identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03BB87FCFFD95A28FF24FE8612DF37CD.text	03BB87FCFFD95A28FF24FE8612DF37CD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Semperella jiaolongae	<div><p>Semperella jiaolongae sp. nov.</p><p>(Figures 1–2)</p><p>Material examined. Holotype: MBM179993, South China Sea (22°7.21'N, 119°18.67'E), 19 June 2013, 1120 m depth, muddy bottom.</p><p>Description. Columnar body is 250 mm long (not including basalia) and 112 mm in maximal diameter. The color is pure white when alive (Fig. 1 A), but grey after collection (Fig. 1 B–D) due to contamination by mud during sampling. Some pleuralia rows are present on the bottom of lateral surface (Fig. 1 C, arrow c). Numerous elongated atrial areas (Fig. 1 B, arrow a) are scattered on one side of (side 1) the specimen’s surface (Fig. 1 C), separated by many dermal areas (Fig. 1 B, arrow b). Atrial surface covered by large-meshed latticework with meshes 0.38 to 2.5 mm in diameter (Fig. 1 E). The sponge presents two differently organized sides (Fig. 1 F): (1) side 1 has dermal areas randomly present together with atrial ones, (2) side 2 only contain dermal areas (Fig. 1 D). The dermal areas on side 1 have thinner main hypodermal beams of the meshed latticework than side 2. Meshes on dermal areas consist of two parts: bigger meshes with thicker edges (main hypodermal beams) forming a framework (Fig. 1 G), and smaller meshes (minor hypodermal beams) with finer edges dividing bigger meshes into many smaller meshes (Fig. 1 H). Dermal areas on side 1 have smaller meshes with diameter 0.26 to 0.81 mm, and bigger meshes of 0.80 to 2.1 mm in diameter. Dermal areas on side 2 have smaller meshes (Fig. 1 G) with diameter 0.19 to 0.93 mm, and bigger meshes (Fig. 1 H) of 1.5 to 5.0 mm in diameter. Large openings into tissues are present underneath atrial and dermal lattices. The tufts of basalia, more than 110 mm long and 2.6 to 5 mm wide, consist of many small single, basal spicules. Individual shafts of basal spicules are thin, 0.05 to 0.4 mm diameter.</p><p>Spicules. Pentactins (Fig. 2 A) with smooth rays make up choanosomal skeleton, tangential rays 216.6–4217.9 µm long, proximal rays 265.8–4000.1 µm long. Dermal pentactins mainly occur as two types (Fig. 2 F–G): those with sharply pointed or conical pinular rays with straight tangential rays and those with shorter pinular rays and slightly curved, smooth or slightly spined tangential rays. Pinular rays are 270.1–592.2 µm long; tangential rays are 49.8–198.8 µm long. Atrial pentactins similar to dermal pentactins always present (Fig. 2 H). Atrial pentactins’ pinular rays 206.7–326.2 µm long, and tangential rays 39.5 –108.5 µm long. Pentactins (Fig. 2 I) with fewer short spines, and similar lengths for all rays are present mainly in the choanosome, but can also be found in dermal and atrial areas. Basalia (Fig. 2 B–D) have a spiny shaft and terminal anchor bearing two teeth. Uncinates (Fig. 2 K) rare, with small short spines, 927.9–3293.7 µm long. Prostalia are sceptres (Fig. 2 E), common to Semperella, with shafts mostly smooth, except for their distal part with spines; they are very easily broken.</p><p>Microscleres consist of amphidiscs, microhexactins, micropentactins and microstauractins. Amphidiscs are micramphidiscs (Fig. 2 N) only, with shafts covered by numerous spines, total length 15.1–25.5 µm, umbel length 4.2–6.9 µm. Microhexactins (Fig. 2 L) very rare. Rays straight, 31.9–79.3 µm long, covered by numerous small spines. Micropentactins (Fig. 2 J) with a very short and minute spiny pinular ray, and four straight, smooth or spiny tangential rays 37.9–87.6 µm long. Microstauractins (Fig. 2 M) are rare.</p><p>Etymology. The species is named after the Chinese manned submersible “Jiaolong”.</p><p>Remarks. For Semperella, the shape of the body and the morphology of the spicules are important for species identification. By the external morphology of Semperella species described in Tabachnick &amp; Lévi (2000), S. jiaolongae sp. nov. is most similar to S. crosnieri Tabachnick &amp; Lévi, 2000 . The two species share the same morphological character of having dermal areas present on both sides of the body, and on one side in combination with atrial areas. However, the holotype of S. crosnieri differs from S. jiaolongae sp. nov. in having a tongue-like body and having many microuncinates. In contrast, S. jiaolongae sp. nov. has a cylindrical body shape, and its microuncinates are very rare. In addition, there are other notable differences between the two species: (1) the shape of micropentactins is very different in both species: those in the new species have smooth tangential rays and a very short slightly spined proximal ray, while those in S. crosnieri are always covered with numerous, or rarely with sparse spines; (2) micropentactins and microhexactins of the new species are thinner than those of S. crosnieri; (3) the umbels of amphidiscs in S. crosnieri have sharper teeth than those of the new species; (4) dermal pinules are a little larger than the atrial pinules in the new species, the contrary of what is seen in S. crosnieri . (5) the new species has a pentactine (Fig. 2 I) with fewer short spines, and similar lengths for every ray, which is present not only in the choanosome, but also in the dermal and atrial areas, while this kind of pentactin was not reported for S. crosnieri .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BB87FCFFD95A28FF24FE8612DF37CD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gong, Lin;Li, Xinzheng;Qiu, Jian-Wen	Gong, Lin, Li, Xinzheng, Qiu, Jian-Wen (2015): Two new species of Hexactinellida (Porifera) from the South China Sea. Zootaxa 4034 (1): 182-192, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4034.1.9
03BB87FCFFDC5A2AFF24FE8E145D30DC.text	03BB87FCFFDC5A2AFF24FE8E145D30DC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Saccocalyx microhexactin	<div><p>Saccocalyx microhexactin sp. nov.</p><p>(Figures 3–4)</p><p>Material examined. Holotype: MBM179994, South China Sea (17°33.95' N, 117°45.67' E), 5 July 2013, 3542 m depth, hard rock cliff above the mouth of an extinct volcano.</p><p>Description. Body is globular with several rows of radially arranged protrusions surrounding a central atrial cavity. The color is white. It looks like a beautiful flower with a long stalk growing on the cliff of a seamount (Fig. 3 A). Central atrial cavity is large, with a 100 mm diameter at the upper margin. Roughly 20 suboscula, 10–25 mm diameter open into the central atrial cavity. Radially arranged digitiform protrusions are up to 15 mm long and 10 mm in diameter. A lateral osculum with 5–10 mm diameter is present at the apex of each protrusion. In situ, the body is swollen, with protrusions pointing outward, like a blooming snow lotus herb. After being transported to deck, body with protrusions collapsed. Sponge attached to rock with a long tubular peduncle, 10 mm in diameter, 1 mm thick wall, and at least 250 mm in length.</p><p>Choanosomal skeleton solid (Fig. 4 O), with some spicules separated from skeleton only after digestion by concentrated nitric acid overnight. Spicules mainly contain hexactins and diactins. Pinular hexactins with rays having sparsely distributed short spines are present in dermalia and gastralia (Fig. 4 P), whereas diactins are present in the choanosome. Spirodiscohexasters are numerous and present in the whole body. Drepanocomes occur near dermal and gastral surfaces.</p><p>Spicules. Megascleres consist of diactins and hexactins. Diactins are smooth, 2120.3–3557.5/5.3–15.1 µm, usually with four tubercles in middle (Fig. 4 H). Dermalia and atrialia are similar in size and shape. Dermalia or atrialia (Fig 4 A) pinular rays (Fig. 4 I) are 245.8–450.6 µm long, tangential rays are 173.6–246.8 µm long, proximal rays are 188.2–585.8 µm long. Choanosomal hexactins ((Fig. 4 O) are relatively less than diactins, they have short spines in terminal, rays are 126.5–355.8 µm. The skeleton of the peduncle (Fig. 4 N) is composed of diactines fused to each other by numerous synapticulae.</p><p>Microscleres consist of spirodiscohexasters, drepanocomes, plumicomes and microhexactins. Drepanocomes are in two types. Drepanocomes I (Fig. 4 B) 254.4–318.6 µm in diameter, with 6 clusters of 8 hook-like secondary rays (Fig. 4 J). Drepanocomes II (Fig. 4 C) 123.0–137.5 µm in diameter, with 6 clusters (Fig. 4 K) of 4–6 hook-like secondary rays. Structure of drepanocomes easy to destroy during digestion, and hard to isolate completed ones. Spirodiscohexasters (Fig. 4 D) 112.4–149.8 µm in diameter, formed by 6 spirally twisted clusters of roughly 8–12 terminal rays ending in discs (Fig. 4 L) with approximately 18 marginal teeth. Plumicomes (Fig. 4 E) have six shield-like primary termination, one on the top and one on the bottom, the other four are in the middle area. A single sheild (Fig. 4 M) have approximately 70 marginal sigma-like secondary rays. Each sigma-like secondary rays has prominent teeth on the inside curve. The diameter of Plumicomes is 35.8–58.5. Microhexactins (Fig. 4 F–G) with rays covered short and minute spines, rays are 21.4–70.3 µm long.</p><p>Etymology. “ mikros ”, Greek, small; “ hex ”, Greek, six; “ aktis ”, Greek, ray, light beam. Microhexactin is a kind of sponge microscleres. The specific name refers to the presence of microhexactins in the new species.</p><p>Remarks. Only two species of Saccocalyx are known in the world: Saccocalyx pedunculatus Schulze, 1896 and Saccocalyx careyi (Reiswig, 1999) . The main difference between the two species is that all pinular rays of S. careyi are clavate, while only part of the pinular rays of S. pedunculatus are clavate. However, since these spicules have a big variety in size and shape, and their ranges overlap, S. careyi was considered a doubtful species and could be a junior synonym of S. pedunculatus (Tabachnick, 2002) . Because there are no described microsclere structure details available for S. pedunculatus, we cannot tell what other differences between both species there may be. But our specimen has two distinctive characteristics which are different from the two known species: (a) presence of drepanocomes II, (b) presence of microhexactins. Both types of microscleres have not been found in the other two species of Saccocalyx . The new species has all pinular rays clavate as reported for S. careyi . However, there are other differences: S. microhexactin sp. nov. has less terminal discs in spirodiscohexasters, and more marginal sigma-like secondary rays in plumicomes than S. careyi .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BB87FCFFDC5A2AFF24FE8E145D30DC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Gong, Lin;Li, Xinzheng;Qiu, Jian-Wen	Gong, Lin, Li, Xinzheng, Qiu, Jian-Wen (2015): Two new species of Hexactinellida (Porifera) from the South China Sea. Zootaxa 4034 (1): 182-192, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4034.1.9
