig. 13C); R 4 +5 and M 1 parallel for entire length; apex of CuA strongly recurved, anal lobe absent. Postpedicel triangular, L/ W 2.48, arista 0.54 × length of postpedicel.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION: Male. Coloration not preserved. Head: Scape short, setose; pedicel slightly larger, quadrate, postpedicel an elongate triangle, lanceolate (fig. 1F), L/ W 2.48; stylus relatively short, thick, 0.54 × length of postpedicel, with two minute basal articles.</p> <p>Thorax: Macrosetae thickened; acrostichals not fully visible; dorsocentrals ending in stout pair of long prescutellars; postpronotal lobe with 3 short setae; notopleurals not fully visible, but 3 well-developed ones visible; 1 postsutural supraalar seta, 1 postalar seta; 3 pairs scutellar setae, apical pair upturned and crossed, lengths ~2 × that of lateral-most pair.</p> <p>Legs: Forecoxa with dense setae on anterior surface. Forefemur with some fine ventral spinules, but complete distribution not visible; mid and hind femora with spinelike setae near apex only. Tibiae with long apical, ventral seta(e): 1-2-2. Hind tibia with dorsal row of ~6 thicker setae, lengths about half width of tibia; posterior surface with short brush of fine setulae.</p> <p>Wing: Length 1.55 mm (fig. 2E), vein C terminating slightly beyond M 1+2; Sc nearly reaching costal margin; R 4+5 perfectly parallel to M 1+2; crossvein r-m at middle of cell dm; apex of M 4 equidistant between M 1+2 and CuA+CuP; CuP recurved, in line with bm-cu; apex of cell cua truncate; cell cua shorter than cell bm; vein A well developed but incomplete; anal lobe very narrow.</p> <p>Abdomen: About same length as thorax; setation mostly not visible. Terminalia mostly not visible, but ventral margins of epandrium with fringe of long setae; surstyli very slender, digitiform.</p> <p>TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype, male: AMNH Bu-1476. The fly is complete but preserved in turbid amber (fig. 13C), which obscures some details (i.e., of genitalia). Despite the preservation, the distinctive wing shape and venation allowed a reliable diagnosis of this species.</p> <p>ETYMOLOGY: In reference to the broad wing, from Latin latus (broad) and ala (wing).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B94C5BFFDC3C5667C037C0F8F97616	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sinclair, Bradley J.;Grimaldi, David A.	Sinclair, Bradley J., Grimaldi, David A. (2020): Cretaceous diversity of the relict genus Alavesia Waters and Arillo (Diptera: Empidoidea: Atelestidae). American Museum Novitates 2020 (3961): 1-40, DOI: 10.1206/3961.1, URL: https://bioone.org/journals/american-museum-novitates/volume-2020/issue-3961/3961.1/Cretaceous-Diversity-of-the-Relict-Genus-Alavesia-Waters-and-Arillo/10.1206/3961.1.full
03B94C5BFFDC3C5E67EE32A7FE32775A.text	03B94C5BFFDC3C5E67EE32A7FE32775A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alavesia longicornuta Sinclair & Grimaldi 2020	<div><p>Alavesia longicornuta, new species</p> <p>Figures 1G, 2F, 5A, 8F, 9C–D, 13D, 14A</p> <p>DIAGNOSIS: Males of this species are distinctive, characterized by greatly lengthened aristalike stylus (figs. 13D, 14A) (2.9 × length of postpedicel), bearing a light, apical flaglike expansion; elongate and flattened palpi; CuA strongly recurved, in line with m-cu; CuA+CuP sharply curved subapically to wing margin. Distinguished from males of A. longistylata by slightly longer stylus with a light (vs. dark) apical “flag,” broader palpus, longer and narrower wing; cell cua significantly thicker.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION: Male. Coloration, except stylus, not preserved. Head: Scape and pedicel quadrate, scape longer than pedicel. Postpedicel greatly lengthened, L/ W 4.0, tapered on apical two-thirds, longer than head height. Stylus with two small basal articles, with apical aristalike stylus 2.9 × length of postpedicel (fig. 1G); apex of stylus with light, oval, flaglike flattened expansion (fig. 8F). Palpus bladelike (fig. 9C, D), flattened, projecting, strongly tapered, with fine setae ventrally, length about subequal to eye height.</p> <p>Thorax: Chaetotaxy thickened (fig. 5A): biserial row of short acrostichal setae; dorsocentral setae similar to acrostichals, ending in pair of long prescutellar dorsocentral setae; 2 anterior and 1 posterior postpronotal setae; 4 anterior notopleural setae of variable lengths, 1 posterior notopleural seta; 1 postsutural supraalar seta; 1 postalar seta; 2–3 pairs of scutellar setae.</p> <p>Legs: Forecoxa with short erect anterior setae. Femora with anteroventral row of short setae. Tibiae with long, apical ventral seta. Hind tibia with dorsal row of setae, length about half width of tibia; posterior face clothed with brush of fine setae.</p> <p>Wing: Length 2.2 mm (fig. 2F), costa terminating slightly beyond M 1+2; Sc nearly reaching costal margin; R 4+5 parallel to M 1+2 until near wing margin; crossvein r-m opposite near middle of cell dm; apex of M 4 at equal distance between M 1+2 and CuA+CuP; CuA straight, turned toward wing base, aligned with bm-m; apex of cell cua truncate, length of cell cua shorter than cell bm; CuA+CuP mostly straight, sharply curved subapically to wing margin.</p> <p>Abdomen: Setae short, without distinct posteromarginal setae. Segments 1–5 broad, remaining segments retracted with segment 5. Terminalia obscured by bubble.</p> <p>TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype, male, JZC Bu-556 (AMNH). Paratype: USNM PAL 726871 (1 male, USNM).</p> <p>ETYMOLOGY: The specific epithet is from the Latin cornutus (“horned, bearing horns”), in reference to the elongate aristalike stylus.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B94C5BFFDC3C5E67EE32A7FE32775A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sinclair, Bradley J.;Grimaldi, David A.	Sinclair, Bradley J., Grimaldi, David A. (2020): Cretaceous diversity of the relict genus Alavesia Waters and Arillo (Diptera: Empidoidea: Atelestidae). American Museum Novitates 2020 (3961): 1-40, DOI: 10.1206/3961.1, URL: https://bioone.org/journals/american-museum-novitates/volume-2020/issue-3961/3961.1/Cretaceous-Diversity-of-the-Relict-Genus-Alavesia-Waters-and-Arillo/10.1206/3961.1.full
03B94C5BFFD43C5F6799339EFE8C7710.text	03B94C5BFFD43C5F6799339EFE8C7710.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alavesia longistylata Zhang and Wang	<div><p>Alavesia longistylata Zhang and Wang</p> <p>Figures 1H, 3A, 6B–C, 9E, 11A, 14B–C</p> <p>Alavesia longistylata Zhang and Wang in Zhang et al., 2020.</p> <p>DIAGNOSIS: Like A. longicornuta, sp. nov., males characterized by greatly lengthened aristalike stylus (2 × length of postpedicel) (fig. 14B, C), bearing an apical, flaglike expansion; palpi elongate, narrow, projecting; CuA strongly recurved, cell cua truncate; M 1+2 and R 4+5 parallel. Differences with A. longicornuta given in diagnosis of that species.</p> <p>REDESCRIPTION: Male. Coloration, except stylus, not preserved. Head: Scape and pedicel quadrate, subequal in size and length. Postpedicel greatly lengthened (fig. 1H), L/ W 3.3, tapered throughout, longer than head height. Stylus with two small basal articles, apical aristalike stylus 2 × length of postpedicel; apex of stylus with darkened, flaglike flattened expansion, twice width of apex of postpedicel. Palpus slender and elongate, tapered apically (fig. 9E), length about two-thirds as long as eye height; ventral edge with short, erect setulae; apex with several longer, curved setulae.</p> <p>Thorax: Chaetotaxy thickened: uniserial row of short acrostichal setae; dorsocentral setae similar to acrostichals, ending in pair of long prescutellar dorsocentral setae; 1 anterior and 1 posterior postpronotal seta; 4 anterior notopleural setae of variable lengths, 1 posterior notopleural seta; 1 postsutural supraalar seta; 1 postalar seta; 1 pair of apical scutellar setae.</p> <p>Legs: Forecoxa with short erect anterior setae; anteroapical setae longer and stouter. Femora (fig. 11A) with anteroventral row of short setae. Mid and hind coxae with 2–3 stout lateral setae on apical half. Tibiae with biserial row of short, stout ventral setae; apex of tibiae with long, apical ventral seta; hind tibia with dorsal row of setae, length about half width of tibia.</p> <p>Wing: Length 1.9 mm (fig. 3A), costa terminating slightly beyond M 1+2; Sc nearly reaching costal margin; R 4+5 parallel to M 1+2, slightly divergent near wing margin; crossvein r-m opposite near middle of cell dm; apex of M 4 equal distance between M 1+2 and CuA+CuP; CuA straight, strongly recurved; apex of cell cua truncate, length of cell cua shorter than cell bm; CuA+CuP mostly straight, curved subapically to wing margin.</p> <p>Abdomen: Setae short, without distinct posteromarginal setae. Segments 1–5 broad, remaining segments retracted with segment 5. Terminalia (fig. 6B, C): cercus finely setose; truncate apically. Epandrium U-shaped with broad dorsal bridge anterior to cerci; row of ~7 long setae along posteroventral margin, half length of epandrium. Surstylus very narrow and elongate, digitiform, projecting nearly vertically from epandrium, slightly shorter than apical epandrial setae; surstylus having thinner, shorter dorsal lobe. Phallus slender, sclerotized projection; strongly bent subapically with apex arched ventrally, tip microsetulose.</p> <p>MATERIAL EXAMINED: Male, USNM PAL 726872.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B94C5BFFD43C5F6799339EFE8C7710	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sinclair, Bradley J.;Grimaldi, David A.	Sinclair, Bradley J., Grimaldi, David A. (2020): Cretaceous diversity of the relict genus Alavesia Waters and Arillo (Diptera: Empidoidea: Atelestidae). American Museum Novitates 2020 (3961): 1-40, DOI: 10.1206/3961.1, URL: https://bioone.org/journals/american-museum-novitates/volume-2020/issue-3961/3961.1/Cretaceous-Diversity-of-the-Relict-Genus-Alavesia-Waters-and-Arillo/10.1206/3961.1.full
03B94C5BFFD53C5D67CB3352FE0177E6.text	03B94C5BFFD53C5D67CB3352FE0177E6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alavesia magna Sinclair & Grimaldi 2020	<div><p>Alavesia magna, new species</p> <p>Figures 1E, 3B, 5B, 6D–E, 8C–D, 10A, 11B–C, 15A–B</p> <p>DIAGNOSIS: One of two largest species of genus (fig. 15A, B), wing length 3.0 mm; wing linear, long and slender, L/ W 2.97; R 4+5 and M 1+2 entirely parallel; apex of CuA not recurved; postpedicel slender, L/ W 3.45. Male genitalia: surstylus very slender, digitiform, with small dorsal lobe bearing stiff, short seta; postgonites+phallus long, phallus downcurved, minutely feathered at tip.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION: Coloration: Yellowish portions of body: palpus, labellum, much of coxae (also with light brown portions), stem of halter, proximal halves of femora, tergites 6–8; remaining areas light to dark brown (fig. 15A, B). Female paratype slightly darker (preservational artifact?). Wing lightly tinted yellowish on costal half. Male. Head: Scape short, caplike; pedicel short, caplike, with distal ring of setulae. Postpedicel large, lanceolate (fig. 1E), tapered in distal half, L/ W 3.45; stylus of moderate length, 0.45 × L postpedicel, with 2 minute basal articles (fig. 8C, D). Palpus very small; labellum bulbous, with ~7–8 pseudotracheae.</p> <p>Thorax: Macrosetae thickened (fig. 5B); acrostichals very fine, small, in irregular biserial rows; dorsocentral setae slightly larger than acrostichals, gradually longer posteriad, ending in pair of long prescutellar setae (longest setae on thorax). Two postpronotal setae (slightly larger than setulae); 8 notopleural setae of variable lengths, 3 posterior ones longest; 1 postsutural supraalar seta; 1 postalar seta; 2–3 pairs of scutellar setae, apical pair largest, crossed at midlength.</p> <p>Legs (fig. 11B, C): Forecoxa with short, erect setae on anterior surface, longer ones apically. Forefemur with anteroventral row of ~40 small, spinulelike setae; short row of such setae near apices of mid and hind femora. Tibiae with long, apical ventral setae: 1–2–2. Hind tibia with 2 dorsolateral rows of thicker setae, lengths ~0.7 × width of tibia; posterior surface with slight brush of finer setae.</p> <p>Wing: Length 3.0 mm (figs. 3B, 10A). Vein C terminating slightly beyond M 1+2; Sc nearly touching costal margin; R 4+5 entirely parallel to M 1+2, both very straight, crossvein r-m at apical 1/3 of cell dm; apex of M 4 about equidistant between M 1+2 and CuA+CuP; CuA arched; apex of cell cua acute, cell cua longer than cell bm; CuA+CuP virtually straight.</p> <p>Abdomen: Longer than thorax; setae short, no differentiation of posteromarginal setae on tergites or sternites. Segments 1–4 very broad (2 very large), remaining segments much smaller, partially retracted. Terminalia (fig. 6D, E): observable dorsally and laterally. Epandrium complete dorsally, with setulae and marginal fringe of ~8–10 long, fine setae on ventral margin. Surstylus long, slender, digitate, with small dorsal lobe bearing small spinelike seta, apically with minute toothlike apical seta that points inward; mesal surface of surstylus with microtrichia. Postgonites highly integrated, projecting posteriad; phallus abruptly bent ventrad, apex bifid and finely feathered. Female terminalia telescoping; cerci exposed and deflexed downward.</p> <p>TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype male AMNH Bu-KL2-7. Paratype, female USNM PAL 726873.</p> <p>ETYMOLOGY: In reference to the body size, being one of the largest of all the Burmese amber species, along with A. longicornuta.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B94C5BFFD53C5D67CB3352FE0177E6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sinclair, Bradley J.;Grimaldi, David A.	Sinclair, Bradley J., Grimaldi, David A. (2020): Cretaceous diversity of the relict genus Alavesia Waters and Arillo (Diptera: Empidoidea: Atelestidae). American Museum Novitates 2020 (3961): 1-40, DOI: 10.1206/3961.1, URL: https://bioone.org/journals/american-museum-novitates/volume-2020/issue-3961/3961.1/Cretaceous-Diversity-of-the-Relict-Genus-Alavesia-Waters-and-Arillo/10.1206/3961.1.full
03B94C5BFFD73C5A6770323EF8DD700A.text	03B94C5BFFD73C5A6770323EF8DD700A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alavesia myanmarensis Jouault, Ngo-Muller, and Nel	<div><p>Alavesia myanmarensis Jouault, Ngô-Muller, and Nel</p> <p>Figures 1C, 2C, 12D</p> <p>Alavesia myanmarensis Jouault, Ngô-Muller, and Nel in Jouault et al., 2020: 205.</p> <p>Alavesia n. sp. Grimaldi et al., 2002: 59, fig. 40a, b.</p> <p>DIAGNOSIS: A short species (fig. 12D) with a short cell dm and strongly curved and divergent M 1+2. Differs from A. brevipennea by larger size (wing length: 1.1 mm vs. 0.75 mm); M 4 arched; postpedicel straplike, tapered on apical fourth, length of stylus to postpedical 0.32.</p> <p>REDESCRIPTION: Male. Coloration not preserved. Head: Scape and pedicel quadrate, subequal in size and length. Postpedicel elongate, straplike (fig. 1C), L/ W 5.5, tapered on apical fourth; stylus short, 0.32 × length of postpedicel, with two basal articles, without apical flaglike expansion. Mouthparts very short; palpus short, not projecting.</p> <p>Thorax: Chaetotaxy thickened, in numerous rows (not clearly visible): postpronotum and notopleuron damaged; 1 postalar seta; 2 pairs of scutellar setae.</p> <p>Legs: Most setae thickened. Forecoxa with short erect anterior setae; anteroapical setae longer and stouter. Forefemur with anteroventral and posteroventral row of short, slender setae. Mid and hind coxae with 2–3 stout lateral setae on apical half. Tibiae with biserial row of short, stout ventral setae; apex of tibiae with long, apical ventral seta; hind tibia with several dorsal setae, length about half width of tibia.</p> <p>Wing: Length ~ 1.1 mm (base obscured) (fig. 2C): Costa terminating slightly beyond M 1+2; Sc nearly reaching costal margin; R 1 distinctly preapically arched to costa; R 4+5 closely associated with M 1+2, divergent apically; M 1+2 strongly curved and divergent from R 4+5 distally; cell dm short, crossvein r-m nearly opposite apex of cell bm; M 4 arched to wing margin; apex of M 4 closer to CuA+CuP than M 1+2; veins at base of wing difficult to observe.</p> <p>Abdomen: Setae short, without distinct posteromarginal setae. Segments 1–5 broad. Terminalia with paired, subapical sickle-shaped projections, probably surstyli.</p> <p>MATERIAL EXAMINED: Male, AMNH Bu-496 (AMNH).</p> <p>REMARKS: The male terminalia of this species was described in detail by Zhang et al. (2020).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B94C5BFFD73C5A6770323EF8DD700A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sinclair, Bradley J.;Grimaldi, David A.	Sinclair, Bradley J., Grimaldi, David A. (2020): Cretaceous diversity of the relict genus Alavesia Waters and Arillo (Diptera: Empidoidea: Atelestidae). American Museum Novitates 2020 (3961): 1-40, DOI: 10.1206/3961.1, URL: https://bioone.org/journals/american-museum-novitates/volume-2020/issue-3961/3961.1/Cretaceous-Diversity-of-the-Relict-Genus-Alavesia-Waters-and-Arillo/10.1206/3961.1.full
03B94C5BFFD03C5B6782344FFE7C7070.text	03B94C5BFFD03C5B6782344FFE7C7070.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alavesia pankowskiorum Sinclair & Grimaldi 2020	<div><p>Alavesia pankowskiorum, new species</p> <p>Figures 1I–K, 3C–F, 7A–B, 8B, 10B, 15C–F</p> <p>DIAGNOSIS: Relatively small species (fig. 15C–F), wing length 1.0 to 1.4 mm. Males with postpedicel lanceolate to slightly narrow-triangular L/ W 4.3 –3.4x, arista ~0.43 × length of postpedicel; cell cua slightly acute to truncate; M 1+2 and R 4+5 parallel (but slightly curved), diverging slightly at wing margin; M 1+2 and M 4 widely divergent; acrostichals in uniserial (vs. biserial) row; 2 (vs. 3) pairs scutellar setae.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION: Male. Coloration: notum, abdominal tergites, terminalia evenly light brown, without bold markings; legs and postpedicel lighter. Head: Scape elongate, about as long as width of broadest portion of pedicel. Postpedicel lanceolate to slightly narrow-triangular, gradually and evenly tapered (fig. 1I–K), L/ W 4.3 –3.4x; stylus ~0.43 × length of postpedicel, with two basal articles. Palpus short and narrow (fig. 8B).</p> <p>Thorax: Macrosetae thickened: acrostichals fine, short, in uniserial row; dorsocentral setae similar to acrostichals, ending in pair of long prescutellar dorsocentral setae; 1 anterior and 1 posterior postpronotal seta; 4 anterior notopleural setae of variable lengths, 1 posterior notopleural seta; 1 postsutural supraalar seta; 1 postalar seta; 2 pairs of scutellar setae.</p> <p>Legs: Forecoxa with short erect anterior setae; anteroapical setae longer and stouter. Forefemur with anteroventral row of short, spinulelike setae; shorter rows near apex of mid and hind femora. Mid and hind coxae with 2–3 stout lateral setae on apical half. Tibiae with biserial row of short, stout ventral setae; apex of tibiae with long, apical ventral seta(e): (1-2-2). Hind tibia with dorsal row of stout setae, length about half width of tibia.</p> <p>Wing: Length 1.0– 1.4 mm (fig. 3C–F). Costa terminating slightly beyond M 1+2; Sc nearly reaching costal margin; R 4+5 parallel to M 1+2, diverging slightly near wing margin, veins straight to slightly or obviously curved; crossvein r-m at midlength to apical quarter of cell dm; M 4 straight to wing margin; apex of M 4 approximately equidistant between M 1+2 and CuA+CuP; M 1+2 and M 4 widely divergent; CuA slightly convex; apex of cell cua slightly convex to virtually truncate, length of cell cua slightly shorter than cell bm; CuA+CuP mostly straight, slightly curved subapically to wing margin. Anal vein present; anal lobe very narrow.</p> <p>Abdomen: Setae short, posteromarginal setae of tergites and sternites hardly differentiated. Segments 1–5 broad, remaining segments retracted with segment 5. Terminalia (fig. 7A,B): cercus finely setose; truncate apically. Epandrium U-shaped with broad dorsal bridge anterior to cerci; long setae along posterior margin, half length of epandrium. Surstylus very narrow and elongate, projecting nearly vertically from epandrium, as long as apical epandrial setae. Phallus slender, sclerotized projection; strongly and evenly (vs. abruptly) bent subapically, hooklike, with apex arched ventrally, apex minutely feathered, probably bifid. Female terminalia like that of Alavesia sp. (JZC Bu-1729: fig. 10C) and A. zigrasi (AMNH Bu-KL9-21: fig. 10D).</p> <p>TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype, male, AMNH Bu-1554 (other 2 males, 2 females paratypes). Paratypes, male AMNH Bu-888; male AMNH Bu-KL7-19; male USNM PAL 726869.</p> <p>ETYMOLOGY: The specific epithet is named in honour of Pankowski family who donated several specimens used in this study.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B94C5BFFD03C5B6782344FFE7C7070	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sinclair, Bradley J.;Grimaldi, David A.	Sinclair, Bradley J., Grimaldi, David A. (2020): Cretaceous diversity of the relict genus Alavesia Waters and Arillo (Diptera: Empidoidea: Atelestidae). American Museum Novitates 2020 (3961): 1-40, DOI: 10.1206/3961.1, URL: https://bioone.org/journals/american-museum-novitates/volume-2020/issue-3961/3961.1/Cretaceous-Diversity-of-the-Relict-Genus-Alavesia-Waters-and-Arillo/10.1206/3961.1.full
03B94C5BFFD13C6767CE34B2FEB47027.text	03B94C5BFFD13C6767CE34B2FEB47027.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alavesia spinosa Sinclair & Grimaldi 2020	<div><p>Alavesia spinosa, new species</p> <p>Figures 1L, 4A, 5C, 7C, 17A</p> <p>DIAGNOSIS: Wing moderately slender (fig. 17A), L/ W 2.88, with distinctly narrowed apex; R 4 +5 and M 1+2 slightly curved; bm-cu and CuA nearly symmetrical; cell dm long and slender. Postpedicel very large, L/ W 4.88, lanceolate. Male genitalia with pair of thick, spinelike setae just anterior to bases of surstyli.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION: Male. Coloration partially visible, much of cuticle with layer of air. Mesoscutum and scutellum dark tan/light brown; postpedicel brown; pleura brown at least in center, perhaps more; halter knob light brown; tarsi entirely dark brown, tibiae and femora lighter; tergites 1–4 dark brown, others yellowish; wing completely hyaline. Head: Scape slender, longer than pedicel; pedicel small, quadrate, setose; postpedicel long, lanceolate (fig. 1L), L/ W 4.88; stylus relatively short, 0.39 × length of postpedicel, with 2 minute basal articles.</p> <p>Thorax: Macrosetae thickened (fig. 5C); acrostichals small and fine, in biserial rows; dorsocentrals similar to acrostichals, ending in pair of long prescutellar setae plus 3 smaller macrosetae per side. Postpronotal setae only slightly larger than acrostichals; 5 notopleural setae of variable lengths; 1 postsutural supraalar seta; 1 postalar seta; 3 pairs scutellar setae, apical pair upright, crossed at tips, only slightly larger than lateralmost scutellars.</p> <p>Legs: Forecoxa setose on anterior surface, longer at apex; forefemur with anteroventral row of ~30 short, spinulelike setae along length of femur; mid and hind femora with such setae only near apex. Tibia with long, apical ventral seta(e): 1-2-2. Hind tibia with short dorsal row of 3–4 thick setae, lengths ~0.7 × width of tibia, posterior surface with brush of fine setulae.</p> <p>Wing: Length 1.7 mm (fig. 4A), vein C terminating slightly beyond M 1+2; Sc nearly reaching costal margin; R 4+5 parallel to M 1+2 but diverging at apices, both veins slightly curved (not straight); crossvein r-m at distal third of cell dm, cell long and slender; apex of M 4 slightly closer to M 1+2 than to CuA+CuP; CuA not aligned with bm-m; apex of cell cua acute, cell cua almost symmetrical with cell bm; CuA+CuP bent slightly in middle.</p> <p>Abdomen: Slightly longer than thorax. Setae short, with little differentiation; sternites 2–4 with slightly thicker, short setulae on posterior and lateral margins. Terminalia (fig. 7C): Epandrium short, broad, dorsally complete, with some setulae and fringe of 5–6 long, fine setae on ventral margins. Cercus small. Surstylus long, slender, digitate, with medial row of 5 fine setulae, apical setula clavate. Phallus short, bifid. Genitalia uniquely with pair of stout, large, spinelike setae near bases of surstyli.</p> <p>TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype, male: AMNH KL7-18. The fly is in excellent condition, preserved in clear yellow amber with many microscopic details visible.</p> <p>ETYMOLOGY: The specific epithet is from the Latin spinosus (thorny), in reference to the pair of thick, spinelike setae on the male terminalia.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B94C5BFFD13C6767CE34B2FEB47027	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sinclair, Bradley J.;Grimaldi, David A.	Sinclair, Bradley J., Grimaldi, David A. (2020): Cretaceous diversity of the relict genus Alavesia Waters and Arillo (Diptera: Empidoidea: Atelestidae). American Museum Novitates 2020 (3961): 1-40, DOI: 10.1206/3961.1, URL: https://bioone.org/journals/american-museum-novitates/volume-2020/issue-3961/3961.1/Cretaceous-Diversity-of-the-Relict-Genus-Alavesia-Waters-and-Arillo/10.1206/3961.1.full
03B94C5BFFED3C6567C53468FD2E7200.text	03B94C5BFFED3C6567C53468FD2E7200.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alavesia zigrasi Sinclair & Grimaldi 2020	<div><p>Alavesia zigrasi, new species</p> <p>Figures 1M, 4B–C, 7D, 9A–B, 10D, 16</p> <p>DIAGNOSIS: Large species (fig. 16), wing 2.1 mm; M 1+2 and R 4+5 parallel; cell dm extending well beyond apex of cell cua; crossvein br-m at two-thirds of cell dm; CuA arched apically.</p> <p>DESCRIPTION (based on holotype): Male. Coloration of holotype well preserved; body almost entirely dark brown, including pleura and halter. Coxae mostly yellowish, dark area on distal portion of anterior surface. Forefemur yellowish, basal 2/3 of mid and hind femora yellowish, apices brown. Tibiae and tarsi dark brown. Wing slightly tinted, trailing edge lighter. All tergites dark, including epandrium; cerci light.</p> <p>Head: Scape barely observable; pedicel short, conelike. Postpedicel large, broad (fig. 1M), L/ W 3.22. Stylus short, L 0.36 × length of postpedicel, with two small basal articles. Palpus broad, rounded apically; labellum with at least 10 pseudotracheae (fig. 9A, B).</p> <p>Thorax: Macrosetae very thickened; acrostichals robust, in biserial rows; dorsocentral setae similar to acrostichals, ending in 2 pairs long prescutellars (posterior pair longest); 1 anterior and 1 posterior postpronotal seta; notopleural setae of variable lengths (3 most posterior ones thick and long); 1 postsutural supraalar seta; 1 postalar seta; 3 pairs scutellar setae, lateral pair 0.6 × L apical pair.</p> <p>Legs: Forecoxa with short, erect setae on anterior surface, 5–6 of them thick. Forefemur with anteroventral row of short, spinulelike setae; short row of such setae near apices of mid and hind femora. Tibiae with long apical ventral setae: 1-2-2. Hind tibia with dense dorsal row of setae, length about half width of tibia, plus row of ~6 larger, spinelike setae (length slight less than tibial width); posterior surface of hind tibia with fine, brushy setulae.</p> <p>Wing: Length 2.1 mm (fig. 4B, C), vein C terminating slightly beyond M 1+2; Sc nearly reaching costal margin; R 4+5 parallel to M 1+2; crossvein r-m at distal third of cell dm; apex of M 4 slightly closer to M 1+2 than to CuA+CuP; CuA oblique, slightly arched, not aligned with bm-m, apex of cell cua acute, cell cua longer than cell bm; apex of CuA+CuP slightly curved at apex. Vein A well developed.</p> <p>Abdomen: Slightly longer than thorax, setae short, spinulelike setae on posterior and lateral margins of sternites 2–5. Segments 1–5 broad, others retracted into segment 5. Terminalia unique (fig. 7D): Epandrium dorsally incomplete, long fringe of ~8 setae on ventral margin. Cercus small; surstylus straight (curved slightly inward), projecting backward, thicker than in other species. Phallus flexed anteroventrad, apex bifid and minutely feathered.</p> <p>TYPE MATERIAL: Holotype, male JZC Bu-281. The left antenna and distal half of the right foreleg lost. Paratypes, three females (AMNH Bu-KL9-21, JZC Bu-165a, JZC Bu-165b), JZC Bu-282 (male), genitalia not well preserved; coloration not preserved, body with some compression; differs from holotype by venation (fig. 4C): r-m at middle of cell dm, bm-m and m-cu slanted, CuA strongly arched.</p> <p>ETYMOLOGY: The specific epithet is named in honour of James Zigras, from whose collection these and other fossil specimens originate.</p> <p>Undetermined Specimens</p> <p>Four pieces of Burmese amber in the AMNH contain specimens that are difficult to identify to species, based on inadequate preservation. All except AMNH KL7-7 were found in a large batch of unprocessed amber (Grimaldi et al., 2002). A significant portion of Burmese amber contains arthropod inclusions that are too distorted by compression for definitive identification; since these usually contain many fine fractures, such pieces are rarely sold commercially, a source of the fossils that will skew the natural abundances of inclusions. The undetermined Alavesia species are reported here for the sake of completeness.</p> <p>AMNH Bu-129: Possibly male; postpedicel long, slender; R 4+5 curved, quite divergent from M 1; CuA arched, not recurved. Amber turbid, fractured; specimen crumpled. Syninclusions: Psychodidae, female empidoid (? Neoturonius).</p> <p>AMNH Bu-769: Male, very poor preservation, identifiable as Alavesia on basis of very distinctive antennae. Left wing preserved but most venation not visible; CuA recurved. Piece with many fine fractures; fly is partial and crumpled. Syninclusions: particulate debris; undetermined larva.</p> <p>AMNH Bu-957: Like A. brevipennae a tiny species, postpedicel microtrichose and lanceolate (tapered for entire length), stylus microtrichose; R slightly arched, quite divergent with M 1. Unlike in A. brevipennae CuA is recurved (vs. acute). Head is deformed, but mouthparts well preserved and visible. Syninclusions: stellate trichomes, 2 fine feather barbs with very fine, short barbules.</p> <p>4+5</p> <p>AMNH KL7-7: A piece that contains 2 males and 1 female of possibly A. myanmarensis. Species of average size; male postpedicel large, lanceolate; R 4 +5 arched, M 1 slightly arched, CuA arched (not recurved). Syninclusions indicate a ground-dwelling assemblage: Staphylinid beetle, cecidomyiid midge, 5 mites, soil particles, 3 leaflets (with parallel venation), a thrips, and a male coccoid.</p> <p>The following undetermined females of Alavesia species are reported here for the sake of completeness: JZC Bu-1729 (AMNH) (figs. 1N, 3F, 10C, 11E–F, 17B); USNM PAL 726870</p> <p>(USNM) (fig. 17C, E); USNM PAL 726874 (USNM) (figs. 11G, 17D); and USNM PAL 726875 (USNM) (fig. 17F).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B94C5BFFED3C6567C53468FD2E7200	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sinclair, Bradley J.;Grimaldi, David A.	Sinclair, Bradley J., Grimaldi, David A. (2020): Cretaceous diversity of the relict genus Alavesia Waters and Arillo (Diptera: Empidoidea: Atelestidae). American Museum Novitates 2020 (3961): 1-40, DOI: 10.1206/3961.1, URL: https://bioone.org/journals/american-museum-novitates/volume-2020/issue-3961/3961.1/Cretaceous-Diversity-of-the-Relict-Genus-Alavesia-Waters-and-Arillo/10.1206/3961.1.full
03B94C5BFFEF3C6566FC3644F8DC7534.text	03B94C5BFFEF3C6566FC3644F8DC7534.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alavesia Sinclair & Grimaldi 2020	<div><p>KEY TO MALES OF BURMESE AMBER FOSSIL SPECIES OF ALAVESIA</p> <p>1. Aristalike stylus greatly lengthened, at least twice length of postpedicel, with apical expansion or flag (fig. 1G, H)......................................................................2</p> <p>– Aristalike stylus shorter than postpedicel, without modified apex..........................3</p> <p>2. Palpus narrow and elongate (figs. 9E, 14C); apical aristalike stylus 2 × length of postpedicel; apical flag darkened (figs. 1H, 14B, C)............................................ A. longsistylata</p> <p>– Palpus flattened and elongate (fig. 9C, D); aristalike stylus more than 2.9 × length of postpedicel; apical flag light colored (figs. 8F, 13D).............................. A. longicornuta, sp. nov.</p> <p>3. Cell dm very short, crossvein dm-m opposite apex of cell bm (figs. 2B, C, 3C)...............4</p> <p>– Cell dm longer, crossvein dm-m clearly positioned beyond apex of cell bm..................6</p> <p>4. M 1+2 strongly arched towards R 4+5 (fig. 2B, C)...........................................5</p> <p>– M 1+2 gradually arched to wing margin (fig. 3C)..... Alavesia pankowskiorum, sp. nov. [in part]</p> <p>5. Smaller size (wing length: 0.75 mm); postpedicel slightly curved and gradually tapered apically (fig. 1B).................................................... Alavesia brevipennae, sp. nov.</p> <p>– Larger size (wing length: 1.1 mm); postpedicel straight and tapered on apical fourth (fig. 1C).. Alavesia myanmarensis</p> <p>6. M 1+2 and R 4+5 divergent apically (figs. 2D, 3D–F, 4A, B)...................................7</p> <p>– M 1+2 and R 4+5 nearly parallel apically (figs. 2A, E, 3B)...................................10</p> <p>7. Wing with distinctly narrowed apex; cell dm long and slender (fig. 4A)...................... Alavesia spinosa, sp. nov.</p> <p>– Wing with rounded apex; cell dm short and expanded apically (figs. 2D, 3D–F, 4B)..........8</p> <p>8. Wing less than 1.5 mm (fig. 3D–F); postpedicel narrow lanceolate to narrow triangular (fig. 1I–K).......................................... Alavesia pankowskiorum, sp. nov. [in part]</p> <p>– Wing more than 1.5 mm (figs. 2D, 4B); postpedicel large and broad (fig. 1D, M).............9</p> <p>9. Wing length 1.8 mm (fig. 2D)................................. Alavesia lanceolata, sp. nov.</p> <p>– Wing length 2.1 mm (fig. 4B)...................................... Alavesia zigrasi, sp. nov.</p> <p>10. Scape longer than pedicel............................................. Alavesia hadroceria</p> <p>– Scape shorter than pedicel...........................................................11</p> <p>11. CuA recurved, aligned with apex of cell bm (fig. 2A, E); wing short (less than 2.0 mm), narrow or rounded...........................................................................12</p> <p>– CuA arched distally, extending beyond cell bm (fig. 3B); wing very long (3.0 mm), narrow and linear.......................................................... Alavesia magna, sp. nov.</p> <p>12. Wing apex pointed (fig. 2A); postpedicel narrow and fusiform (fig. 1A); stylus length 0.46 × postpedicel....................................................... Alavesia angusta, sp. nov.</p> <p>– Wing apex broadly rounded (fig. 2E); postpedicel elongate triangle (fig. 1F); stylus length 0.54 × postpedicel...................................................... Alavesia latala, sp. nov.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B94C5BFFEF3C6566FC3644F8DC7534	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Sinclair, Bradley J.;Grimaldi, David A.	Sinclair, Bradley J., Grimaldi, David A. (2020): Cretaceous diversity of the relict genus Alavesia Waters and Arillo (Diptera: Empidoidea: Atelestidae). American Museum Novitates 2020 (3961): 1-40, DOI: 10.1206/3961.1, URL: https://bioone.org/journals/american-museum-novitates/volume-2020/issue-3961/3961.1/Cretaceous-Diversity-of-the-Relict-Genus-Alavesia-Waters-and-Arillo/10.1206/3961.1.full
