identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03B851366647FFA6FF6C14C0E361EC66.text	03B851366647FFA6FF6C14C0E361EC66.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acroteriobatus salalah (Randall & Compagno 1995)	<div><p>Acroteriobatus salalah (Randall &amp; Compagno, 1995)</p><p>Salalah guitarfish</p><p>Fig. 2</p><p>ohẚnobaṫos salalah Randall &amp; Compagno, 1995: 293; holotype: BPBM 36358; type locality: Salalah fish market, Oman, Ara- bian Sea.</p><p>Material examined: SMF uncatalogued, male, 66 cm TL, Socotra Island, fish market in Hadibo, 2 July 2020 .</p><p>Distinctive characters: Acroṫerẚobaṫus salalah is characterised by a short and obtusely angled (~88°) snout with slightly convex anterior disc margins; posterior tip of pectoral fins overlapping the anterior part of pelvic fins; disc relatively narrow and thin, heart-shaped, disc width 2.8–3.1 in TL; preorbital length 8.7–10.2 in TL; preoral length 7.2–7.5 in TL; anterior nasal flap distinctly extending into internasal space (Randall &amp; Compagno 1995; Bearez eṫ al. 2008; Psomadakis eṫ al. 2015; Séret eṫ al. 2016). Furthermore, the rostral ridges are well separated throughout their length, diverging slightly anteriorly and posteriorly, and each spiracle has two cutaneous folds on posterior edge, the inner one shortest (Psomadakis eṫ al. 2015).</p><p>Colouraṫẚon: Dorsal surface light tan with pattern of scattered dark-edged, bluish white spots of equal or slightly greater than pupil size; rostral cartilage not strongly contrasted with rest of snout; dorsal fins often with faint blotches. Ventral surface white, semi-translucent, snout sometimes with dark blotch (Randall &amp; Compagno 1995; Séret eṫ al. 2016).</p><p>Distribution: Reported from Oman, Gulf of Oman, and Pakistan (Randall 1995; Bearez eṫ al. 2008; Psomadakis eṫ al. 2015).</p><p>Remarks: The collected specimen is a mature male of 66 cm TL, taken by fishermen at Socotra Island, which matches well all characters of Acroṫerẚobaṫus salalah given by Séret eṫ al. (2016), including disc width 3.1 in TL and preorbital length 10.2 in TL. The specimen was obtained from Hadibo fish market without precise collection data on locality and habitat. Elsewhere, the species occurs in sandy areas of seaward reefs at depths of 10–100 m (Simpfendorfer eṫ al. 2017). The species is included as near threatened in the Red List Assessments of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and urgently requires conservation management (Simpfendorfer eṫ al. 2017). Two congeners are known from the Arabian region, AK omanensẚs Last, Henderson &amp; Naylor, 2016 reported from off Oman and an undescribed species collected off Socotra (Last eṫ al. 2016a; Weigmann eṫ al., in press); both species differ from AK salalah by having a distinctly wedge-shaped disc and a narrowly pointed snout with nearly straight to slightly concave lateral edges.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B851366647FFA6FF6C14C0E361EC66	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bogorodsky, Sergey V.;Zajonz, Uwe;Saeed, Fouad N.;Weigmann, Simon	Bogorodsky, Sergey V., Zajonz, Uwe, Saeed, Fouad N., Weigmann, Simon (2021): Notes on batoid fishes of the Socotra Archipelago (north-western Indian Ocean) with four new records. Zootaxa 4951 (3): 511-528, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4951.3.5
03B851366646FFA1FF6C145FE076EDAD.text	03B851366646FFA1FF6C145FE076EDAD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinobatos punctifer Compagno & Randall 1987	<div><p>Rhinobatos punctifer Compagno &amp; Randall, 1987</p><p>Whitespotted guitarfish, Spotted guitarfish</p><p>Fig. 3</p><p>ohẚnobaṫos puncṫẚfer Compagno &amp; Randall, 1987: 336; holotype: BPBM 20843; type locality: Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea .</p><p>Material examined: SMF uncatalogued, female, 64 cm TL, Socotra Island, fish market in Hadibo, 2 July 2020 .</p><p>Distinctive characters: ohẚnobaṫos puncṫẚfer is characterised by having a relatively narrow, wedge-shaped disc with slightly concave anterior margin, disc width 2.9–3.4 in TL; snout relatively short and bluntly pointed, preorbital length 7.3–7.6 in TL; the posterior tip of pectoral fins overlapping the anterior part of pelvic fins; anterior nasal flap slightly extending into internasal space (Compagno &amp; Randall 1987; Last eṫ al. 2019). Furthermore, the mouth is rather narrow, width 5.4–6.2% TL, the upper jaw tooth row count is low (~76), the vertebral count is relatively high (175–184 post-synarcual centra), the dorsal fins are relatively high (height of first 7.6–9.5% TL) and rather widely spaced (interdorsal distance 2.1–2.7 times first dorsal-fin base length), and the posterior two-thirds of both fins are almost devoid of dermal denticles (Compagno &amp; Randall 1987; Last eṫ al. 2019).</p><p>Colouraṫẚon: Dorsal surface of disc variable from usually with small scattered white spots to occasionally uniform brownish or yellowish brown. Ventral surface whitish, often yellowish around gill region.</p><p>Distribution: Known from the Gulf of Suez, Gulf of Aqaba, Arabian Sea coast of Oman, Gulf of Oman, the Gulf and Pakistan (Randall 1995; Almojil eṫ al. 2015; Henderson eṫ al. 2015; Last eṫ al. 2019).</p><p>Remarks: Zajonz eṫ al. (2019) listed an unidentified species of ohẚnobaṫos Linck, which might be attributed to oK puncṫẚfer. The confirmed record is based on the collection of a mature female of 64 cm TL taken by fishermen off Socotra Island, which matches well all characters of oK puncṫẚfer given by Last eṫ al. (2019), including disc width 3.1 in TL and preorbital length 7.6 in TL. The specimen was obtained from Hadibo fish market without precise collection data on locality and habitat. Elsewhere, the species occurs in sandy areas of lagoons and seaward reefs at depths of 1–70 m (Weigmann 2016). The species is included as near threatened in IUCN Red List Assessments and urgently requires conservation management (Ebert eṫ al. 2017). ohẚnobaṫos puncṫẚfer has regularly been confused with ohẚnobaṫos annandaleẚ Norman, 1926, also known from the Arabian Sea, until Last eṫ al. (2019) resolved this issue. Although oK annandaleẚ is a very similar species, it differs by having a broader disc, 2.3–2.6 in TL (versus 2.9–3.4 in TL in oK puncṫẚfer), broader mouth, 12.5–14 in TL (versus 16.1–18.5 in TL), an upper jaw with ~130 tooth rows (versus ~76 tooth rows), and dorsal fins covered with minute denticles (versus denticles confined to anterior portion of fin only).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B851366646FFA1FF6C145FE076EDAD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bogorodsky, Sergey V.;Zajonz, Uwe;Saeed, Fouad N.;Weigmann, Simon	Bogorodsky, Sergey V., Zajonz, Uwe, Saeed, Fouad N., Weigmann, Simon (2021): Notes on batoid fishes of the Socotra Archipelago (north-western Indian Ocean) with four new records. Zootaxa 4951 (3): 511-528, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4951.3.5
03B851366641FFA1FF6C147BE078E831.text	03B851366641FFA1FF6C147BE078E831.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhina ancylostoma Bloch & Schneider 1801	<div><p>Rhina ancylostoma Bloch &amp; Schneider, 1801</p><p>Shark ray, Bowmouth guitarfish</p><p>Fig. 4</p><p>ohẚna ancylosṫomus Bloch &amp; Schneider, 1801: 352; lectotype: ZMB 4621, specimen lost; type locality: Coromandel Coast , south-eastern India.</p><p>Material examined: 1 specimen, not preserved, female, 225 cm TL, Socotra Archipelago, Abd al-Kuri Island, 27 March 2019 .</p><p>Distinctive characters: ohẚna ancylosṫoma is an unmistakable guitarfish, characterised by having a short and broadly rounded snout; upper jaw with three deep concavities; mid-line of disc with a ridge of large thorns, interorbital area with two ridges; posterior tip of pectoral fins ending before pelvic fins; spiracles without folds; upper and lower caudal-fin lobes subequal in size.</p><p>Colouraṫẚon: Greyish brown, head with transverse black bands, body and fins with many small white spots. Pattern strongly pronounced in juveniles, usually less distinct in large specimens. Ventral surface pale.</p><p>Distribution: Known from the Red Sea to the Gulf, south to Mauritius and South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal), east to eastern Australia (New South Wales), the Philippines and southern Japan (Last eṫ al. 2016b). In the Arabian region, the species was recorded from the Red Sea (Debelius 1998), Gulf of Tadjoura (Lips eṫ al. 2016; Froese &amp; Pauly 2020), and the Gulf (Randall 1995; Almojil eṫ al. 2015); records from off Oman (Muttrah), Iran and Pakistan are based on photographs of fresh specimens (Froese &amp; Pauly 2020).</p><p>Remarks: The collected specimen was a mature female of 225 cm TL taken by fishermen at Abd al-Kuri Island and matches well all characters of ohẚna ancylosṫoma given by Last eṫ al. (2016b). No precise collection data on locality and habitat were recorded. The specimen was examined on board a fishing boat from the United Arab Emirates. The species occurs from close inshore to depths of at least 75 m (Weigmann 2016) on the continental shelf, usually swimming close to substrata or resting on bottom in open sand areas but occasionally also seen in pelagic waters; it might be found in similar habitats in waters of the Socotra Archipelago. With 225 cm TL, the specimen is half a meter shorter than the maximum size reported for the species, 275 cm TL (Weigmann 2016). The species is included as critically endangered in IUCN Red List Assessments and urgently requires conservation management (Kyne eṫ al. 2019a).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B851366641FFA1FF6C147BE078E831	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bogorodsky, Sergey V.;Zajonz, Uwe;Saeed, Fouad N.;Weigmann, Simon	Bogorodsky, Sergey V., Zajonz, Uwe, Saeed, Fouad N., Weigmann, Simon (2021): Notes on batoid fishes of the Socotra Archipelago (north-western Indian Ocean) with four new records. Zootaxa 4951 (3): 511-528, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4951.3.5
03B851366641FFADFF6C10AAE310ECD5.text	03B851366641FFADFF6C10AAE310ECD5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhynchobatus australiae Whitley 1939	<div><p>Rhynchobatus australiae Whitley, 1939</p><p>Bottlenose wedgefish</p><p>Figs. 5A &amp; B, 6A</p><p>ohynchobaṫus djẚddensẚs ausṫralẚae Whitley, 1939: 245; holotype: AMS IA.4959; type locality: New South Wales, Australia .</p><p>Material examined: SMF uncatalogued [tissue sample SOC19-447], female, 73.5 cm TL, Socotra Island, fish market in Hadibo, 10 April 2019 ; SMF uncatalogued [tissue sample SOC19-448], male, 106.5 cm TL, Socotra Island, Ras Hawlaf, 11 April 2019 .</p><p>Distinctive characters: ohynchobaṫus ausṫralẚae is characterised by having a long and pointed, bottle-shaped snout that is slightly constricted near tip; posterior tip of pectoral fins ending before pelvic fins; no prominent ridges on head and body; spiracle with two folds; upper caudal-fin lobe longer than the lower one (Weigmann 2011; Last eṫ al. 2016b; Jabado 2019).</p><p>Colouraṫẚon: Olivaceous to grey-brown dorsally; head without transverse black bands between eye and spiracles; side of body, posterior half of pectoral fins and sometimes distal third of pelvic fins with sparse coverage of small white spots, which do not extent posteriorly behind rear tip of first dorsal fin; black pectoral marking surrounded by a distinctive pattern of white spots (three or four spots around the marking plus one or two in front of it). Large individuals usually entirely dark, with white spots and pectoral marking hardly discernible (Last eṫ al. 2016b). Ventral surface almost uniformly white; underside of snout whitish in the middle, with violet hue laterally (Fig. 6A).</p><p>Distribution: Known from the Socotra Archipelago southward to Tanzania, eastward to eastern Australia, the Philippines and Papua New Guinea. The presence off Tanzania is confirmed by a specimen that nested within the same genetic lineage as oK ausṫralẚae (unpublished data). Last eṫ al. (2016b) included Mozambique in the distribution range of the species but the respective specimen from off Mozambique is referred to as oK djẚddensẚs by Giles eṫ al. (2016).</p><p>Remarks: Giles eṫ al. (2016) provided comprehensive data on the genetic structure and phenotypic variation within oK ausṫralẚae but no specimens from the Arabian region were examined in their study. Jabado eṫ al. (2017) summarized the conservation status of sharks, rays and chimaeras in the Arabian region and included three species of ohynchobaṫus: oK ausṫralẚae, oK djẚddensẚs (Forsskål, 1775) and oK laevẚs (Bloch &amp; Schneider, 1801). Subsequently, Jabado (2018) listed those three species as present in the Gulf and Oman waters; whereby both publications lack evidence for the presence of oK ausṫralẚae in the region. So far, only one confirmed record of the species from the south-eastern part of the Arabian Sea existed based on two specimens landed at Cochin Fisheries Harbour, Kerala (Bineesh eṫ al. 2014). Jabado (2019) provided an illustrated guide for the identification of all known species of Rhinidae based on fresh specimens and fins. She noted the misidentification of species of the genus as a common problem for fisheries management and accurate identification as being critical for conservation programs.</p><p>ohynchobaṫus djẚddensẚs, described from the Red Sea, ranges southward to South Africa, northward to the Gulf and into the north-eastern part of the Arabian Sea (Last eṫ al. 2016b; Kizhakudan eṫ al. 2018), with positive records in the region from the Red Sea, south coast of Yemen (Bonfil &amp; Abdallah 2004), Oman (Henderson eṫ alK 2015) and the Gulf (Almojil eṫ al. 2015; Henderson eṫ al. 2015). Kemp (1998) listed oK djẚddensẚs from the Socotra Archipelago, yet without sample or photographic evidence. Bonfil &amp; Abdallah (2004) subsequently included a photograph taken from off Socotra Island in their FAO Guide (Ramon Bonfil, personal communication), confirming its occurrence there. ohynchobaṫus laevẚs is reported in the region from off Oman (Randall 1995 as oK djẚddensẚs; Henderson eṫ al. 2015), the Gulf (Almojil eṫ al. 2015; Henderson eṫ al. 2015), and Pakistan (Psomadakis eṫ al. 2015). Spaet &amp; Berumen (2015) reported the presence of two species of ohynchobaṫus in the Red Sea, yet without providing photographs or descriptions. Until now, no evidence for the occurrence of oK ausṫralẚae in the Arabian region had been provided.</p><p>ohynchobaṫus djẚddensẚs differs from other species by having a large black, circular pectoral marking about as large as eye (may be indistinct or absent in adults), a dense pattern of white spots (sometimes also rings) on the dorsal surface, which do not or slightly extend forward of pectoral markings on mid-disc, absence of white spots on the pelvic fins, and prominent mask-like markings between the eyes (Last eṫ al. 2016b; Jabado 2019) (Fig. 5C). ohynchobaṫus laevẚs differs from its congeners by having a relatively broad snout, rows of small white spots on the dorsal surface of body and tail, spots beginning distinctly behind black pectoral markings (usually the dorsal surface anterior to first dorsal-fin origin remains unspotted), a pectoral marking that usually is a black ocellus with pale brown centre surrounded by 5–7 small white spots, and a blackish underside of snout (Last eṫ al. 2016b; Jabado 2019) (Figs. 5D &amp; 6B).</p><p>Both examined specimens match well the descriptions of ohynchobaṫus ausṫralẚae provided by Weigmann (2011) and Last eṫ al. (2016b), representing the first confirmed record for the Arabian region. Elsewhere, the species typically lives on sedimentary substrata of shallow lagoons and coastal reef areas at depths of 0–60 m (Weigmann 2016). The female was taken from the fish market in Hadibo without precise collection data on locality and habitat, while the male was caught by two of the authors (SVB and FNS) in a large lagoon with silty sand bottom in an area mixed with small stones and sea weeds at a depth of 4–5 m in Ras Hawlaf bay, northern part of Socotra Island. The species is included as critically endangered in IUCN Red List Assessments and urgently requires conservation management (Kyne eṫ al. 2019b).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B851366641FFADFF6C10AAE310ECD5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bogorodsky, Sergey V.;Zajonz, Uwe;Saeed, Fouad N.;Weigmann, Simon	Bogorodsky, Sergey V., Zajonz, Uwe, Saeed, Fouad N., Weigmann, Simon (2021): Notes on batoid fishes of the Socotra Archipelago (north-western Indian Ocean) with four new records. Zootaxa 4951 (3): 511-528, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4951.3.5
03B85136664DFFACFF6C17BEE02BEF1A.text	03B85136664DFFACFF6C17BEE02BEF1A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taeniurops meyeni (Muller & Henle 1841)	<div><p>Taeniurops meyeni (Müller &amp; Henle, 1841)</p><p>Black-blotched stingray, Round ribbontail ray, Blotched fantail ray</p><p>Fig. 7</p><p>Taenẚura meyenẚ Müller &amp; Henle, 1841: 172; syntypes: MNHN 0000-2428 and ZMB 4660; type locality: Mauritius .</p><p>Material examined: No specimen collected, underwater photograph, Socotra Island, Ras Bidou, 14 m depth, 18 April 2019.</p><p>Distinctive characters: Taenẚurops meyenẚ is characterised by having a nearly circular disc, slightly wider than long; dorsal surface of disc and tail with small, flat, widely-spaced denticles and a median row of small, sharp tubercles extending on tail up to spine; tail depressed at base, about as long as disc; a broad membranous fold ventrally on tail extending to tip of tail (Almojil eṫ al. 2015; Last eṫ al. 2016c).</p><p>Colouraṫẚon: Dorsal surface grey, usually densely blotched and mottled with black, sometimes plain brownish or black; tail behind sting and skin fold uniformly black. Ventral surface pale, with disc margins and underside of tail usually darker (Almojil eṫ al. 2015; Last eṫ al. 2016c).</p><p>Distribution: Widely distributed from the Red Sea and the Gulf, south to South Africa and islands of the Western Indian Ocean, east to the islands of Micronesia and the Marquesas Islands (Last eṫ al. 2016c), also reported from the Eastern Pacific Ocean, particularly from off Galápagos Islands and Cocos Island, Costa Rica (Grove &amp; Lavenberg 1997; Cortés eṫ al. 2012; Weigmann 2016). In the Arabian region it is known from the Red Sea (Golani &amp; Bogorodsky 2010), Gulf of Tadjoura (Lips eṫ al. 2016), Oman (Randall 1995), the Gulf (Almojil eṫ al. 2015) and off Pakistan (Psomadakis eṫ al. 2015).</p><p>Remarks: The photographed individual matches well all characters of Taenẚurops meyenẚ provided by Almojil eṫ al. (2015) and Last eṫ al. (2016c). The species occurs on sand and coral rubble bottom, reported from depths of 0–500 m (Weigmann 2016), and is usually active at darkness, often seen at rest on sand in caves or under ledges during the day. The present confirmed record is based on a single individual observed on a sand-rubble bottom close to a large rock with overhang in Ras Bidou, western part of the Socotra Island, at a depth of 14 m. The species is included as vulnerable in IUCN Red List Assessments and urgently requires conservation management (Kyne &amp; White 2015).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B85136664DFFACFF6C17BEE02BEF1A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bogorodsky, Sergey V.;Zajonz, Uwe;Saeed, Fouad N.;Weigmann, Simon	Bogorodsky, Sergey V., Zajonz, Uwe, Saeed, Fouad N., Weigmann, Simon (2021): Notes on batoid fishes of the Socotra Archipelago (north-western Indian Ocean) with four new records. Zootaxa 4951 (3): 511-528, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4951.3.5
03B85136664CFFAFFF6C17CBE2BCECF1.text	03B85136664CFFAFFF6C17CBE2BCECF1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Himantura uarnak (Gmelin 1789)	<div><p>Himantura uarnak (Gmelin, 1789)</p><p>Darkspotted whipray, Coach whipray</p><p>Fig. 8</p><p>oaja uarnak Gmelin, 1789: 1509; no types known; type locality: Red Sea.</p><p>Material examined: No specimen collected, underwater photograph, Socotra Island, Di Hamri, 5 m depth, 24 April 2018 .</p><p>Distinctive characters: eẚmanṫura uarnak is characterised by having a rhomboidal disc in adults; eyes small, protruding; tail very slender and very long, whip-like, subcircular in cross-section, without cutaneous folds, length of tail ~3–3.5 times disc width; and only 1-3 slightly enlarged, flattened, heart-shaped thorns middorsally; nasal curtain broad and short with finely fringed posterior margin (Last eṫ al. 2016c).</p><p>Colouraṫẚon: Dorsal surface of disc light yellowish brown, whitish or greyish with numerous, round to oblong, small dark brown to black spots smaller than eye diameter, sometimes spots irregular, forming vermiculate pattern; tail densely dark spotted above anterior to sting, weakly banded posteriorly. Ventral surface almost entirely white (Last eṫ al. 2016c).</p><p>Distribution: Ranges from the Red Sea and eastern Mediterranean Sea southward to South Africa (Eastern Cape Province) and islands of the Western Indian Ocean, eastward to southern India. Records from the Western Pacific Ocean require an additional study. In the Arabian region, the species is known from the Red Sea (Golani &amp; Bogorodsky 2010), Gulf of Tadjoura (Lips eṫ al. 2016), Oman (Randall 1995) and Pakistan (Psomadakis eṫ al. 2015). The record from the Gulf by Almojil eṫ al. (2015) is based on a misidentification of eK leoparda Manjaji- Matsumoto &amp; Last, 2008. Jabado eṫ al. (2018) observed both species in the Gulf in coastal waters of the United Arab Emirates using baited remote underwater video and noted eK uarnak as more frequently recorded than eK leoparda, yet reproduced a photograph of the latter only. Golzarianpour eṫ al. (2020) collected 389 specimens of six species, including eK leoparda, for their study but no eK uarnak was recorded in the Gulf or Gulf of Oman. Both species, however, are known from off Oman based on genetic data (Henderson eṫ al. 2015). Pending conclusive evidence, the presence of eK uarnak in the Gulf presently remains unconfirmed.</p><p>Remarks: The photographed individual is a female of about one meter disc width, which matches well all characters of eẚmanṫura uarnak given by Last eṫ al. (2016c). It can be identified particularly based on the colour pattern as described above. The species occurs on sand and mud bottom of lagoons and seaward reefs, at depths of 0–50 m (Weigmann 2016). The present confirmed record is based on a single individual, which was observed on sand bottom mixed with small stones in a coral-reef area at Di Hamri, north-eastern part of Socotra Island, at a depth of 5 m. A recently described species from off Tanzania, eẚmanṫura ṫuṫul Borsa eṫ al., 2013 is a junior synonym (Last eṫ al. 2016c; Weigmann 2016, 2017), as confirmed by a phylogenetic analysis, in which southern Red Sea specimens of eK uarnak, Tanzanian specimens described by Borsa eṫ al. (2013) as eK ṫuṫul and specimens from southern India identified by Kumar eṫ al. (2020) as eK ṫuṫul form one genetic lineage (unpublished data). eẚmanṫura uarnak is included as vulnerable in IUCN Red List Assessments and urgently requires conservation management (Manjaji- Matsumoto eṫ al. 2016a).</p><p>The similar eẚmanṫura leoparda, which is widespread in the Indo-West Pacific, including the Gulf and Lessepsian records from off Lebanon and Turkey, can easily be confused with eK uarnak. It might be found in the Red Sea and off Socotra Archipelago, too, but differs by having a middorsal row of a dozen small denticles followed by two prominent heart-shaped thorns and relatively large dark brown spots or rings on disc that are as large as or larger than eye diameter (Manjaji-Matsumoto &amp; Last 2008; Last eṫ al. 2016c).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B85136664CFFAFFF6C17CBE2BCECF1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bogorodsky, Sergey V.;Zajonz, Uwe;Saeed, Fouad N.;Weigmann, Simon	Bogorodsky, Sergey V., Zajonz, Uwe, Saeed, Fouad N., Weigmann, Simon (2021): Notes on batoid fishes of the Socotra Archipelago (north-western Indian Ocean) with four new records. Zootaxa 4951 (3): 511-528, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4951.3.5
03B85136664FFFA9FF6C1078E272EC3A.text	03B85136664FFFA9FF6C1078E272EC3A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pateobatis jenkinsii (Annandale 1909)	<div><p>Pateobatis jenkinsii (Annandale, 1909)</p><p>Jenkins’ whipray</p><p>Fig. 9</p><p>Trygon jenkẚnsẚẚ Annandale, 1909: 28; holotype: ZSI F2473/1; type locality: Orissa State, India .</p><p>Material examined: No specimen collected, underwater photographs, Socotra Island, Ras Bidou, 14 m depth, 17 April 2019 ; underwater photograph, Socotra Island, Roosh, 3 m depth, 13 April 2019 .</p><p>Distinctive characters: maṫeobaṫẚs jenkẚnsẚẚ is characterised by having a rhomboidal disc, its width slightly greater than disc length; tip of snout obtuse, slightly projecting; a narrow, asymmetrical well-defined band of denticles on back; a row of enlarged thorns along midline of disc and tail to the base of spine, a character unique within large whiptail stingrays (denticles band and thorns reduced or absent in young); tail relatively long and slender, without cutaneous fold, tail length 1.1–1.4 times disc width (Last eṫ al. 2016c; Psomadakis eṫ al. 2019).</p><p>Colouraṫẚon: Dorsal surface of disc plain uniform greyish, yellowish brown or greenish brown, immature specimens with small dark spots on outer disc margins; tail blackish beyond sting. Ventral surface white (Last eṫ al. 2016c; Psomadakis eṫ al. 2019).</p><p>Distribution: Ranging from the inner Gulf of Aden and Socotra Archipelago, possibly to the Gulf, southward to Madagascar and South Africa, eastward to the Philippines and Papua New Guinea. In the Arabian region it is known from the Gulf of Tadjoura (Lips eṫ al. 2016) and Oman (Randall 1995). Eagderi eṫ al. (2019) listed the species from the Gulf, but the record should be confirmed in comparison with the similar mK faẚ (Jordan &amp; Seale, 1906). Almojil eṫ al. (2015) included mK faẚ in their book with occurrence in the Gulf confirmed by a specimen collected from the United Arab Emirates.</p><p>Remarks: The photographed individuals match well all characters of maṫeobaṫẚs jenkẚnsẚẚ provided by Last eṫ al. (2016c), particularly showing the characteristic row of prominent thorns along mid-line of disc and tail and the small dark spots on rear margins of disc typical for immature specimens. The species inhabits sandy bottoms of shallow lagoons, bays and seaward reefs, often close to coral reefs, at depths of 3–90 m following Weigmann (2016) whereby the minimum depth is based on a newly photographed individual at Roosh. The present confirmed record from Socotra is based on individuals observed on silty sand bottom close to large rocks with overhangs in Ras Bidou, western part of Socotra Island, at a depth of 14 m, and an individual found under a ledge of a large stone at Roosh, north-eastern part of the island, at a depth of 3 m. Subadults are characterised by having small brown spots on edges of posterior half of disc. This growth stage was described as a distinct species, eK draco Compagno &amp; Heemstra, 1984, but subsequently placed in synonymy with eK jenkẚnsẚẚ (Last &amp; Compagno 1999). maṫeobaṫẚs jenkẚnsẚẚ is included as vulnerable in IUCN Red List Assessments and urgently requires conservation management (Manjaji Matsumoto eṫ al. 2016b). maṫeobaṫẚs faẚ, reported from the Red Sea to the Marquesas Islands, is a similar species, which possibly also occurs off Socotra Archipelago. It might be confused with mK jenkẚnsẚẚ but differs in having only few slightly enlarged thorny denticles mid-centrally on disc and a mid-row of enlarged rounded tubercles at base of tail (Last eṫ al. 2016c; Psomadakis eṫ al. 2019).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B85136664FFFA9FF6C1078E272EC3A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bogorodsky, Sergey V.;Zajonz, Uwe;Saeed, Fouad N.;Weigmann, Simon	Bogorodsky, Sergey V., Zajonz, Uwe, Saeed, Fouad N., Weigmann, Simon (2021): Notes on batoid fishes of the Socotra Archipelago (north-western Indian Ocean) with four new records. Zootaxa 4951 (3): 511-528, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4951.3.5
03B851366649FFA8FF6C14EBE47DEFD2.text	03B851366649FFA8FF6C14EBE47DEFD2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pastinachus sephen (Fabricius 1775)	<div><p>Pastinachus sephen (Fabricius, 1775)</p><p>Fantail stingray, Cowtail ray</p><p>Fig. 10</p><p>oaja sephen Fabricius in Niebuhr (ex Forsskål), 1775: 17; no types known; type locality: Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and Al-Luhayya, Yemen, Red Sea.</p><p>Material examined: No specimen collected, underwater photograph, Socotra Island, Ras Bidou, 14 m depth, 18 April 2019 .</p><p>Distinctive characters: masṫẚnachus sephen is characterised by having a broadly rhomboidal disc, its width 1.2–1.3 times its length; eyes small, length of orbit and spiracle 1.6–1.8 in snout length; 2 or 3 large, pale, seedshaped tubercles mid-centrally on disc (merging with denticle band in adults); pelvic fins large, tips narrowly rounded; tail length usually less than twice disc width, with base broad and depressed; tail with a very deep cutaneous ventral fold, no dorsal fold, tip of tail usually free of fold and tapering continuously to terminal filament; usually one caudal sting well back on tail (Psomadakis eṫ al. 2015; Last eṫ al. 2016c).</p><p>Colouraṫẚon: Dorsal disc uniform yellowish-brown, greyish or greyish brown, orbit and spiracle blackish, membranous ventral tail fold and posterior tail dark grey to black. Ventral surface white, often with narrow black margins (Psomadakis eṫ al. 2015; Last eṫ al. 2016c).</p><p>Distribution: The exact species distribution is unknown, positive records in the wider Arabian region include the Red Sea from its type locality (Golani &amp; Bogorodsky 2010), Gulf of Tadjoura (Lips eṫ al. 2016), Oman (Randall 1995), the Gulf (Almojil eṫ al. 2015) and Pakistan (Psomadakis eṫ al. 2015). It has also been reported from the western coast of India (Bineesh eṫ al. 2016).</p><p>Remarks: Photographed individuals match well all characters of masṫẚnachus sephen as given by Last eṫ al. (2016c), particularly referring to the presence of prominent tubercles on dorsal middisc. The species occurs on sand and mud bottom of estuaries, bays and sheltered lagoons, at depths of 0–60 m (Weigmann 2016), often resting nearly buried in the sand or mud. The present confirmed record from the Socotra Archipelago is based on individuals observed on silty sand bottom close to large rocks with overhangs in Ras Bidou, western part of Socotra Island, at a depth of 14 m. masṫẚnachus sephen is included as near threatened in IUCN Red List Assessments and urgently requires conservation management (Kyne eṫ al. 2017). masṫẚnachus aṫer (Macleay, 1883), reported from the Gulf, Oman and Madagascar eastward to New Caledonia, is a very similar species, which might possibly be found off Socotra Archipelago as well. It may be confused with mK sephen but differs by the length of eye and spiracle 1.7–2.3 in snout length (versus 1.6–1.8 in mK sephen) and the presence of 3–4 tubercles mid-centrally on disc that are barely visible relative to the surrounding denticles (versus 2–3 tubercles prominent mid-centrally on disc in mK sephen).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B851366649FFA8FF6C14EBE47DEFD2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Bogorodsky, Sergey V.;Zajonz, Uwe;Saeed, Fouad N.;Weigmann, Simon	Bogorodsky, Sergey V., Zajonz, Uwe, Saeed, Fouad N., Weigmann, Simon (2021): Notes on batoid fishes of the Socotra Archipelago (north-western Indian Ocean) with four new records. Zootaxa 4951 (3): 511-528, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4951.3.5
