taxonID	type	description	language	source
03B851366647FFA6FF6C14C0E361EC66.taxon	description	Fig. 2 oh ẚnobaṫos salalah Randall & Compagno, 1995: 293; holotype: BPBM 36358; type locality: Salalah fish market, Oman, Ara- bian Sea.	en	Bogorodsky, Sergey V., Zajonz, Uwe, Saeed, Fouad N., Weigmann, Simon (2021): Notes on batoid fishes of the Socotra Archipelago (north-western Indian Ocean) with four new records. Zootaxa 4951 (3): 511-528, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4951.3.5
03B851366647FFA6FF6C14C0E361EC66.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: SMF uncatalogued, male, 66 cm TL, Socotra Island, fish market in Hadibo, 2 July 2020. Distinctive characters: Acro ṫerẚobaṫus salalah is characterised by a short and obtusely angled (~ 88 °) snout with slightly convex anterior disc margins; posterior tip of pectoral fins overlapping the anterior part of pelvic fins; disc relatively narrow and thin, heart-shaped, disc width 2.8 – 3.1 in TL; preorbital length 8.7 – 10.2 in TL; preoral length 7.2 – 7.5 in TL; anterior nasal flap distinctly extending into internasal space (Randall & Compagno 1995; Bearez e ṫ al. 2008; Psomadakis e ṫ al. 2015; Séret e ṫ al. 2016). Furthermore, the rostral ridges are well separated throughout their length, diverging slightly anteriorly and posteriorly, and each spiracle has two cutaneous folds on posterior edge, the inner one shortest (Psomadakis e ṫ al. 2015). Coloura ṫẚon: Dorsal surface light tan with pattern of scattered dark-edged, bluish white spots of equal or slightly greater than pupil size; rostral cartilage not strongly contrasted with rest of snout; dorsal fins often with faint blotches. Ventral surface white, semi-translucent, snout sometimes with dark blotch (Randall & Compagno 1995; Séret e ṫ al. 2016).	en	Bogorodsky, Sergey V., Zajonz, Uwe, Saeed, Fouad N., Weigmann, Simon (2021): Notes on batoid fishes of the Socotra Archipelago (north-western Indian Ocean) with four new records. Zootaxa 4951 (3): 511-528, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4951.3.5
03B851366647FFA6FF6C14C0E361EC66.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Reported from Oman, Gulf of Oman, and Pakistan (Randall 1995; Bearez e ṫ al. 2008; Psomadakis e ṫ al. 2015).	en	Bogorodsky, Sergey V., Zajonz, Uwe, Saeed, Fouad N., Weigmann, Simon (2021): Notes on batoid fishes of the Socotra Archipelago (north-western Indian Ocean) with four new records. Zootaxa 4951 (3): 511-528, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4951.3.5
03B851366647FFA6FF6C14C0E361EC66.taxon	discussion	Remarks: The collected specimen is a mature male of 66 cm TL, taken by fishermen at Socotra Island, which matches well all characters of Acro ṫerẚobaṫus salalah given by Séret e ṫ al. (2016), including disc width 3.1 in TL and preorbital length 10.2 in TL. The specimen was obtained from Hadibo fish market without precise collection data on locality and habitat. Elsewhere, the species occurs in sandy areas of seaward reefs at depths of 10 – 100 m (Simpfendorfer e ṫ al. 2017). The species is included as near threatened in the Red List Assessments of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and urgently requires conservation management (Simpfendorfer e ṫ al. 2017). Two congeners are known from the Arabian region, AK omanens ẚs Last, Henderson & Naylor, 2016 reported from off Oman and an undescribed species collected off Socotra (Last e ṫ al. 2016 a; Weigmann e ṫ al., in press); both species differ from AK salalah by having a distinctly wedge-shaped disc and a narrowly pointed snout with nearly straight to slightly concave lateral edges.	en	Bogorodsky, Sergey V., Zajonz, Uwe, Saeed, Fouad N., Weigmann, Simon (2021): Notes on batoid fishes of the Socotra Archipelago (north-western Indian Ocean) with four new records. Zootaxa 4951 (3): 511-528, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4951.3.5
03B851366646FFA1FF6C145FE076EDAD.taxon	description	Fig. 3 oh ẚnobaṫos punc ṫẚfer Compagno & Randall, 1987: 336; holotype: BPBM 20843; type locality: Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea.	en	Bogorodsky, Sergey V., Zajonz, Uwe, Saeed, Fouad N., Weigmann, Simon (2021): Notes on batoid fishes of the Socotra Archipelago (north-western Indian Ocean) with four new records. Zootaxa 4951 (3): 511-528, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4951.3.5
03B851366646FFA1FF6C145FE076EDAD.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: SMF uncatalogued, female, 64 cm TL, Socotra Island, fish market in Hadibo, 2 July 2020. Distinctive characters: oh ẚnobaṫos punc ṫẚfer is characterised by having a relatively narrow, wedge-shaped disc with slightly concave anterior margin, disc width 2.9 – 3.4 in TL; snout relatively short and bluntly pointed, preorbital length 7.3 – 7.6 in TL; the posterior tip of pectoral fins overlapping the anterior part of pelvic fins; anterior nasal flap slightly extending into internasal space (Compagno & Randall 1987; Last e ṫ al. 2019). Furthermore, the mouth is rather narrow, width 5.4 – 6.2 % TL, the upper jaw tooth row count is low (~ 76), the vertebral count is relatively high (175 – 184 post-synarcual centra), the dorsal fins are relatively high (height of first 7.6 – 9.5 % TL) and rather widely spaced (interdorsal distance 2.1 – 2.7 times first dorsal-fin base length), and the posterior two-thirds of both fins are almost devoid of dermal denticles (Compagno & Randall 1987; Last e ṫ al. 2019). Coloura ṫẚon: Dorsal surface of disc variable from usually with small scattered white spots to occasionally uniform brownish or yellowish brown. Ventral surface whitish, often yellowish around gill region.	en	Bogorodsky, Sergey V., Zajonz, Uwe, Saeed, Fouad N., Weigmann, Simon (2021): Notes on batoid fishes of the Socotra Archipelago (north-western Indian Ocean) with four new records. Zootaxa 4951 (3): 511-528, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4951.3.5
03B851366646FFA1FF6C145FE076EDAD.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Known from the Gulf of Suez, Gulf of Aqaba, Arabian Sea coast of Oman, Gulf of Oman, the Gulf and Pakistan (Randall 1995; Almojil e ṫ al. 2015; Henderson e ṫ al. 2015; Last e ṫ al. 2019).	en	Bogorodsky, Sergey V., Zajonz, Uwe, Saeed, Fouad N., Weigmann, Simon (2021): Notes on batoid fishes of the Socotra Archipelago (north-western Indian Ocean) with four new records. Zootaxa 4951 (3): 511-528, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4951.3.5
03B851366646FFA1FF6C145FE076EDAD.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Zajonz e ṫ al. (2019) listed an unidentified species of oh ẚnobaṫos Linck, which might be attributed to oK punc ṫẚfer. The confirmed record is based on the collection of a mature female of 64 cm TL taken by fishermen off Socotra Island, which matches well all characters of oK punc ṫẚfer given by Last e ṫ al. (2019), including disc width 3.1 in TL and preorbital length 7.6 in TL. The specimen was obtained from Hadibo fish market without precise collection data on locality and habitat. Elsewhere, the species occurs in sandy areas of lagoons and seaward reefs at depths of 1 – 70 m (Weigmann 2016). The species is included as near threatened in IUCN Red List Assessments and urgently requires conservation management (Ebert e ṫ al. 2017). oh ẚnobaṫos punc ṫẚfer has regularly been confused with oh ẚnobaṫos annandale ẚ Norman, 1926, also known from the Arabian Sea, until Last e ṫ al. (2019) resolved this issue. Although oK annandale ẚ is a very similar species, it differs by having a broader disc, 2.3 – 2.6 in TL (versus 2.9 – 3.4 in TL in oK punc ṫẚfer), broader mouth, 12.5 – 14 in TL (versus 16.1 – 18.5 in TL), an upper jaw with ~ 130 tooth rows (versus ~ 76 tooth rows), and dorsal fins covered with minute denticles (versus denticles confined to anterior portion of fin only).	en	Bogorodsky, Sergey V., Zajonz, Uwe, Saeed, Fouad N., Weigmann, Simon (2021): Notes on batoid fishes of the Socotra Archipelago (north-western Indian Ocean) with four new records. Zootaxa 4951 (3): 511-528, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4951.3.5
03B851366641FFA1FF6C147BE078E831.taxon	description	Fig. 4 oh ẚna ancylos ṫomus Bloch & Schneider, 1801: 352; lectotype: ZMB 4621, specimen lost; type locality: Coromandel Coast, south-eastern India.	en	Bogorodsky, Sergey V., Zajonz, Uwe, Saeed, Fouad N., Weigmann, Simon (2021): Notes on batoid fishes of the Socotra Archipelago (north-western Indian Ocean) with four new records. Zootaxa 4951 (3): 511-528, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4951.3.5
03B851366641FFA1FF6C147BE078E831.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: 1 specimen, not preserved, female, 225 cm TL, Socotra Archipelago, Abd al-Kuri Island, 27 March 2019. Distinctive characters: oh ẚna ancylos ṫoma is an unmistakable guitarfish, characterised by having a short and broadly rounded snout; upper jaw with three deep concavities; mid-line of disc with a ridge of large thorns, interorbital area with two ridges; posterior tip of pectoral fins ending before pelvic fins; spiracles without folds; upper and lower caudal-fin lobes subequal in size. Coloura ṫẚon: Greyish brown, head with transverse black bands, body and fins with many small white spots. Pattern strongly pronounced in juveniles, usually less distinct in large specimens. Ventral surface pale.	en	Bogorodsky, Sergey V., Zajonz, Uwe, Saeed, Fouad N., Weigmann, Simon (2021): Notes on batoid fishes of the Socotra Archipelago (north-western Indian Ocean) with four new records. Zootaxa 4951 (3): 511-528, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4951.3.5
03B851366641FFA1FF6C147BE078E831.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Known from the Red Sea to the Gulf, south to Mauritius and South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal), east to eastern Australia (New South Wales), the Philippines and southern Japan (Last e ṫ al. 2016 b). In the Arabian region, the species was recorded from the Red Sea (Debelius 1998), Gulf of Tadjoura (Lips e ṫ al. 2016; Froese & Pauly 2020), and the Gulf (Randall 1995; Almojil e ṫ al. 2015); records from off Oman (Muttrah), Iran and Pakistan are based on photographs of fresh specimens (Froese & Pauly 2020).	en	Bogorodsky, Sergey V., Zajonz, Uwe, Saeed, Fouad N., Weigmann, Simon (2021): Notes on batoid fishes of the Socotra Archipelago (north-western Indian Ocean) with four new records. Zootaxa 4951 (3): 511-528, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4951.3.5
03B851366641FFA1FF6C147BE078E831.taxon	discussion	Remarks: The collected specimen was a mature female of 225 cm TL taken by fishermen at Abd al-Kuri Island and matches well all characters of oh ẚna ancylos ṫoma given by Last e ṫ al. (2016 b). No precise collection data on locality and habitat were recorded. The specimen was examined on board a fishing boat from the United Arab Emirates. The species occurs from close inshore to depths of at least 75 m (Weigmann 2016) on the continental shelf, usually swimming close to substrata or resting on bottom in open sand areas but occasionally also seen in pelagic waters; it might be found in similar habitats in waters of the Socotra Archipelago. With 225 cm TL, the specimen is half a meter shorter than the maximum size reported for the species, 275 cm TL (Weigmann 2016). The species is included as critically endangered in IUCN Red List Assessments and urgently requires conservation management (Kyne e ṫ al. 2019 a).	en	Bogorodsky, Sergey V., Zajonz, Uwe, Saeed, Fouad N., Weigmann, Simon (2021): Notes on batoid fishes of the Socotra Archipelago (north-western Indian Ocean) with four new records. Zootaxa 4951 (3): 511-528, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4951.3.5
03B851366641FFADFF6C10AAE310ECD5.taxon	description	Figs. 5 A & B, 6 A ohynchoba ṫus dj ẚddensẚs aus ṫralẚae Whitley, 1939: 245; holotype: AMS IA. 4959; type locality: New South Wales, Australia.	en	Bogorodsky, Sergey V., Zajonz, Uwe, Saeed, Fouad N., Weigmann, Simon (2021): Notes on batoid fishes of the Socotra Archipelago (north-western Indian Ocean) with four new records. Zootaxa 4951 (3): 511-528, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4951.3.5
03B851366641FFADFF6C10AAE310ECD5.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: SMF uncatalogued [tissue sample SOC 19 - 447], female, 73.5 cm TL, Socotra Island, fish market in Hadibo, 10 April 2019; SMF uncatalogued [tissue sample SOC 19 - 448], male, 106.5 cm TL, Socotra Island, Ras Hawlaf, 11 April 2019. Distinctive characters: ohynchoba ṫus aus ṫralẚae is characterised by having a long and pointed, bottle-shaped snout that is slightly constricted near tip; posterior tip of pectoral fins ending before pelvic fins; no prominent ridges on head and body; spiracle with two folds; upper caudal-fin lobe longer than the lower one (Weigmann 2011; Last e ṫ al. 2016 b; Jabado 2019). Coloura ṫẚon: Olivaceous to grey-brown dorsally; head without transverse black bands between eye and spiracles; side of body, posterior half of pectoral fins and sometimes distal third of pelvic fins with sparse coverage of small white spots, which do not extent posteriorly behind rear tip of first dorsal fin; black pectoral marking surrounded by a distinctive pattern of white spots (three or four spots around the marking plus one or two in front of it). Large individuals usually entirely dark, with white spots and pectoral marking hardly discernible (Last e ṫ al. 2016 b). Ventral surface almost uniformly white; underside of snout whitish in the middle, with violet hue laterally (Fig. 6 A).	en	Bogorodsky, Sergey V., Zajonz, Uwe, Saeed, Fouad N., Weigmann, Simon (2021): Notes on batoid fishes of the Socotra Archipelago (north-western Indian Ocean) with four new records. Zootaxa 4951 (3): 511-528, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4951.3.5
03B851366641FFADFF6C10AAE310ECD5.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Known from the Socotra Archipelago southward to Tanzania, eastward to eastern Australia, the Philippines and Papua New Guinea. The presence off Tanzania is confirmed by a specimen that nested within the same genetic lineage as oK aus ṫralẚae (unpublished data). Last e ṫ al. (2016 b) included Mozambique in the distribution range of the species but the respective specimen from off Mozambique is referred to as oK dj ẚddensẚs by Giles e ṫ al. (2016).	en	Bogorodsky, Sergey V., Zajonz, Uwe, Saeed, Fouad N., Weigmann, Simon (2021): Notes on batoid fishes of the Socotra Archipelago (north-western Indian Ocean) with four new records. Zootaxa 4951 (3): 511-528, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4951.3.5
03B851366641FFADFF6C10AAE310ECD5.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Giles e ṫ al. (2016) provided comprehensive data on the genetic structure and phenotypic variation within oK aus ṫralẚae but no specimens from the Arabian region were examined in their study. Jabado e ṫ al. (2017) summarized the conservation status of sharks, rays and chimaeras in the Arabian region and included three species of ohynchoba ṫus: oK aus ṫralẚae, oK dj ẚddensẚs (Forsskål, 1775) and oK laev ẚs (Bloch & Schneider, 1801). Subsequently, Jabado (2018) listed those three species as present in the Gulf and Oman waters; whereby both publications lack evidence for the presence of oK aus ṫralẚae in the region. So far, only one confirmed record of the species from the south-eastern part of the Arabian Sea existed based on two specimens landed at Cochin Fisheries Harbour, Kerala (Bineesh e ṫ al. 2014). Jabado (2019) provided an illustrated guide for the identification of all known species of Rhinidae based on fresh specimens and fins. She noted the misidentification of species of the genus as a common problem for fisheries management and accurate identification as being critical for conservation programs. ohynchoba ṫus dj ẚddensẚs, described from the Red Sea, ranges southward to South Africa, northward to the Gulf and into the north-eastern part of the Arabian Sea (Last e ṫ al. 2016 b; Kizhakudan e ṫ al. 2018), with positive records in the region from the Red Sea, south coast of Yemen (Bonfil & Abdallah 2004), Oman (Henderson e ṫ alK 2015) and the Gulf (Almojil e ṫ al. 2015; Henderson e ṫ al. 2015). Kemp (1998) listed oK dj ẚddensẚs from the Socotra Archipelago, yet without sample or photographic evidence. Bonfil & Abdallah (2004) subsequently included a photograph taken from off Socotra Island in their FAO Guide (Ramon Bonfil, personal communication), confirming its occurrence there. ohynchoba ṫus laev ẚs is reported in the region from off Oman (Randall 1995 as oK dj ẚddensẚs; Henderson e ṫ al. 2015), the Gulf (Almojil e ṫ al. 2015; Henderson e ṫ al. 2015), and Pakistan (Psomadakis e ṫ al. 2015). Spaet & Berumen (2015) reported the presence of two species of ohynchoba ṫus in the Red Sea, yet without providing photographs or descriptions. Until now, no evidence for the occurrence of oK aus ṫralẚae in the Arabian region had been provided. ohynchoba ṫus dj ẚddensẚs differs from other species by having a large black, circular pectoral marking about as large as eye (may be indistinct or absent in adults), a dense pattern of white spots (sometimes also rings) on the dorsal surface, which do not or slightly extend forward of pectoral markings on mid-disc, absence of white spots on the pelvic fins, and prominent mask-like markings between the eyes (Last e ṫ al. 2016 b; Jabado 2019) (Fig. 5 C). ohynchoba ṫus laev ẚs differs from its congeners by having a relatively broad snout, rows of small white spots on the dorsal surface of body and tail, spots beginning distinctly behind black pectoral markings (usually the dorsal surface anterior to first dorsal-fin origin remains unspotted), a pectoral marking that usually is a black ocellus with pale brown centre surrounded by 5 – 7 small white spots, and a blackish underside of snout (Last e ṫ al. 2016 b; Jabado 2019) (Figs. 5 D & 6 B). Both examined specimens match well the descriptions of ohynchoba ṫus aus ṫralẚae provided by Weigmann (2011) and Last e ṫ al. (2016 b), representing the first confirmed record for the Arabian region. Elsewhere, the species typically lives on sedimentary substrata of shallow lagoons and coastal reef areas at depths of 0 – 60 m (Weigmann 2016). The female was taken from the fish market in Hadibo without precise collection data on locality and habitat, while the male was caught by two of the authors (SVB and FNS) in a large lagoon with silty sand bottom in an area mixed with small stones and sea weeds at a depth of 4 – 5 m in Ras Hawlaf bay, northern part of Socotra Island. The species is included as critically endangered in IUCN Red List Assessments and urgently requires conservation management (Kyne e ṫ al. 2019 b).	en	Bogorodsky, Sergey V., Zajonz, Uwe, Saeed, Fouad N., Weigmann, Simon (2021): Notes on batoid fishes of the Socotra Archipelago (north-western Indian Ocean) with four new records. Zootaxa 4951 (3): 511-528, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4951.3.5
03B85136664DFFACFF6C17BEE02BEF1A.taxon	description	Fig. 7 Taen ẚura meyen ẚ Müller & Henle, 1841: 172; syntypes: MNHN 0000 - 2428 and ZMB 4660; type locality: Mauritius.	en	Bogorodsky, Sergey V., Zajonz, Uwe, Saeed, Fouad N., Weigmann, Simon (2021): Notes on batoid fishes of the Socotra Archipelago (north-western Indian Ocean) with four new records. Zootaxa 4951 (3): 511-528, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4951.3.5
03B85136664DFFACFF6C17BEE02BEF1A.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: No specimen collected, underwater photograph, Socotra Island, Ras Bidou, 14 m depth, 18 April 2019. Distinctive characters: Taen ẚurops meyen ẚ is characterised by having a nearly circular disc, slightly wider than long; dorsal surface of disc and tail with small, flat, widely-spaced denticles and a median row of small, sharp tubercles extending on tail up to spine; tail depressed at base, about as long as disc; a broad membranous fold ventrally on tail extending to tip of tail (Almojil e ṫ al. 2015; Last e ṫ al. 2016 c). Coloura ṫẚon: Dorsal surface grey, usually densely blotched and mottled with black, sometimes plain brownish or black; tail behind sting and skin fold uniformly black. Ventral surface pale, with disc margins and underside of tail usually darker (Almojil e ṫ al. 2015; Last e ṫ al. 2016 c).	en	Bogorodsky, Sergey V., Zajonz, Uwe, Saeed, Fouad N., Weigmann, Simon (2021): Notes on batoid fishes of the Socotra Archipelago (north-western Indian Ocean) with four new records. Zootaxa 4951 (3): 511-528, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4951.3.5
03B85136664DFFACFF6C17BEE02BEF1A.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Widely distributed from the Red Sea and the Gulf, south to South Africa and islands of the Western Indian Ocean, east to the islands of Micronesia and the Marquesas Islands (Last e ṫ al. 2016 c), also reported from the Eastern Pacific Ocean, particularly from off Galápagos Islands and Cocos Island, Costa Rica (Grove & Lavenberg 1997; Cortés e ṫ al. 2012; Weigmann 2016). In the Arabian region it is known from the Red Sea (Golani & Bogorodsky 2010), Gulf of Tadjoura (Lips e ṫ al. 2016), Oman (Randall 1995), the Gulf (Almojil e ṫ al. 2015) and off Pakistan (Psomadakis e ṫ al. 2015).	en	Bogorodsky, Sergey V., Zajonz, Uwe, Saeed, Fouad N., Weigmann, Simon (2021): Notes on batoid fishes of the Socotra Archipelago (north-western Indian Ocean) with four new records. Zootaxa 4951 (3): 511-528, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4951.3.5
03B85136664DFFACFF6C17BEE02BEF1A.taxon	discussion	Remarks: The photographed individual matches well all characters of Taen ẚurops meyen ẚ provided by Almojil e ṫ al. (2015) and Last e ṫ al. (2016 c). The species occurs on sand and coral rubble bottom, reported from depths of 0 – 500 m (Weigmann 2016), and is usually active at darkness, often seen at rest on sand in caves or under ledges during the day. The present confirmed record is based on a single individual observed on a sand-rubble bottom close to a large rock with overhang in Ras Bidou, western part of the Socotra Island, at a depth of 14 m. The species is included as vulnerable in IUCN Red List Assessments and urgently requires conservation management (Kyne & White 2015).	en	Bogorodsky, Sergey V., Zajonz, Uwe, Saeed, Fouad N., Weigmann, Simon (2021): Notes on batoid fishes of the Socotra Archipelago (north-western Indian Ocean) with four new records. Zootaxa 4951 (3): 511-528, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4951.3.5
03B85136664CFFAFFF6C17CBE2BCECF1.taxon	description	Fig. 8	en	Bogorodsky, Sergey V., Zajonz, Uwe, Saeed, Fouad N., Weigmann, Simon (2021): Notes on batoid fishes of the Socotra Archipelago (north-western Indian Ocean) with four new records. Zootaxa 4951 (3): 511-528, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4951.3.5
03B85136664CFFAFFF6C17CBE2BCECF1.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: No specimen collected, underwater photograph, Socotra Island, Di Hamri, 5 m depth, 24 April 2018. Distinctive characters: e ẚmanṫura uarnak is characterised by having a rhomboidal disc in adults; eyes small, protruding; tail very slender and very long, whip-like, subcircular in cross-section, without cutaneous folds, length of tail ~ 3 – 3.5 times disc width; and only 1 - 3 slightly enlarged, flattened, heart-shaped thorns middorsally; nasal curtain broad and short with finely fringed posterior margin (Last e ṫ al. 2016 c). Coloura ṫẚon: Dorsal surface of disc light yellowish brown, whitish or greyish with numerous, round to oblong, small dark brown to black spots smaller than eye diameter, sometimes spots irregular, forming vermiculate pattern; tail densely dark spotted above anterior to sting, weakly banded posteriorly. Ventral surface almost entirely white (Last e ṫ al. 2016 c).	en	Bogorodsky, Sergey V., Zajonz, Uwe, Saeed, Fouad N., Weigmann, Simon (2021): Notes on batoid fishes of the Socotra Archipelago (north-western Indian Ocean) with four new records. Zootaxa 4951 (3): 511-528, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4951.3.5
03B85136664CFFAFFF6C17CBE2BCECF1.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Ranges from the Red Sea and eastern Mediterranean Sea southward to South Africa (Eastern Cape Province) and islands of the Western Indian Ocean, eastward to southern India. Records from the Western Pacific Ocean require an additional study. In the Arabian region, the species is known from the Red Sea (Golani & Bogorodsky 2010), Gulf of Tadjoura (Lips e ṫ al. 2016), Oman (Randall 1995) and Pakistan (Psomadakis e ṫ al. 2015). The record from the Gulf by Almojil e ṫ al. (2015) is based on a misidentification of eK leoparda Manjaji- Matsumoto & Last, 2008. Jabado e ṫ al. (2018) observed both species in the Gulf in coastal waters of the United Arab Emirates using baited remote underwater video and noted eK uarnak as more frequently recorded than eK leoparda, yet reproduced a photograph of the latter only. Golzarianpour e ṫ al. (2020) collected 389 specimens of six species, including eK leoparda, for their study but no eK uarnak was recorded in the Gulf or Gulf of Oman. Both species, however, are known from off Oman based on genetic data (Henderson e ṫ al. 2015). Pending conclusive evidence, the presence of eK uarnak in the Gulf presently remains unconfirmed.	en	Bogorodsky, Sergey V., Zajonz, Uwe, Saeed, Fouad N., Weigmann, Simon (2021): Notes on batoid fishes of the Socotra Archipelago (north-western Indian Ocean) with four new records. Zootaxa 4951 (3): 511-528, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4951.3.5
03B85136664CFFAFFF6C17CBE2BCECF1.taxon	discussion	Remarks: The photographed individual is a female of about one meter disc width, which matches well all characters of e ẚmanṫura uarnak given by Last e ṫ al. (2016 c). It can be identified particularly based on the colour pattern as described above. The species occurs on sand and mud bottom of lagoons and seaward reefs, at depths of 0 – 50 m (Weigmann 2016). The present confirmed record is based on a single individual, which was observed on sand bottom mixed with small stones in a coral-reef area at Di Hamri, north-eastern part of Socotra Island, at a depth of 5 m. A recently described species from off Tanzania, e ẚmanṫura ṫuṫul Borsa e ṫ al., 2013 is a junior synonym (Last e ṫ al. 2016 c; Weigmann 2016, 2017), as confirmed by a phylogenetic analysis, in which southern Red Sea specimens of eK uarnak, Tanzanian specimens described by Borsa e ṫ al. (2013) as eK ṫuṫul and specimens from southern India identified by Kumar e ṫ al. (2020) as eK ṫuṫul form one genetic lineage (unpublished data). e ẚmanṫura uarnak is included as vulnerable in IUCN Red List Assessments and urgently requires conservation management (Manjaji- Matsumoto e ṫ al. 2016 a). The similar e ẚmanṫura leoparda, which is widespread in the Indo-West Pacific, including the Gulf and Lessepsian records from off Lebanon and Turkey, can easily be confused with eK uarnak. It might be found in the Red Sea and off Socotra Archipelago, too, but differs by having a middorsal row of a dozen small denticles followed by two prominent heart-shaped thorns and relatively large dark brown spots or rings on disc that are as large as or larger than eye diameter (Manjaji-Matsumoto & Last 2008; Last e ṫ al. 2016 c).	en	Bogorodsky, Sergey V., Zajonz, Uwe, Saeed, Fouad N., Weigmann, Simon (2021): Notes on batoid fishes of the Socotra Archipelago (north-western Indian Ocean) with four new records. Zootaxa 4951 (3): 511-528, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4951.3.5
03B85136664FFFA9FF6C1078E272EC3A.taxon	description	Fig. 9 Trygon jenk ẚnsẚẚ Annandale, 1909: 28; holotype: ZSI F 2473 / 1; type locality: Orissa State, India.	en	Bogorodsky, Sergey V., Zajonz, Uwe, Saeed, Fouad N., Weigmann, Simon (2021): Notes on batoid fishes of the Socotra Archipelago (north-western Indian Ocean) with four new records. Zootaxa 4951 (3): 511-528, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4951.3.5
03B85136664FFFA9FF6C1078E272EC3A.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: No specimen collected, underwater photographs, Socotra Island, Ras Bidou, 14 m depth, 17 April 2019; underwater photograph, Socotra Island, Roosh, 3 m depth, 13 April 2019. Distinctive characters: ma ṫeobaṫẚs jenk ẚnsẚẚ is characterised by having a rhomboidal disc, its width slightly greater than disc length; tip of snout obtuse, slightly projecting; a narrow, asymmetrical well-defined band of denticles on back; a row of enlarged thorns along midline of disc and tail to the base of spine, a character unique within large whiptail stingrays (denticles band and thorns reduced or absent in young); tail relatively long and slender, without cutaneous fold, tail length 1.1 – 1.4 times disc width (Last e ṫ al. 2016 c; Psomadakis e ṫ al. 2019). Coloura ṫẚon: Dorsal surface of disc plain uniform greyish, yellowish brown or greenish brown, immature specimens with small dark spots on outer disc margins; tail blackish beyond sting. Ventral surface white (Last e ṫ al. 2016 c; Psomadakis e ṫ al. 2019).	en	Bogorodsky, Sergey V., Zajonz, Uwe, Saeed, Fouad N., Weigmann, Simon (2021): Notes on batoid fishes of the Socotra Archipelago (north-western Indian Ocean) with four new records. Zootaxa 4951 (3): 511-528, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4951.3.5
03B85136664FFFA9FF6C1078E272EC3A.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Ranging from the inner Gulf of Aden and Socotra Archipelago, possibly to the Gulf, southward to Madagascar and South Africa, eastward to the Philippines and Papua New Guinea. In the Arabian region it is known from the Gulf of Tadjoura (Lips e ṫ al. 2016) and Oman (Randall 1995). Eagderi e ṫ al. (2019) listed the species from the Gulf, but the record should be confirmed in comparison with the similar mK fa ẚ (Jordan & Seale, 1906). Almojil e ṫ al. (2015) included mK fa ẚ in their book with occurrence in the Gulf confirmed by a specimen collected from the United Arab Emirates.	en	Bogorodsky, Sergey V., Zajonz, Uwe, Saeed, Fouad N., Weigmann, Simon (2021): Notes on batoid fishes of the Socotra Archipelago (north-western Indian Ocean) with four new records. Zootaxa 4951 (3): 511-528, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4951.3.5
03B85136664FFFA9FF6C1078E272EC3A.taxon	discussion	Remarks: The photographed individuals match well all characters of ma ṫeobaṫẚs jenk ẚnsẚẚ provided by Last e ṫ al. (2016 c), particularly showing the characteristic row of prominent thorns along mid-line of disc and tail and the small dark spots on rear margins of disc typical for immature specimens. The species inhabits sandy bottoms of shallow lagoons, bays and seaward reefs, often close to coral reefs, at depths of 3 – 90 m following Weigmann (2016) whereby the minimum depth is based on a newly photographed individual at Roosh. The present confirmed record from Socotra is based on individuals observed on silty sand bottom close to large rocks with overhangs in Ras Bidou, western part of Socotra Island, at a depth of 14 m, and an individual found under a ledge of a large stone at Roosh, north-eastern part of the island, at a depth of 3 m. Subadults are characterised by having small brown spots on edges of posterior half of disc. This growth stage was described as a distinct species, eK draco Compagno & Heemstra, 1984, but subsequently placed in synonymy with eK jenk ẚnsẚẚ (Last & Compagno 1999). ma ṫeobaṫẚs jenk ẚnsẚẚ is included as vulnerable in IUCN Red List Assessments and urgently requires conservation management (Manjaji Matsumoto e ṫ al. 2016 b). ma ṫeobaṫẚs fa ẚ, reported from the Red Sea to the Marquesas Islands, is a similar species, which possibly also occurs off Socotra Archipelago. It might be confused with mK jenk ẚnsẚẚ but differs in having only few slightly enlarged thorny denticles mid-centrally on disc and a mid-row of enlarged rounded tubercles at base of tail (Last e ṫ al. 2016 c; Psomadakis e ṫ al. 2019).	en	Bogorodsky, Sergey V., Zajonz, Uwe, Saeed, Fouad N., Weigmann, Simon (2021): Notes on batoid fishes of the Socotra Archipelago (north-western Indian Ocean) with four new records. Zootaxa 4951 (3): 511-528, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4951.3.5
03B851366649FFA8FF6C14EBE47DEFD2.taxon	description	Fig. 10 oaja sephen Fabricius in Niebuhr (ex Forsskål), 1775: 17; no types known; type locality: Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and Al-Luhayya, Yemen, Red Sea.	en	Bogorodsky, Sergey V., Zajonz, Uwe, Saeed, Fouad N., Weigmann, Simon (2021): Notes on batoid fishes of the Socotra Archipelago (north-western Indian Ocean) with four new records. Zootaxa 4951 (3): 511-528, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4951.3.5
03B851366649FFA8FF6C14EBE47DEFD2.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined: No specimen collected, underwater photograph, Socotra Island, Ras Bidou, 14 m depth, 18 April 2019. Distinctive characters: mas ṫẚnachus sephen is characterised by having a broadly rhomboidal disc, its width 1.2 – 1.3 times its length; eyes small, length of orbit and spiracle 1.6 – 1.8 in snout length; 2 or 3 large, pale, seedshaped tubercles mid-centrally on disc (merging with denticle band in adults); pelvic fins large, tips narrowly rounded; tail length usually less than twice disc width, with base broad and depressed; tail with a very deep cutaneous ventral fold, no dorsal fold, tip of tail usually free of fold and tapering continuously to terminal filament; usually one caudal sting well back on tail (Psomadakis e ṫ al. 2015; Last e ṫ al. 2016 c). Coloura ṫẚon: Dorsal disc uniform yellowish-brown, greyish or greyish brown, orbit and spiracle blackish, membranous ventral tail fold and posterior tail dark grey to black. Ventral surface white, often with narrow black margins (Psomadakis e ṫ al. 2015; Last e ṫ al. 2016 c).	en	Bogorodsky, Sergey V., Zajonz, Uwe, Saeed, Fouad N., Weigmann, Simon (2021): Notes on batoid fishes of the Socotra Archipelago (north-western Indian Ocean) with four new records. Zootaxa 4951 (3): 511-528, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4951.3.5
03B851366649FFA8FF6C14EBE47DEFD2.taxon	distribution	Distribution: The exact species distribution is unknown, positive records in the wider Arabian region include the Red Sea from its type locality (Golani & Bogorodsky 2010), Gulf of Tadjoura (Lips e ṫ al. 2016), Oman (Randall 1995), the Gulf (Almojil e ṫ al. 2015) and Pakistan (Psomadakis e ṫ al. 2015). It has also been reported from the western coast of India (Bineesh e ṫ al. 2016).	en	Bogorodsky, Sergey V., Zajonz, Uwe, Saeed, Fouad N., Weigmann, Simon (2021): Notes on batoid fishes of the Socotra Archipelago (north-western Indian Ocean) with four new records. Zootaxa 4951 (3): 511-528, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4951.3.5
03B851366649FFA8FF6C14EBE47DEFD2.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Photographed individuals match well all characters of mas ṫẚnachus sephen as given by Last e ṫ al. (2016 c), particularly referring to the presence of prominent tubercles on dorsal middisc. The species occurs on sand and mud bottom of estuaries, bays and sheltered lagoons, at depths of 0 – 60 m (Weigmann 2016), often resting nearly buried in the sand or mud. The present confirmed record from the Socotra Archipelago is based on individuals observed on silty sand bottom close to large rocks with overhangs in Ras Bidou, western part of Socotra Island, at a depth of 14 m. mas ṫẚnachus sephen is included as near threatened in IUCN Red List Assessments and urgently requires conservation management (Kyne e ṫ al. 2017). mas ṫẚnachus a ṫer (Macleay, 1883), reported from the Gulf, Oman and Madagascar eastward to New Caledonia, is a very similar species, which might possibly be found off Socotra Archipelago as well. It may be confused with mK sephen but differs by the length of eye and spiracle 1.7 – 2.3 in snout length (versus 1.6 – 1.8 in mK sephen) and the presence of 3 – 4 tubercles mid-centrally on disc that are barely visible relative to the surrounding denticles (versus 2 – 3 tubercles prominent mid-centrally on disc in mK sephen).	en	Bogorodsky, Sergey V., Zajonz, Uwe, Saeed, Fouad N., Weigmann, Simon (2021): Notes on batoid fishes of the Socotra Archipelago (north-western Indian Ocean) with four new records. Zootaxa 4951 (3): 511-528, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4951.3.5
