taxonID	type	description	language	source
03B987B85527FFAB2200FB59B1B3FE6B.taxon	description	(Fig. 1)	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): Lectotypification of four Iranian endemic taxa of Echinops L. (Asteraceae, Cardueae). Adansonia (3) 44 (7): 49-55, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a7
03B987B85527FFAB2200FB59B1B3FE6B.taxon	materials_examined	LECTOTYPE (here designated). — Iran. Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province: ad radices Kuh Delu prope Deremgun, 17. VI. 1842, Th. Kotschy 548 (lecto-, G [G 00765429]!; isolecto-, FI [FI 006558]!, G [G 00223648, G 00223649 (two sheets comprising one specimen)]!, H [H 1052030]!, K [K 000768890]!, L [L 3680430]!, MO [MO- 714042]!, P [P 00711511, P 00711514]!, W [W 18890072845, W 0022362, W 0022363, W 0022364]!, WAG [WAG 0000565]!).	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): Lectotypification of four Iranian endemic taxa of Echinops L. (Asteraceae, Cardueae). Adansonia (3) 44 (7): 49-55, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a7
03B987B85527FFAB2200FB59B1B3FE6B.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Fifteen herbarium specimens of the type of Echinops ceratophorus were found at FI, G, H, K, L, MO, P, W, and WAG, which have to be treated as syntypes (art. 40 note 1 of Turland et al. 2018). According to McNeill (2014), the existence of a holotype cannot be established in this case because there was more than one specimen for this species, housed in more than one institution. The specimen G 00765429 is selected here as the lectotype, because it clearly shows the characters mentioned in the protologue. Rechinger (1950) described Echinops farsicus as a new species from Kuh Tschah Siah (Fars Province) for Iran. Twenty nine years later, Rechinger (1979) placed E. farsicus to synonymy of E. ceratophorus. As no morphological differences between both species can be seen, Rechinger’s treatment is followed here.	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): Lectotypification of four Iranian endemic taxa of Echinops L. (Asteraceae, Cardueae). Adansonia (3) 44 (7): 49-55, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a7
03B987B85527FFAF20C9FDFBB62EFEC8.taxon	description	(Fig. 2)	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): Lectotypification of four Iranian endemic taxa of Echinops L. (Asteraceae, Cardueae). Adansonia (3) 44 (7): 49-55, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a7
03B987B85527FFAF20C9FDFBB62EFEC8.taxon	materials_examined	LECTOTYPE (here designated). — Iran. Hamedan Province, in monte Elwend, 1882, T. Pichler s. n. (lecto-, WU [WU 0065667]!; isolecto-, B [B 100093525, B 100094112]!, W [W 1885 - 0006150]!, WU [WU 0065666, WU 0065668, WU 0065669, WU 0065670, WU 0065671, WU 0065672, WU 0065673]!).	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): Lectotypification of four Iranian endemic taxa of Echinops L. (Asteraceae, Cardueae). Adansonia (3) 44 (7): 49-55, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a7
03B987B85527FFAF20C9FDFBB62EFEC8.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Heimerl (1885) described Echinops kerneri based on two collections: “ in declivibus siccis montis Elwend leg. T. Pichler 1882 ” and “ ad pagum Aftseha prope Teheran leg. T. Kotschy (Plantae Persiae borealis 1843 Nr. 622 ”. Rechinger (1974) described Echinops ecbatanus Bornm. ex Rech. f. based on collection: “ in declivibus siccis montis Elwend leg. T. Pichler 1882 ”. Since older name exists based on the same type, and according to Turland et al. (2018), the name Echinops ecbatanus Bornm. ex Rech. f. was not validly published. The specimenWU 0065667 is here selected as the lectotype because its capitula and leaves are more developed than in other specimens, and the characters of the specimen agree with the protologue. The labels of the specimens are slightly different. They have been distributed in a series named “ Iter Persicum Dris J. E. Polak 1882 ”, but the collector is T. Pichler. On WU 0065669 is the original handwritten label of Pichler “ Auf sandigen Triften und Aabhängen [sic!] der Perge [sic!] um Jalpan [On sandy places and slopes of the mountains around Jalpan], 16. Juli 1882 ”. The specimen in B was sent by Wettstein in 1917 to Bornmüller and carries the handwritten name E. ecbatanus by Bornmüller, but is rather fragmentary. On WU 0065668 are handwritten notes of the floral analysis by Rechinger. The specimensB 100093525, WU 0065666 andWU 0065668 were also annotated as Echinops polygamus Bunge. Echinops kerneri differs from E. polygamus by its height being 10 - 30 cm (vs 25 - 30 cm), stems simple or branched in median part, densely leafy throughout (vs branched in basal part, loosely leafy in lower part, leafless in upper part), leaves coriaceous (vs herbaceous), basal leaves 5 - 10 cm wide, distinctly petiolate (vs 4 - 5 cm wide, sessile and amplexicaulous), cauline leaves broadly lanceolate, with 4 - 8 mm long spines (vs oblong or lanceolate-triangular, with c. 10 mm long spines), common involucres c. 10 mm long, with linear-cuneate phyllaries (vs c. 8 mm long, with lanceolate-cuneate phyllaries), and also phyllaries number c. 14, middle ones narrowly rhombic (vs 11 - 13, middle ones rigid-lanceolate).	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): Lectotypification of four Iranian endemic taxa of Echinops L. (Asteraceae, Cardueae). Adansonia (3) 44 (7): 49-55, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a7
03B987B85523FFAF2203FE5BB6E1F937.taxon	description	(Fig. 3)	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): Lectotypification of four Iranian endemic taxa of Echinops L. (Asteraceae, Cardueae). Adansonia (3) 44 (7): 49-55, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a7
03B987B85523FFAF2203FE5BB6E1F937.taxon	materials_examined	LECTOTYPE (here designated). — Iran. Kerman Province, in regione inferiore montis Kuh Lalesar prope pagum Lalesar, c. 3000 m, 15. VII. 1892, J. F. N. Bornmüller 4055 (lecto-, B [B 100093507]!; isolecto-, B [B 100093503, B 100093504, B 100093505, B 100093506]!, BR [BR 0000005267729]!, G [G 00223636, G 00223637]!, JE [JE 00008414, JE 00008415]!, K [K 000768896]! left hand of the sheet, LD [LD 1044387]!, W [W 0045820, W 0045839, W 18960003994]!).	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): Lectotypification of four Iranian endemic taxa of Echinops L. (Asteraceae, Cardueae). Adansonia (3) 44 (7): 49-55, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a7
03B987B85523FFAF2203FE5BB6E1F937.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Bornmüller first supposed this species to be a variety of E. villosissimus but later described it as species. Bornmüller (1918) described Echinops lalesarensis based on collections of him from Lalesar, but did not designate a holotype nor did mention the name of the herbarium where the specimens were housed. Subsequently, fifteen specimens of E. lalesarensis collected by Bornmüller from Lalesar were found at different herbaria. Of these, the specimen B 100093507 is better preserved and more complete than the other specimens and best represents the species description given in the protologue, hence it is designated here as the lectotype. Echinops lalesarensis var. adenocaulis was described by Bornmüller (1918). According to him, it is distinguished from the typical variety by having glandular indumentum on stem. In their account, Montazerolghaem et al. (2016), considering morphological data, placed var. adenocaulis to synonymy of E. lalesarensis. Montazerolghaem et al. ’ s treatment is followed here. Anyway a lectotype for this taxon is chosen here too.	en	Negaresh, Kazem (2022): Lectotypification of four Iranian endemic taxa of Echinops L. (Asteraceae, Cardueae). Adansonia (3) 44 (7): 49-55, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a7
