identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03BB879CFFD9FF8CB9C2203DFECC9B0B.text	03BB879CFFD9FF8CB9C2203DFECC9B0B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Patagiaster sphaerioplax Fisher 1913	<div><p>Patagiaster sphaerioplax Fisher, 1913</p> <p>[New Japanese name: Nanyo-momiji]</p> <p>(Fig. 1)</p> <p>Patagiaster sphaerioplax Fisher, 1913: 623; 1919: 154. — Jangoux et al. 1989: 168. — A.M. Clark 1989: 284.</p> <p>Material examined. One specimen, RUMF-ZE-00032, KUMEJIMA 2009 Stn. Dredge-23, 26° 16.380 –15.982 ʹN, 126° 51.304 –51.502 ʹE, 125–147 m, 12 November 2009.</p> <p>Description. Single specimen with R = 23.8 mm and r = 9.6 mm (R/r = 2.5). Abactinal surface covered with closely packed paxillae. Larger paxillae reaching more than 1 mm in diameter, with approximately 40 peripheral and 35 central spinelets.</p> <p>Number of superomarginal plates, 16; inferomarginal plates, 16. Superomarginal plates separated from inferomarginal plates by well-developed longitudinal fasciolar groove. Superomarginal plates covered with beadlike granules and a peripheral series of slender spinelets.</p> <p>All inferomarginal plates aligned opposite to superomarginal plates. Surface of inferomarginal plates completely covered with slender spinelets.</p> <p>Actinal plate elliptical in shape, with slender spinelets. Single series of plates extending to 4th inferomarginal plate. Paired actinal plates located just behind mouth plates, followed by longitudinal series of 5 odd plates (Fig. 1B); distal margin of outermost odd plate adjoining interradial suture between 1st inferomarginal plates.</p> <p>Each adambulacral plate with 7 relatively long, furrow spines, followed by 10–16 subambulacral spines arranged in more or less 3–4 longitudinal series.</p> <p>Madreporite completely concealed by spinelets.</p> <p>Distribution. This species was known from the vicinity of Romblon Island of the Philippine Islands at depth of 143 m (type locality), and the Flores Sea, Indonesia at depths of 350–500 m (Jangoux et al. 1989). The present study represents the first record of the species from Japan. The distribution range of the species is extended to north.</p> <p>Remarks. The material collected mostly agrees with the original description of the species. We could not confirm whether the shape of 1–3 small spines on the inferomarginal plates of the examined specimen was lanceolate or not, probably because they were abraded and damaged during the dredging operations.</p> <p>The present study shows the colour in life of the abactinal surface as bright orange with the radial abactinal plates tinged with olive green (Fig. 1A). Prior accounts have not reported the colour in life of this rarely encountered species.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BB879CFFD9FF8CB9C2203DFECC9B0B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kogure, Yoichi;Fujita, Yoshihisa	Kogure, Yoichi, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2012): A new species of Neoferdina and three new records of sea stars (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) collected from Kumejima Island, southwestern Japan *. Zootaxa 3367 (1): 252-260, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3367.1.23, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3367.1.23
03BB879CFFDAFF8DB9C22099FC6198EB.text	03BB879CFFDAFF8DB9C22099FC6198EB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calliaster elegans Doderlein 1922	<div><p>Calliaster elegans Döderlein, 1922</p> <p>[New Japanese name: Hanayaka-togesugata-hitode]</p> <p>(Fig. 2)</p> <p>Calliaster elegans Döderlein, 1922: 49; 1924: 62. — A.H. Clark 1952: 284. — Jangoux et al. 1989: 168. — A.M. Clark 1993: 246.</p> <p>Material examined. One specimen, RUMF-ZE-00033, KUMEJIMA 2009 Stn. Trawl-27, 26° 16.961 –17.028 ʹN, 126° 51.952 –52.508 ʹE; 126–136 m, 12 November 2009.</p> <p>Description. A small specimen (Fig. 2A) with R = 15.8 mm and r = 5.4 mm (R/r = 2.9). One regenerating arm. Abactinal, actinal and marginal plates with smooth surface, more or less inflated. All plates fringed with coarse granules (Fig. 2B, C). Most of plates topped by one conical spine. Considerable loss of spines observed; but shallow hollows formed by broken spines on plates showing pattern of spine arrangement.</p> <p>Abactinal plates round or elliptical in shape. Conical spines on 3rd to 5th carinal plates, as well as on central 9 abactinal plates.</p> <p>Number of superomarginal plates, 6; inferomarginal plates, 6. Superomarginal plates tumid; 5 distal plates abutting each other over radial midline. First and 2nd superomarginals each bearing 2 spines; 3rd to 5th plates with single spine; 6th plate lacking spines; terminal plate with 2–4 spines. Inferomarginal plate also tumid with 2–3 spines near upper edge.</p> <p>Each interradial actinal surface composed of 10–11 rounded square or rounded triangular actinal plates surrounded by 1st inferomarginal, adambulacral, and mouth plates. Two largest actinal plates situated in center of each interradial area, bearing conspicuous paddle-like pedicellariae (Fig. 2D).</p> <p>Each mouth plate having 7 marginal spines (furrow series). Three suboral spines pointing upward; middle suboral spine longest, reaching up to 2 mm.</p> <p>Number of adambulacral plates, 26; each plate bearing 6 furrow spines. Proximal 2–3 adambulacral plates having one robust, conical subambulacral spine. No pedicellariae on adambulacral plate.</p> <p>Distribution. This species was known from the Flores Sea, Indonesia (type locality), and Marshall Islands at depths of 113–137 m (A.H. Clark 1952). The present study represents the first record of the species from Japan. The distribution range of the species is extended to north.</p> <p>Remarks. Calliaster erucaradiatus Livingstone, 1936, known from Australia, closely resembles this species. The presence of the pedicellariae is used to distinguish C. elegans from C. erucaradiatus (Livingstone, 1936). However, recent examination of C. erucaradiatus specimens from Taupo Seamount, Australia, revealed the existence of small pedicellariae. This fact suggests that C. erucaradiatus may be synonymous to C. elegans (H.E.S. Clark &amp; McKnight 2001). Examination of further specimens of this seldom encountered species would be required to determine the exact relationship between C. erucaradiatus and C. elegans. In the present study, we identified our material as C. elegans, based on the presence of remarkable pedicellariae.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BB879CFFDAFF8DB9C22099FC6198EB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kogure, Yoichi;Fujita, Yoshihisa	Kogure, Yoichi, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2012): A new species of Neoferdina and three new records of sea stars (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) collected from Kumejima Island, southwestern Japan *. Zootaxa 3367 (1): 252-260, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3367.1.23, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3367.1.23
03BB879CFFDBFF8BB9C223E3FEF49D48.text	03BB879CFFDBFF8BB9C223E3FEF49D48.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Neoferdina longibrachia Kogure & Fujita 2012	<div><p>Neoferdina longibrachia n. sp.</p> <p>[New Japanese name: Udenaga-akamon-hitode]</p> <p>(Fig. 3)</p> <p>Material examined. Holotype, one specimen, RUMF-ZE-00034, KUMEJIMA 2009 Stn. Trawl-25, 26° 16.554 –16.655 ʹN, 126° 52.714 –53.487 ʹE, 151–160 m, 12 November 2009.</p> <p>Diagnosis. A species of Neoferdina with long, narrow arms; R/r exceeding 5.0. Size of superomarginal plates decreasing gradually from arm base to tip. At arm base, 3 regular longitudinal series of abactinal plates between superomarginals. Marginal plates, except for 1st inferomarginal plate, having central bare smooth surface surrounded by fine granules. Abactinal, actinal, adambulacral plates completely covered with granules. Adambulacral armature consisting of 3 short, thick, blunt furrow spines. Single papula, counting 2–4 around abactinal plate at arm base.</p> <p>Description. Flattened body with 5 long, narrow arms (Fig. 3A). Body proportions as follows: R = 21.6 mm, r = 3.8 mm (R/r = 5.7), width of arm base between 1st and 2nd superomarginal plates 2.9 mm.</p> <p>Abactinal surface composed of round or elliptical plates. All abactinal plates covered with fine granules. Abactinal plates arranged in 3 regular longitudinal series at arm base (Fig. 3B); carinal plates extending to 8th superomarginal plates, other outer 2 series ending at 2nd superomarginal plates.</p> <p>Madreporite triangular in shape, with rounded corners, 0.8 mm wide, located interradially about half way between center of disk and disk margin.</p> <p>Number of superomarginal plates, 12; inferomarginal plates, 12; all of them in contact with each other. Superomarginal plates elongated ellipse; 1st plate with following dimensions: length = 2.0 mm, width = 1.2 mm. Superomarginal plates gradually reduced in size from arm base to tip. Fine granules confined to peripheral areas of superomarginal plate; center of plate completely naked.</p> <p>Inferomarginal plates elongated ellipse, approximately 2 times longer than width. All plates aligned opposite to superomarginals. First inferomarginal plate entirely covered with granules; other plates with fine granules at their bases; center of each plate lacking granules, with a smooth appearance.</p> <p>Actinal plate square or rectangular in shape, with rounded corners, entirely covered with dense granules. Arrangements of actinal plates, excluding adambulacral pates, as follows: single odd plate adjacent to mouth plate; innermost series composed of 18–20 plates adjacent to adambulacrals, extending to 9th inferomarginal plate; outer 2nd series composed of 4 plates, reaching only 2nd inferomarginals; single outermost plate situated just below 1st inferomarginal plate (Fig. 3C).</p> <p>Adambulacral plate narrow, longer than width, completely covered with granules. Adambulacral armature consisted of 3 short, thick, blunt furrow spines, arranged in one longitudinal series along ambulacral furrow (Fig. 3D). Adambulacral plate lacking subambulacral spines.</p> <p>Mouth plate, having 5–6 marginal spines, covered with granules. Single marginal spine at proximal end conspicuous, forming paired apical spines together with adjoining proximal spine.</p> <p>Terminal plate conspicuous, 1.2 mm long, 1.2 mm wide; two tiny conical projections at tip of plate.</p> <p>Single papula, counting 2–4 around each abactinal plate at arm base. No papulae on actinal surface.</p> <p>Etymology. The specific epithet is named for its long arms, which are the remarkable body shape characteristics that separate this species from most other Neoferdina species.</p> <p>Remarks. The genus Neoferdina is known from the tropical and subtropical waters of the Indo-Pacific regions. At present, 5 species are recognized as valid member of this genus: N. cumingi (Gray, 1840), N. glyptodisca (Fisher, 1913), N. japonica Oguro &amp; Misaki, 1986, N. kuhli (Müller &amp; Troschel, 1842), and N. offreti (Koehler, 1910). Among them, N. cumingi, N. japonica, and N. offreti are distributed in southern Japanese waters (Saba &amp; Irimura 2002).</p> <p>The present species differs from the previously known Japanese species by virtue of the extremely long, narrow arms; the ratio of R to r of N. longibrachia is more than 5, whereas that of the other Japanese species is less than 4. In addition to the body shape, the arrangements of the marginal and abactinal plates are the main distinguishing characteristics. The present species is distinct from N. cumingi, based on the arrangement of the superomarginal plates, which are gradually reduced in size from the base of arm to the tip; those of N. cumingi are arranged in an alternating pattern of large, bare plates and small, granule-covered plates (A.M. Clark &amp; Rowe 1971). Neoferdina japonica and N. offreti have no such alternating pattern of large and small superomarginals; however, in addition to the remarkable difference of the R/r value between these species and N. longibrachia, they can be distinguished from N. longibrachia by having more abactinal plates at the base of arms: N. japonica and N. offreti has 7 and 5 longitudinal series, respectively, whereas N. longibrachia has 3 series.</p> <p>It is expected that the R/r value and the number of marginal plates may change in accordance with the body size. However, the original description of N. japonica, and the examination of small individuals of N. cumingi and N. offreti collected in the KUMEJIMA 2009 Expedition firmly establish the peculiarity of N. longibrachia. The body shape and the number of marginal plates of each species compared are as follows: N. japonica (R = 40–42 mm, R/r = 2.5–2.8, number of marginal plates = 11–12), N. cumingi (R = 14 mm, R/r = 2.5, number of marginal plates = 7–8), and N. offreti (R = 19 mm, R/r = 2.9, number of marginal plates = 8–9).</p> <p>Two Neoferdina species, N. glyptodisca and N. kuhli have never been recorded in Japanese waters. One of them, N. glyptodisca, differs from N. longibrachia by virtue of a small R/r, which of the type specimen with R = 35 mm is 3.2 (Fisher, 1919), as well as large, prominent, and centrally bare abactinal plates.</p> <p>The other species, N. kuhli, was insufficiently described by Müller &amp; Troschel (1842) in Germany, with little morphological information and no figures. Unfortunately the only specimen as the holotype of N. kuhli obtained from Java has been lost (Jangoux 1973). The original description of N. kuhli indicated the body proportion of R/r = 5.0, which resembles that of N. longibrachia. However, N. kuhli clearly differs from N. longibrachia by having an irregular arrangement of abactinal plates, and large, bare abactinal plates that lack central granules (Müller &amp; Troschel 1842).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BB879CFFDBFF8BB9C223E3FEF49D48	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kogure, Yoichi;Fujita, Yoshihisa	Kogure, Yoichi, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2012): A new species of Neoferdina and three new records of sea stars (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) collected from Kumejima Island, southwestern Japan *. Zootaxa 3367 (1): 252-260, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3367.1.23, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3367.1.23
03BB879CFFDEFF89B9C224FDFB2E99A7.text	03BB879CFFDEFF89B9C224FDFB2E99A7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Halityle regularis Fisher 1913	<div><p>Halityle regularis Fisher, 1913</p> <p>[New Japanese name: Ruriiro-mozaiku-hitode]</p> <p>(Fig. 4)</p> <p>Halityle regularis Fisher, 1913: 211; 1919: 362. — Döderlein 1935: 108. — A.M. Clark &amp; Rowe 1971: 53. — Baker &amp; Marsh 1976: 107. — Jangoux 1986: 124. — A.M. Clark 1993: 304. — Rowe &amp; Gates, 1995: 102.</p> <p>Culcitaster anamesus H.L. Clark, 1914: 144.</p> <p>Halityle anamesus. — H.L. Clark, 1946: 109.</p> <p>Material examined. Two specimens, RUMF-ZE-00035 (larger specimen), RUMF-ZE-00036, KUMEJIMA 2009 Stn. Trawl-77, 26° 15.606 –15.929 ʹN, 126° 49.404 –49.985 ʹE, 91–105 m, 20 November 2009.</p> <p>Description. Two large specimens with R = 124.9 mm, r = 90.3 mm (R/r = 1.4), and R = 98.3 mm, r = 72.3 mm (R/r = 1.4). External features of larger specimen described below.</p> <p>Abactinal side inflated (Fig. 4A). Abactinal plates covered with fine granule. Conspicuous, triangular papular areas among abactinal plates. Elliptical madreporite with radiating striae situated at approximately one-third r from center of disk. Longest diameter of madreporite 6 mm.</p> <p>Vertical lateral side of body formed by marginal plates. Total numbers of superomarginal and inferomarginal plates 20–22 and 40–44, respectively.</p> <p>Actinal surface composed of regularly arranged actinal plates. Inner plates forming 3 longitudinal series along ambulacral furrow. Rhombic or triangular odd plate placed at proximal part of each series; other plates rectangular in shape. Series of plates adjacent to adambulacral plates extending to near arm tip. Outside these 3 longitudinal series, regularly arranged smaller plates forming 5 longitudinal series; these outer series composed of elliptical or roundish square plates without odd plates. Surface of actinal plate flat, relatively smooth. Eight to 9 actinal plates of each interradial area around mouth, surrounded by relatively large, coarse granules (Fig. 4C).</p> <p>Adambulacral plate armed with 9–11 long, flat furrow spines. Just behind furrow spines, 3–4 large, domed subambulacral spines covered with coarse granules. These subambulacral spines in very close contact with each other, forming massive bumped shape. Between adambulacral plates, 1–2 large, lanceolate pedicellariae (Fig. 4D).</p> <p>Distribution. The type locality is the Sulu Archipelago in the southwestern Philippines at depth of 16 m. This species has also been collected from throughout the Indo-West and South Pacific region, including New Caledonia (Jangoux 1986), the Philippines, Western Australia, Somalia, Madagascar, and Kenya (Baker &amp; Marsh 1976). The present study represents the first record of the species from Japan. The distribution range of the species is extended to north.</p> <p>Remarks. Halityle Fisher, 1913, is a monotypic genus. Hubert Lyman Clark (1946) transferred Culcitaster anamesus H. L. Clark, 1914, to Halityle, but it is regarded as a junior synonym of H. regularis (Baker &amp; Marsh 1976; A.M. Clark 1993; Döderlein 1935).</p> <p>The general appearance of the abactinal surface of this species bears some resemblance to that of Culcita novaeguineae Müller &amp; Troschel, 1842, which is abundant in the coral reefs of the Ryukyu Islands. Halityle regularis can be distinguished from C. novaeguineae by the regularly arranged actinal plates, and the unique colouration. The actinal plates of H. regularis are smooth and conspicuously tessellated, whereas those of C. novaeguineae are obscure and covered by numerous granules. The base colour of the abactinal and actinal surfaces of H. regularis is dark or light brown. In contrast to this inconspicuous base colour, the ambulacral furrows, and plates around the mouth are vividly coloured. The colouration of the adambulacral plates, mouth plates, and tube feet are bright yellow. The most striking colour is observed around the mouth: 8–9 actinal plates around the mouth plates of each interradial area are coloured cobalt blue with a bright yellow fringe (Fig. 4B).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BB879CFFDEFF89B9C224FDFB2E99A7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kogure, Yoichi;Fujita, Yoshihisa	Kogure, Yoichi, Fujita, Yoshihisa (2012): A new species of Neoferdina and three new records of sea stars (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) collected from Kumejima Island, southwestern Japan *. Zootaxa 3367 (1): 252-260, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3367.1.23, URL: https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.3367.1.23
