identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03BA87B0FFAB3F52FCC9FA25FE2EFBB8.text	03BA87B0FFAB3F52FCC9FA25FE2EFBB8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hamacreadiinae Martin, Dowie & Cribb 2020	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> SUBFAMILY  HAMACREADIINAE MARTIN, DOWIE &amp; CRIBB SUBFAM. NOV.</p>
            <p>Lsid</p>
            <p>Diagnosis: Body medium to large, subcylindrical or dorsoventrally flattened and linguiform to elongate-oval. Tegument smooth. Oral sucker usually unspecialized, may be funnel shaped. Ventral sucker sessile and larger than oral sucker or pedunculate and may be smaller than ventral sucker. Prepharynx short. Pharynx smaller than oral sucker. Oesophagus unspecialized. Intestine bifurcates in forebody or Excretory vesicle tubular, may extend into forebody. Excretory pore terminal. Adults in piscivorous marine fishes. Metacercariae developing in fishes, mostly teleosts, sometimes chondrichthyans, and possibly cephalopods.</p>
            <p> Type genus:  Hamacreadium Linton, 1910 . </p>
            <p> Other genera:  Allopodocotyle Pritchard, 1966 ;  Bentholebouria Andres, Pulis &amp; Overstreet, 2014 ;  Cainocreadium Nicoll, 1909 ;  Choanotrema Nitta &amp; Tanaka, 2018 ;  Pacificreadium Durio &amp; Manter, 1968 ;  Paraplagioporus Yamaguti, 1939 ;  Pedunculacetabulum Yamaguti, 1934 ;  Podocotyloides Yamaguti, 1934 . </p>
            <p> dorsal to ventral sucker. Caeca blind, terminate beyond testes near posterior extremity. Testes two, in hindbody, diagonal or tandem. Cirrus sac well developed, subcylindrical to claviform. Seminal vesicle internal, large. Pars prostatica prominent. Ejaculatory duct usually long. Genital atrium often conspicuous. Genital pore ventral, medial or sinistro-submedial, prebifurcal or postbifurcal. Ovary dextro-submedial or medial, smooth to deeply lobed, usually smaller than testes. Canalicular seminal receptacle present, often large, conspicuous. Laurer’s canal opens dorsal to ovarian complex. Vitellarium follicular; follicles extensive, circumcaecal. Uterus arranged into loose, poorly defined coils, intercaecal, often confined to space between gonads and ventral sucker, may extend between testes, with or without metraterm. Eggs without polar filaments. Mehlis’ gland present. Remarks: All opecoelids recognized here in the  Hamacreadiinae have been transferred from the previous, much larger definition of the  Plagioporinae (i.e. s.l.). Morphologically, hamacreadiines can generally be distinguished from plagioporines by a longer excretory vesicle reaching at least to the level of the ovary and, in many cases, a less extensive uterus, mainly restricted to the intercaecal space between the ventral sucker and the gonads and usually not extending beyond the testes posteriorly. Like the  Plagioporinae , the  Hamacreadiinae is defined for taxa with a well-developed cirrus sac and a canalicular seminal vesicle, distinguishing the subfamily from the  Opecoelinae ,  Opecoelininae ,  Polypipapiliotrematinae and  Stenakrinae . Hamacreadiines can also be distinguished easily from taxa belonging to the  Bathycreadiinae by blind caeca and those of the  Helicometrinae by unfilamented eggs and an unspecialized, as opposed to helical, uterus. </p>
            <p> No single character or combination of characters reliably distinguishes all hamacreadiine taxa from all those belonging to the  Opistholebetinae . However, many, but not all, opistholebetines have a post-oral muscular ring, a forebody composing more than half the body length and/or pigment granules distributed throughout the parenchyma, features unique to that subfamily among the  Opecoelidae . Additionally, most opistholebetines are robust, with a thick tegument, and some are pyriform to almost round, whereas hamacreadiines are mostly either large, dorsoventrally flattened and linguiform to elongate-oval, or elongate and subcylindrical with a pedunculate ventral sucker. The  Hamacreadiinae is perhaps most similar to the  Podocotylinae . There is no clear distinction between the two, although representative taxa are relatively distantly related phylogenetically (Fig. 3) and podocotylines appear mostly to occur in the deep sea and possibly northern, temperate regions. Martin et al. (2019) suggested that some details of the male terminal genitalia might unite the podocotyline taxa, to the exclusion of taxa now considered in the  Hamacreadiinae . Specifically, they noted a tendency for the cirrus sac to be small and for the seminal vesicle to become long, thin and sinuous anteriorly. These are hardly strong characters, and further investigation into the bounds of the  Podocotylinae is required to improve its morphological definition. </p>
            <p> The taxa belonging to the group termed the marine  Plagioporinae (s.l.) clade C (Fig. 3) will probably require a subfamily of their own in the near future, although the prospect of establishing a morphological basis for such a concept seems challenging at present. Except for some species with especially small eggs, most of these taxa are especially generalized in morphology and cannot be delineated reliably from the  Hamacreadiinae , although generally they are smaller species. They are not included here in the new subfamily on the basis of phylogenetic distinction. Conversely, although  Macvicaria macassarensis and  Podocotyle scorpaenae (Rudolphi, 1919) Bartoli &amp; Gibson, 1999 resolved in the  Hamacreadiinae (Figs 1, 3), it seems that neither species is a genuine representative of its nominal genus and thus neither  Macvicaria nor  Podocotyle is included here in the  Hamacreadiinae . Both genera are large and polyphyletic, and the type species of  Macvicaria Gibson &amp; Bray, 1982 resolves in the  Opistholebetinae , whereas  Podocotyle Dujardin, 1845 is recognized as the type genus of the  Podocotylinae on the basis of sequence data for  Podocotyle atomon (Rudolphi, 1802) Odhner, 1905 . </p>
            <p> Hamacreadium is selected as the type genus for the new subfamily, because the genus is typical of the clade, it has recently been revised (Martin et al., 2017b) and its type species,  H. mutabile , is well known, sequenced (Andres et al., 2014a) and was the first opecoelid known to use fishes as second-intermediate hosts (Table 1; McCoy, 1929). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BA87B0FFAB3F52FCC9FA25FE2EFBB8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Martin, Storm Blas;Downie, Abigail Jayne;Cribb, Thomas Herbert	Martin, Storm Blas, Downie, Abigail Jayne, Cribb, Thomas Herbert (2020): A new subfamily for a clade of opecoelids (Trematoda: Digenea) exploiting marine fishes as second-intermediate hosts, with the first report of opecoelid metacercariae from an elasmobranch. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 188: 455-472, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz084
