identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03BDF84D742BFFF5FF4D16D88629FD84.text	03BDF84D742BFFF5FF4D16D88629FD84.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Metaphire peguana	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Metaphire peguana species-group </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Members of the species-group can be recognized by the following characters: two pairs of accessory glands coelomic, strongly covered by muscular-walled bursae, septum 10/11 only present ventrally. In addition, the group members also have spermathecal pores usually three pairs in 6/7/8/9, sometimes four pairs in 5/6/7/8/9 or numerous in 6/7/8/9 or 7/8/9; two pairs of genital markings in 17/18 and 18/19 or on segment xvii and xix (if not within a copulatory pouch).</p>
            <p> Remarks. A total of seven species and subspecies were assigned to this species-group, namely  M. bahli ,  M. doiphamon ,  M. dorsomultitheca ,  M. kiengiangensis ,  M. nhuongi ,  M. peguana peguana , and  M. peguana laisonensis . Out of 7 species/subspecies,  M. bahli and  M. peguana peguana have been distributed widely, from South America (French Guiana), Australia, South Asia (India, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka), East Asia (Japan), and found commonly in Southeast Asia (Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Singapore, Vietnam, Malaysia, Philippines, and Indonesia) (Fig. 3). Other five members have been recorded only in Southern Vietnam, so far (Fig. 3) (Michaelsen 1922; Gates 1925, 1945, 1972; Easton 1982; Thai &amp; Do 1989; Ishizuka 1999; Shen &amp; Yeo 2005; Blakemore et al. 2006; Csuzdi &amp; Pavlíček 2010; Sarkar &amp; Bandyopadhyay 2012; Prasankok et al. 2013; Ng et al. 2017; Narayanan et al. 2019; Nguyen et al. 2016, 2020, 2021a, 2021c; Lam et al. 2021). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BDF84D742BFFF5FF4D16D88629FD84	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Nguyen, Tung T.;Lam, Dang H.;Nguyen, Anh D.	Nguyen, Tung T., Lam, Dang H., Nguyen, Anh D. (2023): A revision of the Metaphire peguana species-group (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Vietnam. Zootaxa 5255 (1): 113-135, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5255.1.15, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5255.1.15
03BDF84D7424FFF7FF4D13CE81A3FCC3.text	03BDF84D7424FFF7FF4D13CE81A3FCC3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Metaphire peguana subsp. peguana (Rosa 1890)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Metaphire peguana peguana (Rosa, 1890)</p>
            <p>(Figure 4, Table 3)</p>
            <p> Perichaeta peguana Rosa 1890: 113 , figs. 6–8; Beddard 1895: 403. </p>
            <p> Amynthas (Pheretima) peguanus – Michaelsen 1899: 7. </p>
            <p> Pheretima peguana – Michaelsen 1900: 292; Gates 1939: 102, 1972: 207; Omodeo 1956: 325; Thai 1983: 124; Thai 1987: 7, 2000: 309; Thai &amp; Do 1989: 77; Nguyen &amp; Tran 2008: 185; Thai et al. 2004: 759; Huynh 2005: 88; Nguyen et al. 2010: 114, 2011: 1025; 2012: 146; Nguyen &amp; Nguyen 2010: 123; Nguyen 2014: 109. </p>
            <p> Amyntas peguanus Beddard 1900: 628 . </p>
            <p> Pheretima peguanna (sic!) – Huynh &amp; Nguyen 2004: 116. </p>
            <p> Metaphire peguana – Sims &amp; Easton 1972: 239; Easton 1981: 58; Blakemore 2002: 207, 2008: 78, 2016: 7; Shen &amp; Yeo 2005: 14; Sarkar et al. 2012: 178; Nguyen et al. 2016: 63; 2020: 8. </p>
            <p> Metaphire peguana peguana – Nguyen et al. 2017a: 98, 2021a: 17, 2021c: 105; Lam et al. 2021: 17701. </p>
            <p> Type locality. Myanmar (Rangoon) (Rosa 1890)</p>
            <p>  Type material.  Natural History Museum Giacomo Doria (44037), Italy  . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Body cylindrical, length 81–143 mm, diameter 3.7–6.3 mm, segments 60–157. Prostomium epilobous. First dorsal pore at 12/13 or 13/14. Three pairs of spermathecal pores in ventrolateral intersegments 6/7/8/9, bithecate. Two pairs of disc–shaped genital markings on intersegments 17/18 and 18/19, each with a small opening at the center. Male pores located inside copulatory pouches in xviii. Septum 10/11 only present ventrally. Intestinal caeca simple. Holandric, testis sacs separated. Accessory glands coelomic, strongly covered by muscularwalled bursae in 17/18 and 18/19.</p>
            <p> Habitat.   The species is found in leaf litter in various types of habitats in  Southern Vietnam  . </p>
            <p>Distribution. French Guiana (Csuzdi &amp; Pavlíček 2010), India, Thailand (Blakemore et al. 2006; Prasankok et al. 2013), Myanmar, Malaysia, Indonesia, Japan (Gates 1972; Ishizuka 1999; Ng et al. 2017), Singapore (Shen &amp; Yeo 2005), Cambodia, Laos (Thai &amp; Samphon 1989), Bangladesh (Sarkar et al. 2012), Australia (Easton 1982), and commonly found in Vietnam (Nguyen et al. 2016, 2021a, 2021c; Lam et al. 2021) (Fig. 3).</p>
            <p> Remarks.  Metaphire peguana peguana is the typical form and the one found outside of Southeast Asia along with  M. bahli . Although this subspecies has a relatively stable morphology with genital markings paired in 17/18 and 18/19, there was still a slight difference throughout populations in Vietnam. Vietnamese specimens have a greater ventral distance between spermathecal pores than other populations (0.33–0.50 vs. 0.28–0.29 body circumference) (Rosa 1890; Gates 1972; Bantaowong et al. 2011). In addition, the genetic distance among Vietnamese specimens was from 3% (Table 4) while that from Thailand and Malaysia is about 4.8% (Prasankok et al. 2013; Jeratthitikul et al. 2017; Ng et al. 2017). The genetic distance between  M. peguana peguana and other  Metaphire species from 15.1%±1.6% (with  M. bahli (type II)) to 23.5%±2.1% (with  M. grandiverticulata ) (Table 4). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BDF84D7424FFF7FF4D13CE81A3FCC3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Nguyen, Tung T.;Lam, Dang H.;Nguyen, Anh D.	Nguyen, Tung T., Lam, Dang H., Nguyen, Anh D. (2023): A revision of the Metaphire peguana species-group (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Vietnam. Zootaxa 5255 (1): 113-135, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5255.1.15, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5255.1.15
03BDF84D7426FFF1FF4D128687DBFA67.text	03BDF84D7426FFF1FF4D128687DBFA67.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Metaphire peguana subsp. laisonensis Nguyen & Nguyen 2017	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Metaphire peguana laisonensis Nguyen &amp; Nguyen, 2017</p>
            <p>(Figures 5–6, Table 3)</p>
            <p> Metaphire peguana laisonensis Nguyen et al. 2017b: 900 , fig. 12; Nguyen et al. 2021c: 105. </p>
            <p> Pheretima sp. 11 – Nguyen 2013: 78, 2014: 111. </p>
            <p>  Type locality. Viet Nam (Kien Giang:  Lai Son island ) (Nguyen et al. 2017b) </p>
            <p>  Type material.  Laboratory of Zoology , Department of Biology, Can Tho University (EW.087.01), Vietnam  . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Body cylindrical, length 62–114 mm, diameter 2.7–4.4 mm, segments 62–111. Prostomium epilobous. First dorsal pore at 12/13. Three pairs of spermathecal pores in lateral intersegments 6/7/8/9, bithecate. Two pairs of ellipsoid genital markings in xvii and xix, each genital marking with a small opening at the center. Male pores located inside copulatory pouches in xviii. Septum 10/11 only present ventrally. Intestinal caeca simple. Holandric, testis sacs separated. Accessory glands coelomic, strongly covered by muscular-walled bursae in 17/18 and 18/19.</p>
            <p>Habitat. The subspecies were found numerously in leaf litters in natural forest (Nguyen 2014; Nguyen et al. 2017b).</p>
            <p>Distribution. Only known in Vietnam (Kien Giang: Lai Son island; An Giang: Cam mountain) (Nguyen 2014; Nguyen et al. 2017b) (Fig. 3).</p>
            <p> Remarks. Nguyen et al. (2017b) described a new subspecies,  M. peguana laisonensis found in Lai Son Island (Kien Giang Province, Vietnam) based on the location of genital markings, spermathecal pores, and the attachment of the spermathecal diverticulum (Fig. 5) (Nguyen et al. 2017b). Previously, Nguyen (2013) identified samples collected from the Cam Mountain (An Giang Province) as  M. bahli (Fig. 6), and observed that these samples have intermediate characters between  M. bahli and  M. peguana , for example, slit-shaped genital markings in xvii and xix, and the much laterally wider spermathecal pores (Nguyen 2013). The re-examination confirmed that specimens were definitely  M. peguana laisonensis . There was a minor difference in the ending of the spermathecal diverticulum between the type specimens from Lai Son Island and samples collected from the Cam Mountain (An Giang Province) (attached directly to the base of the ampulla duct vs. attached to the middle of the ampulla duct). </p>
            <p> Genetic distance of  M. peguana laisonensis in Cam Mountain and  M. peguana peguana was 12.2%±1.4%, and that distance with other  Metaphire species was 12.9%±1.5% (with  M. bahli (type I)) to 22.3%±2.1% (with  M. grandiverticulata ) (Table 4). </p>
            <p>Notes: Intraspecific distances are in bold; na = no data</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BDF84D7426FFF1FF4D128687DBFA67	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Nguyen, Tung T.;Lam, Dang H.;Nguyen, Anh D.	Nguyen, Tung T., Lam, Dang H., Nguyen, Anh D. (2023): A revision of the Metaphire peguana species-group (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Vietnam. Zootaxa 5255 (1): 113-135, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5255.1.15, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5255.1.15
03BDF84D7421FFF3FF4D119B84D8F990.text	03BDF84D7421FFF3FF4D119B84D8F990.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Metaphire bahli (Gates 1945)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Metaphire bahli (Gates, 1945)</p>
            <p>(Figures 7–8, Table 3)</p>
            <p> Pheretima peguana – Kirtisinghe 1939: 89. </p>
            <p> Pheretima bahli Gates 1945 , Spol. Zeyl., 24: 85 – Gates 1972: 209; Thai 1983: 124; Thai 1987: 6, 2000: 308; Thai &amp; Samphon 1989: 62, 1991: 4; Thai &amp; Do 1989: 77, Thai et al. 2004: 758; Nguyen 1994: 39; Pham 1995: 68, 2010: 62; Nakamura 1999: 40; Huynh 2005 2005: 87; Nguyen &amp; Tran 2008: 184; Nguyen et al. 2010: 114, 2011: 1025, 2012: 146; Nguyen &amp; Nguyen 2010: 123; Nguyen &amp; Huynh 2011: 1018; Nguyen 2013: 46, 2014: 109. </p>
            <p> Metaphire bahli – Sims &amp; Easton 1972: 239; Easton 1982: 730; Blakemore 2006, 2008: 22; 2016: 29; Nguyen et al. 2016: 51, 2017b: 98, 2017a: 894, 2020: 3, 2021a: 14, 2021b: 1, 2021c: 105; Bantaowong et al. 2016: 63; Narayanan et al. 2019: 100; Lam et al. 2021: 17699. </p>
            <p> Pheretima saigonensis Omodeo, 1956: 327 . </p>
            <p> Type locality. Sri Lanka (Colombo) (Gates, 1945)</p>
            <p>Type material. unknown.</p>
            <p>Diagnosis: Body cylindrical, length 87–139 mm, diameter 3.5–4.9 mm, segments 83–127. Prostomium epilobous. First dorsal pore at 12/13. Three pairs of spermathecal pores in ventral intersegments 6/7/8/9, bithecate. Male pores located inside copulatory pouches in xviii. Two pairs of slit-shaped genital markings in intersegments 17/18 and 18/19, in line with the openings of copulatory pouches. Septum 10/11 only present ventrally. Intestinal caeca simple. Holandric, testis sacs separated. Accessory glands coelomic, strongly covered by muscular-walled bursae in 17/18 and 18/19.</p>
            <p>Habitat. The species was usually found in leaf litters or in soil surface (depth of 0–5 cm).</p>
            <p>Distribution. India (Narayanan et al. 2019), Sri Lanka (Gates 1945), Laos, Cambodia (Thai &amp; Do 1989), Myanmar (Gates 1972), Thailand (Bantaowong et al. 2016), Australia (Easton 1982), Bangladesh, Japan, Philippines, Indonesia (Michaelsen 1922; Blakemore 2006), and very commonly found in Vietnam (Nguyen et al. 2016, 2021a, 2021c; Lam et al. 2021) (Fig. 3).</p>
            <p> Remarks. Gates (1945) originally did not mention the ventral distance between spermathecal pores and a concave male region in  M. bahli , but in 1972 he stated that specimens with a concave male region was a typical form for all records in Myanmar, Philippines, and Sri Lanka (known as Ceylon). Gates (1972) also reported the ventral gap between spermathecal pores of less 0.5 body circumference whereas Easton (1982) measured that gap of about 0.25 body circumference (Gates 1945, 1972; Easton 1982). The typical form was also recorded in India (Narayanan et al. 2019). </p>
            <p> In Vietnam,  Metaphire bahli was found with two morphological forms. The first one is the typical form with a concave male region, and was found commonly in other places (Myanmar, Philippines, Sri Lanka, India, Thailand …) (Fig. 7). The other form was recorded only in islands (Hon Tre and Lai Son) that characterized by a non-concave male region, and a wider ventral distance between spermathecal pores (0.25–0.29 vs. 0.15–0.25 body circumference apart) (Fig. 8). Gates (1945, 1972, 1975) also reported the lack of the septum 10/11, however, in our specimens, this septum is present ventrally to separate anterior testis sacs and their seminal vesicles. In addition, the genetic divergence between two morphological forms (  M. bahli (I) and  M. bahli (II)) was only 9.0%±1.2%. This low divergence suggested two morphological forms be a same species. </p>
            <p> The K2P intraspecific genetic distance of  M. bahli was 1.0%±0.2%. The genetic distance between  M. bahli and other  Metaphire species was from 12.9%±1.5% (with  M. peguana laisonensis ) to 20.9%±2.0% (with  M. grandiverticulata ) (Table 4). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BDF84D7421FFF3FF4D119B84D8F990	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Nguyen, Tung T.;Lam, Dang H.;Nguyen, Anh D.	Nguyen, Tung T., Lam, Dang H., Nguyen, Anh D. (2023): A revision of the Metaphire peguana species-group (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Vietnam. Zootaxa 5255 (1): 113-135, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5255.1.15, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5255.1.15
03BDF84D7422FFEDFF4D17A287CAFD7F.text	03BDF84D7422FFEDFF4D17A287CAFD7F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Metaphire doiphamon Bantaowong & Panha 2016	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Metaphire doiphamon Bantaowong &amp; Panha, 2016</p>
            <p>(Figures 9–10, Table 3)</p>
            <p> Metaphire doiphamon Bantaowong et al. 2016: 76 , fig. 9; Nguyen et al. 2020: 5, 2021c: 105. </p>
            <p> Pheretima sp.4 – Nguyen et al. 2012: 146; Nguyen 2013: 63, 2014: 110 </p>
            <p>  Type locality. Thailand (Chiang Rai:  Doi Phamon mountain range ) (Bantaowong et al. 2016) </p>
            <p>  Type material.  Chulalongkorn University Museum of Natural History (3391), Thailand  . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Body cylindrical, length 161–265 mm, diameter 6.2–7.6 mm, segment 99–146. Prostomium epilobous. First dorsal pore at 12/13. Three pairs of spermathecal pores in intersegments 6/7/8/9, bithecate. Male pores located inside copulatory pouches in xviii. Genital markings paired in vi–ix, and two pairs of disc-shaped ones, each with a small central opening, in intersegments 17/18 and 18/19. Septum 10/11 appeared only ventrally. Intestinal caeca simple or slightly serrated ventrally. Holandric, testis sacs separated or connected ventrally. Accessory glands coelomic, strongly covered by muscular-walled bursae in 17/18 and 18/19.</p>
            <p>Habitat. The species was found in the depth of 15–20 cm in soils of natural forests or long-term tree plantations in the foot of mountains. They excreted their feces to create columns emerging from the soil surface (Nguyen 2014; Nguyen et al. 2020).</p>
            <p>Distribution. Thailand (Bantaowong et al. 2016), Vietnam (An Giang: Cau, Nhon, Phu Cuong, and Co To mountains; Kien Giang: Phu Quoc island) (Nguyen 2014; Nguyen et al. 2021c) (Fig. 3).</p>
            <p> Remarks.  Metaphire doiphamon found in Vietnam was slightly different from the description of Bantaowong et al. (2016). Vietnamese specimens have genital markings with elliptical openings at the center while type specimens have pad-shaped genital markings without openings. Unfortunately, there are no molecular evidence to compare specimens from Vietnam and Thailand. </p>
            <p> In Vietnam,  Metaphire doiphamon also has two morphological forms. Individuals from the mainland (Fig. 9) has several differences from the one on islands (Phu Quoc Island) (Fig. 10) such as wider distance between spermathecal pores (0.40–0.50 vs. 0.27–0.35 body circumference), more setae between male pores (11–16 vs. 3–11 setae), status of testis sacs (connected vs separated), and the diverticulum ending (at the base of ampulla duct vs. attached to the middle of ampulla duct) (Table 3). In addition, the everted copulatory pouches were also recorded in specimens collected from islands. </p>
            <p> The genetic distance between  M. doiphamon and other  Metaphire species was from 15.4%±1.7% (with  M. bahli (I)) to 22.3%±2.0% (with  M. posthuma ) (Table 4). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BDF84D7422FFEDFF4D17A287CAFD7F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Nguyen, Tung T.;Lam, Dang H.;Nguyen, Anh D.	Nguyen, Tung T., Lam, Dang H., Nguyen, Anh D. (2023): A revision of the Metaphire peguana species-group (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Vietnam. Zootaxa 5255 (1): 113-135, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5255.1.15, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5255.1.15
03BDF84D743CFFECFF4D13DA808DFD9B.text	03BDF84D743CFFECFF4D13DA808DFD9B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Metaphire dorsomultitheca Nguyen & Nguyen 2015	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Metaphire dorsomultitheca Nguyen &amp; Nguyen, 2015</p>
            <p>(Figure 11, Table 3)</p>
            <p> Metaphire dorsomultitheca Nguyen et al. 2015: 465 , fig. 2; Nguyen et al. 2016: 56, 2021c: 105. </p>
            <p> Pheretima sp. 15 – Nguyen 2013: 87, 2014: 112. </p>
            <p>  Type locality. Vietnam (An Giang:  Sam mountain ) (Nguyen et al. 2015) </p>
            <p>  Type material.  Laboratory of Zoology , Department of Biology, Can Tho University (EW.025.h01, EW.025. p02), Vietnam  . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Body cylindrical, small-medium size, length 76–111 mm, diameter 2.9–3.6 mm, segments 88–120. Prostomium epilobous. First dorsal pore at 12/13. Spermathecal pores numerous in dorsal intersegments 7/8/9, polythecate. Male pores located inside copulatory pouches in xviii. Genital markings invisible outside, but two pairs opened on the front and back walls of the copulatory pouches, respectively. Septum 10/11 present only ventrally. Intestinal caeca simple. Holandric, testis sacs separated. Accessory glands coelomic, strongly covered by muscularwalled bursae in 17/18 and 18/19.</p>
            <p>Habitat. The species was usually found in the depth of 0–5 cm in the soils under small trees and shrubs on mountain peaks (Nguyen et al. 2015).</p>
            <p>Distribution. Known only in Vietnam (An Giang: Sam, Cam, and Co To mountains) (Nguyen et al. 2015) (Fig. 3).</p>
            <p> Remarks. There are no significant differences between individuals except the number of spermathecae. The K2P intraspecific genetic distance was 0.7%±0.3%. The genetic distance between  M. dorsomultitheca and other  Metaphire species was from 14.9%±1.6% (with  M. bahli (I)) to 21.8%±2.0 (with  M. grandiverticulata ) (Table 4). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BDF84D743CFFECFF4D13DA808DFD9B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Nguyen, Tung T.;Lam, Dang H.;Nguyen, Anh D.	Nguyen, Tung T., Lam, Dang H., Nguyen, Anh D. (2023): A revision of the Metaphire peguana species-group (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Vietnam. Zootaxa 5255 (1): 113-135, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5255.1.15, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5255.1.15
03BDF84D743DFFEFFF4D13A98404FE0F.text	03BDF84D743DFFEFFF4D13A98404FE0F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Metaphire kiengiangensis Nguyen & Trinh 2015	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Metaphire kiengiangensis Nguyen &amp; Trinh, 2015</p>
            <p>(Figure 12, Table 3)</p>
            <p> Metaphire kiengiangensis Nguyen et al. 2015: 461 , fig. 1; Nguyen et al. 2016: 60, 2017b: 898, 2021c: 105. </p>
            <p> Pheretima sp.9 – Nguyen 2013: 75, 2014: 111. </p>
            <p>  Type locality. Vietnam (Kien Giang:  Lai Son island ) (Nguyen et al. 2015)  . </p>
            <p>  Type material.  Laboratory of Zoology , Department of Biology, Can Tho University (EW.019.h01, EW.019. p02, EW.019.p03, EW.019.p04), Vietnam  . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Body cylindrical, large-medium size, length 176–280 mm, diameter 6.3–8.1 mm, segments 83–143. Prostomium epilobous. First dorsal pore at 12/13. Spermathecal pores numerous in ventrolateral intersegments 6/7/8/9, polythecate. Male pores located inside copulatory pouches in xviii. Two pairs of slit-shaped genital markings in 17/18 and 18/19. Male pores located inside copulatory pouches in xviii. Septum 10/11 present only ventrally. Intestinal caeca simple. Holandric, testis sacs separated. Accessory glands coelomic, strongly covered by muscularwalled bursae in 17/18 and 18/19.</p>
            <p>Habitat. The species was extremely abundant in a leaf-litter layer under perennial mango gardens of mountainous areas; They excreted their feces to create columns emerging from the soil surface (Nguyen et al. 2015).</p>
            <p>Distribution. Known only in Vietnam (Kien Giang: Hon Dat, Hon Me mountains, and Lai Son island) (Nguyen et al. 2015, 2017b) (Fig. 3).</p>
            <p>Remarks. There is a minor difference in spermathecae between specimens collected from the mainland and from islands (ovoid-shaped spermathecae with thin duct vs. cylindrical-shaped with stout duct) (Nguyen et al. 2015).</p>
            <p> The K2P intraspecific genetic distance was 0.7%±0.3%. The genetic distance between  M. kiengiangensis and other  Metaphire species was from 16.5%±1.8% (with  M. bahli (II)) to 21.6%±2.0% (with  M. grandiverticulata ) (Table 4). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BDF84D743DFFEFFF4D13A98404FE0F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Nguyen, Tung T.;Lam, Dang H.;Nguyen, Anh D.	Nguyen, Tung T., Lam, Dang H., Nguyen, Anh D. (2023): A revision of the Metaphire peguana species-group (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Vietnam. Zootaxa 5255 (1): 113-135, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5255.1.15, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5255.1.15
03BDF84D743EFFEEFF4D134A849EFC90.text	03BDF84D743EFFEEFF4D134A849EFC90.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Metaphire nhuongi Nguyen 2016	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Metaphire nhuongi Nguyen, 2016</p>
            <p>(Figure 13, Table 3)</p>
            <p> Metaphire nhuongi Nguyen 2016: 442 , fig. 2; Nguyen et al. 2021c: 105. </p>
            <p> Pheretima sp. 10 – Nguyen et al. 2012: 146. </p>
            <p> Pheretima sp. 14 – Nguyen 2013: 85, 2014: 112. </p>
            <p>  Type locality. Vietnam (An Giang:  Co To mountain ) (Nguyen 2016) </p>
            <p>  Type material.  Laboratory of Zoology , Department of Biology, Can Tho University (EW.024.h01, EW.024. p02, EW.024.p03), Vietnam  . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis. Body cylindrical, large-medium size, length 213–339 mm, diameter 8.9–9.5 mm, segments 120–148. Prostomium epilobous. First dorsal pore at 12/13. Four pairs of spermathecal pores in ventrolateral intersegments 5/6/7/8/9, bithecate. Two pairs of ellipsoid genital markings in intersegments 17/18 and 18/19, each with a small opening at the center. Male pores located inside copulatory pouches in xviii. Septum 10/11 present only ventrally. Intestinal caeca simple. Holandric, testis sacs separated. Accessory glands coelomic, strongly covered by muscularwalled bursae in 17/18 and 18/19.</p>
            <p>Habitat. The species found in the depth of 15–20 cm in soils of natural forests or in perennial mango gardens in a mountain foot. They excreted their feces to create columns emerging from the soil surface (Nguyen 2016).</p>
            <p>Distribution. Only recorded in Vietnam (An Giang: Co To, Phu Cuong, and Ta Pa mountains) (Fig. 3).</p>
            <p>Remarks. There were no significant morphological differences between individual found.</p>
            <p> The K2P intraspecific genetic distance was 1.3%±0.3%. The genetic distance between  M. nhuongi and other  Metaphire species was from 17.6%±1.8% (with  M. dorsomultitheca ) to 22.9%±2.1% (with  M. grandiverticulata ) (Table 4). </p>
            <p> Key to species of  Metaphire peguana species-group </p>
            <p>1. – Bithecate, one pair of spermathecae per segment.......................................................... 2 – Polythecate, numerous spermathecae per segment......................................................... 6</p>
            <p> 2. – Four pairs of spermathecal pores in 5/6/7/8/9......................................................  M. nhuongi – Three pairs of spermathecal pores in 6/7/8/9............................................................... 3 </p>
            <p> 3. – Genital markings paired in vi–ix.............................................................  M. doiphamon – Genital markings absent in the spermathecal region......................................................... 4 </p>
            <p> 4. – Spermathecal pores located ventrally. Ventral distance between spermathecal pores 0.15–0.29 body circumference.  M. bahli – Spermathecal located more laterally. Ventral distance between spermathecal pores 0.33–0.50 body circumference....... 5 </p>
            <p> 5. – The openings of genital markings small, slit-shaped or ellipsoid-shaped, in post-setal and pre-setal positions in xvii and xix, respectively.......................................................................  M. peguana laisonensis – The openings of genital markings disc-shaped, in 17/18 and 18/19, expanding to reach two setal rings.  M. peguana peguana</p>
            <p> 6. – Spermathecal pores located in ventral intersegments 6/7/8/9. Genital markings paired in 17/18 and 18/ 19  M. kiengiangensis – Spermathecal pores located in dorsal intersegments 7/8/9. Genital markings opening on the walls of the copulatory pouches  M. dorsomultitheca</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BDF84D743EFFEEFF4D134A849EFC90	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Nguyen, Tung T.;Lam, Dang H.;Nguyen, Anh D.	Nguyen, Tung T., Lam, Dang H., Nguyen, Anh D. (2023): A revision of the Metaphire peguana species-group (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Vietnam. Zootaxa 5255 (1): 113-135, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5255.1.15, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5255.1.15
